From ff021594f59c2c97864af46010ffbd4f347d5489 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2018 18:25:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Migrated translations to new system based on po4a from Docbook. --- ...ithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md | 1471 +- po/de/mwcc.po | 9085 +++++++------ po/es/mwcc.po | 11152 +++++++++------- po/mwcc.pot | 9016 +++++++------ po/nb/mwcc.po | 11135 ++++++++------- po/nl/mwcc.po | 9098 +++++++------ po/pl/mwcc.po | 9205 +++++++------ po/uk/mwcc.po | 8982 +++++++------ 8 files changed, 37630 insertions(+), 31514 deletions(-) diff --git a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md index 27943f5..76bfbf3 100644 --- a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md +++ b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ % Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +# Colophon {-} Made With Creative Commons by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson @@ -16,9 +17,9 @@ Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk Content editing by Grace Yaginuma -Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com +Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, [](http://bryanmathers.com) -Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc +Downloadable e-book available at [](http://madewith.cc) Publisher: @@ -50,12 +51,13 @@ any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. License details: -creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com platform. +# Dedication {-} > “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably @@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ Kickstarter.com platform. > > — *David Foster Wallace* -## Foreword +# Foreword Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As @@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons. *CEO, Creative Commons* -## Introduction +# Introduction This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a twist. @@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and -calligraphy.”1 +calligraphy.”[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-1] In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a @@ -335,11 +337,11 @@ Creative Commons to share their resources online over the Internet. The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, -but to common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The +but to common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-2] The creators, organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a -community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms +community of users.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-3] Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability. @@ -349,13 +351,13 @@ sustainability. Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms -today.4 +today.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-4] The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market -or state.5 Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending +or state.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-5] Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or state. @@ -385,8 +387,8 @@ contribute to and build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons. -![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width="6.5in" -height="3.5417in"} +![Enterprise engagements](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width="100%" +} It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves @@ -399,7 +401,7 @@ for success. ### The Four Aspects of a Resource As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a -framework for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 +framework for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-6] Her framework considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been @@ -412,8 +414,8 @@ characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms and rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2). -![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width="6.5in" -height="6.5in"} +![Aspects of resource management](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width="100%" +} #### Characteristics @@ -485,7 +487,7 @@ market, resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to consumers on the basis of a cash transaction. In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed -more directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced +more directly by the people involved.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-7] Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which they want to be @@ -498,8 +500,8 @@ Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal. -![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width="6.5in" -height="4.2362in"} +![Different views on resources](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width="100%" +} #### Norms and rules @@ -523,7 +525,7 @@ regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not just to economic efficiency but also to equity and -sustainability.9 +sustainability.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-9] #### Goals @@ -535,7 +537,7 @@ different goals the state, market, and commons have. In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total -monetary value in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, +monetary value in the economy.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-10] Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market. @@ -575,21 +577,21 @@ something of its history. For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, -and many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, +and many other things collectively as a commons.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-11] There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.) -![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width="6.5in" -height="3.389in"} +![Long ago](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width="100%" +} This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure -of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, +of the commons.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-12] In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid -access.13 Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the +access.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-13] Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5). @@ -605,8 +607,8 @@ goods resulted in a rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is the primary means by which resources are managed. -![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width="6.5in" -height="3.389in"} +![State takeover of the commons](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width="100%" +} However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of the market have been offset by unequal distribution and @@ -636,7 +638,7 @@ relationship and history with it, and are therefore best situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of collective -action.14 +action.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-14] Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure @@ -650,7 +652,7 @@ Market. Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. -Very little is known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of +Very little is known about how abundance works.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-15] The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for how @@ -663,8 +665,8 @@ there is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to the public that paid for them. -![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width="6.5in" -height="3.389in"} +![Today](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width="100%" +} ### The Digital Revolution @@ -678,7 +680,7 @@ codified this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms: your computing as you wish. - The freedom to redistribute copies. - The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to - others.16 + others.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-16] These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that typify a digital commons. @@ -692,7 +694,7 @@ review—became widely recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a product or service increases with -the number of people using it.17 The dramatic growth of the Internet +the number of people using it.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-17] The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols. @@ -702,7 +704,7 @@ and standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the economics and business models associated with open-source -software.18 These models can provide examples of sustainable approaches +software.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-18] These models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons. It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also @@ -720,7 +722,7 @@ But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel -more involved with the world.19 +more involved with the world.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-19] ### The Birth of Creative Commons @@ -740,7 +742,7 @@ read and quickly understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-code layer beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in a way that software systems, search -engines, and other kinds of technology can understand.20 Taken together, +engines, and other kinds of technology can understand.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-20] Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons. @@ -756,7 +758,7 @@ Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones -like blogs.21 Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many +like blogs.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-21] Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.) @@ -780,7 +782,7 @@ The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight -participating countries to seventy.22 In all these countries, government +participating countries to seventy.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-22] In all these countries, government and civil society are working together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open @@ -792,27 +794,27 @@ Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has led to continual privatization of many public natural -resources, utilities, services, and infrastructures.23 While this system +resources, utilities, services, and infrastructures.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-23] While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of -democracy.24 +democracy.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-24] In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement not an option, and that we need to better balance the -market, state and community.25 +market, state and community.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-25] These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations -for the care and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam +for the care and regeneration of urban commons.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-26] Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve -the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27 +the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-27] The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for @@ -822,7 +824,7 @@ norms and rules of the market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about extending the deregulated -free market into new areas of our lives.28 While none of the people we +free market into new areas of our lives.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-28] While none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. @@ -839,7 +841,7 @@ Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these technologies will always go down until it is -close to zero.29 +close to zero.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-29] Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering @@ -855,7 +857,7 @@ participation is a common goal. They aim for abundance over scarcity. The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of -economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are +economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-30] Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and practice. @@ -870,26 +872,26 @@ operations is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business goals from making a profit to making a positive -impact on society, workers, the community, and the environment.31 +impact on society, workers, the community, and the environment.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-31] Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities -are changing the rules and norms of the market.32 +are changing the rules and norms of the market.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-32] “A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five countries, it is useful as a framework for -talking about business models.33 +talking about business models.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-33] It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business -model as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a +model as having nine building blocks.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-34] This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of open environment -that the business fits in.”35 This enhanced canvas proved useful when we +that the business fits in.”[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-35] This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped start-ups plan their economic model. In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing @@ -957,7 +959,7 @@ imagined by the original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside the organization to being in the -community.37 Community-based innovation will keep an organization or +community.[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-37] Community-based innovation will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and the relationship with the community. @@ -1066,103 +1068,103 @@ further guidance and insights on how it works. ### Notes -1. Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-1]: Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14. -2. David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-2]: David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176. -3. Ibid., 15. -4. Ibid., 145. -5. Ibid., 175. -6. Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-3]: Ibid., 15. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-4]: Ibid., 145. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-5]: Ibid., 175. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-6]: Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53. -7. Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-7]: Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93. -8. Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-8]: Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons, 59. -9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175. -10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-9]: Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-10]: Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4. -11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-11]: Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43. -12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78. -13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-12]: Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-13]: Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88. -14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-14]: Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12. -15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-15]: Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203. -16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-16]: “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, - 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw. -17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November + 2016, [](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-17]: Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016. -18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-18]: Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), - www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/. -19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: + [](http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-19]: New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer - Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf. -20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, - 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/. -21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: - Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/. -22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified + Insight Group, 2011), [](http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-20]: “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, + 2016, [](http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-21]: Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: + Creative Commons, 2015), [](http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-22]: Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, 2016, - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership. -23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114. -24. Ibid., 116. -25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm + [](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-23]: Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-24]: Ibid., 116. +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-25]: The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, - sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf -26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and + [](http://sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf) +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-26]: City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), - www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf. -27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam - Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/. -28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New + [](http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-27]: The Seoul Sharing City website is [](http://english.sharehub.kr); for Amsterdam + Sharing City, go to [](http://www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-28]: Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR Books, 2015), 42. -29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-29]: Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, 2010), 78. -30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-30]: Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273. -31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-31]: Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39. -32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-32]: Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9. -33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-33]: Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is - available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation. -34. This business model canvas is available to download at - strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas. -35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the + available at [](http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-34]: This business model canvas is available to download at + [](http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-35]: We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at - docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit. + [](http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit). You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at - docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit. -36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this + [](http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-36]: A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at - medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15. -37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating + [](http://medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15). +[^The-New-World-of-Digital-Commons-37]: Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–44. @@ -1207,7 +1209,7 @@ only a business lens. According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, -and captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and +and captures value.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-1] Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, “Business model can @@ -1272,7 +1274,7 @@ Most have a deeper purpose and a different vision of success. The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators -usually start doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your +usually start doing what they do for love.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-2] But when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about solving a @@ -1315,7 +1317,7 @@ Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy -domains like filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public +domains like filmmaking.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-3] CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that some content @@ -1324,7 +1326,7 @@ labor of love. Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are -essentially zero.4 The costs to distribute physical copies are still +essentially zero.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-4] The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole host @@ -1340,7 +1342,7 @@ record labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, “If you’re a creator who never got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you -have hundreds of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution +have hundreds of ways to do it without them.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-5] Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more modest. @@ -1371,7 +1373,7 @@ business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and -mean something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to +mean something, for anything to work at all.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-6] There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited @@ -1380,7 +1382,7 @@ need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has a -place for all of them in the way that physical markets did not.”7 We are +place for all of them in the way that physical markets did not.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-7] We are no longer limited to what appeals to the masses. While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the @@ -1389,11 +1391,11 @@ actually get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing against creativity generated outside the market as -well.8 Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past decade has been +well.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-8] Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content instead of -professional content.”9 To top it all off, you have to compete against +professional content.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-9] To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer -games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, some way, you have to get +games, and nights on the town.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-10] Somehow, some way, you have to get noticed by the right people. When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved @@ -1402,7 +1404,7 @@ before there is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between something that is available at the price of -one cent versus the price of zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to +one cent versus the price of zero.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-11] That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get @@ -1411,7 +1413,7 @@ work and sharing it with others is counterproductive. Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition -is one of many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12 +is one of many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-12] Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a @@ -1427,7 +1429,7 @@ social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been -criminalized.”13 +criminalized.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-13] The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and @@ -1453,7 +1455,7 @@ for them. Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the -potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information +potentially abundant resource it is.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-14] When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get @@ -1461,7 +1463,7 @@ the Internet.” Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in -return.15 Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was +return.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-15] Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the @@ -1495,7 +1497,7 @@ max strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying this is that since marginal cost of distribution is -free, you might as well put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what +free, you might as well put things everywhere.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-16] This strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can be @@ -1505,10 +1507,10 @@ spread. If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming -or following your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, +or following your work spurs others to want to do the same.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-17] This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator -of quality or usefulness.18 +of quality or usefulness.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-18] #### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition @@ -1521,7 +1523,7 @@ norms. In fact, it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the marketplace and the -society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of +society at large.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-19] CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of @@ -1577,7 +1579,7 @@ person, and in owning physical goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free music on the radio functioned as -advertising for the paid version people bought in music stores.20 Free +advertising for the paid version people bought in music stores.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-20] Free can be a form of promotion. In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even @@ -1606,7 +1608,7 @@ otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer -the public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than +the public.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-21] Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important. @@ -1614,21 +1616,21 @@ the ability to adapt a photo is less important. This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as -a result they don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If +a result they don’t think as much about how they consume them.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-22] If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of remixing it -enhances our perception exponentially.23 We know that people will pay -more for products they had a part in creating.24 And we know that +enhances our perception exponentially.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-23] We know that people will pay +more for products they had a part in creating.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-24] And we know that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something -created by someone else.25 +created by someone else.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-25] Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, -your response is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content +your response is part of the event.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-26] Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied to your work. #### Use CC to differentiate yourself @@ -1638,7 +1640,7 @@ under the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of creators, often at the expense of the creator’s -best interest.27 Being Made with Creative Commons means you can function +best interest.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-27] Being Made with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers @@ -1653,7 +1655,7 @@ Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way -traditional nonprofit funding operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue +traditional nonprofit funding operates.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-28] But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In @@ -1668,7 +1670,7 @@ using grant funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets are an optimal way of organizing interactions and -when they are not.”29 +when they are not.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-29] Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we @@ -1680,11 +1682,11 @@ higher level of abstraction can be instructive. #### Market-based revenue streams In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in -revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if +revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-30] By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a consumer of your -content has to be based on some added value you provide.31 +content has to be based on some added value you provide.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-31] In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because @@ -1693,7 +1695,7 @@ free, it is difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling newspaper industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end up competing with free versions of -your own content, whether you condone it or not.32 If people can easily +your own content, whether you condone it or not.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-32] If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, @@ -1707,7 +1709,7 @@ largely have in the digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, “It’s easy to compete with Free: simply -offer something better or at least different from the free version.”33 +offer something better or at least different from the free version.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-33] In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based @@ -1731,7 +1733,7 @@ trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information (everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information (you get something unique and meaningful to you) -wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and +wants to be expensive.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-34] This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann. @@ -1783,7 +1785,7 @@ or businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a traditional business model built on free called multi-sided -platforms.36 Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are +platforms.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-36] Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well. #### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\[MARKET-BASED\]* @@ -1791,9 +1793,9 @@ willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well. The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in -the form of their audience.37 The Internet has made this model more +the form of their audience.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-37] The Internet has made this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available to reach -those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it +those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-38] Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of @@ -1814,7 +1816,7 @@ content on the Conversation website. #### Charging a transaction fee *\[MARKET-BASED\]* This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering -transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this +transactions between parties.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-39] Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other @@ -1867,9 +1869,9 @@ of human identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the human species survive and evolve.” What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an -endeavor that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but +endeavor that also engages with the market.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-40] We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven -exchange of value.41 +exchange of value.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-41] #### Memberships and individual donations *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]* @@ -1980,7 +1982,7 @@ to each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like. #### Be human Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to -treat each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person +treat each other well.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-42] But the further removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also @@ -1996,7 +1998,7 @@ beings want to know where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they understand about your work affects how they -value it.”43 +value it.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-43] A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a “brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda @@ -2014,7 +2016,7 @@ organizations because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman corporations and organizations make the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-speak, this is about -“humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But it can’t be a +“humanizing your interactions” with the public.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-44] But it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human. #### Be open and accountable @@ -2024,20 +2026,20 @@ do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, “One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically -communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to +communicating.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-45] It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it when people are -critical.46 +critical.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-46] Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy -collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and +collaboration.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-47] Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you -receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 +receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-48] But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested in what you do. @@ -2045,10 +2047,10 @@ involved and invested in what you do. #### Design for the good actors Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on -their own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human +their own economic self-interest.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-49] Any relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to -work together and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons +work together and ensure fairness.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-50] Being Made with Creative Commons requires an assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to @@ -2061,7 +2063,7 @@ The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work -together better than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we +together better than neoclassical economics would predict.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-51] When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social instincts. @@ -2074,18 +2076,18 @@ alone to make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are -supposed to do.52 And most often, they do. +supposed to do.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-52] And most often, they do. #### Treat humans like, well, humans For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like -fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 +fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-53] Even if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a point to listen -just as much as she talks.54 +just as much as she talks.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-54] The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes @@ -2095,14 +2097,14 @@ with users. When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as -anonymous customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from +anonymous customers or free labor.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-55] Platforms that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically -change the dynamic.56 +change the dynamic.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-56] #### State your principles and stick to them @@ -2128,7 +2130,7 @@ in which they operate. When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own -self-interest.57 It attracts committed employees, motivates +self-interest.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-57] It attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust. #### Build a community @@ -2137,7 +2139,7 @@ Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people who get to know each other and rally around common -interests or beliefs.58 To a certain extent, simply being Made with +interests or beliefs.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-58] To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by @@ -2148,12 +2150,12 @@ have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive -environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 +environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-59] For organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that drive open -organizations.”60 +organizations.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-60] Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. @@ -2161,9 +2163,9 @@ It’s difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable energy is wasted trying to -determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building true community requires +determine each other’s bona fides.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-61] Building true community requires giving people within the community the power to create or influence the -rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are created and imposed +rules that govern the community.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-62] If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to disengagement. @@ -2179,10 +2181,10 @@ what defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on the Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most -sharing-economy businesses are purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa +sharing-economy businesses are purely about monetizing access.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-63] As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access -rather than ownership.64 That is not sharing. +rather than ownership.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-64] That is not sharing. Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources @@ -2192,7 +2194,7 @@ doesn’t have to just be about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with remarkably high-quality user-generated content and -limited trolling.65 Opendesk contributes to its community by committing +limited trolling.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-65] Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively. @@ -2208,15 +2210,15 @@ when the value they add outweighs the value provided by you. Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of -talent.66 But to make collaboration work, the group has to be effective +talent.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-66] But to make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the group have to find -satisfaction from being involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for +satisfaction from being involved.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-67] This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple improvements without a particularly heavy time -commitment.68 +commitment.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-68] As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation @@ -2225,7 +2227,7 @@ acting on their own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t appear that their efforts will make much of a -difference.69 +difference.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-69] It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are @@ -2233,7 +2235,7 @@ truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of -amateur sharing or a feeling of belonging.70 The textbook publisher +amateur sharing or a feeling of belonging.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-70] The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a @@ -2242,129 +2244,129 @@ For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input -was the writing, the music itself.”71 +was the writing, the music itself.”[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-71] While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called “making in public” opens the door to letting people -feel more invested in your creative work.72 And it shows a +feel more invested in your creative work.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-72] And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an -environment where collaboration flourishes.73 +environment where collaboration flourishes.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-73] There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by -their own motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on +their own motivations.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-74] What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and -transition them into active participants.75 +transition them into active participants.[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-75] ### Notes -1. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-1]: Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book - is available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation. -2. Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the + is available at [](http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation). +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-2]: Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68. -3. Ibid., 55. -4. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-3]: Ibid., 55. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-4]: Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), 224. -5. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44. -6. Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-5]: Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-6]: Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121. -7. Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-7]: Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, 2012), 64. -8. David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-8]: David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70. -9. Anderson, Makers, 66. -10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-9]: Anderson, Makers, 66. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-10]: Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10. -11. Anderson, Free, 62. -12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38. -13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68. -14. Anderson, Free, 86. -15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144. -16. Anderson, Free, 123. -17. Ibid., 132. -18. Ibid., 70. -19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-11]: Anderson, Free, 62. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-12]: Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-13]: Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-14]: Anderson, Free, 86. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-15]: Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-16]: Anderson, Free, 123. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-17]: Ibid., 132. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-18]: Ibid., 70. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-19]: James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely they are invoked.” -20. Anderson, Free, 44. -21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23. -22. Anderson, Free, 67. -23. Ibid., 58. -24. Anderson, Makers, 71. -25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-20]: Anderson, Free, 44. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-21]: Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-22]: Anderson, Free, 67. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-23]: Ibid., 58. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-24]: Anderson, Makers, 71. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-25]: Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78. -26. Ibid., 21. -27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43. -28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-26]: Ibid., 21. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-27]: Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-28]: William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring - 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\_nonprofit\_funding\_models. -29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111. -30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30. -31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and + 2009, [](http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\_nonprofit\_funding\_models). +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-29]: Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-30]: Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-31]: Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202. -32. Anderson, Free, 71. -33. Ibid., 231. -34. Ibid., 97. -35. Anderson, Makers, 107. -36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89. -37. Ibid., 92. -38. Anderson, Free, 142. -39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32. -40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150. -41. Ibid., 134. -42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-32]: Anderson, Free, 71. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-33]: Ibid., 231. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-34]: Ibid., 97. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-35]: Anderson, Makers, 107. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-36]: Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-37]: Ibid., 92. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-38]: Anderson, Free, 142. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-39]: Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-40]: Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-41]: Ibid., 134. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-42]: Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109. -43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-43]: Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93. -44. Kramer, Shareology, 76. -45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252. -46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145. -47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203. -48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80. -49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25. -50. Ibid., 31. -51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112. -52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124. -53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127. -54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121. -55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87. -56. Ibid., 105. -57. Ibid., 36. -58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-44]: Kramer, Shareology, 76. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-45]: Palmer, Art of Asking, 252. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-46]: Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-47]: Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-48]: Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-49]: Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-50]: Ibid., 31. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-51]: Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-52]: Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-53]: Kleon, Show Your Work, 127. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-54]: Palmer, Art of Asking, 121. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-55]: Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-56]: Ibid., 105. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-57]: Ibid., 36. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-58]: Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2012), 36. -59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98. -60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34. -61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200. -62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29. -63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-59]: Palmer, Art of Asking, 98. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-60]: Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-61]: Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-62]: Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-63]: Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, - 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all. -64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, + 2015, [](http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all). +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-64]: Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012). -65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-65]: David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016, - www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680. -66. Anderson, Makers, 148. -67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164. -68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization. -69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144. -70. Ibid., 154. -71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163. -72. Anderson, Makers, 173. -73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the + [](http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680). +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-66]: Anderson, Makers, 148. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-67]: Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-68]: Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-69]: Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-70]: Ibid., 154. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-71]: Palmer, Art of Asking, 163. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-72]: Anderson, Makers, 173. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-73]: Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82. -74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization. -75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-74]: Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization. +[^How-to-Be-Made-with-Creative-Commons-75]: Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188. ## The Creative Commons Licenses @@ -2384,8 +2386,8 @@ trademarks. Here are the six licenses: -![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width="4.198in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width="40%" +} The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you @@ -2393,8 +2395,8 @@ for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. -![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width="4.198in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width="40%" +} The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they @@ -2403,30 +2405,30 @@ license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. -![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width="4.198in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width="40%" +} The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with credit to you. -![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width="4.198in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width="40%" +} The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. -![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width="4.198in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width="40%" +} The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the same terms. -![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width="4.198in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width="40%" +} The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download @@ -2438,14 +2440,14 @@ public-domain tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired: -![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width="4.1665in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width="40%" +} CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”). -![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width="4.1665in" -height="1.4689in"} +![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width="40%" +} The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright @@ -2504,8 +2506,7 @@ Note For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share Your Work” at - -creativecommons.org/share-your-work/. +[](http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/). # The Case Studies @@ -2525,21 +2526,21 @@ sharing plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we interviewed. ## Arduino - -Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer -hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy. - -www.arduino.cc - -Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, -shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want -to sell Arduino products using their name) - -Interview date: February 4, 2016 - -Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer +> hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy. +> +> [](http://www.arduino.cc) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, +> shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want +> to sell Arduino products using their name) +> +> **Interview date**: February 4, 2016 +> +> **Interviewees**: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and @@ -2656,7 +2657,7 @@ provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be -plugged onto a board to give it extra features), and kits.1 +plugged onto a board to give it extra features), and kits.[^Arduino-1] Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys @@ -2705,7 +2706,7 @@ based on open sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from Banzi, does a great job of explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, derivatives, compatibles, and -counterfeits.2 +counterfeits.[^Arduino-2] For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always @@ -2723,26 +2724,26 @@ Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for manufacturing. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products -2. blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/ +[^Arduino-1]: [](http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products) +[^Arduino-2]: [](http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/) ## Ártica - -Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to -use digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in -arts and culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay. - -www.articaonline.com - -Revenue model: charging for custom services - -Interview date: March 9, 2016 - -Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to +> use digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in +> arts and culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay. +> +> [](http://www.articaonline.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for custom services +> +> **Interview date**: March 9, 2016 +> +> **Interviewees**: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, @@ -2879,20 +2880,20 @@ success, they will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them another image of what it looks like.” ## Blender Institute - -The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films -using Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands. - -www.blender.org - -Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical -copies, selling merchandise - -Interview date: March 8, 2016 - -Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films +> using Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands. +> +> [](http://www.blender.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical +> copies, selling merchandise +> +> **Interview date**: March 8, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation @@ -3035,19 +3036,19 @@ budget to reproduce what you did,” Ton said. For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing. ## Cards Against Humanity - -Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a -popular party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S. - -www.cardsagainsthumanity.com - -Revenue model: charging for physical copies - -Interview date: February 3, 2016 - -Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a +> popular party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S. +> +> [](http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for physical copies +> +> **Interview date**: February 3, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Max Temkin, cofounder +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a @@ -3208,21 +3209,21 @@ best strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your values, and who you are and why you’re making things.” ## The Conversation - -The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the -academic and research community and delivered direct to the public over -the Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia. - -theconversation.com - -Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership -fees to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding - -Interview date: February 4, 2016 - -Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the +> academic and research community and delivered direct to the public over +> the Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia. +> +> [](http://theconversation.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging content creators (universities pay membership +> fees to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding +> +> **Interview date**: February 4, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Andrew Jaspan, founder +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in @@ -3289,7 +3290,7 @@ evidence-based information. Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, -and codes of conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author +and codes of conduct.[^The-Conversation-1] These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it comes from the @@ -3372,23 +3373,23 @@ citizenry and improved democracy around the world. Its open business model and use of Creative Commons show how it’s possible to generate both a public good and operational revenue at the same time. -Web link +### Web link -1. theconversation.com/us/charter +[^The-Conversation-1]: [](http://theconversation.com/us/charter) ## Cory Doctorow - -Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and -journalist. Based in the U.S. - -craphound.com and boingboing.net - -Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), -pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books - -Interview date: January 12, 2016 - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and +> journalist. Based in the U.S. +> +> [](http://craphound.com) and [](http://boingboing.net) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for physical copies (book sales), +> pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books +> +> **Interview date**: January 12, 2016 +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing @@ -3563,21 +3564,21 @@ and to get them into other people’s hands and minds.” It has never been easier to think like a dandelion. ## Figshare - -Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where -researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, -including figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the -UK. - -figshare.com - -Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators - -Interview date: January 28, 2016 - -Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where +> researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, +> including figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the +> UK. +> +> [](http://figshare.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: platform providing paid services to creators +> +> **Interview date**: January 28, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Mark Hahnel, founder +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly @@ -3717,10 +3718,10 @@ Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United -Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data +Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.[^Figshare-1] Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any -viewer can alter by changing any of the variables.2 +viewer can alter by changing any of the variables.[^Figshare-2] The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread @@ -3736,7 +3737,7 @@ Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of services to researchers, publishers, and -institutions.3 If he had relied solely on revenue from premium +institutions.[^Figshare-3] If he had relied solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that @@ -3761,28 +3762,28 @@ for openness are a key differentiator. Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting open access to research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries. -Web links +### Web links -1. figshare.com/articles/Journal\_subscription\_costs\_FOIs\_to\_UK\_universities/1186832 -2. retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136 -3. figshare.com/features +[^Figshare-1]: [](http://figshare.com/articles/Journal\_subscription\_costs\_FOIs\_to\_UK\_universities/1186832) +[^Figshare-2]: [](http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136) +[^Figshare-3]: [](http://figshare.com/features) ## Figure.NZ - -Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform -designed to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 -in New Zealand. - -figure.nz - -Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, -sponsorships - -Interview date: May 3, 2016 - -Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform +> designed to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 +> in New Zealand. +> +> [](http://figure.nz) +> +> **Revenue model**: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, +> sponsorships +> +> **Interview date**: May 3, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Lillian Grace, founder +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder @@ -3845,7 +3846,7 @@ easy for others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and -noncopyrighted work and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing +noncopyrighted work and material.[^Figure.NZ-2] It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, fitting in nicely @@ -3912,9 +3913,9 @@ A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having -to know what questions to ask.3 +to know what questions to ask.[^Figure.NZ-3] -Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care +Figure.NZ also has patrons.[^Figure.NZ-4] Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded. @@ -4001,28 +4002,28 @@ users dramatically increasing value for themselves and for others through use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making the network effect possible. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\_harness-the-power.pdf -2. www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/ -3. figure.nz/business/ -4. figure.nz/patrons/ +[^Figure.NZ-1]: [](http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\_harness-the-power.pdf) +[^Figure.NZ-2]: [](http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/) +[^Figure.NZ-3]: [](http://figure.nz/business/) +[^Figure.NZ-4]: [](http://figure.nz/patrons/) ## Knowledge Unlatched - -Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that -brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. -Founded in 2012 in the UK. - -knowledgeunlatched.org - -Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized) - -Interview date: February 26, 2016 - -Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that +> brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. +> Founded in 2012 in the UK. +> +> [](http://knowledgeunlatched.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: crowdfunding (specialized) +> +> **Interview date**: February 26, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Frances Pinter, founder +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She @@ -4111,7 +4112,7 @@ Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing: 6. Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes - membership.1 + membership.[^Knowledge-Unlatched-1] The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being @@ -4122,7 +4123,7 @@ three hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just under forty-three dollars. The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books -are still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC +are still available online.[^Knowledge-Unlatched-4] Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain control over the commercial @@ -4238,35 +4239,35 @@ exactly the same as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an evolution rather than a revolution. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\_an\_Open.pdf -2. www.oapen.org -3. www.hathitrust.org -4. collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/ -5. www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/ +[^Knowledge-Unlatched-1]: [](http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\_an\_Open.pdf) +[^Knowledge-Unlatched-2]: [](http://www.oapen.org) +[^Knowledge-Unlatched-3]: [](http://www.hathitrust.org) +[^Knowledge-Unlatched-4]: [](http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/) +[^Knowledge-Unlatched-5]: [](http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/) ## Lumen Learning - -Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions -use open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S. - -lumenlearning.com - -Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding - -Interview date: December 21, 2015 - -Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions +> use open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S. +> +> [](http://lumenlearning.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for custom services, grant funding +> +> **Interview date**: December 21, 2015 +> +> **Interviewees**: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project -called the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of +called the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.[^Lumen-Learning-1] It involved a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students succeed. @@ -4481,24 +4482,24 @@ others wanting to pursue the open model are to make your commitment to open resources public, let people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about trust. -Web link +### Web link -1. lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/ +[^Lumen-Learning-1]: [](http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/) ## Jonathan Mann - -Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the -“Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S. - -jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com - -Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, -crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version -(speaking engagements and musical performances) - -Interview date: February 22, 2016 - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the +> “Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S. +> +> [](http://jonathanmann.net) and [](http://jonathanmann.bandcamp.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, +> crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version +> (speaking engagements and musical performances) +> +> **Interview date**: February 22, 2016 +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes @@ -4654,20 +4655,20 @@ creative person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much of what drives you would be gone.” ## Noun Project - -The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to -display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 -in the U.S. - -thenounproject.com - -Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services - -Interview date: October 6, 2015 - -Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to +> display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 +> in the U.S. +> +> [](http://thenounproject.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services +> +> **Interview date**: October 6, 2015 +> +> **Interviewee**: Edward Boatman, cofounder +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, @@ -4696,7 +4697,7 @@ world. Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when -Kickstarter was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to +Kickstarter was in its infancy.[^Noun-Project-1] They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \$1,500, but in twenty days they got over \$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger. @@ -4784,7 +4785,7 @@ split 40 percent to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. share is higher this time as it’s providing more service to the user. The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty -structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because +structure.[^Noun-Project-2] They tend to over communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top priority. @@ -4843,7 +4844,7 @@ and profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also search the icons by the creator’s name. The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for -icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project +icons.[^Noun-Project-2] In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the event. The results are @@ -4858,28 +4859,28 @@ paid while staying true to their mission—creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has been key to that goal. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description -2. thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\#getting\_paid -3. thenounproject.com/iconathon/ +[^Noun-Project-1]: [](http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description) +[^Noun-Project-2]: [](http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\#getting\_paid) +[^Noun-Project-3]: [](http://thenounproject.com/iconathon/) ## Open Data Institute - -The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, -equips, and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. -Founded in 2012 in the UK. - -theodi.org - -Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom -services, donations - -Interview date: November 11, 2015 - -Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, +> equips, and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. +> Founded in 2012 in the UK. +> +> [](http://theodi.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: grant and government funding, charging for custom +> services, donations +> +> **Interview date**: November 11, 2015 +> +> **Interviewee**: Jeni Tennison, technical director +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, @@ -4910,7 +4911,7 @@ and open-data initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to— - develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data; - help UK businesses use open data; and -- show how open data can improve public services.1 +- show how open data can improve public services.[^Open-Data-Institute-1] ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, @@ -5025,7 +5026,7 @@ and to use the brand. ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, -advice, training, and even office space.3 +advice, training, and even office space.[^Open-Data-Institute-3] A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up @@ -5039,7 +5040,7 @@ ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a globally recognized mark that signals that their open -data is useful, reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4 +data is useful, reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.[^Open-Data-Institute-4] Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of @@ -5083,30 +5084,30 @@ Here are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016: - Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805 -Web links +### Web links -1. e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf -2. directory.theodi.org/members -3. theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; - theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe -4. certificates.theodi.org -5. dashboards.theodi.org/company/all +[^Open-Data-Institute-1]: [](http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf) +[^Open-Data-Institute-2]: [](http://directory.theodi.org/members) +[^Open-Data-Institute-3]: [](http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme); + [](http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe) +[^Open-Data-Institute-4]: [](http://certificates.theodi.org) +[^Open-Data-Institute-5]: [](http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all) ## OpenDesk - -Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that -connects furniture designers around the world with customers and local -makers who bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK. - -www.opendesk.cc - -Revenue model: charging a transaction fee - -Interview date: November 4, 2015 - -Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that +> connects furniture designers around the world with customers and local +> makers who bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK. +> +> [](http://www.opendesk.cc) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging a transaction fee +> +> **Interview date**: November 4, 2015 +> +> **Interviewees**: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the world not just with customers but also with local registered makers @@ -5163,7 +5164,7 @@ licenses, deciding for themselves how open or closed they want to be. For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome -job profiling the designers.1 +job profiling the designers.[^OpenDesk-1] While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, @@ -5185,7 +5186,7 @@ them. Joni said, “Finding a whole network and community of makers was pretty easy because we built a site where people could write in about their capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships -with hundreds of makers in countries all around the world.2 +with hundreds of makers in countries all around the world.[^OpenDesk-2] The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on @@ -5271,7 +5272,7 @@ Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, -and an invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People +and an invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.[^OpenDesk-4] People can submit ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see used. @@ -5322,29 +5323,29 @@ been built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.opendesk.cc/designers -2. www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/ -3. www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join -4. openmaking.is +[^OpenDesk-1]: [](http://www.opendesk.cc/designers) +[^OpenDesk-2]: [](http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/) +[^OpenDesk-3]: [](http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join) +[^OpenDesk-4]: [](http://openmaking.is) ## OpenStax - -OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks -for high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement -courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S. - -www.openstaxcollege.org - -Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for -physical copies (textbook sales) - -Interview date: December 16, 2015 - -Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks +> for high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement +> courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S. +> +> [](http://www.openstaxcollege.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for +> physical copies (textbook sales) +> +> **Interview date**: December 16, 2015 +> +> **Interviewee**: David Harris, editor-in-chief +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor @@ -5382,7 +5383,7 @@ available for free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they could help and how much money they could help -save.1 Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All with no sales +save.[^OpenStax-1] Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All with no sales force! OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each @@ -5408,7 +5409,7 @@ provides slide presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on. Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax -keeps a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2 +keeps a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.[^OpenStax-2] Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax @@ -5569,24 +5570,24 @@ completion. By building an open business model based on Creative Commons, OpenStax is making it possible for every student who wants access to education to get it. -Web links +### Web links -1. news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg -2. openstax.org/adopters +[^OpenStax-1]: [](http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg) +[^OpenStax-2]: [](http://openstax.org/adopters) ## Amanda Palmer - -Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S. - -amandapalmer.net - -Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, -charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for -in-person version (performances), selling merchandise - -Interview date: December 15, 2015 - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S. +> +> [](http://amandapalmer.net) +> +> **Revenue model**: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, +> charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for +> in-person version (performances), selling merchandise +> +> **Interview date**: December 15, 2015 +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new @@ -5760,26 +5761,26 @@ different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to help her, she lets them. -Web link +### Web link -1. http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\#44e20ce46d67 +[^Amanda-Palmer-1]: [](http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\#44e20ce46d67) ## PLOS (Public Library of Science) - -PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library -of academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in -the U.S. - -plos.org - -Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to -be featured in the journal - -Interview date: March 7, 2016 - -Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library +> of academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in +> the U.S. +> +> [](http://plos.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging content creators an author processing charge to +> be featured in the journal +> +> **Interview date**: March 7, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Louise Page, publisher +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started @@ -5972,11 +5973,11 @@ what constitutes a research article would undergo transformation. As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates -and curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It +and curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.[^PLOS-(Public-Library-of-Science)-1] It also offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, -media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that +media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings.[^PLOS-(Public-Library-of-Science)-2] Louise believes that the journal model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors. @@ -6002,28 +6003,28 @@ Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of science. -Web links +### Web links -1. collections.plos.org -2. plos.org/article-level-metrics +[^PLOS-(Public-Library-of-Science)-1]: [](http://collections.plos.org) +[^PLOS-(Public-Library-of-Science)-2]: [](http://plos.org/article-level-metrics) ## Rijksmuseum - -The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. -Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands - -www.rijksmuseum.nl - -Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person -version -(museum admission), selling merchandise - -Interview date: December 11, 2015 - -Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections -information department - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. +> Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands +> +> [](http://www.rijksmuseum.nl) +> +> **Revenue model**: grants and government funding, charging for in-person +> version +> (museum admission), selling merchandise +> +> **Interview date**: December 11, 2015 +> +> **Interviewee**: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections +> information department +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The @@ -6060,7 +6061,7 @@ Rijksmuseum collection? That eventually led to why not put the whole collection online? Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital -library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal +library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.[^Rijksmuseum-1] As an online portal to museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works @@ -6141,7 +6142,7 @@ create a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do -various things with the Rijksmuseum collection.2 +various things with the Rijksmuseum collection.[^Rijksmuseum-2] The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality digital representations of masterworks from the collection. @@ -6175,10 +6176,10 @@ the images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan -Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3 +Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.[^Rijksmuseum-3] In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design -competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action +competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.[^Rijksmuseum-4] With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The @@ -6186,7 +6187,7 @@ final award comes with a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color scheme of a work of -art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range +art.[^Rijksmuseum-5] The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016. @@ -6229,31 +6230,31 @@ charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people happy to join you and help out.” -Web links +### Web links -1. www.europeana.eu/portal/en -2. www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio -3. www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe -4. www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: - www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: - www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015 -5. www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4 +[^Rijksmuseum-1]: [](http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en) +[^Rijksmuseum-2]: [](http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio) +[^Rijksmuseum-3]: [](http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe) +[^Rijksmuseum-4]: [](http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award); the 2014 award: + [](http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014); the 2015 award: + [](http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015) +[^Rijksmuseum-5]: [](http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4) ## Shareable - -Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the -U.S. - -www.shareable.net - -Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, -sponsorships - -Interview date: February 24, 2016 - -Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the +> U.S. +> +> [](http://www.shareable.net) +> +> **Revenue model**: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, +> sponsorships +> +> **Interview date**: February 24, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, @@ -6399,20 +6400,20 @@ than a one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities. ## Siyavula - -Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates -textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South -Africa. - -www.siyavula.com - -Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships - -Interview date: April 5, 2016 - -Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates +> textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South +> Africa. +> +> [](http://www.siyavula.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for custom services, sponsorships +> +> **Interview date**: April 5, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Mark Horner, CEO +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner and teacher should have access to high-quality educational @@ -6434,7 +6435,7 @@ available. As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free -Software Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, +Software Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.[^Siyavula-1] They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 @@ -6456,7 +6457,7 @@ In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education -movement grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing +movement grow.[^Siyavula-2] Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula. @@ -6484,7 +6485,7 @@ Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a -platform called Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use +platform called Connexions.[^Siyavula-3] Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited. @@ -6594,7 +6595,7 @@ books created for grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9. In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book -style.4 It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides +style.[^Siyavula-4] It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other resources. Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to @@ -6670,27 +6671,27 @@ operation of Siyavula. In terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl -2. www.capetowndeclaration.org -3. cnx.org -4. www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html +[^Siyavula-1]: [](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl) +[^Siyavula-2]: [](http://www.capetowndeclaration.org) +[^Siyavula-3]: [](http://cnx.org) +[^Siyavula-4]: [](http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html) ## SparkFun - -SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open -hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S. - -www.sparkfun.com - -Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales) - -Interview date: February 29, 2016 - -Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open +> hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S. +> +> [](http://www.sparkfun.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging for physical copies (electronics sales) +> +> **Interview date**: February 29, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Nathan Seidle, founder +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in @@ -6744,7 +6745,7 @@ a lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his -third year of college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling +third year of college, he registered [](http://sparkfun.com) and started reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own products. @@ -6855,20 +6856,20 @@ innovative business. In other words, it makes them the kind of company they set out to be. ## TeachAIDS - -TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to -teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the -U.S. - -teachaids.org - -Revenue model: sponsorships - -Interview date: March 24, 2016 - -Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to +> teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the +> U.S. +> +> [](http://teachaids.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: sponsorships +> +> **Interview date**: March 24, 2016 +> +> **Interviewees**: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. @@ -7043,20 +7044,20 @@ quickly scale their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license has been a game changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said. ## Tribe of Noise - -Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, -TV, video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the -Netherlands. - -www.tribeofnoise.com - -Revenue model: charging a transaction fee - -Interview date: January 26, 2016 - -Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder - -Profile written by Paul Stacey +> +> Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, +> TV, video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the +> Netherlands. +> +> [](http://www.tribeofnoise.com) +> +> **Revenue model**: charging a transaction fee +> +> **Interview date**: January 26, 2016 +> +> **Interviewee**: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder +> +> Profile written by Paul Stacey In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an @@ -7101,7 +7102,7 @@ music licensed with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed -with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1 +with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.[^Tribe-of-Noise-1] In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. @@ -7146,7 +7147,7 @@ playlist contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee agreed with this retailer is US\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, you end up with US\$12 \* 1000 stores -\* 0.425 \* 0.0143 = US\$73 per month.2 +\* 0.425 \* 0.0143 = US\$73 per month.[^Tribe-of-Noise-2] Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using @@ -7237,26 +7238,26 @@ community, with people who think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in mind. Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for music, a model that’s based on trust. -Web links +### Web links -1. www.instoremusicservice.com -2. www.tribeofnoise.com/info\_instoremusic.php +[^Tribe-of-Noise-1]: [](http://www.instoremusicservice.com) +[^Tribe-of-Noise-2]: [](http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info\_instoremusic.php) ## Wikimedia Foundation - -The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts -Wikipedia and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S. - -wikimediafoundation.org - -Revenue model: donations - -Interview date: December 18, 2015 - -Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, -and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel - -Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +> +> The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts +> Wikipedia and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S. +> +> [](http://wikimediafoundation.org) +> +> **Revenue model**: donations +> +> **Interview date**: December 18, 2015 +> +> **Interviewees**: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, +> and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel +> +> Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia. @@ -7359,7 +7360,7 @@ single explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles more than forty-eight thousand -times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing +times.[^Wikimedia-Foundation-1] Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.” @@ -7405,11 +7406,11 @@ stores, but it is missing the digital equivalent of parks and open public spaces,” Stephen said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.” -Web link +### Web link -1. gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/ +[^Wikimedia-Foundation-1]: [](http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/) -## Bibliography +# Bibliography Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a @@ -7430,18 +7431,18 @@ Media, 2012. Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. -www.benkler.org/Benkler\_Wealth\_Of\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC +[](http://www.benkler.org/Benkler\_Wealth\_Of\_Networks.pdf) (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA). Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. -www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed +[](http://www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892) (licensed under CC BY-SA). Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy Collaborative, 2016. -thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/. +[](http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/). ———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014. @@ -7451,8 +7452,8 @@ Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. -bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more -information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons. +[](http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf). For more +information, see [](http://bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons). Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012. @@ -7463,7 +7464,7 @@ Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010. Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. -www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA). +[](http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/) (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA). Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, @@ -7479,21 +7480,21 @@ City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014). -www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf. +[](http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf). Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons. Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative -Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/. +Commons, 2015. [](http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/). Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014. Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. -hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all. +[](http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all). Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: @@ -7508,7 +7509,7 @@ Post-Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge. Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring -2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\_nonprofit\_funding\_models. +2009. [](http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\_nonprofit\_funding\_models). Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. @@ -7561,7 +7562,7 @@ Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New York: Morgan James, 2016. Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the -Internet.” BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680 +Internet.” BBC News, March 3, 2016. [](http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680) Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008. @@ -7574,15 +7575,15 @@ Straus and Giroux, 2015. New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, -2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf. +2011. [](http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf). Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at -strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation. +[](http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation). Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of -the book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design. +the book is available at [](http://strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design). Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014. @@ -7590,18 +7591,18 @@ Let People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014. Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, -2014. pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum +2014. [](http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum) (licensed under CC BY-SA). Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. -www.academia.edu/27143172/The\_City\_as\_Commons\_a\_Policy\_Reader +[](http://www.academia.edu/27143172/The\_City\_as\_Commons\_a\_Policy\_Reader) (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND). Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” -www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/. +[](http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/). Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown @@ -7653,19 +7654,19 @@ Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. -opendesignnow.org (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA). +[](http://opendesignnow.org) (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA). Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society 3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. -society30.com/get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND). +[](http://society30.com/get-the-book/) (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND). Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. -web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND). +[](http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm) (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND). Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015. -## Acknowledgments +# Acknowledgments We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for diff --git a/po/de/mwcc.po b/po/de/mwcc.po index 4b2c239..3e24d2c 100644 --- a/po/de/mwcc.po +++ b/po/de/mwcc.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons 20170609-2\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-06 08:32+0000\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-22 18:13+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-01-24 12:15+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Franz Wagner \n" "Language-Team: German +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "de" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 #, fuzzy -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "von Paul Stacey & Sarah Hichliff Pearson" +#| msgid "" +#| "This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +#| "copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +#| "purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, " +#| "provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you " +#| "remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +#| "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +#| "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"" +msgstr "" +"Dieses Buch erscheint unter einer CC-BY-SA-Lizenz. Das bedeutet, Sie können " +"es für jeden, einschließlich komerziellen Zweck kopieren, weiterverbreiten, " +"neuzusammensetzen, verwandeln und auf dem Werk aufbauen, solange Sie " +"entsprechend den Urheber nennen, einen Link zur Lizenz zur Verfügung stellen " +"und angeben, ob Änderungen vorgenommen wurden. Wenn Sie das Werk " +"neuzusammensetzten, verwandeln, oder auf ihm aufbauen, müssen Sie Ihre " +"Beiträge unter der gleichen Lizenz wie die des Originals verbreiten. " +"Lizenzdetails: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" Mexico City\n" +" " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +" 2017 Creative Commons " +" Gunnar Wolf " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Gemacht mit Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "Gemacht Mit Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "von Paul Stacey & Sarah Hichliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "© 2017 von Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." @@ -48,113 +122,42 @@ msgstr "" "Veröffentlicht unter einer Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike-Lizenz " "(CC BY-SA), Version 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Cover- und Innendesign von Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Inhalt überarbeitet von Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "Illustrationen von Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "Herunterladbares e-Book erhältlich auf madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Publisher:" +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "Herausgeber:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Strg+Alt+Entf-Bücher" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 Copenhagen N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Dänemark" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Drucker:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polen" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -msgstr "" -"Dieses Buch erscheint unter einer CC-BY-SA-Lizenz. Das bedeutet, Sie können " -"es für jeden, einschließlich komerziellen Zweck kopieren, weiterverbreiten, " -"neuzusammensetzen, verwandeln und auf dem Werk aufbauen, solange Sie " -"entsprechend den Urheber nennen, einen Link zur Lizenz zur Verfügung stellen " -"und angeben, ob Änderungen vorgenommen wurden. Wenn Sie das Werk " -"neuzusammensetzten, verwandeln, oder auf ihm aufbauen, müssen Sie Ihre " -"Beiträge unter der gleichen Lizenz wie die des Originals verbreiten. " -"Lizenzdetails: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "Herunterladbares e-Book erhältlich auf madewith.cc" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " @@ -164,16 +167,16 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons und den Unterstützern unserer Crowdfunding-Kampagne auf der " "Plattform Kickstarter.com veröffentlicht." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" "„Ich weiß nicht viel über Sachbuch-Journalismus... Die Weise, mit der ich " "über diese Themen denke und insbesondere in Bezug darauf, was ich tun kann, " @@ -182,13 +185,22 @@ msgstr "" "verschiedensten Dingen viel mehr Zeit und Aufmerksamkeit widmet, als die " "meisten von uns es in unserem Alltag tun könnten.“" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "- David Foster Wallace" +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Foreword" +msgid "Foreword" msgstr "## Vorwort" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " @@ -207,8 +219,8 @@ msgstr "" "freundlich und und nannte das Verfolgen funktionierender Geschäftsmodelle " "unter CC eine „falsche Fährte“." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 #, fuzzy msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " @@ -224,8 +236,8 @@ msgstr "" "besseren Ort zu machen, und nicht Profit. Geld ist ein Mittel zum Zweck der " "Gesellschaft und kein Selbstzweck.“" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -234,28 +246,28 @@ msgid "" "course, someone always wins the lottery.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -265,8 +277,8 @@ msgid "" "write Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -277,11 +289,11 @@ msgid "" "and community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -290,8 +302,8 @@ msgid "" "oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -299,12 +311,12 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -313,8 +325,8 @@ msgid "" "itself, an example of an open business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -324,30 +336,30 @@ msgid "" "them new supporters of Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -355,8 +367,8 @@ msgid "" "share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -371,20 +383,20 @@ msgid "" "genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -395,47 +407,45 @@ msgid "" "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -448,8 +458,8 @@ msgid "" "analyze their business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -458,35 +468,35 @@ msgid "" "up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -496,27 +506,27 @@ msgid "" "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -526,8 +536,8 @@ msgid "" "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -538,8 +548,8 @@ msgid "" "values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -547,24 +557,24 @@ msgid "" "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -573,100 +583,130 @@ msgid "" "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -678,8 +718,8 @@ msgid "" "which they operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -689,8 +729,8 @@ msgid "" "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -698,15 +738,32 @@ msgid "" "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:480 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:775 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:816 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -717,25 +774,34 @@ msgid "" "success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -744,20 +810,27 @@ msgid "" "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:528 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -765,11 +838,11 @@ msgid "" "which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -777,10 +850,10 @@ msgid "" "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -789,66 +862,66 @@ msgid "" "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -858,45 +931,59 @@ msgid "" "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:645 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -905,31 +992,37 @@ msgid "" "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -937,18 +1030,28 @@ msgid "" "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -958,19 +1061,19 @@ msgid "" "measures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -978,13 +1081,13 @@ msgid "" "managing resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -994,8 +1097,8 @@ msgid "" "about the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1004,43 +1107,73 @@ msgid "" "history." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1049,34 +1182,49 @@ msgid "" "the primary means by which resources are managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1092,11 +1240,11 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1108,21 +1256,29 @@ msgid "" "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1130,58 +1286,81 @@ msgid "" "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:899 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1191,26 +1370,36 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1224,23 +1413,33 @@ msgid "" "permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "Gemacht Mit Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1250,8 +1449,16 @@ msgid "" "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1262,37 +1469,45 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1302,8 +1517,8 @@ msgid "" "software movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1312,97 +1527,160 @@ msgid "" "use, and modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +msgid "Ibid., 116." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1412,23 +1690,32 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -1436,59 +1723,103 @@ msgid "" "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " "emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -1497,18 +1828,18 @@ msgid "" "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " "Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -1516,8 +1847,8 @@ msgid "" "many benefits." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1526,53 +1857,62 @@ msgid "" "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " "inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -1583,8 +1923,8 @@ msgid "" "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1593,30 +1933,29 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -1624,36 +1963,36 @@ msgid "" "option of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1664,8 +2003,8 @@ msgid "" "resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1674,8 +2013,8 @@ msgid "" "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -1683,8 +2022,8 @@ msgid "" "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1693,24 +2032,24 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1720,164 +2059,20 @@ msgid "" "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Gemacht mit Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -1885,7 +2080,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -1893,8 +2088,8 @@ msgid "" "way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -1905,16 +2100,16 @@ msgid "" "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -1924,20 +2119,28 @@ msgid "" "about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -1945,8 +2148,8 @@ msgid "" "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -1957,10 +2160,10 @@ msgid "" "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -1970,18 +2173,18 @@ msgid "" "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -1995,12 +2198,12 @@ msgid "" "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -2009,33 +2212,40 @@ msgid "" "connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2046,8 +2256,8 @@ msgid "" "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2058,16 +2268,16 @@ msgid "" "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2079,35 +2289,55 @@ msgid "" "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2117,18 +2347,19 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -2138,8 +2369,8 @@ msgid "" "day to day.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2148,81 +2379,128 @@ msgid "" "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2234,82 +2512,100 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2321,8 +2617,8 @@ msgid "" "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -2331,39 +2627,64 @@ msgid "" "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +msgid "Ibid., 132." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -2373,15 +2694,15 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -2395,14 +2716,14 @@ msgid "" "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -2410,8 +2731,8 @@ msgid "" "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -2421,13 +2742,13 @@ msgid "" "is more valuable than ever." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2437,8 +2758,13 @@ msgid "" "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2447,14 +2773,15 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2464,19 +2791,19 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -2484,129 +2811,202 @@ msgid "" "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +msgid "Ibid., 58." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +msgid "Ibid., 21." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2615,28 +3015,34 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2646,8 +3052,8 @@ msgid "" "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -2655,37 +3061,43 @@ msgid "" "functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +msgid "Ibid., 97." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -2708,13 +3120,13 @@ msgid "" "business principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -2724,13 +3136,13 @@ msgid "" "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -2738,51 +3150,68 @@ msgid "" "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +msgid "Ibid., 92." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " "endeavor." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -2792,31 +3221,38 @@ msgid "" "website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2826,13 +3262,13 @@ msgid "" "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2844,13 +3280,13 @@ msgid "" "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -2858,8 +3294,8 @@ msgid "" "scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -2872,8 +3308,8 @@ msgid "" "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -2882,22 +3318,34 @@ msgid "" "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -2911,13 +3359,13 @@ msgid "" "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -2929,13 +3377,13 @@ msgid "" "situations where we could find a way to get it for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -2947,13 +3395,13 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -2963,13 +3411,13 @@ msgid "" "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -2979,40 +3427,40 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -3024,8 +3472,8 @@ msgid "" "with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3039,33 +3487,47 @@ msgid "" "with each other." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3076,11 +3538,12 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -3088,70 +3551,108 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +msgid "Ibid., 31." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -3161,21 +3662,31 @@ msgid "" "design for the good actors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3184,57 +3695,80 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3246,12 +3780,12 @@ msgid "" "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -3259,77 +3793,127 @@ msgid "" "operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3337,30 +3921,38 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3371,27 +3963,50 @@ msgid "" "add outweighs the value provided by you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2971 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3399,234 +4014,126 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 -msgid "" -"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " -"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 -msgid "" -"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " -"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " -"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " -"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " -"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +msgid "Ibid., 154." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 -msgid "" -"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " -"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Gemacht Mit Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " "might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -3634,15 +4141,16 @@ msgid "" "Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3652,30 +4160,32 @@ msgid "" "also allow commercial use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " "credit to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -3683,30 +4193,32 @@ msgid "" "same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -3714,47 +4226,49 @@ msgid "" "change them or use them commercially." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " "existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -3763,13 +4277,13 @@ msgid "" "involvement with and commitment to sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -3778,8 +4292,8 @@ msgid "" "prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -3787,14 +4301,14 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -3802,8 +4316,8 @@ msgid "" "medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3816,107 +4330,104 @@ msgid "" "domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3310 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4589 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4830 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7395 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8143 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -3931,8 +4442,8 @@ msgid "" "General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -3942,19 +4453,19 @@ msgid "" "software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -3964,19 +4475,19 @@ msgid "" "lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a product.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -3985,23 +4496,23 @@ msgid "" "customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -4016,19 +4527,19 @@ msgid "" "helpful to novices and experts alike." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " "business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -4037,8 +4548,8 @@ msgid "" "source way can only help you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4051,8 +4562,8 @@ msgid "" "new version is equally free and open." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4064,21 +4575,27 @@ msgid "" "Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -4091,8 +4608,8 @@ msgid "" "solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from there." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4105,20 +4622,20 @@ msgid "" "low-quality copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" "generating model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4128,8 +4645,13 @@ msgid "" "critical tool for Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -4141,21 +4663,22 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4164,89 +4687,67 @@ msgid "" "says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " "manufacturing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " "culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3558 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3745 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3937 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4356 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7166 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7947 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8469 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8690 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -4254,13 +4755,13 @@ msgid "" "themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -4272,8 +4773,8 @@ msgid "" "and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4282,13 +4783,13 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4299,8 +4800,8 @@ msgid "" "provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -4310,8 +4811,8 @@ msgid "" "classes on more specialized topics." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4320,18 +4821,18 @@ msgid "" "commissioned by individual artists." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4341,14 +4842,14 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4357,8 +4858,8 @@ msgid "" "open up new opportunities for their business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -4369,8 +4870,8 @@ msgid "" "evolve to a more complex product in the future, like a course or a book.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4380,26 +4881,26 @@ msgid "" "ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " "and share their knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4413,29 +4914,29 @@ msgid "" "and culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " "efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4444,42 +4945,44 @@ msgid "" "what it looks like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4491,8 +4994,8 @@ msgid "" "concrete ways." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4503,21 +5006,21 @@ msgid "" "the creative and technical community working together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -4525,8 +5028,8 @@ msgid "" "Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4539,8 +5042,8 @@ msgid "" "the project could live.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4549,22 +5052,22 @@ msgid "" "Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -4572,8 +5075,8 @@ msgid "" "“They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4582,8 +5085,8 @@ msgid "" "and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -4592,40 +5095,40 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " "who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -4634,8 +5137,8 @@ msgid "" "assets used in various projects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -4643,10 +5146,10 @@ msgid "" "“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -4654,8 +5157,8 @@ msgid "" "DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -4663,8 +5166,8 @@ msgid "" "Selling a license has never been part of the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4675,65 +5178,67 @@ msgid "" "reproduce what you did,” Ton said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " "it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4742,8 +5247,8 @@ msgid "" "and international editions as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -4751,8 +5256,8 @@ msgid "" "the numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4761,16 +5266,16 @@ msgid "" "new game unto itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " "cult following." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4779,54 +5284,54 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " "it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " "People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -4834,44 +5339,43 @@ msgid "" "there is transparency about what you are doing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -4879,48 +5383,48 @@ msgid "" "world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -4929,19 +5433,18 @@ msgid "" "said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -4950,8 +5453,8 @@ msgid "" "opportunities to extract more money from customers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -4959,38 +5462,40 @@ msgid "" "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " "Founded in 2011 in Australia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -5000,8 +5505,8 @@ msgid "" "go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -5010,8 +5515,8 @@ msgid "" "focus on the sensational and sexy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -5031,23 +5536,23 @@ msgid "" "at presenting their expertise to the wider public." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " "whatever they want." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5060,8 +5565,8 @@ msgid "" "in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -5072,24 +5577,30 @@ msgid "" "readers with a reliable source of evidence-based information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -5102,18 +5613,18 @@ msgid "" "everything the Conversation does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5123,8 +5634,8 @@ msgid "" "this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5135,8 +5646,8 @@ msgid "" "working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5146,8 +5657,8 @@ msgid "" "improve coverage and features." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5156,11 +5667,11 @@ msgid "" "the editorial advisory board." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -5168,8 +5679,8 @@ msgid "" "and the number of readers per article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5178,16 +5689,16 @@ msgid "" "submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5196,50 +5707,39 @@ msgid "" "good and operational revenue at the same time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -5249,16 +5749,16 @@ msgid "" "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " "sharing it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5269,16 +5769,16 @@ msgid "" "Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet age." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " "his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5286,7 +5786,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -5295,23 +5795,23 @@ msgid "" "people to like what I do would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5322,8 +5822,8 @@ msgid "" "symbolizes his worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5334,12 +5834,12 @@ msgid "" "thieves,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -5348,8 +5848,8 @@ msgid "" "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5358,18 +5858,18 @@ msgid "" "can only do it because he is an established author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5377,18 +5877,18 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -5400,8 +5900,8 @@ msgid "" "are fan translations already available for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5411,29 +5911,29 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -5441,8 +5941,8 @@ msgid "" "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5454,21 +5954,21 @@ msgid "" "soon." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5477,67 +5977,69 @@ msgid "" "into other people’s hands and minds.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " "trusted? Answers have evolved over time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5547,8 +6049,8 @@ msgid "" "complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -5556,16 +6058,16 @@ msgid "" "online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " "ensuring the research is citable for the long term." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5575,8 +6077,8 @@ msgid "" "for the provision of DOIs for research data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -5585,36 +6087,36 @@ msgid "" "(Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5626,8 +6128,8 @@ msgid "" "it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5638,8 +6140,8 @@ msgid "" "functionality for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -5647,53 +6149,53 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5704,8 +6206,8 @@ msgid "" "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5715,21 +6217,36 @@ msgid "" "license of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -5741,21 +6258,27 @@ msgid "" "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5764,8 +6287,8 @@ msgid "" "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -5779,66 +6302,49 @@ msgid "" "research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" "not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " @@ -5852,8 +6358,8 @@ msgid "" "to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5865,13 +6371,13 @@ msgid "" "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -5880,8 +6386,8 @@ msgid "" "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -5892,37 +6398,45 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -5930,17 +6444,17 @@ msgid "" "wrangler and source." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -5950,17 +6464,17 @@ msgid "" "market, and brand itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -5969,15 +6483,15 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -5991,35 +6505,46 @@ msgid "" "never been done before." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -6032,20 +6557,20 @@ msgid "" "external relationships." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6059,8 +6584,8 @@ msgid "" "curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are interested in." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6070,28 +6595,28 @@ msgid "" "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -6099,8 +6624,8 @@ msgid "" "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -6108,19 +6633,19 @@ msgid "" "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -6129,64 +6654,44 @@ msgid "" "the network effect possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -6196,23 +6701,23 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -6220,8 +6725,8 @@ msgid "" "up, not down." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -6231,26 +6736,26 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -6260,18 +6765,18 @@ msgid "" "book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6283,36 +6788,36 @@ msgid "" "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -6320,68 +6825,82 @@ msgid "" "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -6390,16 +6909,16 @@ msgid "" "libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6410,27 +6929,27 @@ msgid "" "more libraries involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " @@ -6438,11 +6957,11 @@ msgid "" "took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -6450,8 +6969,8 @@ msgid "" "their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6462,18 +6981,18 @@ msgid "" "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6486,133 +7005,118 @@ msgid "" "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 +msgid "Lumen Learning" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6622,8 +7126,8 @@ msgid "" "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6632,8 +7136,8 @@ msgid "" "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -6641,40 +7145,40 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6683,18 +7187,18 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -6702,19 +7206,19 @@ msgid "" "need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6731,8 +7235,8 @@ msgid "" "goodwill in the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6744,21 +7248,21 @@ msgid "" "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6767,8 +7271,8 @@ msgid "" "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -6780,8 +7284,8 @@ msgid "" "each page." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -6790,22 +7294,22 @@ msgid "" "number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6816,8 +7320,8 @@ msgid "" "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -6828,21 +7332,21 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -6852,19 +7356,19 @@ msgid "" "using." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -6872,8 +7376,8 @@ msgid "" "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -6885,8 +7389,8 @@ msgid "" "Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -6897,43 +7401,40 @@ msgid "" "trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -6945,8 +7446,8 @@ msgid "" "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -6958,8 +7459,8 @@ msgid "" "magazine." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -6967,23 +7468,23 @@ msgid "" "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -6996,10 +7497,10 @@ msgid "" "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -7007,29 +7508,29 @@ msgid "" "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -7040,8 +7541,8 @@ msgid "" "Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7050,8 +7551,8 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -7062,8 +7563,8 @@ msgid "" "clients." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -7071,17 +7572,17 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -7091,17 +7592,17 @@ msgid "" "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7114,19 +7615,19 @@ msgid "" "others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7135,78 +7636,81 @@ msgid "" "might be better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 +msgid "Noun Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7215,30 +7719,37 @@ msgid "" "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7247,8 +7758,8 @@ msgid "" "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -7258,8 +7769,8 @@ msgid "" "have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -7267,8 +7778,8 @@ msgid "" "business model around free content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7282,90 +7793,98 @@ msgid "" "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -7373,23 +7892,23 @@ msgid "" "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7398,27 +7917,27 @@ msgid "" "visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -7426,8 +7945,8 @@ msgid "" "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7438,8 +7957,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -7447,20 +7966,20 @@ msgid "" "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7471,72 +7990,57 @@ msgid "" "been key to that goal." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +msgid "Open Data Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -7549,8 +8053,8 @@ msgid "" "happening around them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7559,30 +8063,39 @@ msgid "" "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7592,28 +8105,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7622,18 +8135,18 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -7644,8 +8157,8 @@ msgid "" "are listed on their website.)2" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7659,8 +8172,8 @@ msgid "" "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -7670,8 +8183,8 @@ msgid "" "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7680,8 +8193,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7691,22 +8204,22 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7715,8 +8228,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7724,8 +8237,8 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -7735,50 +8248,63 @@ msgid "" "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7786,8 +8312,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7795,8 +8321,8 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -7805,7 +8331,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -7814,16 +8340,16 @@ msgid "" "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7831,98 +8357,74 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -7930,8 +8432,8 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -7948,8 +8450,8 @@ msgid "" "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -7957,8 +8459,8 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -7970,8 +8472,8 @@ msgid "" "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -7980,16 +8482,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -7998,17 +8500,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -8016,20 +8523,25 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -8037,49 +8549,50 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -8087,15 +8600,15 @@ msgid "" "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8103,87 +8616,87 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8192,8 +8705,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8202,20 +8715,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8224,59 +8742,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8287,81 +8805,63 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " "Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -8374,21 +8874,21 @@ msgid "" "available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8401,20 +8901,28 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8424,8 +8932,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8434,8 +8942,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8443,17 +8951,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8461,8 +8975,8 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -8474,8 +8988,8 @@ msgid "" "investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8486,33 +9000,33 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8521,35 +9035,35 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -8559,8 +9073,8 @@ msgid "" "reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8573,27 +9087,27 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -8604,8 +9118,8 @@ msgid "" "they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -8615,47 +9129,47 @@ msgid "" "frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8663,8 +9177,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8672,8 +9186,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8682,8 +9196,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8695,75 +9209,65 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8777,8 +9281,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8789,21 +9293,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8815,8 +9319,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8830,22 +9334,21 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8855,8 +9358,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -8868,31 +9371,31 @@ msgid "" "“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -8903,8 +9406,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -8915,8 +9418,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -8925,8 +9428,8 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -8937,8 +9440,8 @@ msgid "" "you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -8952,8 +9455,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -8963,63 +9466,56 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -9034,22 +9530,22 @@ msgid "" "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9062,27 +9558,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -9090,35 +9586,35 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -9128,27 +9624,27 @@ msgid "" "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9158,8 +9654,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9167,8 +9663,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9178,8 +9674,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9188,8 +9684,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9197,12 +9693,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -9212,25 +9708,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9243,8 +9739,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9252,8 +9748,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9262,20 +9758,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -9283,101 +9778,103 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9393,24 +9890,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9420,24 +9917,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9450,8 +9952,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9461,12 +9963,12 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -9478,8 +9980,8 @@ msgid "" "the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -9494,19 +9996,19 @@ msgid "" "life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9520,32 +10022,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9553,8 +10060,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -9566,46 +10073,71 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9615,14 +10147,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -9630,91 +10162,63 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9726,10 +10230,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -9739,8 +10243,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9750,8 +10254,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -9763,11 +10267,11 @@ msgid "" "grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -9776,8 +10280,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -9789,15 +10293,15 @@ msgid "" "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -9805,8 +10309,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9820,8 +10324,8 @@ msgid "" "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9832,65 +10336,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -9907,60 +10411,62 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -9968,8 +10474,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -9978,29 +10484,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -10008,19 +10520,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -10029,15 +10547,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -10045,19 +10563,25 @@ msgid "" "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10065,29 +10589,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10097,22 +10622,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10120,41 +10645,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10162,8 +10687,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10173,21 +10698,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10197,40 +10722,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10240,8 +10770,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -10253,30 +10783,30 @@ msgid "" "government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10288,8 +10818,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -10297,20 +10827,20 @@ msgid "" "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -10323,60 +10853,43 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10385,8 +10898,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -10394,8 +10907,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10405,8 +10918,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10416,16 +10929,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " "It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10436,55 +10949,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -10493,29 +11006,29 @@ msgid "" "young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10526,8 +11039,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10541,20 +11054,20 @@ msgid "" "human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10563,24 +11076,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -10588,8 +11101,8 @@ msgid "" "source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10599,8 +11112,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10614,49 +11127,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10670,8 +11186,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -10691,8 +11207,8 @@ msgid "" "pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10705,20 +11221,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -10729,8 +11245,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -10740,8 +11256,8 @@ msgid "" "everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10751,8 +11267,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10767,8 +11283,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10784,15 +11300,15 @@ msgid "" "eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -10804,23 +11320,23 @@ msgid "" "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10832,20 +11348,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -10859,8 +11375,8 @@ msgid "" "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -10870,8 +11386,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -10881,47 +11397,49 @@ msgid "" "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -10932,8 +11450,8 @@ msgid "" "readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -10944,8 +11462,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -10954,57 +11472,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -11012,43 +11536,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11060,18 +11589,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11079,8 +11608,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -11089,8 +11618,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11102,8 +11631,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -11113,11 +11642,11 @@ msgid "" "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -11127,8 +11656,8 @@ msgid "" "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11145,8 +11674,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -11158,57 +11687,47 @@ msgid "" "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -11217,16 +11736,16 @@ msgid "" "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -11241,8 +11760,8 @@ msgid "" "organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11250,19 +11769,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11275,37 +11794,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -11314,11 +11833,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -11328,8 +11847,15 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11341,26 +11867,27 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -11371,11 +11898,11 @@ msgid "" "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -11383,8 +11910,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11392,8 +11919,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11401,8 +11928,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11410,553 +11937,556 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -11965,16 +12495,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -11983,8 +12513,8 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -11992,8 +12522,8 @@ msgid "" "Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -12041,10 +12571,10 @@ msgid "" "Yancey Strickler" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -12055,7 +12585,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -12068,7 +12598,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -12096,7 +12626,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -12126,7 +12656,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -12134,7 +12664,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -12158,7 +12688,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -12207,7 +12737,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -12278,7 +12808,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -12288,7 +12818,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -12298,7 +12828,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -12377,11 +12907,42 @@ msgid "" "ZeMarmot Open Movie" msgstr "" -#~ msgid "Made with Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "Gemacht mit Creative Commons" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#~ msgstr "von Paul Stacey & Sarah Hichliff Pearson" + +#~ msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" +#~ msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" + +#~ msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +#~ msgstr "Cover- und Innendesign von Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" + +#~ msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +#~ msgstr "Inhalt überarbeitet von Grace Yaginuma" + +#~ msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" +#~ msgstr "Strg+Alt+Entf-Bücher" + +#~ msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." +#~ msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." + +#~ msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" +#~ msgstr "2200 Copenhagen N" + +#~ msgid "Denmark" +#~ msgstr "Dänemark" + +#~ msgid "www.cadb.dk" +#~ msgstr "www.cadb.dk" + +#~ msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +#~ msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" + +#~ msgid "Printer:" +#~ msgstr "Drucker:" + +#~ msgid "Poland" +#~ msgstr "Polen" #~ msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" #~ msgstr "Paul Stacey und Sarah Hichliff Pearson" - -#~ msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -#~ msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" diff --git a/po/es/mwcc.po b/po/es/mwcc.po index 5249eec..23eea4a 100644 --- a/po/es/mwcc.po +++ b/po/es/mwcc.po @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -# MADE WITH CREATIVE COMMONS -# Copyright (C) 2017 by Creative Commons. +-# MADE WITH CREATIVE COMMONS +-# Copyright (C) 2017 by Creative Commons. # This file is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), version 4.0 # Authors: Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson # @@ -19,29 +19,105 @@ msgstr "" "X-Generator: Weblate 2.19-dev\n" "X-Poedit-Bookmarks: -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,46\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "es" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 #, fuzzy -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "por Paul Stacey y Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#| msgid "" +#| "This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +#| "copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +#| "purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, " +#| "provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you " +#| "remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +#| "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +#| "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Este libro se publica bajo una licencia CC BY-SA, lo cual significa que " +"usted puede copiarlo, redistribuirlo, remezclarlo, transformarlo, y " +"construir sobre su contenido para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, " +"mientras dé el crédito apropiado, provea un enlace a la licencia, e indique " +"si se realizaron cambios. Si remezcla, transforma, o construye sobre el " +"material, debe distribuir sus contribuciones bajo el mismo licenciamiento " +"que el material original. Detalles de licenciamiento: creativecommons.org/" +"licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +msgid "" +" <city>Mexico City</city>\n" +" " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +"<copyright> <year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder> </copyright> " +"<publisher> <publishername>Gunnar Wolf</publishername> <placeholder type=" +"\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Paul Stacey" +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "Paul Stacey" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "por Paul Stacey y Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "© 2017, Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." @@ -49,113 +125,42 @@ msgstr "" "Publicado bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual (CC " "BY-SA), versión 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Portada y diseño de interiores por Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Edición de contenido por Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "Ilustraciones por Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "Libro descargable disponible en madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Publisher:" +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "Editor:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Libros Ctrl+Alt+Delete" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 Copenhagen N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Dinamarca" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Impresión:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polonia" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -"Este libro se publica bajo una licencia CC BY-SA, lo cual significa que " -"usted puede copiarlo, redistribuirlo, remezclarlo, transformarlo, y " -"construir sobre su contenido para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, " -"mientras dé el crédito apropiado, provea un enlace a la licencia, e indique " -"si se realizaron cambios. Si remezcla, transforma, o construye sobre el " -"material, debe distribuir sus contribuciones bajo el mismo licenciamiento " -"que el material original. Detalles de licenciamiento: creativecommons.org/" -"licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "Libro descargable disponible en madewith.cc" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " @@ -165,16 +170,16 @@ msgstr "" "Commons y los patrocinadores de nuestra campaña de financiamiento en la " "plataforma Kickstarter.com." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" "“No se mucho de periodismo no ficticio... La forma en que pienso acerca de " "estas cosas, en términos de lo que puedo hacer es que... Ensayos como este " @@ -183,13 +188,20 @@ msgstr "" "pensar a mucha mayor profundidad acerca de todo tipo de cosas diferentes de " "lo que tenemos la oportunidad de hacer en nuestras vidas diarias.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" -msgstr "## Prefacio" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "- David Foster Wallace" +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "Prefacio" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -207,8 +219,8 @@ msgstr "" "a la búsqueda de modelos viables de negocio mediante CC “una cortina de " "humo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -222,8 +234,8 @@ msgstr "" "razón principal de ser es hacer del mundo un mejor lugar, no lucrar. El " "dinero es un medio para un fin social, no el fin mismo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -238,12 +250,12 @@ msgstr "" "probablemente no lo hará. Sin embargo, claro, alguien siempre se gana la " "lotería.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." @@ -256,11 +268,11 @@ msgstr "" "embargo cosechan las recompensas que surgen de perseguir sus pasiones y " "vivir según sus valores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" @@ -270,8 +282,8 @@ msgstr "" "bien en su estudio de caso: ”No hacemos chistes y juegos para hacer dinero — " "Hacemos dinero para poder seguir haciendo más chistes y juegos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -288,8 +300,8 @@ msgstr "" "modelos de negocios abiertos. Paul y Sarah fueron los autores ideales para " "escribir _Hecho con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -307,11 +319,11 @@ msgstr "" "hábil jardinero. Tiene una voz fresca y calma que transmite la pasión que " "inspira a sus colegas y a su comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -329,8 +341,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ella es práctica, detallista y lista. Es la persona con quien más disfruto " "debatir de mi equipo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -338,7 +350,7 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" "Como coautores, Paul y Sarah se complementan perfectamente. Investigaron, " @@ -351,8 +363,8 @@ msgstr "" "requiere de valor, y llevó a que el libro resulte mejor, al ser interesante, " "honesto y útil." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -367,8 +379,8 @@ msgstr "" "remezclarlo o adaptarlo con atribución. Es, por sí mismo, un ejemplo de un " "modelo de negocios abierto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -385,14 +397,14 @@ msgstr "" "1,600 donantes — para la mayoría de ellos, su primera contribución a " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" @@ -405,10 +417,10 @@ msgstr "" "requiere tanto de humildad como de confianza en sí mismo, y sin duda llevó a " "que _Hecho con Creative Commons_ resultara un mejor proyecto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" @@ -416,10 +428,10 @@ msgstr "" "Son parte de algo más grande que ellos mismos, y lo que nos ofrecen a todos " "es un gran regalo. Lo que reciben a cambio es gratitud, y una comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -434,8 +446,8 @@ msgstr "" "CC han ayudado a tantos para compartir de la forma que les gusta y con un " "público global." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -462,13 +474,13 @@ msgstr "" "que el que alguien te diga que lo que haces genuinamente les resulta " "valioso.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." @@ -482,8 +494,8 @@ msgstr "" "esenciales para explorar tus propias oportunidades de negocios, y dos " "docenas de dosis de inspiración pura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -501,13 +513,13 @@ msgstr "" "experimentan grupalmente, en comunidades, entre extraños, entre gente que " "van conociendo, de quienes se van haciendo amigos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" "Estoy increíblemente orgulloso de que Creative Commons pueda publicar este " @@ -516,32 +528,32 @@ msgstr "" "comunidades globales que nos han ayudado a difundirlo. Como dice Jonathan " "Nightingale, miembro del consejo de CC, ”todo está hecho de gente.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" "Ese es el verdadero valor de las cosas que están _Hechas con Creative " "Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" -msgstr "## Introducción" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "Introducción" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." @@ -549,8 +561,8 @@ msgstr "" "Este libro muestra al mundo cómo el compartir puede ser bueno para los " "negocios — Pero con un giro adicional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -574,8 +586,8 @@ msgstr "" "interactiva en línea que ayudara a la gente para diseñar y analizar su " "modelo de negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -590,8 +602,8 @@ msgstr "" "Commons_. Los entrevistamos y escribimos sus historias.Analizamos lo que " "escuchamos y profundizamos en la literatura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." @@ -600,11 +612,11 @@ msgstr "" "manera original de enmarcar el trabajo no cuadró con las historias que " "escuchábamos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." @@ -616,11 +628,11 @@ msgstr "" "generando ganancias, no buscando un crecimiento ilimitado, sino que para " "sostener sus operaciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" @@ -631,8 +643,8 @@ msgstr "" "también valor social y cultural. Algo que involucra conexión humana. Ser " "_Hecho con Creative Commons_ no es ”negocios como siempre.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -650,14 +662,14 @@ msgstr "" "retroalimentación y consejos. Nuestra forma de cambiar cambió dramáticamente " "en el transcurso de un año y medio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" @@ -670,8 +682,8 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros enfoques diferentes pero complementarios a lo largo de las " "diferentes secciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." @@ -680,8 +692,8 @@ msgstr "" "puede leerse más o menos independientemente. El libro está estructurado en " "dos partes principales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -697,8 +709,8 @@ msgstr "" "Sugiere pensar más allá de términos de negocios y mercado, y elocuentemente " "defiende la importancia de compartir y enriquecer al procomún digital." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -717,8 +729,8 @@ msgstr "" "ingresos, cómo impulsan el interés público y viven según sus valores, y cómo " "impulsan conexiones con la gente con quienes comparten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -731,8 +743,8 @@ msgstr "" "al modelo de todos los derechos reservados del derecho de autor tradicional— " "son las únicas maneras de hacer dinero." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " @@ -743,8 +755,8 @@ msgstr "" "participamos en las entrevistas, nos dividimos la escritura de estos " "perfiles." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " @@ -754,8 +766,8 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual. Por favor copia, distribuye, " "traduce, localiza y construye sobre de este trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -769,36 +781,43 @@ msgstr "" "lectores y a sus empresas a utilizar Creative Commons y, al hacerlo, " "contribuya a transformar nuestra economía y al mundo para mejor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" -msgstr "*Paul y Sarah*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" -msgstr "# El panorama completo" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "El panorama completo" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" -msgstr "## El nuevo mundo del procomún digital" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" +msgstr "El nuevo mundo del procomún digital" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jonathan Rowe describe de forma elocuente al procomún como «el aire y los " "océanos, la red de especies, la naturaleza salvaje y la corriente de agua—" @@ -806,15 +825,15 @@ msgstr "" "las aceras y las plazas públicas, las historias infantiles y los procesos " "democráticos. Algunas partes del procomún son regalos de la naturaleza, " "otras son producto del esfuerzo humano. Algunas son nuevas, como la " -"Internet; otras son antiguas como la tierra y la caligrafía.»1" +"Internet; otras son antiguas como la tierra y la caligrafía.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " @@ -830,16 +849,43 @@ msgstr "" "perfilamos en nuestros casos de estudio usan Creative Commons para compartir " "sus recursos en línea a través de la Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about " +#| "the social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, " +#| "but to common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The " +#| "creators, organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with " +#| "commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social " +#| "practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a " +#| "community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms " +#| "that balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the " +#| "community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and " +#| "sustainability." msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" @@ -854,46 +900,57 @@ msgstr "" "beneficios de la empresa con aquellos de la comunidad. Se le da especial " "atención al acceso equitativo, uso y sostenibilidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" -msgstr "### El procomún, el mercado y el Estado" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "El procomún, el mercado y el Estado" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Históricamente, han habido tres formas de gestionar recursos y compartir " "riquezas: el procomún (gestionado de forma colectiva), el Estado (esto es, " "el gobierno) y el mercado—con los dos últimos siendo hoy las formas " -"dominantes.4" +"dominantes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" "Las organizaciones y los negocios en nuestros casos de estudio son únicas en " "la forma en que participan en el procomún, al tiempo que se mantienen " "involucrados con el mercado y/o el Estado. El grado de involucramiento con " "el mercado o Estado varía. Algunas operan ante todo como procomún con mínima " -"o ninguna dependencia del mercado o Estado.5 Otras son parte del mercado o " +"o ninguna dependencia del mercado o Estado.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Otras son parte del mercado o " "Estado, y dependen de estos para su sotenibilidad financiera. Todas operan " "como híbridos, mezclando las normas del procomún con las del mercado o " "Estado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." @@ -901,8 +958,8 @@ msgstr "" "La Fig. 1. es una representación de cómo una empresa puede tener niveles " "variables de involucramiento con el procomún, el Estado y el mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -923,8 +980,8 @@ msgstr "" "se ve a sí misma como principalmente de un tipo o de otro afecta el balance " "de normas bajo las cuales operan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -941,8 +998,8 @@ msgstr "" "mercado requiere un toque ágil, un fuerte sentido de valores y la habilidad " "de mezclar lo mejor de ambos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -955,17 +1012,29 @@ msgstr "" "diseñarse las leyes y regulaciones con respecto a propiedad, derechos de " "autor, negocios y finanzas para promover el procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -983,32 +1052,45 @@ msgstr "" "uso del procomún en la misma forma en la que lo harían en el mercado o " "Estado no resultaría una estrategia exitosa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" -msgstr "### Los cuatro aspectos de un recurso" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "Los cuatro aspectos de un recurso" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” en Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" "Como parte de su trabajo ganador del Premio Nobel, Elinor Ostrom desarrolló " "un marco conceptual para analizar cómo los recursos naturales se gestionan " -"en un procomún.6 Su marco conceptual considera cosas como las " +"en un procomún.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Su marco conceptual considera cosas como las " "características biofísicas de recursos communes, los actores de la comunidad " "y las interacciones que tienen lugar entre ellos, reglas en uso y " "resultados. El marco conceptual ha sido simplificado y generalizado para " "aplicar al procomún, el mercado y el Estado para este capítulo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -1023,22 +1105,29 @@ msgstr "" "uso, y finalmente el uso real del recurso junto con los resultados de ese " "uso (ver Fig. 2)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" -msgstr "#### Características" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "Características" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -1051,11 +1140,11 @@ msgstr "" "los recursos pueden ser físicos o digitales, lo que afecta el potencial " "inherente del recurso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -1071,10 +1160,10 @@ msgstr "" "física. Los costos de producir y distribuir un bien físico por lo general " "requieren que se involucren con el mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -1090,11 +1179,11 @@ msgstr "" "agotarse, y a un costo cercano a cero. La abundancia, y ya no de la escasez, " "es una característica inherente de los recursos digitales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." @@ -1106,15 +1195,15 @@ msgstr "" "de forma artificial. Poner recursos digitales en el procomún los hace libres " "y abundantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" "Nuestros casos de estudio con frecuencia gestionan recursos híbridos, que " @@ -1126,16 +1215,16 @@ msgstr "" "gestionados de forma gratuita y abierta, pero se cobra dinero por convertir " "un recurso digital en uno físico." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" "Mas allá de esta idea de físico contra digital, el procomún, el mercado y el " "Estado conciben a los recursos de forma diferente (ver Fig. 3). El mercado " @@ -1146,13 +1235,13 @@ msgstr "" "fronteras del Estado para ser pasadas a futuras generaciones de forma no " "disminuída y, en ocasiones, mejorada." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" -msgstr "#### Personas y procesos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "Personas y procesos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " @@ -1162,15 +1251,15 @@ msgstr "" "usan para gestionar recursos. Los procesos usados definen quienes tienes " "tienen voz, así como la forma en que un recurso se gestiona." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" "En el Estado, un gobierno de oficiales elegidos es responsable de gestionar " "recursos en nombre del público. Los ciudadanos que producen y usan esos " @@ -1179,8 +1268,8 @@ msgstr "" "como empleados, establecen presupuestos, implementan programas y gestionan " "recursos con base en prioridades y procedimientos del gobierno." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -1197,24 +1286,33 @@ msgstr "" "con frecuencia producidas en masa, y vendidas a consumidores sobre la base " "de una transacción de efectivo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." msgstr "" "En contraste con el Estado y el mercado, los recursos en un procomún son " -"gestionados de forma más directa por las personas involucradas.7 Creadores " +"gestionados de forma más directa por las personas involucradas.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creadores " "de recursos producidos por personas pueden ponerlos en el procomún por " "escogencia personal. No se requiere permiso del Estado o el mercado. " "Cualquier persona puede participar en el procomún y determinar por sí misma " @@ -1228,22 +1326,29 @@ msgstr "" "a la persona detrás del recurso vuelve al procomún menos anónimo y más " "personal." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" -msgstr "#### Normas y reglas" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "Normas y reglas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " @@ -1254,8 +1359,8 @@ msgstr "" "reglas. Estas normas y reglas definen permisos, asignan derechos y resuelven " "disputas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -1270,8 +1375,8 @@ msgstr "" "influencia las normas y reglas del mercado y el procomún a través de las " "reglas que pasa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " @@ -1281,29 +1386,35 @@ msgstr "" "por recursos escasos. Las reglas del mercado siguen a la propiedad, negocios " "y leyes financieras definidas por el Estado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Como con el mercado, los bienes comunales pueden recibir influencia de " "políticas de Estado, regulaciones y leyes. Pero las normas y reglas de un " "bien comunal son en buena medida definidas por la comunidad. Ellas ponderan " "costos y beneficios individuales contra los costos y beneficios de la " "comunidad entera. No solo entra en juego la eficiencia económica sino que " -"también a la equidad y sostenibilidad.9" +"también a la equidad y sostenibilidad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" -msgstr "#### Objetivos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "Objetivos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -1316,24 +1427,34 @@ msgstr "" "influenciado por los diferentes objetivos que tiene el Estado, el mercado y " "el procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." msgstr "" "En el mercado, en enfoque es maximizar la utilidad de un recurso. Lo que " "pagamos por los bienes que consumimos se ve como un objetivo medible de la " "utilidad que brinda. El objetivo entonces se vuelve maximizar el valor " -"monetario total en la economía.10 Unidades consumidas se traducen en ventas, " +"monetario total en la economía.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Unidades consumidas se traducen en ventas, " "ingresos, ganancia y crecimiento, y estas todas son formas de medir los " "objetivos del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -1349,11 +1470,11 @@ msgstr "" "aplica sus recursos hacia estos propósitos. Los objetivos del Estado se " "reflejan en mediciones de calidad de vida." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " @@ -1367,8 +1488,8 @@ msgstr "" "los recursos están siendo usados de formas innovadoras para beneficio " "personal y social." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -1380,13 +1501,13 @@ msgstr "" "de su capacidad para utilizar y balancear de forma estratégica estos " "diferentes aspectos de la gestión de recursos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "### Una corta historia del procomún" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "Una corta historia del procomún" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -1402,8 +1523,8 @@ msgstr "" "desaparecido de la conciencia y consideración en gran parte. No hay reportes " "noticiosos o discursos acerca del procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1417,42 +1538,93 @@ msgstr "" "resiliencia del procomún y comprender su actual renovación, es útil saber " "algo de su historia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir " +#| "and Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" +"Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " +"Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" msgstr "" "Por siglos, las personas indígenas de las sociedades preindustrializadas " "gestionaron recursos de forma colectiva como un procomún, incluyendo agua, " -"comida, leña, irrigación, pesca, caza, y muchas otras cosas.11 No había " +"comida, leña, irrigación, pesca, caza, y muchas otras cosas.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> No había " "mercado, ni economía global. El estado en la forma de soberanos influenciaba " "el procomún pero de ninguna forma lo controlaba. La participación social " "directa en el procomún era la forma principal con la cuál se gestionaban los " "recursos y se satisfacían las necesidades. (La Fig. 4 ilustra el procomún " "con relación a el Estado y el mercado.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System " +#| "in Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" +"Capra, Fritjof, y Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " +#| "taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure " +#| "of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, " +#| "fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid " +#| "access.13 Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the " +#| "state became the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. " +#| "5)." +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" @@ -1464,13 +1636,13 @@ msgstr "" "volvieron propiedad del estado y el estado se volvió la forma principal " "mediante la cual los recursos se gestionaban. (Ver Fig. 5)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1489,17 +1661,26 @@ msgstr "" "productividad. La Fig. 6 muestra cómo hoy el mercado es el medio principal " "por el cuál los recursos son gestionados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "### Una corta historia del procomún" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" \n" -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." @@ -1508,13 +1689,13 @@ msgstr "" "beneficios del mercado se han contrarrestado por la distribución desigual y " "la sobreexplotación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." @@ -1528,8 +1709,24 @@ msgstr "" "extensa como cierto y una justificación para la propiedad privada y los " "libre mercados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +#| "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " +#| "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Cap. 1 en Frischmann, Madison, y Strandburg, " +"Governing Knowledge Commons." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1545,7 +1742,7 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Sin embargo, hay una seria falla en «La tragedia de los comunes» de Hardin—" "es ficticia. Hardin en realidad no estudió cómo funcionan los bienes " @@ -1562,10 +1759,10 @@ msgstr "" "tanto son las mejor situadas para gestionarlos. El enfoque de Ostrom hacia " "la gobernanza de los recursos naturales rompió con la convención; ella " "reconoció la importancia del procomún como una alternativa al mercado o " -"Estado para solucionar problemas de acción colectiva.14" +"Estado para solucionar problemas de acción colectiva.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1586,21 +1783,35 @@ msgstr "" "llamó La tragedia de los comunes, este pudo haberse titulado de forma más " "precisa La tragedia del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a " +#| "Post-Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" +"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy.” Cap. 11 en Elliott y Hepting, Free Knowledge." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" "La historia de Hardin se basa en la premisa de recursos agotables. Los " "economistas se han enfocado casi exclusivamente en la mercados basados en la " -"escasez. Muy poco se sabe acerca de cómo funciona la abundancia.15 El " +"escasez. Muy poco se sabe acerca de cómo funciona la abundancia.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> El " "surgimiento de información tecnológica y la Internet ha llevado a una " "explosión en recursos digitales y a nuevos medios para compartir y " "distribuir. Los recursos digitales no se pueden agotar jamás. Sin embargo, " @@ -1608,8 +1819,8 @@ msgstr "" "al mercado a hacer que los recursos digitales sean artificialmente escasos y " "que sea posible aplicar las normas y reglas usuales del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1622,22 +1833,29 @@ msgstr "" "estén disponibles de forma libre y abierta para el público que pagó por " "ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" -msgstr "### La revolución digital" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "La revolución digital" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " @@ -1648,15 +1866,15 @@ msgstr "" "movimiento de software libre codificó esta práctica de compartir en un " "conjunto de principios y libertades:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" "La libertad de ejecutar un programa de software de la forma en que desee, " "para cualquier propósito." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " @@ -1666,19 +1884,29 @@ msgstr "" "acceso al código fuente ha sido dado de forma libre), y modificarlo para que " "realice el cómputo como lo requiera cada quién." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "La libertad de redistribuir copias." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." msgstr "" -"La libertad de distribuir a otras personas copias de versiones modificadas.16" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"La libertad de distribuir a otras personas copias de versiones modificadas.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." @@ -1686,8 +1914,14 @@ msgstr "" "Estos principios y libertades constituyen un conjunto de normas y reglas que " "tipifican un procomún digital." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1697,9 +1931,10 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." msgstr "" "A finales de los años 1990, para hacer del acto de compartir código fuente y " "de la colaboración más algo atractivo para las compañías, la iniciativa de " @@ -1711,22 +1946,41 @@ msgstr "" "clientes les gustaba la forma en que el código abierto les daba el control " "sin quedarse encerrados en tecnología privativa y cerrada. Los programas de " "código abierto y libre también generaron un efecto de red en donde el valor " -"de un producto o servicio incrementa con el número de personas usándolo.17 " +"de un producto o servicio incrementa con el número de personas usándolo.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "El crecimiento dramático de la misma Internet le debe mucho al hecho de que " "nadie tenía un candado propietario sobre los protocolos centrales de " "Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +#| "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +#| "Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" +#| "cathedral-bazaar/." +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +"Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" +"cathedral-bazaar/." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" "Al tiempo que los programas de código abierto funcionan como un procomún, " "muchos negocios y mercados se construyeron a su alrededor. Los modelos de " @@ -1735,11 +1989,11 @@ msgstr "" "programas bajo principios de abundancia en lugar de escasez. El ensayo de " "Eric Raymond «El caldero mágico» hace un gran trabajo al analizar la " "economía y los modelos de negocio asociados a los programas de código " -"abierto.18 Estos modelos pueden brindar ejemplos de enfoques sostenibles " +"abierto.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Estos modelos pueden brindar ejemplos de enfoques sostenibles " "para aquellos _Hechos con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1764,28 +2018,44 @@ msgstr "" "propiedad del creador, y, por ley, otras personas están excluidas para " "accesarlo y usarlo sin el permiso del creador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +#| "People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +#| "2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? Nueva York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Pero a las personas les gusta compartir. Una de las formas en las que nos " "definimos a nosotros mismos es compartiendo contenido valioso y entretenido. " "Hacer esto aumenta y nutre las relaciones, busca cambiar opiniones, impulsa " "a la acción e informa a otras personas acerca de quiénes somos y qué nos " -"importa. Compartir nos hace sentir más involucrados con el mundo.19" +"importa. Compartir nos hace sentir más involucrados con el mundo.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "### El nacimiento de Creative Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "El nacimiento de Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1803,8 +2073,16 @@ msgstr "" "una forma sencilla y estándar de conceder permisos de derechos de autor a su " "trabajo creativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1815,9 +2093,9 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" "Las licencias Creative Commons tienen un diseño de tres capas. Las normas y " "reglas de cada licencia primero son expresadas en un lenguaje legal pleno " @@ -1829,17 +2107,17 @@ msgstr "" "legal subyacente. La tercera capa es una intelegible por computadoras, que " "facilita que la Web sepa que un trabajo está licenciado bajo Creative " "Commons al expresar permisos en una forma que sistemas de software, motores " -"de búsqueda y otros tipos de tecnología puedan entender.20 Tomadas en " +"de búsqueda y otros tipos de tecnología puedan entender.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tomadas en " "conjunto, estas tres capas aseguran que creadores, usuarios e incluso la Web " "misma entiendan las normas y reglas asociadas con contenidos digitales que " "forman parte del procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" @@ -1850,29 +2128,43 @@ msgstr "" "fotos, trabajos artísticos, artículos de investigación en revistas, recursos " "educativos, música y otros tipos de audio y vídeos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +#| "Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" "Artistas, fotógrafos, músicos y cineastas usan Creative Commons, pero " "también lo hacen museos, gobiernos, industrias creativas, fabricantes y " "editores. Millones de sitios web usan licencias CC, incluyendo importantes " -"plataformas como Wikipedia y Flickr, y otras más pequeñas como blogs.21 Las " +"plataformas como Wikipedia y Flickr, y otras más pequeñas como blogs.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Las " "personas usuarias de Creative Commons son diversas y abarcan muchos sectores " "diferentes. (Nuestros casos de estudio fueron escogidos buscando reflejar " "esa diversidad.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1892,8 +2184,8 @@ msgstr "" "del intercambio libre en un procomún alínea al movimiento de cultura libre " "con el movimiento del software libre y de código abierto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1908,18 +2200,37 @@ msgstr "" "permisos legales para que cualquier persona pueda accesar, usar y modificar " "de forma libre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +#| "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " +#| "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive " +#| "to citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries " +#| "to seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are " +#| "working together to develop and implement ambitious open-government " +#| "reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure " +#| "works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that " +#| "paid for them." +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." msgstr "" "El Estado está involucrándose cada vez más en apoyar los movimientos " "abiertos. La Asociación de Gobierno Abierto (_Open Government Partnership_) " @@ -1933,24 +2244,50 @@ msgstr "" "dinero de los contribuyentes sean abiertos y libres para el público que pagó " "por ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" -msgstr "### El mercado cambiante" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "El mercado cambiante" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " +#| "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and " +#| "corporate growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the " +#| "state has led to continual privatization of many public natural " +#| "resources, utilities, services, and infrastructures.23 While this system " +#| "has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and the growth of " +#| "gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has been mixed. " +#| "Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health and " +#| "education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +#| "poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +#| "democracy.24" msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "El mercado de hoy está dirigido en gran parte por un capitalismo global. Los " "sistemas legales y financieros están estructurados para dar soporte a la " @@ -1964,31 +2301,82 @@ msgstr "" "crecientes desigualdad social, pobreza, deterioro de nuestro ambiente " "natural, y los rompimientos de la democracia.24" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "A la luz de estos retos hay un creciente reconocimiento de que el " "crecimiento del PIB no debe ser un fin en si mismo, que el desarrollo " "necesita ser inclusivo social y económicamente, que la sostenibilidad " "ambiental es un requisito y no una opción, y que necesitamos balancear mejor " -"el mercado, el Estado y la comunidad.25" +"el mercado, el Estado y la comunidad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the " +#| "City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " +#| "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of " +#| "Bologna, 2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +#| "Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-" +#| "and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf." +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated por LabGov " +"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italia: Ciudad de " +"Boloña, 2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-" +"on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-" +"of-urban-commons1.pdf." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as " +#| "a means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, " +#| "are collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the " +#| "care and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call " +#| "themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more " +#| "efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve " +#| "the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Estas revelaciones ha llevado a un resurgimiento de interés en el procomún " "como una forma de hacer posible ese balance. Gobiernos de ciudades como " @@ -1999,24 +2387,37 @@ msgstr "" "compartir como una forma de mejorar el uso de los espacios públicos, la " "movilidad, la cohesión social y la seguridad.27" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: " +#| "OR Books, 2015." +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" +"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. Nueva York: OR " +"Books, 2015." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" "El mercado por sí mismo ha tomado un interés en la economía compartida, con " "negocios como Airbnb brindando un mercado de pares para alojamiento a corto " @@ -2026,7 +2427,7 @@ msgstr "" "tradicional que busca ganancias financieras. En buena medida, la economía " "compartida no se trata del procomún o sobre construir una alternativa a la " "economía de mercado dirigida por corporaciones, sino que de extender el " -"libre mercado desregulado hacia nuevas áreas de nuestras vidas.28 Aunque " +"libre mercado desregulado hacia nuevas áreas de nuestras vidas.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Aunque " "ninguna de las personas que entrevistamos en nuestros casos de estudio se " "describirían a ellas mismas como parte de una economía compartida, de hecho " "hay algunos paralelismos importantes. Tanto la economía compartida como en " @@ -2036,17 +2437,34 @@ msgstr "" "procomún amplía y diversifica el número de personas que pueden usar y " "derivar valor de un activo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +#| "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, " +#| "2010), 224." +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, nueva impresión con un nuevo prefacio (New York: " +"Hyperion, 2010), 224." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Una forma en la que los casos de estudio de _Hecho con Creative Commons_ se " "diferencian de aquellos de la economía compartida es en su enfoque en los " @@ -2058,10 +2476,10 @@ msgstr "" "éstos están bajando. Las tecnologías digitales se están volviendo más " "rápidas, mejores y más baratas. Los costos de cualquier cosa que se " "construya sobre estas tecnologías siempre van a bajar hasta que se acerquen " -"a cero.29" +"a cero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -2071,7 +2489,7 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" "Los que están _Hechos con Creative Commons_ están buscando apalancarse con " @@ -2086,25 +2504,42 @@ msgstr "" "personas como sea posible. Maximizar el acceso y la participación son " "objetivos comunes. El propósito es la abundancia sobre la escasez." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, " +#| "the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: " +#| "Palgrave Macmillan, 2014." +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" +"Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. Nueva York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" "El costo incremental de almacenar, copiar y distribuir bienes digitales es " "cercano a cero, lo que hace la abundancia posible. Pero imaginar un mercado " "basado en la abundancia en lugar de en la escasez es tan extraño para la " "forma en que concebimos la teoría y la práctica económica que cuesta " -"hacerlo.30 Los que están _Hechos con Creative Commons_ son cada uno pioneros " +"hacerlo.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Los que están _Hechos con Creative Commons_ son cada uno pioneros " "en este nuevo paisaje, ideando sus propios modelos y prácticas económicas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -2117,18 +2552,61 @@ msgstr "" "E incluso otras están buscando cambiar las normas y reglas bajo las cuales " "opera el mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next " +#| "American Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-" +#| "Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea " +#| "Green, 2013." +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" +"Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +#| "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" +"Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its " +#| "operations is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that " +#| "financially benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. " +#| "There are benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden " +#| "their business goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on " +#| "society, workers, the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned " +#| "businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other " +#| "organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. " +#| "Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing the rules " +#| "and norms of the market.32" msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Para una corporación ordinaria, crear beneficio social como parte de sus " "operaciones es difícil, al tiempo que es un requisito legal tomar decisiones " @@ -2142,14 +2620,31 @@ msgstr "" "entidades alternativas de mercado están cambiando las reglas y normas del " "mercado.32" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. Una previsualización del libro está " +"disponible en: strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "«Un libro acerca de modelos abiertos de negocio» es lo que describimos en la " "campaña de Kickstarter para este libro. Utilizamos un manual llamado " @@ -2157,19 +2652,48 @@ msgstr "" "precisamente qué es un modelo de negocios. Desarrollado a lo largo de nueve " "años usando un «proceso abierto» que invlucró 470 coautores de cuarenta y " "cinco países, es un marco de referencia útil acerca de los modelos de " -"negocios.33" +"negocios.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business " +#| "model as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a " +#| "tool for anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this " +#| "business model canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three " +#| "more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: " +#| "social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of open environment that " +#| "the business fits in.”35 This enhanced canvas proved useful when we " +#| "analyzed businesses and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" "Contiene un «lienzo de modelo de negocios,» que concibe un modelo de " "negocios como algo que tiene nueve bloques de construcción.34 Este lienzo en " @@ -2182,14 +2706,14 @@ msgstr "" "negocios y ayudamos a las empresas de nueva creación a planear su modelo " "económico." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " @@ -2207,8 +2731,8 @@ msgstr "" "ha sido experimental, emergente y orgánico, en lugar de ser planeado " "cuidadosamente usando un modelo predefinido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -2217,7 +2741,7 @@ msgid "" "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " "Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" @@ -2234,13 +2758,13 @@ msgstr "" "flujos de ingresos reduce el riesgo y ofrece múltiples caminos hacia la " "sostenibilidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" -msgstr "### Beneficios del procomún digital" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "Beneficios del procomún digital" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -2252,8 +2776,8 @@ msgstr "" "para sobrevivir), puede ser menos obvio por qué el mercado podría " "involucrarse con el procomún. El procomún digital ofrece muchos beneficios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -2268,14 +2792,14 @@ msgstr "" "con Creative Commons tienen una necesidad reducida de ventas o mercadeo. La " "distribución descentralizada amplifica el suministro y la experiencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " @@ -2293,18 +2817,18 @@ msgstr "" "las personas nivela el campo de juego y promueve la inclusividad, equidad y " "justicia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" "El procomún maximiza la participación. Los recursos en el procomún pueden " "ser usados por todas las personas, y estas pueden contribuir. Usar los " @@ -2318,19 +2842,47 @@ msgstr "" "cultura y conocimiento, e incluso en la democracia y muchas otras practicas " "que benefician a la sociedad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " +#| "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" +"———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " +"Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who " +#| "can use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be " +#| "modified, customized, and improved results in derivative works never " +#| "imagined by the original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons deliberately encourage users to take the resources being " +#| "shared and innovate them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) " +#| "from being solely inside the organization to being in the community.37 " +#| "Community-based innovation will keep an organization or business on its " +#| "toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top " +#| "of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and the " +#| "relationship with the community." msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" "El procomún estimula la innovación. Los recursos en manos de más personas " "que los pueden usar llevan a nuevas ideas. La forma en que los recursos del " @@ -2345,10 +2897,10 @@ msgstr "" "ideas, absorbiendo y construyendo sobre las innovaciones de otras personas, " "y supervisar los recursos y la relación con la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -2369,8 +2921,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas creadoras con quienes usan y construyen sobre su trabajo tanto " "local como globalmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -2379,7 +2931,7 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" @@ -2394,21 +2946,20 @@ msgstr "" "términos financieros. Cada nuevo recurso agregado al procomún brinda valor " "al público y contribuye al valor del procomún en su totalidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" "El procomún reúne a las personas en una causa común. El procomún confiere a " "las personas directamente la responsabilidad de gestionar los recursos por " @@ -2423,8 +2974,8 @@ msgstr "" "base de un compromiso social, no en un intercambio monetario, el procomún " "unifica a las personas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -2436,22 +2987,22 @@ msgstr "" "del Estado, escoger la gestión de recursos como un procomún debe ser la " "opción favorecida." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" -msgstr "### Nuestros casos de estudio" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "Nuestros casos de estudio" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" "Las personas creadoras, organizaciones y negocios de nuestros casos de " "estudio operan sin fines de lucro, con fines de lucro y como empresas " @@ -2464,14 +3015,14 @@ msgstr "" "la declaraciones de misión, y no son sólo acerca del resultado financiero " "final." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" "Los casos de estudios están basados en las narrativas que nos contaron las y " "los fundadores y el personal clave. En lugar de únicamente usar las finanzas " @@ -2480,8 +3031,8 @@ msgstr "" "una mezcla de cómo los objetivos sociales se están cumpliendo y qué tan " "sostenible es la empresa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -2499,8 +3050,8 @@ msgstr "" "gráficos y vídeo. Algunos son representaciones digitales de recursos " "físicos. Otros nacen digitales pero pueden convertirse en recursos físicos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -2515,8 +3066,8 @@ msgstr "" "participación es abierta a todas las personas sin importar los medios " "monetarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -2528,8 +3079,8 @@ msgstr "" "global. Quienes perfilamos provienen de casi cada continente del mundo. " "Construir e interactuar en esta comunidad global conduce al éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -2538,7 +3089,7 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" @@ -2554,12 +3105,12 @@ msgstr "" "explotar. Construir relación y comunidad. Ser transparente. Defender el " "procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." @@ -2572,8 +3123,8 @@ msgstr "" "principales medios de gestión de recursos, una alternativa más balanceada es " "posible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -2590,258 +3141,18 @@ msgstr "" "digital. Las secciones que quedan van más profundo para brindar una guía e " "ideas de cómo trabaja." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "### Notas" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "Ibid., 15." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "Ibid., 145." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "Ibid., 175." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” en Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” en Frischmann, Madison, y Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott y\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,\n" -" 2015), 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra y Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System en Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; y Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” en Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" y Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley y Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” en Elliott y\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accesado Diciembre 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” última modificación Noviembre\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” en The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,\n" -" 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accesado Diciembre 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” última modificación\n" -" Setiembre 24,\n" -" 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra y Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accesado Febrero 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna,\n" -" 2014), www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, ir a www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder y Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). Una vista previa del libro está\n" -" disponible en strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. Este lienzo de modelo de negocios está disponible para descarga\n" -" en strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. Nosotros hicimos el “Open Business Model Canvas,” diseñado por el\n" -" coautor Paul Stacey, disponible en línea\n" -" en docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" También puede encontrar las Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions que lo acompañan.\n" -" en docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. Una lista más completa de flujos de ingreso están disponibles en este\n" -" post que escribí en Medium en Marzo 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, disponible\n" -" en medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "## Hecho con Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -2849,7 +3160,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -2871,8 +3182,8 @@ msgstr "" "sea datos abiertos o diseños de muebles—en una forma que le permite al " "público no solo accessarlo, sino también hacer uso de este." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -2891,8 +3202,8 @@ msgstr "" "excavamos en las motivaciones, el rol de las licencias CC, modos de " "generación de ingresos, definiciones de éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " @@ -2902,8 +3213,8 @@ msgstr "" "era bastante diferente del que se nos estaba revelando en nuestras " "entrevistas e investigaciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -2920,27 +3231,43 @@ msgstr "" "nada más lo equivocado que sería escribir un libro acerca de ser Hecho con " "Creative Commons usando solo una perspectiva de negocio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. Una previsualización del libro está " +"disponible en: strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" "De acuerdo con el manual seminal «Business Model Generation», un modelo de " "negocios «describe la justificación de cómo una organización crea, entrega y " -"captura valor.1 Pensar sobre compartir en términos de crear y capturar valor " +"captura valor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pensar sobre compartir en términos de crear y capturar valor " "siempre se sintió inapropiadamente transaccional y fuera de lugar, algo que " "oímos una y otra vez en nuestras entrevistas. Y como Cory Doctorow nos contó " "en nuestra entrevista con él, «Un modelo de negocios puede significar " "cualquier cosa que uno quiera que signifique.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -2952,8 +3279,8 @@ msgstr "" "como una pieza de nuestro análisis (y en más detalle en los casos de " "estudio), lo descartamos como nuestro rubro guía para el libro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -2972,10 +3299,10 @@ msgstr "" "no hay fórmula. Es probable que haya que descartar esa forma de pensar antes " "de seguir leyendo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -2995,13 +3322,13 @@ msgstr "" "que escribir un libro únicamente sobre el impacto de compartir en los " "negocios podría estar un poco desviado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" "Pero también empezamos a darnos cuenta de algo de lo que significa ser Hecho " @@ -3010,8 +3337,8 @@ msgstr "" "derechos de autor. También representaba un conjunto de valores. Hay un " "simbolismo detrás de usar CC, y ese simbolismo tiene muchas capas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -3037,12 +3364,12 @@ msgstr "" "de nuestra cultura compartida. Estos reflejan la creencia en promesa de " "compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -3061,13 +3388,13 @@ msgstr "" "una transacción de mercado impersonal. Deja abierta la posibilidad de " "conexión." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" "Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ no solo demuestra valores conectados a CC y " @@ -3077,24 +3404,33 @@ msgstr "" "dinero. La mayoría tienen un propósito más profundo y una visión diferente " "del éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" "La motivación impulsora varía dependiendo del tipo de esfuerzo. Para " "personas creadoras, es por lo general acerca de inspiración personal. En " "cierta forma, nada es nuevo. Como Doctorow escribió, «Las personas creadoras " -"por lo general empiezan haciendo lo que hacen por amor.»2 Pero, cuando se " +"por lo general empiezan haciendo lo que hacen por amor.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero, cuando se " "comparte trabajo creativo bajo una licencia CC, esa dinámica es aún más " "pronunciada. De forja similar, para las personas que innovan con tecnología, " "por lo general es menos acerca de crear una nueva cosa específica que las " @@ -3103,8 +3439,8 @@ msgstr "" "«¿Usted, como el creador, querría usarlo? Tiene que tener un uso y " "significado personal.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -3123,8 +3459,8 @@ msgstr "" "mostrarle al mundo que está bien compartir sus contenidos usando una " "licencia Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -3143,8 +3479,8 @@ msgstr "" "sustento, donde la ganancia no es suprema, y producir bien social y " "conexiones humanas es integral para el éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " @@ -3154,8 +3490,8 @@ msgstr "" "ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ con éxito. Como mínimo, hay que hacer " "suficiente dinero para mantener las luces encendidas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -3176,45 +3512,63 @@ msgstr "" "posible manejar un negocio que obtiene la misma cantidad de anuncios que sus " "antepasados por una fracción del precio.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." msgstr "" "Algunos costos de creación son los mismos que siempre han sido. Toma la " "misma cantidad de tiempo y dinero escribir un artículo para una revista con " "revisión de pares, o pintar una pintura. La tecnología no puede cambiar eso. " "Pero otros costos se reducen dramáticamente con la tecnología, en particular " -"en dominios con elevada producción como el cine.3 El contenido licenciado " +"en dominios con elevada producción como el cine.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> El contenido licenciado " "con CC y el contenido en el dominio público, así como el trabajo de personas " "que colaboran de forma voluntaria, también puede reducir los costos " "dramáticamente, si son usados como recursos para crear algo nuevo. Y, por " "supuesto, está la realidad de que algún contenido sería creado ya sea que a " "la persona creadora se le pague o no, porque es un trabajo por amor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, nueva impresión con un nuevo prefacio (New York: " +"Hyperion, 2010), 224." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." msgstr "" "Distribuir contenido es casi universalmente más barato que nunca. Una vez " "que el contenido es creado, los costos de distribuir copias digitales son " -"esencialmente cero.4 Los costos de distribuir copias físicas aún son " +"esencialmente cero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Los costos de distribuir copias físicas aún son " "significativos, pero más bajos de lo que han sido históricamente. Y ahora es " "mucho más sencillo imprimir y distribuir copias físicas bajo demanda, lo que " "también reduce costos. Dependiendo del tipo de esfuerzo, puede haber una " @@ -3222,8 +3576,13 @@ msgstr "" "inclusos gastos asociados con las distintas formas en que se genera dinero, " "como realizar giras y entrenamiento personalizado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -3233,10 +3592,11 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" "Es importante reconocer que el mayor impacto de la tecnología en esfuerzos " "creativos es que las personas creadoras ahora pueden pagar los costos de " @@ -3247,17 +3607,17 @@ msgstr "" "poderes del imperio, este es su momento. Donde alguna vez no tenía medios " "para alcanzar una audiencia sin la asistencia de las megacompañías que " "dominan la industria, ahora tiene cientos de formas para hacerlo sin " -"ellas.”5 Antes, la distribución de trabajos creativos involucraba costos " +"ellas.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Antes, la distribución de trabajos creativos involucraba costos " "asociados con mantener una entidad monolítica, ahora las personas creadoras " "pueden hacer el trabajo ellas mismas. Esto significa que las necesidades " "financieras de los esfuerzos creativos pueden ser mucho más modestas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -3278,8 +3638,8 @@ msgstr "" "realidad un nombre exagerado para esto. En realidad, es solo acerca de " "mantener la operación funcionando día a día.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -3294,8 +3654,8 @@ msgstr "" "camino y adaptándose en tiempo real conforme persiguen esta nueva forma de " "operar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " @@ -3305,28 +3665,63 @@ msgstr "" "bueno para negocios de formas bastantes predecibles. La primera es cómo " "ayuda a resolver el «problema cero.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" -msgstr "### Problema Cero: ser descubierto" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "Problema Cero: ser descubierto" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " +#| "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It " +#| "has to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and " +#| "mean something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to " +#| "finding your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to " +#| "connect with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian " +#| "value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited " +#| "by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and " +#| "need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where " +#| "consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and more about " +#| "micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all " +#| "different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has a " +#| "place for all of them in the way that physical markets did not.”7 We are " +#| "no longer limited to what appeals to the masses." msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." msgstr "" "Una vez que se crea o colecciona el contenido, el siguiente paso es " "encontrar usuarios, clientes y fanáticos—en otras palabras, su gente. Como " @@ -3344,20 +3739,63 @@ msgstr "" "Internet ahora tiene un lugar para todos estos en una forma que el mercado " "físico no tuvo.»7 Ya no estamos limitados a lo que apela a las masas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. " +#| "New York: Morgan James, 2016." +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. Nueva " +"York: Morgan James, 2016." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " +#| "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " +#| "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " +#| "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing " +#| "for attention against more content creators than ever before, you are " +#| "competing against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 " +#| "Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past decade has been the " +#| "shift in time people spend consuming amateur content instead of " +#| "professional content.”9 To top it all off, you have to compete against " +#| "the rest of their lives, too—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer " +#| "games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, some way, you have to get " +#| "noticed by the right people." msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" "Aunque encontrar a «su gente» en línea es en teoría más sencillo que en el " "mundo analógico, como un asunto práctico puede aún ser difícil ser realmente " @@ -3372,21 +3810,26 @@ msgstr "" "juegos de fútbol y noches en la ciudad.»10 De algún modo, de alguna forma, " "tiene que llamar la atención de las personas correctas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgstr "" "Al entrar a la Internet armaos con una mentalidad de todos los derechos " "reservados desde el inicio, con frecuencia está restringiendo el acceso a su " @@ -3395,27 +3838,35 @@ msgstr "" "tradicional de derechos de autor. Incluso un costo diminuto tiene un gran " "efecto en la demanda. A esto se le llama la brecha del penique—la gran " "diferencia en la demanda entre algo que está disponible por un precio de un " -"centavo comparado con un precio de cero.11 Esto no significa que está " +"centavo comparado con un precio de cero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Esto no significa que está " "equivocado cobrar dinero por su contenido. Simplemente significa que debe " "reconocer el efecto sobre la demanda que tiene el hacerlo. El mismo " "principio aplica a restringir al acceso a copiar el trabajo. Si su problema " "es cómo ser descubierto y encontrar a «su gente,» prohibirle a las personas " "que copien su trabajo y que lo compartan con otros es contraproducente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Por supuesto, no es que ser descubierto por personas a las que les gusta su " "trabajo le hará rico—lejos de eso. Pero como Cory Doctorow dice, «El " "reconocimiento es una de las muchas precondiciones necesarias para el éxito " -"artístico.»12" +"artístico.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -3435,31 +3886,37 @@ msgstr "" "misión detrás de lo que ellos hacen. Ellos creen que esta decisión ha " "generado una inmensa cantidad de buena voluntad dentro de la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "No es solo que restringir el acceso a su trabajo puede socavar su misión " "social. También puede alienar a las personas que más valoran su trabajo " "creativo. Si a las personas les gusta el trabajo, su instinto natural será " "compartirlo con otras. Pero como David Bollier escribió, «Nuestros impulsos " "de naturaleza humana a imitar y compartir—la esencia de la cultura—han sido " -"criminalizados.»13" +"criminalizados.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" "El hecho de que copiar puede traer penas criminales sin duda desalienta a " "copiarlo, pero copiar con el clic de un botón es demasiado fácil y " @@ -3469,21 +3926,21 @@ msgstr "" "de pan. Y, por supuesto, esto es porque no es así. Compartir un trabajo " "creativo no tiene impacto en la capacidad de nadie más para usarlo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" "Si da por sentado cierta cantidad de copias e intercambio de su trabajo, " "puede investir su tiempo y recursos en otra cosa, en lugar de gastarlos " @@ -3499,39 +3956,53 @@ msgstr "" "imágenes digitales. Pero Lizzy dice que fue un pequeño precio que pagar por " "todas las oportunidades que el compartir desbloqueó para ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" msgstr "" "Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ significa dejar de pensar sobre formas de " "hacer su contenido artificialmente escaso, y en lugar de eso aprovecharlo " -"como el recurso potencialmente abundante que es.14 Cuando se ve la " +"como el recurso potencialmente abundante que es.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Cuando se ve la " "abundancia de la información como una funcionalidad y no un error, se " "empieza a pensar sobre formas de usar la capacidad ociosa de su contenido " "para su ventaja. Como mi amigo y colega Eric Steuer dijo una vez, «Usar " "licencias CC demuestra que usted entiende la Internet.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow dice que no le cuesta nada cuando otras personas hacen copias " "de su trabajo, y esto abre la posibilidad de que el pueda obtener algo a " -"cambio.15 De forma similar, quienes hacen las placas Arduino supieron que " +"cambio.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De forma similar, quienes hacen las placas Arduino supieron que " "era imposible para a las personas para que no copiaran su hardware, así que " "decidieron ni siquiera intentarlo y en lugar de eso buscar los beneficios de " "ser abiertos. Para ellos, el resultado es una de las piezas de hardware más " @@ -3539,8 +4010,8 @@ msgstr "" "pensadoras e innovadoras que han hecho cosas con su trabajo que nunca " "hubieran podido hacer de otra manera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." @@ -3548,13 +4019,13 @@ msgstr "" "Hay muchas formas de aprovechar el poder de compartir y remezclar para su " "beneficio. Aquí hay unas cuantas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" -msgstr "#### Usar CC para generar una audiencia más grande" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "Usar CC para generar una audiencia más grande" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -3575,8 +4046,8 @@ msgstr "" "tiene una seña que dice Compartir y la otra dice No Compartir (que es lo que " "«©» significa), ¿cuál cree que sea más probable que las personas compartan?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -3591,26 +4062,32 @@ msgstr "" "una parte central del valor para autores y autoras académicas que quieren " "alcanzar tantas personas lectoras como sea posible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." msgstr "" "La idea de que más ojos es igual a más éxito es una forma de la estrategia " "de máximo, adoptada por Google y otras compañías de tecnología. De acuerdo " "con Eric Schmidt de Google, la idea es simple: ”Tomar lo que sea que esté " "haciendo y hacerlo al máximo en términos de distribución. La otra forma de " "decir esto es que dado que los costos marginales de distribución son " -"gratuitos, también es posible poner las cosas en todo lado.”16 Esta " +"gratuitos, también es posible poner las cosas en todo lado.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Esta " "estrategia es lo que con frecuencia motiva a las compañías a hacer productos " "y servicios gratuitos (esto es, sin costo), pero la misma lógica aplica a " "hacer contenido que se pueda compartir libremente. Como el contenido " @@ -3618,15 +4095,39 @@ msgstr "" "el licenciamiento CC lo hace aun más accesible y que sea más probable que " "prolifere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or " +#| "other consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " +#| "effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or " +#| "following your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in " +#| "part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but " +#| "it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator of " +#| "quality or usefulness.18" msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Si tiene éxito alcanzando más personas usuarias, lectoras, oyentes u otros " "clientes para su trabajo, puede empezar a beneficiarse del efecto de " @@ -3636,13 +4137,21 @@ msgstr "" "de manada, pero también es porque un gran número de personas seguidoras es " "por lo menos un indicador parcial de calidad o utilidad.18" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" -msgstr "#### Usar CC para obtener atribución y reconocimiento de nombre" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "Usar CC para obtener atribución y reconocimiento de nombre" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -3652,11 +4161,11 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" "Cada licencia Creative Commons requiere que se de crédito a la persona " "autora, y que quienes lo reutilicen brinden un enlace de vuelta a la fuente " @@ -3667,15 +4176,15 @@ msgstr "" "sociales, más que la amenaza de aplicar la ley, lo que por lo general motiva " "a la gente a dar atribución y cumplir con los términos de las licencias CC " "de cualquier forma. Esta es la marca de cualquier comunidad que funciona " -"bien, tanto dentro del mercado como de la sociedad en general.19 Las " +"bien, tanto dentro del mercado como de la sociedad en general.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Las " "licencias CC reflejan un conjunto de deseos de parte de las personas " "creadoras, y en una gran mayoría de circunstancias, las personas están " "inclinadas de forma natural a seguir esos deseos. Esto se da en particular " "en el caso de algo tan directo y consistente con nociones básicas de " "justicia, como dar crédito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -3701,14 +4210,14 @@ msgstr "" "con CC es una forma de tener a la mayor cantidad posible de gente viendo y " "citando su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -3728,8 +4237,8 @@ msgstr "" "tangible es parte del poder de su plataforma. La procedencia del diseño es " "una parte especial del producto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -3746,15 +4255,15 @@ msgstr "" "discursos en línea están plagados de desinformación, ser una fuente " "confiable de información es más valioso que nunca." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -"#### Utilizar el contenido licenciado con CC como una herramienta " +"Utilizar el contenido licenciado con CC como una herramienta " "publicitaria" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -3771,8 +4280,13 @@ msgstr "" "con CC. En todos los casos, el contenido licenciado con CC puede atraer y " "llevar a la gente al otro producto o servicio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -3781,10 +4295,11 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" "Frances Pinter, de Knowledge Unlatched, nos contó que ella ha visto una y " "otra vez cómo ofrecer contenido licenciado con una licencia CC —esto es, " @@ -3798,11 +4313,11 @@ msgstr "" "Otro ejemplo proviene del advenimiento de la radio. Aunque la industria " "musical no la vio venir (¡e incluso luchó contra ella!), la música gratis en " "la radio funcionó como una forma de publicidad para la versión paga que la " -"gente compraba en las tiendas de música.20 Lo gratuito puede ser una forma " +"gente compraba en las tiendas de música.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lo gratuito puede ser una forma " "de promoción." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -3812,7 +4327,7 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." @@ -3832,15 +4347,15 @@ msgstr "" "gastan dinero yrecursos publicitando esos servicios (y, por extensión, los " "libros de texto de OpenStax)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -"#### Utilizar CC para que otros se comprometan con tu trabajo y participen " +"Utilizar CC para que otros se comprometan con tu trabajo y participen " "activamente" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -3852,18 +4367,23 @@ msgstr "" "tecnología digital. La Internet abrió todo un mundo nuevo de posibilidades " "para la participación pública en el trabajo creativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." msgstr "" "Cuatro de las seis licencias de Creative Commons habilitan a los remixadores " "tomar algo, construir sobre o de otra manera adaptar el trabajo. Dependiendo " @@ -3871,24 +4391,68 @@ msgstr "" "diferentes —traducir, actualizar, contextualizar, mejorar, transformar. " "Permite que una obra sea customizada para necesidades particulares, usos, " "personas y comunidades, que es otro valor distintivo para ofrecerle al " -"público.21 La adaptación cambia más el juego en algunos contextos que en " +"público.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> La adaptación cambia más el juego en algunos contextos que en " "otros. Con los materiales educativos, la posibilidad de adaptarlos y " "actualizar el contenido es de una importancia crítica para su utilidad. Para " "la fotografía, la posibilidad de adaptar una foto es menos importante." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +#| "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators. Londres, Inglaterra: Penguin Books, 2010." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " +#| "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People " +#| "often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result " +#| "they don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny " +#| "act of volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception " +#| "of that thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " +#| "exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had " +#| "a part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " +#| "quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " +#| "replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Esta es una forma de contrarrestar un potencial aspecto negativo de la " "abundancia del contenido libre y abierto descripto más arriba. Como Anderson " @@ -3902,16 +4466,32 @@ msgstr "" "consigo un tipo de satisfacción creativa que nunca puede ser reemplazada " "consumiendo algo creado por otro.25" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 21." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " +#| "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " +#| "social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " +#| "Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " +#| "matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response " +#| "is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people " +#| "more deeply tied to your work." msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" "Comprometerse activamente con el contenido nos ayuda a evitar el tipo de " "consumo sin sentido que conoce muy bien cualquiera que haya revisado durante " @@ -3921,24 +4501,32 @@ msgstr "" "parte del evento”.26 Abrir la puerta a tu contenido puede hacer que la gente " "se conecte más profundamente con tu trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" -msgstr "#### Usar CC para diferenciarse" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "Usar CC para diferenciarse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" "Operar bajo un régimen tradicional de derecho de autor a menudo significa " "operar bajo las reglas de los jugadores establecidos en los medios. Las " @@ -3946,33 +4534,50 @@ msgstr "" "derecho de autor, como utilizar sistemas de gestión digital de derechos " "(DRM, por sus siglas en inglés) y firmar contratos de exclusividad, puede " "atar las manos de los creadores, a menudo a costa de los propios intereses " -"del creador.27 Estar _Hecho con Creative Commons_ significa que se puede " +"del creador.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Estar _Hecho con Creative Commons_ significa que se puede " "funcionar sin esas barreras y, en muchos casos, utilizar la apertura " "incrementada como una ventaja competitiva. David Harris de OpenStax dijo que " "ellos específicamente persiguen estrategias que saben que los editores " "tradicionales no pueden buscar. “No vayas al mercado y juegues según las " "reglas impuestas”, dijo David. “Cambia las reglas del juego.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" -msgstr "### Hacer dinero" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "Hacer dinero" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten " +#| "Nonprofit Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +#| "2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, y Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" +"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" "Como cualquier emprendimiento que busca hacer dinero, aquellos que están " "Hechos con Creative Commons tienen que generar algún tipo de valor para su " @@ -3980,7 +4585,7 @@ msgstr "" "no son en realidad los beneficiarios de ese valor. Los donantes, ya sean " "instituciones filantrópicas, gobiernos o individuos interesados, proveen " "dinero a la organización a partir de un sentido de puro altruismo. Esta es " -"la forma en la que opera la donación tradicional sin ánimo de lucro.28 Pero " +"la forma en la que opera la donación tradicional sin ánimo de lucro.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero " "en muchos casos, los flujos de ganancia utilizados por los emprendimientos " "Hechos con Creative Commons están directamente atados al valor que generan, " "donde el receptor está pagando por el valor que reciben, como cualquier " @@ -3989,15 +4594,21 @@ msgstr "" "conduce a las transacciones en el mercado, el receptor entrega dinero a " "partir de un sentido de reciprocidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "La mayoría de los que están Hechos con Creative Commons utilizan una " "variedad de métodos para traer ganancias, algunos de ellos basados en el " @@ -4006,16 +4617,16 @@ msgstr "" "desarrollo son particularmente altos, y luego buscar un flujo (o flujos) " "diferentes de ganancias para los gastos corrientes. Como escribió Shirky, " "“El truco está en saber cuándo los mercados son una forma óptima de " -"organizar las interacciones y cuándo no.”29" +"organizar las interacciones y cuándo no.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" "Nuestros estudios de caso exploran en más detalle los varios mecanismos " @@ -4026,20 +4637,47 @@ msgstr "" "instructivo tomar distancia para observar y ver las cosas desde un nivel más " "alto de abstracción." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Flujos de ingresos basados en el mercado" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Flujos de ingresos basados en el mercado" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " +#| "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" +"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " +"Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in " +#| "revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if " +#| "you are Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available " +#| "for free and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium " +#| "business model, any possible market transaction with a consumer of your " +#| "content has to be based on some added value you provide.31" msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "En el mercado, la pregunta central al determinar cómo traer ingresos es qué " "valora la gente y por qué están dispuestos a pagar.30 Por definición, si " @@ -4049,8 +4687,28 @@ msgstr "" "con un consumidor de tu contenido tiene que estar basada en un tipo de valor " "añadido que uno le provee al producto.31" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " +#| "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because " +#| "the Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, " +#| "it is difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling " +#| "newspaper industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the " +#| "fact that at least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That " +#| "means you may end up competing with free versions of your own content, " +#| "whether you condone it or not.32 If people can easily find your content " +#| "for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, particularly in a " +#| "context where access to content is more important than owning it. In " +#| "Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether coded into " +#| "either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the force " +#| "of gravity.”" msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -4059,11 +4717,12 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" "De muchas maneras, este es el camino al futuro para todas las empresas de " "contenido. En el mercado, el valor vive en las cosas que son escasas. La " @@ -4079,17 +4738,34 @@ msgstr "" "inscrito en software o en la ley, está simplemente manteniendo un precio en " "contra de la fuerza de la gravedad.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future " +#| "in the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one " +#| "product or service becomes free, as information and content largely have " +#| "in the digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance " +#| "creates a new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other " +#| "than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As " +#| "Anderson says, “It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something " +#| "better or at least different from the free version.”33" msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Por supuesto, esto no significa que las empresas de contenido no tengan " "futuro en el mercado tradicional. En Free, Anderson explica como cuando un " @@ -4101,8 +4777,8 @@ msgstr "" "simplemente ofrcece algo mejor o al menos diferente de la versión gratuita." "\"33" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -4118,8 +4794,8 @@ msgstr "" "Tambien se pueden beneficiar de la buena voluntad sostenida por los valores " "detras de _Hecho con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -4132,29 +4808,52 @@ msgstr "" "licenciado bajo CC funciona como una herramienta de mercadeo del producto o " "servicio asociado con un costo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "Aquí hay algunas de la categorias superiores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" +#| "\\]*" msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -"#### Proveer servicio personalizado a los consumidores de tu trabajo *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" +"#### Proveer servicio personalizado a los consumidores de tu trabajo *" +"\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The " +#| "trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized " +#| "services are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity " +#| "information (everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. " +#| "Customized information (you get something unique and meaningful to you) " +#| "wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and " +#| "cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song " +#| "business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" "En esta era de la abundancia de la información, no sufriremos por falta de " "contenido. El truco es encontrar contenido que se ajuste a nuestras " @@ -4166,13 +4865,15 @@ msgstr "" "artistica y cultural provista por Ártica hasta el negocio de canciones " "personalizadas de Jonathan \"Una-canción-al-dia\" Mann." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Cobrando por la copia física *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -4215,13 +4916,15 @@ msgstr "" "otros proveedores del mismo trabajo basado en la calidad, servicio, o algún " "otro principio de trabajo tradicional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Cobrando por la versión en persona *\\[BASADA EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -4239,13 +4942,15 @@ msgstr "" "originales en persona o paga por asistir a una plática o a un curso de " "capacitación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Vendiendo mercancia *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -4257,19 +4962,37 @@ msgstr "" "puedo atestiguar personalmente el poder de una playera de un buen concierto. " "Esto puede ser un flujo de ganancias importante para galerias y museos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " +#| "value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. " +#| "In these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an " +#| "entirely different category of people or businesses. Often, those people " +#| "or businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " +#| "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes " +#| "the offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +#| "traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " +#| "Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for" +#| "—there are other services you can provide as well." msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." msgstr "" "Algunas veces una via para encontrar un flujo de ganancias basadas en el " "mercado es proveer valor a otras personas distintas a las que consumen tu " @@ -4283,21 +5006,48 @@ msgstr "" "es la única cosa por la que la gente está dispuesta a pagar -- existen otros " "servicios que tambien se pueden proveer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Cobrando a los anunciantes o promotores *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " +#| "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " +#| "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of " +#| "their audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because " +#| "the number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has " +#| "become essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue " +#| "stream for many content creators, including those who are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the " +#| "advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or " +#| "projects, or of the overall endeavor." msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " @@ -4315,17 +5065,19 @@ msgstr "" "anunciante paga por ser un promotor oficial de un contenido o proyecto " "particular, o de toda la empresa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Cobrando a los creadores de contenido *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -4345,22 +5097,41 @@ msgstr "" "universidades pagan para que sus facultades participen como escritores del " "contenido del website de The Conversation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Cobrando una cuota por transacción *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " +#| "transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " +#| "model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" +#| "licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " +#| "when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " +#| "platforms make money when service providers transact with their " +#| "customers; for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their " +#| "site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the " +#| "platform." msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" "Esta es una versión del modelo tradicionale de negocios basado en gestionar " "transacciones entre participantes. 39 La curaduría es un elemento importante " @@ -4373,14 +5144,17 @@ msgstr "" "que alguien en su sitio le paga a un creador para hacer mobilario basado en " "uno de los diseños en su plataforma." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Proporcionando un servicio a sus creadores *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -4397,13 +5171,15 @@ msgstr "" "hacer a la información con la que ellos contribuyen a la plataforma más " "reusable y localizable." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Licenciando una marca registrada *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -4423,13 +5199,13 @@ msgstr "" "la marca registrada es una manera de obtener ganancias de algo escaso " "mientras se toma ventaja de la abundancia del contenido bajo CC." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Flujos de ingresos basados en la reciprocidad" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Flujos de ingresos basados en la reciprocidad" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -4441,8 +5217,8 @@ msgstr "" "capturar completamente las vias por las que las empresas que analizamos han " "hecho dinero. No era simplemente acerca de monetizar la escasez." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -4465,8 +5241,8 @@ msgstr "" "Bollier en Think Like a Commoner, \"No hay cálculo egoísta acerca de que el " "valor dado y recibido sean estrictamente iguales.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -4481,27 +5257,49 @@ msgstr "" "Es una función mental vital que ayuda a la especie humana a sobrevivir y " "evolucionar.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " +#| "that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " +#| "relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange " +#| "of value.41" msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Lo que es raro es incorporar este tipo de relaciones en una empresa que " "también se involucra en el mercado.40 No podemos sino pensar que las " "relaciones del mercado como centradas en un intercambio equitativo del " "valor.41" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Membresías y donaciones individuales *\\[BASADAS EN LA RECIPROCIDAD\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -4526,13 +5324,15 @@ msgstr "" "empresa entera está persiguiendo una misión social, es más probable que esta " "estratega triunfe." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### El modelo paga lo que quieres *\\[BASADO EN LA RECIPROCIDAD\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -4553,13 +5353,15 @@ msgstr "" "dar dinero por cosas que valoramos en el mercado, incluso en situaciones en " "donde podríamos encontrar la manera de obtenerlas gratuitamente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Financiamiento Comunitario *\\[BASADO EN LA RECIPROCIDAD\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -4571,7 +5373,7 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" @@ -4591,8 +5393,8 @@ msgstr "" "el suelo ha sido fertilizado suficientemente, la audiencia pronuncia, sin " "duda alguna: por supuesto.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -4609,13 +5411,13 @@ msgstr "" "presupuesto tienden a dar más por un sentido de correspondencia con la " "comunidad bibliotecaria y con la idea de acceso abierto general." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" -msgstr "#### Creando Conexiones Humanas" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "Creando Conexiones Humanas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -4625,8 +5427,8 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" @@ -4643,14 +5445,14 @@ msgstr "" "pagadores es algo de lo que no se escucha desde hace mucho en el mercado " "tradicional. Pero parece ser parte de tejido de _Hecho con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" "Casi todas las empresas que describimos se apoyan, al menos en parte, en " "gente enla que se invierte en lo que ellos hacen. Entre más cercano sea que " @@ -4659,8 +5461,8 @@ msgstr "" "servicio, ellos estan haciendo conexiones ideologicas, personales y " "creativas con las personas que valoran lo que ellos hacen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " @@ -4670,8 +5472,8 @@ msgstr "" "en puros terminos de mercado estaba ligado profundamente a Hacer con " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " @@ -4681,8 +5483,8 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons y que significa ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_. Resulto " "que yo estaba mal en muchos aspectos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -4703,8 +5505,8 @@ msgstr "" "copyright en la ecuación, es importante no separar el resto de lo que " "acompaña a compartir. Tienes que ampliar la óptica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -4729,12 +5531,12 @@ msgstr "" "impersonal de marcado, sino en conexiones con la gente con la que compartes— " "conexiones contigo, con tú trabajoj, con tús valores, con todos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" "El resto de la sección explorará algunas de las estrategias comunes que usan " @@ -4742,31 +5544,69 @@ msgstr "" "detras de cada empresa creativa. Para recordarnos que tenemos obligaciones " "con todos. Para recordarnos como es realmente el compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" -msgstr "#### Ser humano" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "Ser humano" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +#| "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" +"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" "Los seres humanos son animales sociales, lo que significa que estamos " -"naturalmente inclinados a tratarnos mutuamente bien.42 Pero mientras más " +"naturalmente inclinados a tratarnos mutuamente bien.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero mientras más " "lejano seamos de la persona con la que interactuamos, nuestro comportamiento " "será menos atento. Mientras el Internet ha democratizado la producción " "cultural, incrementado el acceso al conocimiento y nos ha conectado de " "maneras extraordinarias, tambien puede hacer fácil que nos olvidemos que " "estamos tratando con otro ser humano." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +#| "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" +"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered. Nueva York: Workman, 2014." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " +#| "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " +#| "licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring " +#| "their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative " +#| "process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin " +#| "Kleon wrote, “Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to " +#| "know where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The " +#| "stories you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people " +#| "feel and what they understand about your work, and how people feel and " +#| "what they understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -4777,7 +5617,8 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Para contrarrestar las tendencias anónimas e impersonales de cómo operamos " "en línea, las corporaciones y los creadores individuales quienes usan las " @@ -4792,8 +5633,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas y lo que ellos entienden acerca de tú trabajo afecta la manera en " "que te valoran a tí.\"43" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -4801,9 +5642,8 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." msgstr "" "Un componente crítico para hacer esto efectivamente es no preocuparse acerca " "de ser una \"marca\". Eso significa no preocuparse de ser vulnerable. Amanda " @@ -4815,16 +5655,22 @@ msgstr "" "no solo quiere tu versión primorosa. No se pueden relacionar con ella, al " "menos no de una manera significativa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." msgstr "" "Este consejo es probablemente más importante para los negocios y las " "organizaciones porque instintivamente los concebimos como no humanos " @@ -4832,25 +5678,46 @@ msgstr "" "corporaciones y las organizaciones hacen a la gente detras de ellas más " "perceptible, le recuerda a la gente que están tratando con algo más que una " "entidad corporativa anónima. En el lenguaje de los negocios, esto es acerca " -"de \"humanizar sus interacciones\" con el público.44 Pero no puede ser una " +"de \"humanizar sus interacciones\" con el público.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero no puede ser una " "representación. No puedes simular ser humano." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" -msgstr "#### Sé abierto y responsable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "Sé abierto y responsable" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you " +#| "do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told " +#| "us, “One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just " +#| "be honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As " +#| "Amanda Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " +#| "communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " +#| "sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your " +#| "rationale and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "La Transpariencia ayuda a las personas a entender quien eres y porque haces " "lo que haces, pero también inspira confianza. Max Temkin de Cards Against " @@ -4861,20 +5728,48 @@ msgstr "" "endulzar los errores o las malas noticias, sino explicar tu razonamiento y " "de estar preparado para defenderlo cuando la gente es crítica.46" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 -msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to " +#| "James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" +#| "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " +#| "cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as " +#| "asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions " +#| "you make, even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-" +#| "consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the " +#| "input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first " +#| "place.48 But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of " +#| "diversity of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to " +#| "get people involved and invested in what you do." +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." msgstr "" "Ser responsable no significa operar en concenso. De acuerdo a James " "Surowiecki, los grupos guiados por el concenso tienden a recurrir a las " @@ -4889,19 +5784,46 @@ msgstr "" "ayuda a las empresas a distinguirse. Y es otro camino para hacer que la " "gente se involucre y se interese en lo que hace." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" -msgstr "#### Diseñar para los buenos actores" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "Diseñar para los buenos actores" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " +#| "own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows " +#| "this is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range " +#| "of needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work " +#| "together and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires " +#| "an assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " +#| "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. " +#| "As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who " +#| "try to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow " +#| "view of what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who " +#| "will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons design for the good actors." msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -4924,17 +5846,32 @@ msgstr "" "que actuarán de forma totalmente egoísta, pero las empresas que son Hechas " "con Creative Commons están diseñados para los buenos actores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" +#| "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " +#| "assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give " +#| "them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together " +#| "better than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge " +#| "that people are often motivated by something other than financial self-" +#| "interest, we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate " +#| "our social instincts." msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" "La presunción de que las personas harán lo correcto una profecía " "autocumplida. Shirky escribió en Cognitive Surplus, \"Los sistemas que " @@ -4945,8 +5882,17 @@ msgstr "" "interés personal financiero, diseñamos nuestras empresas de maneras que " "inspiren y acentuen nuestros instintos sociales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -4955,8 +5901,8 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." msgstr "" "En vez de tratar de ejercer control sobre el comportamiento de la gente, " "este modo de operar requiere un cierto nivel de confianza. Puede que no nos " @@ -4966,24 +5912,46 @@ msgstr "" "actuen responsable y honestamente. Y es imposible para una organización " "descansar únicamente en los contratos para garantizar que sus trabajadores y " "directivos vivan su obligación.\" Confiamos que la gente —la mayoría " -"desconocidos— hará lo que se supone que debn hacer.52 Y muy comunmente, lo " +"desconocidos— hará lo que se supone que debn hacer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Y muy comunmente, lo " "hacen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" -msgstr "#### Trata a los seres humanos como, bueno, humanos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "Trata a los seres humanos como, bueno, humanos" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " +#| "fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 " +#| "Even if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of " +#| "fame, you are better off remembering that the people who follow your work " +#| "are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email " +#| "someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going " +#| "online to communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as " +#| "much as she talks.54" msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Para los creadores, tratar a la gente como humanos significa no tratarlos " "como fans. Como dice Kleon, \"Si tu quieres fans, tienes que ser un fan " @@ -4994,8 +5962,8 @@ msgstr "" "emplea amplias cantidades de tiempo estando en línea para comunicarse con su " "público, haciendo un punto al escuchar tanto como habla. 54" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " @@ -5006,19 +5974,45 @@ msgstr "" "al asegurarse que sus empleados tienen una interacción personal, uno-a-uno " "con los usuarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " +#| "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " +#| "easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as " +#| "anonymous customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from " +#| "contributors are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. " +#| "It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that " +#| "contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by " +#| "simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we " +#| "introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of " +#| "paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically " +#| "change the dynamic.56" msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Cuando tratamos a las personas como seres humanos, típicamente ellos " "regresan ese tipo de trato. Se llama karma. Pero las relaciones sociales son " @@ -5033,13 +6027,13 @@ msgstr "" "forma de un pago monetario en intercambio por otro valor—puede cambiar la " "dinámica dramáticamente.56" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" -msgstr "#### Establece tus principios y apégate a ellos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "Establece tus principios y apégate a ellos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -5060,12 +6054,12 @@ msgstr "" "las personas identificarán y se sentirán conectadas con la misión social " "parte de alguna empresa . Regularmente ambas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -5081,59 +6075,103 @@ msgstr "" "licencias abiertas ha sido un hecho crítico para su credibilidad en al " "comunidad OER (recursos abiertos educativos) en la que ellos operan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" "Cuando tu meta final no es generar ganancias, la gente confia en que no solo " "estas tratando de extraer valor para tu propia ganancia. Las personas notan " -"cuando tienes un sentido del propósito que trasciendo tu interes personal.57 " +"cuando tienes un sentido del propósito que trasciendo tu interes personal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "Atrae empleados comprometidos, contribuyentes motivados, y construye " "confianza." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" -msgstr "#### Construye una comunidad" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "Construye una comunidad" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +#| "Media, 2012." +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" +"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2a. Ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." msgstr "" "Los esfuerzos realizados con Creative Commons prosperan cuando se construye " "una comunidad alrededor de lo que hacen. Esto puede ser una comunidad " "colaborando en conjunto para crear algo nuevo, o simplemente ser una grupo " "de gente de intereses similares que se conocen y reúnen alrededor de " -"intereses o creencias similares.58 Hasta cierto grado, simplemente ser Hecho " +"intereses o creencias similares.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hasta cierto grado, simplemente ser Hecho " "con Creative Commons automáticamente trae consigo un cierto elemento de " "comunidad, ayudando a conectarlo con otras personas similares que reconocen " "y son atraídos para los valores que se simbolizan en el uso de CC." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " +#| "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " +#| "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " +#| "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " +#| "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " +#| "environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 " +#| "For organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common " +#| "beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open " +#| "Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building " +#| "the kinds of participative communities that drive open organizations.”60" msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Sin embargo, para ser sostenible, tiene que trabajar para alimentar a la " "comunidad. La gente tiene que cuidarse—mutuamente y a ti. Una pieza crítica " @@ -5147,17 +6185,45 @@ msgstr "" "construir el tipo de comunidades participativas que dirigen las " "organizaciones abiertas.\"60" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 -msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. " +#| "Surowiecki wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. " +#| "It’s difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest " +#| "and not in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the " +#| "members of the group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really " +#| "know each other), considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each " +#| "other’s bona fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people " +#| "within the community the power to create or influence the rules that " +#| "govern the community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-" +#| "down manner, people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn " +#| "leads to disengagement." +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" @@ -5173,8 +6239,8 @@ msgstr "" "descendiente, la gente siente que no tiene una voz, lo que conlleva a la " "desunión." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." @@ -5183,13 +6249,54 @@ msgstr "" "conectados alrededor de intereses o valores comunes, es de muchas formas de " "lo que se trata compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" -msgstr "#### Da más a los comunes de lo que te llevas" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "Da más a los comunes de lo que te llevas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +#| "Sharing at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr." +#| "org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, Enero 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" +"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint " +#| "with new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reimpresión " +"con nuevo epílogo. New York: Portfolio, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " +#| "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially " +#| "what defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on " +#| "the Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t " +#| "about Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained " +#| "how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy " +#| "businesses are purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in " +#| "her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell " +#| "the same product multiple times, by selling access rather than " +#| "ownership.64 That is not sharing." msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -5197,10 +6304,10 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" "La sabiduría común en el mercado dicta que la gente debería extraer la mayor " "cantidad de dinero posible de los recursos. Esto es lo que esencialmente " @@ -5215,20 +6322,34 @@ msgstr "" "producto muchas veces, vendiendo el acceso antes que la propiedad.64 Eso no " "es compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the " +#| "Internet.” BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " +"BBC News, Marzo 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" "El intercambio requiere añadir tanto o más valor en el ecosistema que el " "valor que uno toma de él. No se puede tratar al contenido abierto " @@ -5239,12 +6360,12 @@ msgstr "" "plataforma social de blogging Medium provee valor a su comunidad al " "incentivar un buen comportamiento, y el resultado es un espacio online con " "contenido de remarcada buena calidad generado por los usuarios y con pocos " -"trolls.65 Opendesk contribuye a su comunidad al comprometerse a ayudar a sus " +"trolls.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contribuye a su comunidad al comprometerse a ayudar a sus " "diseñadores a hacer dinero, en parte al curar y exhibir activamente su " "trabajo en la plataforma de una manera efectiva." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -5262,23 +6383,51 @@ msgstr "" "que refleje el valor contribuido por otros, dando más a quienes contribuyen " "cuando el valor que ellos añaden sobrepasa el valor que tú añadiste." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" -msgstr "#### Involucra a la gente en lo que haces" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "Involucra a la gente en lo que haces" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of " +#| "people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of " +#| "talent.66 But to make collaboration work, the group has to be effective " +#| "at what it is doing, and the people within the group have to find " +#| "satisfaction from being involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some " +#| "types of creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online " +#| "collaborate best when people can work independently and asynchronously, " +#| "and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can " +#| "make simple improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "Gracias a Internet, podemos utilizar los talentos y la experiencia de " "personas alrededor del mundo. Chris Anderson lo llama la Larga Cola del " @@ -5291,8 +6440,13 @@ msgstr "" "vínculos más lejanos, donde los contribuyentes pueden hacer simples mejoras " "sin un compromiso de tiempo demasiado pesado.68" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -5300,7 +6454,8 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Como el éxito de Wikipedia demuestra, editar una enciclopedia en línea es " "exactamente el tipo de actividad perfecta para la co-creación masiva porque " @@ -5309,26 +6464,57 @@ msgstr "" "mismo tipo de contribuciones pequeñas serían menos útiles para muchos otros " "tipos de trabajo creativo, y la gente está inherentemente menos motivada a " "contribuir cuando no parece que sus esfuerzos vayan a hacer mucha " -"diferencia.69" +"diferencia.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 154." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +#| "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +#| "truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +#| "perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +#| "equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +#| "“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +#| "sharing or a feeling of belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, " +#| "which distributes all of its material for free under CC licensing, is an " +#| "example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping the community to help " +#| "cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a significant amount of " +#| "time and money to develop professional content. For individual creators, " +#| "where the creative work is the basis for what they do, community " +#| "cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician Amanda " +#| "Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +#| "said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, " +#| "the music itself.”71" msgid "" "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Es fácil idealizar las oportunidades de la co-creación global que se dan " "gracias a Internet. De hecho, los ejemples exitosos son verdaderamente " @@ -5348,18 +6534,49 @@ msgstr "" "interacción con sus fans, dijo: \"El único área donde no estuve dispuesta a " "recibir aportes era en la escritura, en la música misma\".71" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the " +#| "Potential within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." +msgstr "" +"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All. Nueva York: Crown, 2013." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we " +#| "hear the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative " +#| "process in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early " +#| "drafts, and interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get " +#| "feedback. So-called “making in public” opens the door to letting people " +#| "feel more invested in your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial " +#| "approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of " +#| "Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—treating " +#| "ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment where " +#| "collaboration flourishes.73" msgid "" "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " "the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " "in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " "interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " "“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Si bien tendemos a pensar inmediatamente en la co-creación y en el remix " "cuando escuchamos la palabra colaboración, también se puede involucrar a " @@ -5373,17 +6590,41 @@ msgstr "" "las ideas como algo pleno. Esto puede crear un ambiente donde la " "colaboración florece.73" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +#| "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." +msgid "" +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." +msgstr "" +"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding " +#| "a way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +#| "motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " +#| "project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " +#| "Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into " +#| "what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " +#| "thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and " +#| "transition them into active participants.75" msgid "" "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " "way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "No hay una forma de involucrar a la gente en lo que haces. La clave es " "encontrar una forma para que la gente pueda contribuir en sus propios " @@ -5395,262 +6636,20 @@ msgstr "" "consumidores como receptores pasivos de tu contenido y convertirlos en " "participantes activos.75" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" -"Alex Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. Una previsualización del libro está " -"disponible en: strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -msgstr "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." -msgstr "Ibid., 55." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, nueva impresión con un nuevo prefacio (New York: " -"Hyperion, 2010), 224." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." -msgstr "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Las Licencias Creative Commons" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (Nueva York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (Nueva York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki comentó, “La medida del éxito de las leyes y los\n" -" contratos es cuan raro son invocados.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (Londres: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder y Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder y Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, ed. rev. (Nueva York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (Nueva York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2a ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt y Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), Enero 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reimpresión con nuevo epílogo (Nueva York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, Marzo 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley y David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (Nueva York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman y Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (Nueva York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "## Las Licencias Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " @@ -5669,22 +6668,24 @@ msgstr "" "de derechos que los creadores puedan emplear en sus trabajos, tales como " "patentes o marcas registradas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "A continuación se presentan las seis licencias:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -5697,17 +6698,19 @@ msgstr "" "las licencias ofrecidas. Se recomienda para máxima diseminación y para uso " "de materiales licenciados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -5724,17 +6727,19 @@ msgstr "" "derivados del tuyo llevarán la misma licencia, por lo cual toda obra " "derivada también permitirá el uso con fines comerciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " @@ -5744,17 +6749,19 @@ msgstr "" "fines comerciales y no comerciales por igual, siempre y cuando se haga sin " "modificaciones y te den crédito como autor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -5766,19 +6773,21 @@ msgstr "" "Si bien en los trabajos derivados se debe mantener el crédito hacia ti como " "creador, no tienen la obligación de licenciarlos bajo estos mismos términos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" @@ -5787,17 +6796,19 @@ msgstr "" "comerciales, siempre y cuando le den crédito y licencien sus nuevas " "creaciones bajo los mismos términos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -5809,8 +6820,8 @@ msgstr "" "compartir su obra con otros siempre y cuando le den crédito, sin dar la " "posibilidad de modificarla de ninguna manera o utilizarla comercialmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " @@ -5821,17 +6832,19 @@ msgstr "" "administradores de colecciones de trabajos preexistentes creados por autores " "cuyos plazos de derechos de autor han expirado:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." @@ -5839,17 +6852,19 @@ msgstr "" "CC0 permite a autores y titulares de derechos de autor dedicar sus trabajos " "al dominio público en todo el mundo (”ningún derecho reservado”)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." @@ -5858,11 +6873,11 @@ msgstr "" "descubrimiento de trabajos que están ya libres de restricciones conocidas de " "derecho autoral." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -5880,13 +6895,13 @@ msgstr "" "abierta para el código y licencias Creative Commons para el contenido " "digital, amplifican su involucramiento y compromiso de compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -5906,8 +6921,8 @@ msgstr "" "dedicada a hacer películas a pagarle regalías si lo convierten en un " "largometraje, o evitar que otra compañía venda copias físicas del mismo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -5915,8 +6930,8 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" @@ -5932,8 +6947,8 @@ msgstr "" "usuarios porque muchos de ellos siguen soñando con que una etiqueta " "distribuidora descubra su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -5946,8 +6961,8 @@ msgstr "" "sus materiales educativos por la importancia de enseñar correctamente temas " "médicos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -5970,41 +6985,41 @@ msgstr "" "compartidos. Las licencias CC son un intento de estandarizar las normas " "entre distintos dominios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "Notas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your " +#| "work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called " +#| "“Share Your Work” at" msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" "Para mayor información acerca de las licencias, incluyendo ejemplos y " "recomendaciones acerca de cómo compartir sus obras en el procomún digital, " "diríjase a la página de Creative Commons llamada ”Compartir Su Obra” (”Share " "Your Work” en" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." -msgstr "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "Los estudios de caso" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" -msgstr "# Los estudios de caso" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" @@ -6017,11 +7032,11 @@ msgstr "" "de los patrocinadores del Kickstarter, y los otros doce fueron seleccionados " "por nosotros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." @@ -6032,13 +7047,13 @@ msgstr "" "del emprendimiento y el papel que compartir juega dentro de éste, lo cual es " "en buena medida la manera en que nos fue contado por quienes entrevistamos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" -msgstr "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "Arduino" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." @@ -6046,53 +7061,50 @@ msgstr "" "Arduino es una plataforma electrónica de fuentes abiertas y una compañía de " "hardware y software con fines de lucro. Fundada en Italia en 2005." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " +#| "shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " +#| "sell Arduino products using their name)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: Cobrar por copias físicas (venta de tarjetas, módulos, " "escudos y kits), licenciamiento de la marca registrada (el importe pagado " "por aquellos que quieren vender productos Arduino utilizando su nombre)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 4 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "Entrevistados: David Cuartielles y Tom Igoe, cofundadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "Perfil escrito por Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -6119,8 +7131,8 @@ msgstr "" "documentación, con la licencia Atribución-CompartirIgual (CC BY-SA), y el " "software bajo la Licencia Pública General (GPL) de GNU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -6137,14 +7149,14 @@ msgstr "" "abiertas llamado Processing, una herramienta de programación empleada para " "hacer artes visuales)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" "”Las razones para hacer a Arduino de fuente abierta son complicadas,” dice " @@ -6154,8 +7166,8 @@ msgstr "" "David dice que esto ”termina fortaleciendo la plataforma mucho más allá de " "lo que pensamos siquiera en construir.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -6173,14 +7185,14 @@ msgstr "" "compañía, un producto de fuentes abiertas sobrevive. Desde el punto de vista " "de Tom, ”abrir las fuentes facilita confiar en un producto.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" "Al cerrar la escuela, David y algunos de los otros fundadores de Arduino " @@ -6190,8 +7202,8 @@ msgstr "" "emplear las nuevas tecnologías de formas creativas. Los ingresos de Tinker " "se invirtieron en sostener y mejorar a Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -6205,18 +7217,18 @@ msgstr "" "”si hacemos esto, haremos mucho dinero.” Tom dice que ser el propio primer " "cliente lo hace a uno más confiado y convincente al vender el producto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" "El modelo de negocios de Arduino ha evolucionado con el paso del tiempo —y " @@ -6231,8 +7243,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero manufacturar el producto físico. Mientras sea un producto de calidad " "vendido a un precio razonable, la gente lo comprará." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -6260,11 +7272,11 @@ msgstr "" "creadores ha contribuido con una increíble cantidad de conocimiento " "accesible, útil tanto para novatos como para expertos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " @@ -6277,8 +7289,8 @@ msgstr "" "Querían precios que les trajeran muchos clientes, aunque suficientemente " "altos para sostener el negocio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -6292,8 +7304,8 @@ msgstr "" "uno exitosamente se aplican. Dice David, ”si hace esas otras cosas bien, " "compartir las cosas bajo un modelo abierto únicamente le ayudará.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -6315,8 +7327,8 @@ msgstr "" "liberar el nuevo diseño empleando la misma licencia Creative Commons para " "asegurar que la mueva versión es igualmente libre y abierta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -6337,17 +7349,23 @@ msgstr "" "al ecosistema Arduino, ideas y diseños que la comunidad Arduino emplea e " "incorpora en sus nuevos productos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Sobre el transcurso del tiempo, el rango de productos Arduino se ha " "diversificado, cambiando y adaptándose a las nuevas necesidades y retos. " @@ -6357,10 +7375,10 @@ msgstr "" "Cosas, vestibles, e impresión 3-D. El rango completo de los productos " "Arduino incluye tarjetas, módulos (un formato físico más reducido de las " "tarjetas clásicas), escudos (elementos que pueden enchufarse sobre una " -"tarjeta para darle mayor funcionalidad), y kits.1" +"tarjeta para darle mayor funcionalidad), y kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -6383,8 +7401,8 @@ msgstr "" "hardware y software funiconaran como debían hacerlo, y resolver los " "problemas de la gente. La comunidad creció orgánicamente desde ese punto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -6407,12 +7425,12 @@ msgstr "" "manufactura y distribución, asegurando al mismo tiempo que la marca Arduino " "no sufre por copias de mala calidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" @@ -6426,8 +7444,8 @@ msgstr "" "monto por el licenciamiento de la marca se convirtió en el modelo de " "generación de ganancias para Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -6444,8 +7462,13 @@ msgstr "" "pero en la gran escala, el registro de marca y logotipo ha sido una " "herramienta crítica para Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -6457,7 +7480,8 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "David invita a individuos y negocios comenzar siguiendo la estrategia de " "compartir todo, y sólo entonces pensar acerca de si hay algo que " @@ -6469,16 +7493,16 @@ msgstr "" "blog de Arduino en 2013, titulado ”Envía a los clones”, escrito por uno de " "los fundadores, Massimo Banzi, explica a profundidad las complejidades de " "cómo les ha resultado el registro de su marca, distinguiendo entre tarjetas " -"oficiales y aquellas que son clones, derivados, compatibles, y falsificados.2" +"oficiales y aquellas que son clones, derivados, compatibles, y falsificados.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" "Para David, un aspecto excitante de Arduino es la forma en que mucha gente " "puede utilizarlo para adaptar a la tecnología de tantas formas distintas. La " @@ -6487,8 +7511,8 @@ msgstr "" "objetivo de Arduino es ”hacer cosas que ayuden a otras personas a hacer " "cosas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -6503,8 +7527,8 @@ msgstr "" "la tecnología debe estar protegida. Tom dice, ”la tecnología es un tipo de " "alfabetización que todos debieran aprender.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " @@ -6514,39 +7538,13 @@ msgstr "" "para el desarrollo del producto, bueno para su distribución, bueno para los " "precios, y bueno para la manufactura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "Vínculos Web" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" -msgstr "## Ártica" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "Ártica" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " @@ -6556,42 +7554,43 @@ msgstr "" "usar la tecnología digital para compartir conocimiento y hacer posible la " "colaboración en las artes y la cultura. Fundada en 2011 en Uruguay." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" -msgstr "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cobrar por servicios personalizados" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 9 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "Entrevistados: Mariana Fossatti y Jorge Gemetto, cofundadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Perfil escrito por Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -6603,13 +7602,13 @@ msgstr "" "exitosos, el nicho en el que opera su pequeño negocio es esencialmente uno " "que ellos construyeron por sí mismos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "El trabajo de sus sueños no existía, así que lo crearon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -6630,8 +7629,8 @@ msgstr "" "línea que brinda educación y consultoría para personas e instituciones que " "crean proyectos artísticos y culturales en la Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -6640,7 +7639,7 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" @@ -6656,8 +7655,8 @@ msgstr "" "aprovechar de forma directa a una audiencia sin depender de barreras ni " "intermediarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -6676,8 +7675,8 @@ msgstr "" "acceso a su contenido, ellos lo brindan gratis y cobran por los servicios " "personalizados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -6694,8 +7693,8 @@ msgstr "" "atención a los estudiantes individuales y ofrecer clases sobre temas más " "especializados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -6710,12 +7709,12 @@ msgstr "" "culturales, y otros son proyectos más pequeños comisionados por artistas " "individuales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" @@ -6725,8 +7724,8 @@ msgstr "" "este porque creen en él. Ellos toman la postura de que cada nuevo proyecto " "les lleva a algo nuevo, cada nuevo recurso que crean abre nuevas puertas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -6736,7 +7735,7 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" @@ -6755,8 +7754,8 @@ msgstr "" "dispuestos a pagar en línea sin contacto cara a cara—tenemos que ofrecerles " "un acuerdo justo y ético.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -6771,8 +7770,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ártica ve la reutilización de su trabajo como una forma de abrirse a nuevas " "oportunidades para su negocio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -6791,8 +7790,8 @@ msgstr "" "otra pieza simple de contenido, la cual puede evolucionar en un producto más " "complejo en el futuro, como un curso o un libro.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -6809,13 +7808,13 @@ msgstr "" "ideas y formas de operar. En muchas formas, para ellos, el proceso es tan " "importante como el producto final." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" "Las personas y las relaciones también son así de importantes, a veces más. " @@ -6824,8 +7823,8 @@ msgstr "" "materiales,» dijo Mariana. «Los materiales y contenidos son fluidos. Lo " "importante son las relaciones.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " @@ -6835,8 +7834,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas e instituciones a través del mundo para poder aprender de estas y " "compartir sus conocimientos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -6861,11 +7860,11 @@ msgstr "" "final, lo que guía su trabajo es la misión de democratizar el arte y la " "cultura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " @@ -6878,12 +7877,12 @@ msgstr "" "culturales del procomún, y utilizan software libre. Su operación es pequeña, " "eficiente y sostenible, y por esto, es un éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" @@ -6893,8 +7892,8 @@ msgstr "" "Jorge, el éxito significa hacer lo que les trae sentido y propósito, y " "hacerlo de forma sostenible y colaborativa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -6908,13 +7907,13 @@ msgstr "" "se van a frustrar,» dijo Mariana. «Tratamos de mostrarles otra imagen de " "cómo se ve.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" -msgstr "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "Blender Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." @@ -6922,32 +7921,42 @@ msgstr "" "El Blender Institute es un estudio de animación que crea películas 3-D " "utilizando el software Blender. Fundado en 2006 en los Países Bajos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" -msgstr "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " +#| "copies, selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: crowdfunding (basado en subscripción), cobrando por " "copias físicas, venta de mercancía" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 8 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "Entrevistado: Francesco Siddi, coordinador de producción" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -6967,8 +7976,8 @@ msgstr "" "construir la tecnología y contenido que crean de una forma que beneficia a " "Blender y a su comunidad de maneras concretas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -6988,11 +7997,11 @@ msgstr "" "largo y gratificatnte para las comunidades creativas y técnicas, trabajando " "en conjunto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" @@ -7001,12 +8010,12 @@ msgstr "" "producción de Blender, Francesco Siddi, nos dijo, ”Ton cree que si no haces " "contenido empleando tus propias herramientas, no estás haciendo nada.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -7023,8 +8032,8 @@ msgstr "" "inversionistas — Si podía juntar suficiente dinero, podría liberar a Blender " "bajo la Licencia Pública General GNU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -7047,8 +8056,8 @@ msgstr "" "constructor y gestor de comunidades, y puso muchísimo trabajo en crear una " "comunidad de desarrolladores para que el proyecto pudiera vivir.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -7063,15 +8072,15 @@ msgstr "" "obscuridad por diez años.” Ton creó a la Fundación Blender para supervisar y " "administrar al desarrollo y mantenimiento de software." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" "Después de algunos años, Ton comenzó a buscar nuevas maneras de impulsar el " @@ -7084,10 +8093,10 @@ msgstr "" "licenciamiento abierto, sino que al mismo tiempo también mejorarían al " "programa Blender." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -7102,8 +8111,8 @@ msgstr "" "posible era alucinante para la gente”, dijo. ”Decían, 'Tengo que verlo para " "creerlo.'”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -7117,8 +8126,8 @@ msgstr "" "resultó un éxito todavía mayor. La película, Big Buck Bunny, se viralizó, y " "sus caracteres animados fueron recogidos por vendedores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -7127,8 +8136,8 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" "Francesco dice que, al paso del tiempo, los proyectos del Blender Institute " "se han hecho más grandes y prominentes. Eso significa que el proceso de " @@ -7142,11 +8151,11 @@ msgstr "" "gente quiere trabajar con nosotros, y no siempre podemos contratarlos por " "limitantes presupuestales.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " @@ -7160,14 +8169,14 @@ msgstr "" "comunidad y de visionario para su trabajo. ”Hay toda una comunidad que ve y " "comprende el beneficio de estos proyectos,” dice Francesco." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" "Si bien los beneficios derivados de cada proyecto de película abierta son " "por sí solos un discurso de ventas efectivo para las campañas de " @@ -7177,15 +8186,15 @@ msgstr "" "proyecto termina, todos se van a casa,” dijo. ”Es muy divertido, pero " "entonces termina. Eso es un problema.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -7207,8 +8216,8 @@ msgstr "" "también tiene amplios materiales didácticos y bibliotecas de caracteres y " "otros materiales utilizados en varios proyectos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -7220,10 +8229,10 @@ msgstr "" "Francesco dice que su objetivo es ampliar su base de subscriptores. ”Esta es " "nuesra libertad,” nos dice, ”y para los artistas, la libertad lo es todo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -7238,8 +8247,8 @@ msgstr "" "Tienda Blender, donde la gente puede comprar DVDs, camisas, y otros " "productos Blender." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -7251,8 +8260,8 @@ msgstr "" "comprometido a hacer del software y contenido producido por éste libre y " "abierto. Vender una licencia nunca fue parte de su modelo de negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -7270,18 +8279,18 @@ msgstr "" "fuentes originale,s aún así requiere mucho talento, capacidades, tiempo y " "presupuesto reproducir lo que hiciste”, dijo Ton." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "Para Ton y Blender, a fin de cuentas todo se trata de hacer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" -msgstr "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "Cards Against Humanity" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." @@ -7290,28 +8299,36 @@ msgstr "" "produce un popular juego homónimo para fiestas. Fue fundada en 2011 en los " "Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" -msgstr "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: Cobrar por copias físicas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 3 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Max Temkin, cofundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " @@ -7322,14 +8339,14 @@ msgstr "" "”hacemos un produto. Lo vendemos por dinero. Después, gastamos menos dinero " "del que ganamos”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" @@ -7342,8 +8359,8 @@ msgstr "" "según la publicidad de Cards Against Humanity), esto es suficiente para " "lograr un juego hilarante y divertido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -7357,8 +8374,8 @@ msgstr "" "Amazon. Hay paquetes de expansión disponibles, y varios paquetes temáticos " "oficiales, así como ediciones internacionales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -7370,8 +8387,8 @@ msgstr "" "un millón de personas han bajado el juego desde que la compañía comenzó a " "contar las descargas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -7385,8 +8402,8 @@ msgstr "" "bajo los mismos términos de uso no comercial. La posibilidad de adaptar este " "juego es todo un nuevo juego por sí solo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " @@ -7396,8 +8413,20 @@ msgstr "" "descarga gratuita, la apertura a que la gente remezcle el juego— le han dado " "una base de seguidores masiva." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " +#| "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that " +#| "Max Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max " +#| "tells the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on " +#| "New Year’s Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other " +#| "parties. The game was a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a " +#| "free PDF. People started asking if they could pay to have the game " +#| "printed for them, and eventually they decided to run a Kickstarter to " +#| "fund the printing. They set their Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised " +#| "\\$15,000. The game was officially released in May 2011." msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -7406,8 +8435,8 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" "Su éxito no ha sido resultado de un gran plan. Más bien, Cards Against " @@ -7421,8 +8450,8 @@ msgstr "" "fondear la impresión. Fijaron su meta de Kickstarter en \\$4,000 —y " "obtuvieron \\$15,000. El juego salió oficialmente a mercado en mayo de 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " @@ -7432,11 +8461,11 @@ msgstr "" "creciendo. Max dice que los ocho fundadores nuna tuvieron una reunión donde " "decidieran hacer de éste un negocio continuado. ”Simplemente ocurrió,” dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" @@ -7445,20 +8474,33 @@ msgstr "" "irreverente y memorable. Es dificil olvidar a una compañía que llama a las " "preguntas frecuentes de su sitio Web ”Tus tontas preguntas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than " +#| "vulgarity and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black " +#| "Friday illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United " +#| "States, Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving " +#| "holiday, the biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly " +#| "important day for Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. " +#| "retailers. Max said they struggled with what to do on Black Friday " +#| "because they didn’t want to support what he called the “orgy of " +#| "consumerism” the day has become, particularly since it follows a day that " +#| "is about being grateful for what you have. In 2013, after deliberating, " +#| "they decided to have an Everything Costs \\$5 More sale." msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" "Como buena parte de la sátira de calidad, sin embargo, el chiste va más allá " "de la vulgaridad y el valor de impacto. Los esfuerzos de la compañía para " @@ -7474,8 +8516,8 @@ msgstr "" "lo que uno tiene. En 2013, después de deliberarlo mucho, decidieron iniciar " "su Venta de Todo Cuesta \\$5 Más." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " @@ -7485,8 +8527,8 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros _fans_ nos odiarían por eso,” dijo. ”Pero nos hizo reir, así que lo " "hicimos. La gente aceptó perfectamente el chiste.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -7499,15 +8541,22 @@ msgstr "" "gente,” dice Max. ”La gente se sorprende en que haya transparencia en lo que " "hacemos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " +#| "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” " +#| "One year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " +#| "literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " +#| "the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " +#| "day." msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" "Max también le encuentra paralelos con la práctica de la improvisación. ”Si " "hacemos algo un poco subversivo e inesperado, el público quiere ser parte " @@ -7516,18 +8565,18 @@ msgstr "" "razón para hacerlo. Sus seguidores hicieron el chiste más gracioso " "haciéndolo exitoso. Obtuvieron \\$70,000 en un sólo día." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" "Esta notable confianza que tienen en sus clientes es lo que los inspiró a " @@ -7541,11 +8590,11 @@ msgstr "" "no se acabó,” dice Max. ”Si ese es el peor costo de usar CC, lo pagaría cien " "veces, porque los beneficios son muchísimos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." @@ -7557,8 +8606,8 @@ msgstr "" "promover sus creaciones abiertamente. Hoy en día hay cientos de expansiones " "del juego creadas por los seguidores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -7571,16 +8620,16 @@ msgstr "" "los juegos con mayor mercadeo en el mundo, y nunca hemos gastado un décimo " "en la comercialización.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." @@ -7596,14 +8645,14 @@ msgstr "" "a quienes están haciendo un uso comercial del juego, y eso es todo. Sólo ha " "habido un puñado de casos en los que involucraron a un abogado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" @@ -7616,15 +8665,15 @@ msgstr "" "gente que es fácil escribirlas, pero en realidad representan una gran " "cantidad de trabajo y de atención a las sutilezas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" @@ -7638,8 +8687,8 @@ msgstr "" "un activo para la compañía una vez que su trabajo original es creado y " "publicado, una vez que la gente crea sus propias adaptaciones del juego." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -7653,15 +8702,22 @@ msgstr "" "hcemos chistes y juegos para ganar dinero —ganamos dinero para poder hacer " "más chistes y juegos,” dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 -msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various " +#| "charities and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all " +#| "have other interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things " +#| "going on in our lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us " +#| "taking things from the rest of our lives and channeling some of the " +#| "excitement from the game into it.”" +msgid "" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" "De hecho, la compañía ha dado más de 4 millones de dólares a diversas " "caridades y otras causas. ”Las cartas no son nuestro plan de vida,” dice " @@ -7670,8 +8726,8 @@ msgstr "" "hacemos en el resto de nuestras vidas, y canalizamos algo de la emoción del " "juego hacia ellas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -7686,8 +8742,8 @@ msgstr "" "trabajo necesariamente significa renunciar a algunas oportunidades para " "obtener más dinero de los clientes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -7699,13 +8755,13 @@ msgstr "" "Este tipo de modelo de negocio, sin embargo, le habla a sus valores, hacia " "quién es usted, y por qué está haciendo las cosas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" -msgstr "## The Conversation (La conversación)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "The Conversation (La conversación)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " @@ -7715,28 +8771,36 @@ msgstr "" "comunidad académica y de investigación y entregado directamente al público a " "través de Internet. Fundado en el 2011 en Australia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" -msgstr "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership " +#| "fees to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cobrarle a los creadores de contenidos (las " "universidades pagan una cuota de membresía para tener a sus profesores como " "escritores), donaciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Andrew Jaspan, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -7753,8 +8817,8 @@ msgstr "" "2005, su preocupación por el futuro del periodismo no desapareció. Andrew " "realizó un compromiso de regresar con un modelo alternativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -7769,8 +8833,8 @@ msgstr "" "estaba preocupado acerca de la creciente fijación en el sensacionalismo y lo " "sexy." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -7808,15 +8872,15 @@ msgstr "" "parte de la sociedad pero desconectada de ella. Existe un inmenso recurso " "público pero no tan bueno al exhibir su experiencia ante amplias audiencias." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " @@ -7834,8 +8898,8 @@ msgstr "" "Comparen esto con los reporteros tomando y escogiendo las sentencias y " "escribiendo lo que ellos quieran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -7858,8 +8922,8 @@ msgstr "" "lanzado en Australia. Todo lo publicado en the Conversation es abiertamente " "licenciado con Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -7878,24 +8942,30 @@ msgstr "" "común. Su misión central es simple: proveer a los lectores una fuente " "fidedigna de información basada en evidencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" "Andrew trabajó mucho para reinventar una metodología para crear contenido " "confiable y creíble. Introdujo nuevas prácticas de trabajo, un estatuto y " -"códigos de conducta.1 Estas guías incluyen divulgar quién es cada autor (con " +"códigos de conducta.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Estas guías incluyen divulgar quién es cada autor (con " "su experiencia relevante); quién está financiando su investigación; y si hay " "algún conflicto de intereses potencial o real. También es importante dónde " "se genera el contenido, e incluso si viene de la universidad y de una " @@ -7907,8 +8977,8 @@ msgstr "" "Cualquiera debería tener libre acceso a su contenido y poder compartirlo o " "republicarlo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -7931,14 +9001,14 @@ msgstr "" "Commons, y en la visión de Andrew, Creative Commons es central para todo lo " "que hace The Conversation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" "Cuando los lectores se encuentran con The Conversation, parece gustarles lo " "que encuentran y se lo recomiendan a sus amigos, pares y redes de contactos. " @@ -7947,8 +9017,8 @@ msgstr "" "trabajo a través de las redes sociales (incluyendo Twitter y Facebook) y a " "través de ser un proveedor acreditado para el feed de Noticias de Google." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -7965,8 +9035,8 @@ msgstr "" "Los fundadores de The Conversation no querían este modelo. The Conversation " "no recibe ningún anuncio y es una empresa sin ánimo de lucro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -7985,8 +9055,8 @@ msgstr "" "Conversation le gustaría estar trabajando con más académicos de otras partes " "del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -8003,8 +9073,8 @@ msgstr "" "permitiría salvaguardar el servicio actual y ayudaría a mejorar la cobertura " "y las características distintivas del servicio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -8019,11 +9089,11 @@ msgstr "" "designados como \"miembros fundadores\", con asientos en el consejo " "editorial asesor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -8039,8 +9109,8 @@ msgstr "" "twitteando, los comentarios, los países de donde provenien los lectores, " "dónde se está republicando el artículo y el número de lecturas por artículo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -8056,10 +9126,10 @@ msgstr "" "conferencia, colaborar, enviar un artículo a una revista y recibir una " "consulta de una empresa sobre un tema." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" @@ -8067,8 +9137,8 @@ msgstr "" "Con The Conversation, las universidades pueden comprometerse con el público " "y moestrar por qué son de valor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -8083,26 +9153,13 @@ msgstr "" "generar tanto un bien público como ganancias que permitan operar al mismo " "tiempo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "Sitio web" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "Cory Doctorow" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "theconversation.com/us/charter" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" -msgstr "## Cory Doctorow" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." @@ -8110,27 +9167,37 @@ msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow es un escritor de ciencia ficción, activista, bloguero y " "periodista. Vive en los Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" -msgstr "craphound.com y boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-" +#| "want, selling translation rights to books" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" "Modelo de negocios: cobrar por las copias físicas (venta de libros), pague-" "lo-que-quiera, vender derechos de traducción de los libros" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de enero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -8147,8 +9214,8 @@ msgstr "" "una cantidad alocada de horas porque es la cosa más importante que sé cómo " "hacer.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " @@ -8158,8 +9225,8 @@ msgstr "" "de hacer cosas que resultó gustarle a la gente y dejar de interponerse en el " "camino para que ellos lo compartieran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -8178,8 +9245,8 @@ msgstr "" "Want to Be Free (\"La información no quiere ser libre\"), acerca del modo en " "que los creadores pueden ganarse la vida en la era de Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " @@ -8189,8 +9256,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero también le pagan por hablar en conferencias y está experimentando con " "modelos de pague-lo-que-quiera para su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -8198,7 +9265,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -8221,19 +9288,19 @@ msgstr "" "hacen ganar dinero, se perdería la autenticidad de lo que hago y la cualidad " "que hace que lo que hago le guste a la gente.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" "Cory ha sido financieramente exitoso, pero el dinero no es su motivación " "primaria. Al comienzo de su libro Information Doesn't Want to Be Free, " @@ -8246,8 +9313,8 @@ msgstr "" "escribió. ”Mucho antes de escribir para mantener alimentado y cobijado, " "estaba escribiendo para mantenerme cuerdo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -8266,8 +9333,8 @@ msgstr "" "que se hagan copias\". En otras palabras, utilizar las licencias CC " "simboliza su visión de mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -8285,12 +9352,12 @@ msgstr "" "Cory dice que su objetivo es convencer a la gente de que deben pagarle por " "su trabajo. \"Empecé por no llamarlos ladrones\", dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -8309,8 +9376,8 @@ msgstr "" "libro, lo que es un gran esfuerzo. Decidí liberarles el tiempo y la energía, " "y darles el libro de manera gratuita en un formato destinado a difundirlo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -8325,12 +9392,12 @@ msgstr "" "empezando. Ahora dicen que solo puede hacerlo porque es un autor ya " "establecido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" @@ -8341,8 +9408,8 @@ msgstr "" "por uno con otra gente suena obvio, pero es destacable cómo mucha gente no " "lo hace\", dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -8350,11 +9417,11 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" "Hacer su trabajo disponible bajo una licencia Creative Commons le permite " "ver a sus fans más grandes como sus embajadores. ”Estar abierto a la " @@ -8370,11 +9437,11 @@ msgstr "" "ser Disney son bastante estrechas, de modo que tengo que tomar toda la ayuda " "que pueda obtener.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -8398,8 +9465,8 @@ msgstr "" "la gente pague por las traducciones si ya hay traducciones de los fans " "disponibles de manera gratuita." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -8409,7 +9476,7 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" @@ -8426,14 +9493,14 @@ msgstr "" "personas hacen de mi trabajo no me cuestan nada y me presentan la " "posibilidad de obtener algo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" @@ -8446,12 +9513,12 @@ msgstr "" "Cory: ”Cada vez que alguien pone un candado sobre algo que te pertenece y no " "te entrega la llave, ese candado no está puesto ahí para tu beneficio.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -8468,8 +9535,8 @@ msgstr "" "alcanzar a su audiencia sin depender de las grandes plataformas que tratarán " "de tomar control sobre su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -8490,15 +9557,15 @@ msgstr "" "un autor en particular. Cory está planificando hacer pronto su propio " "experimento de pague-lo-que-quiera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" @@ -8513,8 +9580,8 @@ msgstr "" "descubrir cómo permanecer conectado con esa gente que ha sido tocada por tu " "trabajo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -8528,58 +9595,66 @@ msgstr "" "nuevo. Lo que es nuevo, escribe en su libro, ”es cuántas formas hay de hacer " "las cosas y cómo llevarlas a la mente y a las manos de otras personas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "Nunca ha sido más fácil pensar como un diente de león." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" -msgstr "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "Figshare" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" "Figshare es una empresa con ánimo de lucro que ofrece un repositorio en " "línea donde los investigadores pueden preservar y compartir los resultados " "de sus investigaciones, incluyendo figuras, conjuntos de datos, imágenes y " "videos. Fundado en el año 2011 en Gran Bretaña." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" -msgstr "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" "Model de negocios: la plataforma le provee servicios pagos a los creadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 28 de enero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Mark Hahnel, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" @@ -8593,8 +9668,8 @@ msgstr "" "un navegador web. Los resultados de la investigación se difunden de una " "forma tal que el modelo actual de publicación académica no permite." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " @@ -8605,8 +9680,8 @@ msgstr "" "con ánimo de lucro ser de confianza? Las respuestas han evolucionado con el " "tiempo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -8623,8 +9698,8 @@ msgstr "" "creía que publicar su investigación completa lo llevaría a tener más citas y " "sería mejor para su carrera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -8636,8 +9711,8 @@ msgstr "" "que ser posible poner toda su investigación online y compartirla con " "cualquiera. Así que empezó a trabajar en una solución." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " @@ -8648,8 +9723,8 @@ msgstr "" "apuntan al objeto original, asegurando que la investigación es citable por " "un período largo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -8666,8 +9741,8 @@ msgstr "" "URL) pueden a menudo cambiar. Mark se asoció con DataCite para la provisión " "de DOIs para datos de investigación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -8681,10 +9756,10 @@ msgstr "" "pares, eligió la CC0 (en el dominio público) para los conjuntos de datos y " "CC BY (Atribución) para figuras, videos y conjuntos de datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." @@ -8695,11 +9770,11 @@ msgstr "" "blog, diciendo que ellos querían hacer lo mismo. Así que lo abrió para que " "ellos también lo utilizaran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." @@ -8712,12 +9787,12 @@ msgstr "" "la licencia MIT, pero las licencias GNU y Apache también pueden ser " "utilizadas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" "Mark buscó fondos para convertir esto en un producto escalable. Luego de " @@ -8726,8 +9801,8 @@ msgstr "" "negocios más viable. Hicieron una inversión inicial y juntos pensaron en un " "modelo de negocios del tipo freemium." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -8749,8 +9824,8 @@ msgstr "" "mantiene el control. Lo licencia. Recibe la atribución y el crédito. " "Nosotros simplemente nos aseguramos de que persista.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -8769,8 +9844,8 @@ msgstr "" "como PDFs no interactivos y estáticos se interesaron en que Figshare les " "proveyera esa funcionalidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -8778,11 +9853,11 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" "Figshare diversificó su modelo de negocios para incluir servicios para " "revistas. Figshare empezó a hospedar grandes cantidades de datos para los " @@ -8798,12 +9873,12 @@ msgstr "" "para nombrar algunas, y las ha convencido de usar licencias Creative Commons " "para los datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " @@ -8818,14 +9893,14 @@ msgstr "" "se interesaron en Figshare. Figshare de nuevo diversificó su modelo de " "negocios, agregando servicios para instituciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" @@ -8838,18 +9913,18 @@ msgstr "" "ofrecen para instituciones, toman en cuenta las necesidades de personas " "bibliotecarias y administradoras, tanto como investigadoras." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" "Como con personas investigadoras y editoriales, Figshare incitó a que las " "instituciones compartieran sus investigacines con CC BY (Atribución), y sus " @@ -8863,8 +9938,8 @@ msgstr "" "(Atribución-NoComercial), CC BY-SA (Atribución-CompartirIgual), o CC BY-ND " "(Atribución-SinDerivados)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -8883,8 +9958,8 @@ msgstr "" "las licencias Creative Commons sin repercusiones negativas, decidió seguir " "el ejemplo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -8900,17 +9975,46 @@ msgstr "" "más impactante, Mark cree que más y más personas investigadoras e " "instituciones la harán su licencia de elección." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +#| "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " +#| "applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " +#| "journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " +#| "Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data " +#| "to be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher " +#| "that converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any " +#| "viewer can alter by changing any of the variables.2" msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Figshare tiene una interfaz de programación de aplicaciones (API por sus " "siglas en Inglés) que hace posible que los datos sean tomados de Figshare y " @@ -8922,8 +10026,8 @@ msgstr "" "convierte los datos en un gráfico visualmente interesante, el cual cualquier " "persona espectadora puede alterar cambiando cualquiera de las variables.2" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -8944,31 +10048,37 @@ msgstr "" "software, y si debían ofrecer a universidades una opción de usar licencias " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" "Mark dice que su éxito es parcialmente sobre estar en el lugar correcto en " "el momento correcto. Él también cree que la diversificación del modelo de " "Figshare a través del tiempo ha sido clave para el éxito. Figshare ahora " "ofrece un exhaustivo conjunto de servicios para personas investigadoras, " -"editoriales e instituciones.3 Si él hubiera confiado solamente en los " +"editoriales e instituciones.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Si él hubiera confiado solamente en los " "ingresos por subscripciones premium, él cree que Figshare hubiera sufrido. " "En los primeros días de Figshare, sus personas usuarias principales eran " "personas académicas empezando o terminando sus carreras. Fue solo porque " "patrocinadoras mandaron licenciamiento abierto que Figshare ahora está " "siendo usado por las principales instituciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -8983,8 +10093,8 @@ msgstr "" "llamada Altmetric rastrea el uso de Figshare por otras, incluyendo Wikipedia " "y fuentes de noticias." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -9010,75 +10120,62 @@ msgstr "" "Figshare no solo apoyando el acceso abierto en investigación, sino también " "permitiendo que las personas colaboren y hagan nuevos descubrimientos." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "figshare.com/features" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "Figure.NZ" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" -msgstr "## Figure.NZ" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ es una organización de caridad sin fines de lucro que hace una " "plataforma de datos en línea designada para hacer que los datos sean " "reusables y fáciles de entender. Fundada en 2012 en Nueva Zelanda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" -msgstr "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " +#| "sponsorships" msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: plataforma que proporciona servicios con costo a los " "creadores, donaciones, patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 3 de mayo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "Entrevistada: Lillian Grace, fundadora" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" "not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " @@ -9110,8 +10207,8 @@ msgstr "" "verdaderamente accesible para todos, con un enfoque específico en Nueva " "Zelanda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -9132,13 +10229,13 @@ msgstr "" "hechos básicos.» Pero entender los hechos básicos algunas veces requiere " "información e investigación por los cuales usualmente tiene que pagar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -9159,8 +10256,8 @@ msgstr "" "NZ, y los esfuerzos se reorientaron hacia proporcionar servicios para " "aquellos que quisieran abrir su información y presentarla visualmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -9171,8 +10268,8 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" @@ -9192,21 +10289,31 @@ msgstr "" "remezclar, y redistribuir la información de Figure.NZ y los gráficos en " "tanto den créditos a la fuente original y a Figure.NZ" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" "Lillian caracteriza la decisión inicial de usar Creative Commons como " "ingenuamente afortunada. Fue recomendada primero a ella por un colega. " @@ -9216,20 +10323,20 @@ msgstr "" "importante se mostró esa decisión. El gobierno de Nueva Zelanda tenía un " "framework de acceso y licenciamiento abierto llamado NZGOAL, el cual " "proporcionaba orientación para las agencias cuando liberaban trabajo y " -"material con y sin copyright.2 Su objetivo es estandarizar el licenciamiento " +"material con y sin copyright.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Su objetivo es estandarizar el licenciamiento " "de obras con derechos de autor del gobierno y cómo se pueden reutilizar, y " "lo realiza con licencias Creative Commons. Como resultdo, 98 porciento de " "toda la información de las agencias gubernamentales es licenciada con " "Creative Commons, lo cual queda muy bien con la decisión de Figure.NZ" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -9249,17 +10356,17 @@ msgstr "" "a la gente que quiere usarla que ellos pueden confiar en los motivos de " "Figure.NZ. Las personas los ven como un luchador y fuente confiable." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -9285,11 +10392,11 @@ msgstr "" "entendibles ? Incluso podría convertirse en un medio para que el gobierno o " "cualquier organización se diferencien, se comercialicen y se creen una marca." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" @@ -9298,8 +10405,8 @@ msgstr "" "valor. Cada parte del modelo de negocios ha sido enfocado en quien va a " "obtener valor de la información y los visuales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -9308,7 +10415,7 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " @@ -9329,8 +10436,8 @@ msgstr "" "disponibles permite a Figure.NZ proporcionar su sitio sin costo para todos " "los usuarios, para verdaderamente democratizar la información." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -9355,39 +10462,50 @@ msgstr "" "transpariencia acerca del nivel de esfuerzo asociado con hacer trabajo que " "nunca se había hecho antes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Una segunda línea de negocios es lo que Figure.NZ llama socios. El banco " "ASB y Statistics New Zealand son socios que soportan los esfuerzos de " "Figure.NZ. Como un ejemplo, con su apoyo Figure.NZ ha sido capaz de crear " "Business Figures, un medio especial para negocios para hallar datos útiles " -"sin tener que saber que preguntas realizar.3" +"sin tener que saber que preguntas realizar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -"Figure.NZ también tiene patrocinadores.4 Los patrocinadores donan a las " +"Figure.NZ también tiene patrocinadores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Los patrocinadores donan a las " "áreas temáticas de las que se preocupan, lo que permite directamente a " "Figure.NZ para obtener datos juntos para desarrollar esas áreas. Los " "patrocinadores no dirigen qué datos están incluidos o excluidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ también acepta donaciones filantrópicas, los cuales son usados " @@ -9396,8 +10514,8 @@ msgstr "" "apoyo en especie. Como una entidad caritativa, las donaciones son deducibles " "de impuestos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -9420,15 +10538,15 @@ msgstr "" "ser más eficientes. En vez de crecer internamente, estan creciendo y " "construyendo relaciones externas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" "El sitio web de Figure.NZ exhibe visuales y datos asociados con un amplio " @@ -9440,8 +10558,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas la manera de pensar, no a pensar por ellas. Figure.NZ quiere crear " "experiencias intuitivas, no manuales de usuarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -9467,8 +10585,8 @@ msgstr "" "esta buscando proporcionar un lugar para la gente que se interesa en , " "accede, e interpreta los datos de los tópicos en los que están interesados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -9485,8 +10603,8 @@ msgstr "" "tenían acceso a la información y quienes tomaron decisiones en nombre de " "otros, ya fuera en nombre de un país o de empresas. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " @@ -9497,8 +10615,8 @@ msgstr "" "ahora, el mejor futuro es aquel donde cualquiera puede tomar decisiones bien " "informadas.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " @@ -9509,12 +10627,12 @@ msgstr "" "no usamos números como parte de nuestro pensamiento y nuestro entendiemiento " "aún.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -9532,8 +10650,8 @@ msgstr "" "Todavía creemos que solo unos pocos con entrenamiento especializado puede " "analizar y pensar con números.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -9546,13 +10664,13 @@ msgstr "" "posible. Lo que puedes observar en Figure.NZ son decenas de miles de " "gráficos, mapas y datos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" @@ -9565,8 +10683,8 @@ msgstr "" "entendimiento y trabajar juntos en formas más informadas para modelar el " "futuro.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -9581,70 +10699,53 @@ msgstr "" "través del uso de sus servicios. Creative Commons es fundamental para hacer " "que el efecto red sea posible." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "figure.nz/business/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" +msgstr "Knowledge Unlatched" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "figure.nz/patrons/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" -msgstr "## Knowledge Unlatched" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" "Knowledge Unlatched es una empresa de interés comunitario sin ánimo de lucro " "que reune a las bibliotecas para reunir fondos para publicar libros de " "acceso abierto. Fundada en 2012 en el Reino Unido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" -msgstr "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: financiamiento comunitario (especializado)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 26 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Frances Pinter, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -9654,7 +10755,7 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." @@ -9675,10 +10776,10 @@ msgstr "" "Innovation Award de la Universidad de Curtin por inovación en educación en " "2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." @@ -9689,8 +10790,8 @@ msgstr "" "herramienta para proteger el contenido enlinea y distribuirlo libremente " "entre los usuarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -9702,8 +10803,8 @@ msgstr "" "usando licencias Creative Commons y ver qué ocurría con las ventas de " "impresos. La ventas subieron, no bajaron." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -9713,11 +10814,11 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" "En 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, una nueva línea editorial de Bloomsbury " "Publishing en el Reino Unido, la nombró su editor fundador en Londres. Como " @@ -9734,11 +10835,11 @@ msgstr "" "licenciados bajo Creative Commons actuaran como un vehículo de mercadotecnia " "para el formato impreso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " @@ -9752,8 +10853,8 @@ msgstr "" "libro impreso era el cono de helado, y el e-book mejorado era la cobertura " "del helado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -9770,11 +10871,11 @@ msgstr "" "y el libro electrónico—el cono de helado o la parte de la cobertura del " "modelo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." @@ -9787,8 +10888,8 @@ msgstr "" "versión de acceso abierto del libro liberado bajo una licencia Creative " "Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -9808,8 +10909,8 @@ msgstr "" "seguir adelante y lanzar una compañía de interés comunitario (un termino del " "RU para las empresas sociales sin ánimo de lucro) en 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" @@ -9817,8 +10918,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ella describe el modelo de negocios en un paper llamado Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Acedemic Publishing:" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." @@ -9826,8 +10927,8 @@ msgstr "" "Las editoriales ofrecen títulos para su venta que reflejan los costos de " "generación sólo a través de Knowledge Unlatched." -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." @@ -9835,8 +10936,8 @@ msgstr "" "Cada biblioteca selecciona títulos tanto títulos individuales como " "colecciones (como lo hacen con los proveedores de bibliotecas ahora)." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." @@ -9844,8 +10945,8 @@ msgstr "" "Sus selecciones son enviadas a Knowledge Unlatched especificando los títulos " "que serán comprados y los precios establecidos." -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -9857,8 +10958,8 @@ msgstr "" "establecidos de publicar cada título que fue seleccionado por un número \n" "mínimo de bibliotecas para cubrir la Cuota por Título." -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " @@ -9869,25 +10970,40 @@ msgstr "" "entonces se les paga la Cuota por Título que es el total recolectado de las " "bibliotecas." -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Las editoriales hacen copias impresas, libros electrónicos, y otras " "versiones digitales de títulos seleccionados disponibles para las " "bibliotecas miembros con un descuento que refleje su contribución a la Cuota " -"por Título e incentivan las membresías.1" +"por Título e incentivan las membresías.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " +#| "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " +#| "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " +#| "cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an " +#| "average price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly " +#| "three hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in " +#| "at just under forty-three dollars." msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." @@ -9900,20 +11016,30 @@ msgstr "" "de trescientas bibliotecas compartiendo los costos, y el precio por libro " "bajo hasta cuarenta y tres dolares." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" "Las versiones Creative Commons con acceso abierto de estos veintiocho libros " -"todavía estan disponibles enlinea.4 La mayoría de los libros has sido " +"todavía estan disponibles enlinea.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> La mayoría de los libros has sido " "licenciados con CC BY-NC o CC BY-NC.ND. Los autores son los poseedores de " "los derechos de autor, no la editorial, y negocian la opción de licencia " "como parte del acuerdo editorial. Frances encontró que la mayoría de los " @@ -9922,14 +11048,14 @@ msgstr "" "restricción no-comercial en las licencias Creative Commons asegura a los " "autores el continuar obteniendo regalías en la ventas de las copias físicas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." @@ -9944,14 +11070,14 @@ msgstr "" "número de bibliotecas participantes excede el mínimo, entonces el costo de " "la orden y el precio por libro baja para cada biblioteca." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -9973,8 +11099,8 @@ msgstr "" "obtener el compromiso de las bibliotecas, cobrar a las bibliotecas, y " "finalmente, desbloquearlos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " @@ -9985,8 +11111,8 @@ msgstr "" "de las bibliotecas tienen que emparejarse con los ciclos de adquisición, " "ciclos de presupuestos, y las juntas del directorio de las bibliotecas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -10004,8 +11130,8 @@ msgstr "" "también no solo con bibliotecas individuales sino también con consorcios " "bibliotecarios, que ha involucrado a más bibliotecas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " @@ -10015,8 +11141,8 @@ msgstr "" "segunda mitad del 2016. También ofrecera títulos rezagados, y en 2017 " "comenzará a hacer revistas especializadas de acceso libre también." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " @@ -10027,11 +11153,20 @@ msgstr "" "fundamentales, pero también problemáticas de mantener en el modelo editorial " "estandar cerrado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph " +#| "is \\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 " +#| "range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who " +#| "in the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three " +#| "hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For " +#| "the first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the " +#| "second round, it took one month to get twenty-six." msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " @@ -10047,11 +11182,11 @@ msgstr "" "ronda, tomó cinco meses reunir trece editoriales. Para la segunda ronda, " "tomó únicamente un mes reunir veintiseis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -10067,8 +11202,8 @@ msgstr "" "de la primera ronda describiendo su experiencia y los beneficios de tomar " "parte de ello.)5" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -10088,14 +11223,22 @@ msgstr "" "Únicamente de manera secundaria consideran obtener un libro impreso, y si lo " "hacen, lo compran de manera separada de la versión digital." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 -msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. " +#| "Many of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the " +#| "monograph anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 " +#| "for a digital multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them " +#| "less, and it opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but " +#| "to the world." +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" "Knowledge Unlatched da un argumento económico convincente a las bibliotecas. " "Muchas de las bibliotecas participantes habrían comprado una copia de la " @@ -10104,8 +11247,8 @@ msgstr "" "desbloquearla. Les cuesta menos, y abre el libro no únicamente a las " "bibliotecas participantes, sino al mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -10129,8 +11272,8 @@ msgstr "" "Para finales de Marzo de 2016, los libros de la primera ronda han sido " "descargados cerca de ochenta mil veces en 175 países." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." @@ -10138,15 +11281,15 @@ msgstr "" "Para las editoriales, autores, y bibliotecarios, el modelo de Knowledge " "Unlatched para monografías es un ganar-ganar-ganar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" @@ -10161,15 +11304,15 @@ msgstr "" "procesos. Los planes a futuro incluyen desbloquear revistas especializadas " "y libros antiguos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" @@ -10182,38 +11325,13 @@ msgstr "" "lo económico es diferente. Para Frances, Knowledge Unlatched está conectado " "al pasado pero moviendose al futuro, una evolución en vez de una revolución." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "www.oapen.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 +msgid "Lumen Learning" +msgstr "Lumen Learning" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "www.hathitrust.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" -msgstr "## Lumen Learning" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." @@ -10222,54 +11340,70 @@ msgstr "" "educativas a usar recursos educacionales abiertos (OER). Fundada en 2013 en " "los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" -msgstr "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cargos por servicios personalizados, subsidios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 21 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "Entrevistado: David Wiley y Kim Thanos, cofundadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." msgstr "" "Cofundada por el visionario de la educación abierta Dr. David Wiley y el " "estratega de educación-tecnología Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning está dedicada a " "mejorar el exito de los estudiantes, aportando nuevas ideas a la pedagogía, " "y haciendo a la educación más asequible al facilitar la adopción de recursos " "educativos abiertos. En 2012, David y Kim se asociaron en un proyecto " -"subsidiado llamado la Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.1 Involucraba un " +"subsidiado llamado la Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Involucraba un " "conjunto de cursos de educación general totalmente abiertos por medio de " "ocho colegios que predominanatemente daban servicio a estudiantes en riesgo, " "con objetivos para reducir dramáticamente el costo de los libros de texto y " @@ -10286,14 +11420,14 @@ msgstr "" "expandir su trabajo en una manera financieramente sostenible. Es entonces " "cuando deciden crear Lumen Learning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" @@ -10306,8 +11440,8 @@ msgstr "" "que cambien la manera de concebir como el subsidio debería ser usado, " "usualmente no hay mucha flexibilidad para hacerlo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -10324,8 +11458,8 @@ msgstr "" "el estaus de con-lucro, con su modelo diferente para y cercano de la " "sustentabilidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -10340,8 +11474,8 @@ msgstr "" "o son liberados bajo alguna licencia abierta que permita el libre uso y " "reorientación por otros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -10349,7 +11483,7 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" @@ -10367,14 +11501,14 @@ msgstr "" "enfocada al estudiante. Lumen Learning ayuda a los colegios y universidades a" "—" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" "remplazar libros de texto costosos en cursos de gran matrícula con OER;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" @@ -10383,8 +11517,8 @@ msgstr "" "materiales del curso OER de Lumen totalmente personalizables a través del " "sistema de gestión de aprendizaje de la institución;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" @@ -10392,8 +11526,8 @@ msgstr "" "medición de las mejoras en el éxito del estudiante con métricas como tasas " "de aprobación, persistencia, y finalización de curso; y" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." @@ -10401,8 +11535,8 @@ msgstr "" "colabora con la facultad para realizar mejoras continuas a los OER basado en " "la investigación del éxito de los estudiantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -10416,13 +11550,13 @@ msgstr "" "y usados por otros en tanto proporcionen los créditos a Lumen Learning " "siguiendo los terminos de las licencias Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" "Hay tres tipos de servicios agrupados que cuestan dinero. La primera opción, " @@ -10431,8 +11565,8 @@ msgstr "" "rastreo de la efectividad. El Candela courseware tiene un costo de diez " "dolares por estudiante suscrito para la institución." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -10446,15 +11580,15 @@ msgstr "" "Los cursos Waymaker tienen un costo de veinticinco dolares por estudiante " "matriculado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" "La tercera opción y línea emergente de negocios para Lumen es proporcionar " "orientación y apoyo para intituciones y sistemas estatales que esten " @@ -10464,8 +11598,8 @@ msgstr "" "y requeridos) al remplazar los libros de texto comerciales y otros recursos " "costosos con OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -10496,8 +11630,8 @@ msgstr "" "desde la perspectiva del modelo de negocios, desde la perspectiva del acceso " "abierto, ha generado un inmenso bienestar en la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -10518,17 +11652,17 @@ msgstr "" "agregados y curan, en aquellos que se ajusten mejor a esas necesidades de " "aprendizaje, que las facultades revisan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" "Algunas veces a las facultades les gustan los OER existentes, pero no de la " "manera en que se presentan. La licencia abierta de los OER existentes " @@ -10541,8 +11675,8 @@ msgstr "" "las fuentes originales intactas, y a todo el nuevo contenido de Lumen se le " "da una licencia Attribution (CC BY)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -10557,8 +11691,8 @@ msgstr "" "para todas las páginas. Esto no funciona bien, sin embargo, cuando se " "mezclan diferentes OER juntos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -10578,8 +11712,8 @@ msgstr "" "licencia y la información de las atribuciones como metadatos, y haciendo que " "se muestren al final de cada página." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -10595,18 +11729,18 @@ msgstr "" "referencias. Algunas veces el número de solicitudes excede la capacidad del " "equipo de ventas de Lumen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" "Para gestionar la demanda y asegurarse el exito de los proyectos, su " "estrategia es ser proactivos y enfocarse en lo qué está pasando en la " @@ -10619,8 +11753,8 @@ msgstr "" "proyectos que pudieran requerir muchos recursos de parte de Lumen, priorizan " "a los que tendrían impacto en el mayor número de estudiantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -10638,8 +11772,8 @@ msgstr "" "y trabajar con las instituciones para identificar nuevos modelos de negocio " "que logren las metas de la institución, mientras Lumen se conserva prospera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -10657,13 +11791,13 @@ msgstr "" "necesitamos ser claros acerca de como nos beneficiamos de y contribuímos con " "la comunidad abierta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" @@ -10674,10 +11808,10 @@ msgstr "" "aquellos que usan los recursos abiertos que den en retorno una cantidad que " "sea justa o que den de regreso algo que sea generoso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -10695,13 +11829,13 @@ msgstr "" "estudiantes; y la sustentabilidad futura con financiamiento que respalde la " "evolución y la mejora de los OER que estén usando." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" @@ -10712,8 +11846,8 @@ msgstr "" "monetizando. Lumen piensa que esos son los cimientos de un modelo " "sostenible y se esfuerza por un balance correcto de todos estos factores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -10725,8 +11859,8 @@ msgstr "" "estructura correcta para su agregación de valor y como empacarlo de manera " "que sea entendible y repetible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -10747,8 +11881,8 @@ msgstr "" "ciento de ingresos ganados, y 20 por ciento financiado con capital ángel. En " "el futuro, su estrategia es reemplazar el financiamiento con ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -10766,18 +11900,13 @@ msgstr "" "su compromiso con los recursos abiertos público, dejar que la gente sepa lo " "que sostienes, y no alejarse de eso. Ciertamente es acerca de la confianza." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "Jonathan Mann" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "## Jonathan Mann" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." @@ -10785,29 +11914,40 @@ msgstr "" "Jonathan Mann es un cantante y escritor de canciones quien es más conocido " "como el tipo de “Song A Day”. Vive en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" -msgstr "jonathanmann.net y jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, " +#| "crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version " +#| "(speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cargos for servicio personalizado, paga-lo-que-quieras, " "financiamiento comunitario (basado en subscripción), cargos por versión en-" "persona (compromisos y presentaciones musicales)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 22 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -10829,8 +11969,8 @@ msgstr "" "resuman lo que el conferencista comentó en las sesiones de la conferencia.\n" "[1] en México lo más parecido sería “milusos”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -10852,8 +11992,8 @@ msgstr "" "\n" "[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAFU" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -10866,14 +12006,14 @@ msgstr "" "consecutivamente canciones a diario, y es ampliamente conocido como el tipo " "“una-canción-al-dia.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" @@ -10885,11 +12025,11 @@ msgstr "" "un acompañamiento de video a la canción porque sabía que las personas gustan " "más de mirar videos enlinea que simplemente escuchar archivos de audio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -10916,10 +12056,10 @@ msgstr "" "con el límite, preparará con antelación y tendrá a alguien más para publicar " "la canción por él." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -10937,13 +12077,21 @@ msgstr "" "[3] gig slang (job) (es, eslang ) curro (mx eslang) chamba (ar eslang) " "laburo" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super " +#| "simple to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a " +#| "heartfelt, fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced " +#| "song and \\$300 for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product " +#| "launches, weddings, conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the " +#| "one that funded the production of this book." msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" @@ -10955,13 +12103,13 @@ msgstr "" "incluso campañas de Kickstarter como aquella que financió la producción de " "este libro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" "Jonathan no puede recordan cuando exactamente aprendio por primera vez " @@ -10971,8 +12119,8 @@ msgstr "" "tendría sentido. Parece una cosa tan obvia que usted quisiera que su trabajo " "pudiera ser compartido.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -10991,8 +12139,8 @@ msgstr "" "trabajar,” comentó Jonathan. “Así es como la música ha trabajado desde el " "principio del tiempo. Nuestro yo-yo, mio-mio cultural ha socavado eso.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -11006,8 +12154,8 @@ msgstr "" "acerca de cómo construír una audiencia enlinea, y generalmente pienso que no " "hago nada de eso,” comentó Jonathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -11026,8 +12174,8 @@ msgstr "" "dandole a Jonathan su principal fuente de ingresos de componer canciones " "personalizadas a sus clientes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -11035,7 +12183,7 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" "Jonathan reconoce lo que le viene naturalmente y aprovecha esas " @@ -11049,13 +12197,13 @@ msgstr "" "sacar la información. Como un buen (y raro) periodista, tradujo los " "conceptos técnicos en algo entendible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -11078,11 +12226,11 @@ msgstr "" "comentó.”Encuentro ese desafio creativo ciertamente satisfactorio. Me gusta " "perderme en el proceso. ”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" @@ -11092,8 +12240,8 @@ msgstr "" "compositor, y ha encontrado un medio para mantenerlo interesante para sí " "mismo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -11115,14 +12263,14 @@ msgstr "" "ha metido a escribir comerciales por la misma razón; el es mejor al usar su " "propio estilo único en vez de imitar a otros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" "El compromiso una-canción-al-dia de Jonathan ejemplifica el poder del habito " @@ -11133,8 +12281,8 @@ msgstr "" "simple práctica y el solo hacer. El trabajo de Jonathan Mann es una " "encarnación viviente de estos principios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -11148,12 +12296,12 @@ msgstr "" "ha quedado tranquilo con solo hacerlo. Si la canción de hoy es un fracaso, " "la canción de mañana puede que sea mejor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" @@ -11164,8 +12312,8 @@ msgstr "" "el Guiness World Records o tener sus canciones usadas por Steve Jobs, dice " "que nunca se siente verdaderamente exitoso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " @@ -11175,13 +12323,13 @@ msgstr "" "una persona creativa nunca se sentirá completamente satisfecha porque " "entonces mucho de lo que los impulsa se iría.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" -msgstr "## Noun Project" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 +msgid "Noun Project" +msgstr "Noun Project" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " @@ -11191,30 +12339,40 @@ msgstr "" "para mostrar iconos visuales de una red global de diseñadores. Fundada en " "2010 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" -msgstr "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cargos de couta por transacción, cargos por servicios " "personalizados" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 6 de octubre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Edward Boatman, cofundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " @@ -11224,15 +12382,15 @@ msgstr "" "símbolos del Noun Project para simplificar las comunicaciones a través de " "las fronteras, lenguajes, y culturas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" "La idea original para el Noun Project llegó al cofundador Edward Boatman " "mientras era estudiante en la escuela de diseño en arquitectura. Él siempre " @@ -11241,8 +12399,8 @@ msgstr "" "si él tuviera una imagen simple o u ícono pequeño de cada objeto o concepto " "en el planeta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -11257,13 +12415,13 @@ msgstr "" "biblioteca de íconos podría ciertamente ayudar a las personas en situaciones " "similarers." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" "Con su socia, Sofya Polyakov, comenzó a recolectar símbolos para un sitio " @@ -11273,16 +12431,34 @@ msgstr "" "imaginar financiar colectivamente iconos y símbolos de diseñadores " "voluntarios alrededor del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a " +#| "huge catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and " +#| "Sofya launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when " +#| "Kickstarter was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to " +#| "introduce the global web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise " +#| "\\$1,500, but in twenty days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their " +#| "idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgstr "" "Entonces Edward fue despedido durante la recesión, lo cuál mostró ser un " "gran catalizador. Decidió darle a su idea una oportunidad, y en 2010 Edward " @@ -11292,8 +12468,8 @@ msgstr "" "\\$1,500 pero en veinte dias obtuvieron más de \\$14,000. Se dieron cuenta " "de que su idea tenía el potencial para ser algo más grande." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -11307,8 +12483,8 @@ msgstr "" "viejos dibujos que solo estan recolectando “polvo digital” en sus discos " "duros. Es fácil convencerlos de compartirlos finalmente con el mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -11325,8 +12501,8 @@ msgstr "" "mantiene y contruye las relaciones que tienen con su comunidad global de " "diseñadores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -11338,8 +12514,8 @@ msgstr "" "Future of Radical Price, el cual introdujo a Edward a la idea de que puedes " "construir un modelo de negocios alrededor del contenido libre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -11364,14 +12540,14 @@ msgstr "" "quieren ofrecer un ícono que las personas puedan usar sin tener que dar " "créditos, pueden usar la CC0 para poner el trabajo en el dominio público." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" @@ -11385,11 +12561,11 @@ msgstr "" "enunciados de créditos. Para Edward, “Ahí fue cuando se nos acabaron las " "ideas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." @@ -11400,18 +12576,31 @@ msgstr "" "gratuitamente y tener una adudiencia global y tal vez hacer algun dinero fue " "muy exitante para muchos diseñadores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without " +#| "giving attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second " +#| "iteration added a subscription component, where there would be a monthly " +#| "fee to access a certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five " +#| "hundred. However, users didn’t like these hard-count options. They " +#| "preferred to try out many similar icons to see which worked best before " +#| "eventually choosing the one they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved " +#| "to an unlimited model, whereby users have unlimited access to the whole " +#| "library for a flat monthly fee. This service is called NounPro and costs " +#| "\\$9.99 per month. Edward says this model is working well—good for " +#| "customers, good for creators, and good for the platform." msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" @@ -11428,19 +12617,19 @@ msgstr "" "este modelo esta trabajando bien—bueno para los usuarios, bueno para los " "creadores, y bueno para la plataforma." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" "Los clientes comenzaron a solicitar una API (application-programming " "interface), la cual permitiría a los íconos y símbolos del Noun Project ser " @@ -11454,10 +12643,10 @@ msgstr "" "aplicación, pero la implementación completa requerirá que se compre las " "versión API Pro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" @@ -11465,17 +12654,27 @@ msgstr "" "una compra de una vez, la ganancia se divide en 70 porciento para el " "diseñador y 30 porciento para Noun Project." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " +#| "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue " +#| "from subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of " +#| "downloads, resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\" +#| "$0.13 per download for that month. For each download, the revenue is " +#| "split 40 percent to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. " +#| "(For API usage, it’s per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s " +#| "share is higher this time as it’s providing more service to the user." msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." msgstr "" "Los ingresos de las compras premium (la suscripción y las opciones de la " "API ) se dividen de una manera diferente. Al final de cada mes, el total de " @@ -11487,19 +12686,27 @@ msgstr "" "Lo compartido por Noun Project es mayor actualmente porque está " "proporcionando más servicios al usuario." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" "El Noun Project intenta ser completamente transparente acerca de su " -"estructura de regalias.2 Tienden a sobre-comunicarse con los creadores " +"estructura de regalias.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tienden a sobre-comunicarse con los creadores " "acerca de eso porque construir confianza es la principal prioridad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -11512,19 +12719,31 @@ msgstr "" "amplias: suficiente dinero para comprar cerveza; suficiente para pagar las " "cuentas; y el más exitoso de todos, suficiente para pagar la renta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 -msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +#| "use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but " +#| "also their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag " +#| "any visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for " +#| "teams so people can share visuals with each other and search across their " +#| "combined collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\" +#| "$9.99 per month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per " +#| "month allows up to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, " +#| "use, edit, and add new assets to each other’s collections. And if you " +#| "subscribe to NounPro, you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgid "" +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" "Recientemente Noun Project lanzó una app llamada Lingo. Los diseñadores " "pueden usar Lingo para organizar no solo sus iconos y símbolos en Noun " @@ -11539,8 +12758,8 @@ msgstr "" "uno. Y si se suscriben al Noun ProjectPro, pueden acceder al mismo desde " "Lingo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -11554,8 +12773,8 @@ msgstr "" "publicidad y diseño, educadores, y otros quienes necesiten comunicar ideas " "visuales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " @@ -11565,11 +12784,11 @@ msgstr "" "aspecto más importante de lo hacen ellos; es su misión declarada. Eso los " "diferencia de otros que ofrecen gráficos, iconos o imágenes predefinidas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " @@ -11583,8 +12802,8 @@ msgstr "" "misión , en primero. Si quiere comprometerse en una red global de " "contribuyentes, es importante tener una misión más allá de hacer dinero." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -11596,8 +12815,8 @@ msgstr "" "genuina y ha generado mucho de su impulso inicial y credibilidad. CC viene " "dentro con una comunidad de usuarios y fans." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -11615,8 +12834,8 @@ msgstr "" "seguir fomentando esa comunidad a través de otras iniciativas y continuar " "alimentándola.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -11628,16 +12847,25 @@ msgstr "" "de perfil; cada perfil muestra su colección completa. Los usuarios también " "pueden buscar los íconos por el nombre del creador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " +#| "icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " +#| "comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " +#| "gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " +#| "designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " +#| "and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " +#| "free." msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" "El Noun Project tambien construye una comunidad a través de Iconotones—" "hackatones para íconos. En sociedad con una sociedad patrocinadora, el Noun " @@ -11647,8 +12875,8 @@ msgstr "" "Los resultados son vectorizados, y agregados en el Noun Project usando la " "CC0 de tal manera que puedan ser usados por cualquiera gratuitamente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -11664,77 +12892,68 @@ msgstr "" "El exito del Noun Project se encuentra en crear servicios y contenido qie " "sean una mezcla estratégica de gratuitos y por pago mientras se mantiendn " "honestos a su misión—crear, compartir, y celebrar el lenguaje visual " -"mundial. Integrar Creative Commons dentro de su modelo ha sido clave para " -"esa meta." - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" +"mundial. Integrar Creative Commons dentro de su modelo ha sido clave para " +"esa meta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "## Open Data Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "Open Data Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" "El Open Data Institute es una entidad no lucrativa independiente que " "conecta, equipa, e inspira a gente alrededor del mundo para inovar con " "datos. Fundada en 2012 en RU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" -msgstr "theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom " +#| "services, donations" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: financiamiento por subvenciones y gubernamental, cargos " "por servicios personalizados, donaciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 11 de noviembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "Entrevistado: Jeni Tennison, director técnico" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" "Cofundado entre Sir Tim Berners-Lee y Sir Nigel Shadbolt en 2012, el Open " @@ -11746,8 +12965,8 @@ msgstr "" "rol crítico en la misión del ODI ayudando a las personas alrededor del mundo " "a inovar con los datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -11771,8 +12990,8 @@ msgstr "" "inversiones. Pueden ayudar a los ciudadanos a mejorar sus vidas al " "permitirles entender mejor qué es lo que esta pasando alrededor de ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -11787,8 +13006,8 @@ msgstr "" "políticas abiertas y de datos abiertos.) Continua diciendo que el ODI " "quiere —" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" @@ -11796,26 +13015,37 @@ msgstr "" "demostrar el valor comercial de los datos de gobierno abiertos y cómo las " "políticas de datos abiertos afectan esto;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" "desarrollar el caso del beneficio económico y el modelos de negocios para " "los datos abiertos;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "ayudar a los negocios del RU a usar los datos abiertos; y" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"mostrar cómo los datos abiertos pueden mejorar los servicios públicos.1" +"mostrar cómo los datos abiertos pueden mejorar los servicios públicos.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -11833,13 +13063,20 @@ msgstr "" "particular del ODI es mostrar el potencial de los datos abiertos para los " "ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " +#| "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " +#| "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching " +#| "funds from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-" +#| "million investment from the Omidyar Network." msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" "Como una entidad independiente y sin ánimo de lucro, el ODI aseguró £10 " @@ -11849,11 +13086,11 @@ msgstr "" "de otras fuentes, algunas de las cuales fueron cubiertas a través de una " "inversión de \\$4.75 millones de la Omidyar Network." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." @@ -11865,8 +13102,8 @@ msgstr "" "comenzando, como una de seis personas que lo conformaban. Actualmente tiene " "un staff de sesenta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -11881,8 +13118,8 @@ msgstr "" "tmabién los mantiene motivados para salir y generar esos fondos " "complementarios en respuesta a las necesidades del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." @@ -11890,11 +13127,11 @@ msgstr "" "En el lado comercial, el ODI genera fondos a través de membresías, " "capacitación, y servicios de asesoría." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -11916,8 +13153,8 @@ msgstr "" "beneficios de los datos abiertos, y abrir nuevas oportunidades. (Todos " "miembros son listados en su sitio web.)2" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -11942,8 +13179,8 @@ msgstr "" "algunas veces dan vouchers a sus empleados de tal manera que puedan asistir " "como una forma de desarrollo profesional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -11960,8 +13197,8 @@ msgstr "" "ejecutivos de alto nivel, administradores y equipo técnico. La capacitación " "tiende a generar gran interés y compromiso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -11976,8 +13213,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas y organizaciones asisten y participan. En 2014, hubo cuatro " "temáticas principales y más de 750 asistentes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -11994,15 +13231,15 @@ msgstr "" "gobierno, pero el ODI está trabajando para desplazarse más hacia las " "organizaciones comerciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" "Del lado comercial, las siguiente proposiciones de valor parecen resonar:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " @@ -12013,8 +13250,8 @@ msgstr "" "valor y perseguir más efectivamente sus propias metas si abren sus propios " "datos también. Los datos abiertos son un tópico candente." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -12028,8 +13265,8 @@ msgstr "" "principal es invitar a otras personas para ayudar mientras aún se mantien la " "autonomía organizativa." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -12042,8 +13279,8 @@ msgstr "" "una manera de ser transparente y rendir cuentas, pueden perder en eficiencia " "y oportunidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -12060,13 +13297,13 @@ msgstr "" "servicios para gobiernos internacionales, quienes mostraron una necesidad de " "crear “nodos” internacionales del ODI." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " @@ -12082,24 +13319,33 @@ msgstr "" "diferentes a través de diecinueve naciones. A dos nodos ODI se les cobra una " "pequeña cuota por ser parte de la red y usar la marca." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "El ODI también tiene programas para ayudar a las start-ups en el RU y a " "través de Europa a desarrollar un negocio sostenible alrededor de los datos " "abiertos, ofreciendo mentoría, consejo, capacitación, e incluso espacio para " -"oficinas.3" +"oficinas.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." @@ -12112,24 +13358,30 @@ msgstr "" "es fundamental para triunfar. Dedican tiempo y esfuerzos significativos para " "construirla, no únicamente enlinea sino a través de eventos cara-a-cara." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "El ODI ha creado una herramienta enlinea que las organizaciones pueden " "utilizarla para evaluar los aspectos legales, prácticos, técnicos, y " "sociales de sus datos abiertos. Si es de alta calidad, la organización puede " "ganar el Open Data Certificate (certificado de datos abiertos ) de la ODI, " "una marca reconocida globalmente que declara que sus datos abiertos son " -"usables, confiables, accesibles, descubribles, y que están soportados.4" +"usables, confiables, accesibles, descubribles, y que están soportados.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -12142,8 +13394,8 @@ msgstr "" "herramientas de datos abiertos, y cómo implementar los datos abiertos en " "escala." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -12155,8 +13407,8 @@ msgstr "" "alienta a los publicadores de datos a usar las licencias Creative Commons en " "vez de crear “licencias abiertas” de su autoría." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -12165,7 +13417,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -12190,11 +13442,11 @@ msgstr "" "es que es completamente posible ser abierto, conseguir clientes, y hacer " "dinero.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" "Para que sirva de evidencia de un modelo de negocios abierto exitoso y del " @@ -12202,8 +13454,8 @@ msgstr "" "desempeño fundamentales. He aquí unas cuantas mediciones a pertir del 27 de " "Abril de 2016:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -12215,18 +13467,18 @@ msgstr "" "directos y asociaciones, y los ingresos que los nodos y las nuevas empresas " "del ODI han generado desde su incorporación al programa ODI: £ 44.5 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "Número total de miembros activos y nodos alrededor del mundo: 1,350" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "Ventas totales desde que comenzó el ODI: £7.44 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" @@ -12234,90 +13486,68 @@ msgstr "" "Número total de personas individuales alcanzadas desde que comenzó el ODI, " "en persona y enlinea: 2.2 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "Total de certificados de Open Data creados: 151, 000" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" "Número total de personas capacitadas por el ODI y sus nodos desde que el ODI " "comenzó: 50,805" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "directory.theodi.org/members" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "certificates.theodi.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" -msgstr "## OpenDesk" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" +msgstr "OpenDesk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" "Opendesk es una compañía de lucro que ofrece una plataforma enlinea que " "conecta a los diseñadores de mobiliario alrededor del mundo con clientes y " "creadores locales quienes traen el diseño a la vida. Fundada en 2014 en el " "RU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" -msgstr "www.opendesk.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cargos por una cuota de transacción" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 4 de noviembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "Entrevistados: Nick Ierodiaconou y Joni Steiner, cofundadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -12330,8 +13560,8 @@ msgstr "" "Opendesk y el diseñador reciben una porción de cada venta que es realizada " "por un creador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -12362,8 +13592,8 @@ msgstr "" "caminos separados, con Wikihouse volviendose una fundación sin ánimo de " "lucro y Opendesk en una campañía de lucro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -12376,8 +13606,8 @@ msgstr "" "del diseño tenía la intención, pero completar esa visión estaba todavía " "lejos del camino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -12398,8 +13628,8 @@ msgstr "" "mantener la propiedad? Al final, decidieron que no había necesidad de " "reinventar la rueda y decidieron usar las Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -12413,8 +13643,8 @@ msgstr "" "viable que beneficiara a los diseñadores cuando sus diseños se vendieran. " "Salir con un modelo de negocios iba a ser complejo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " @@ -12424,8 +13654,8 @@ msgstr "" "permitir a los diseñadores escoger sus licencias, y el impacto que estas " "decisiones en el modelo de negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -12440,21 +13670,26 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons, decidiendo por sí mismos que tan abiertos o cerrados " "quieren ser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "En su mayoría, los diseñadores aman la idea de compartir contenido. " "Entienden que reciben realimentación positiva cuando se les dá crédito, lo " "que Nick y Joni llamaron “atractivo reputacional.” Y Opendesk hace un " -"magnífico trabajo perfilando a los diseñadores.1" +"magnífico trabajo perfilando a los diseñadores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -12467,13 +13702,13 @@ msgstr "" "beneficio. Por lo que la mayoría de los diseñadores Opendesk escogen la " "licencia Attributtion-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." @@ -12487,8 +13722,13 @@ msgstr "" "Control) que corta formas de las hojas de madera de acuerdo a las " "especificaciones en el archivo de diseño." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -12496,7 +13736,8 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Los creadores se benefician de ser parte de la red de Opendesk. Elaborar " "mobilario para los clientes locales es un trabajo pagado, y Opendesk genera " @@ -12505,12 +13746,12 @@ msgstr "" "donde las personas podían escribir ahí acerca de sus capacidades. Construir " "la comunidad del aprendizaje de la comunidad de creadores es como nos hemos " "avanzado.” Actualmente Opendesk tiene relaciones con cientos de creadores en " -"países alrededor del mundo.2" +"países alrededor del mundo.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" @@ -12518,8 +13759,8 @@ msgstr "" "modelo se basa en las cotizaciones de los creadores. Asi es como se expresa " "en el sitio web de Opendesk:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" @@ -12527,8 +13768,8 @@ msgstr "" "Cuando los clientes compran un producto Opendesk directamente de un creador " "registrado, ellos pagan:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " @@ -12538,8 +13779,8 @@ msgstr "" "costos de fabricación del producto que será manufacturado y cualquier costo " "extra por ensamblado cargado por el creador)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" @@ -12547,8 +13788,8 @@ msgstr "" "una cuota por diseño para el diseñador (una cuota por diseño que es pagada " "al diseñador cada vez que su diseño es usado)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " @@ -12558,8 +13799,8 @@ msgstr "" "infraestructura y el desarrollo continuo de la plataforma que nos ayuda a " "contruir nuestro mercado)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -12572,8 +13813,8 @@ msgstr "" "de sus propios canales—esto cubre ventas y cuotas de marketing para el canal " "relevante)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" @@ -12582,8 +13823,8 @@ msgstr "" "por el creador, pero en algunos casos puede ser pagada a un servicio de " "entrega externo asociado)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -12595,30 +13836,30 @@ msgstr "" "casos los creadores estarán felices de presupuestar por el ensamblado en " "sitio y los diseñadores podrían ofrecer opciones de diseño a la medida)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" "impuestos por ventas locales (variable por la ubicación del cliente y el " "creador)3" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" "A continuación, se detallan cómo se crean las cotizaciones de los creadores:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" "Cuando los clientes quieren comprar un Opendesk . . . se les proporciona un " "desglose transparente de las cuotas incluyendo el costo de manufactura, " @@ -12630,8 +13871,8 @@ msgstr "" "venta. Las cuotas de porcentaje están basadas siempre en los costos de " "manufactura subyacentes y son típicamente prorrateado de la siguiente manera:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" @@ -12640,31 +13881,31 @@ msgstr "" "por el creador (excluyendo cualquier servicio como la entrega o el " "ensamblado en sitio)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "cuota por diseño: 8 porciento del costo de manufactura" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "cuota de plataforma: 12 porciento del costo de manufactura" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "cuota de canal: 18 porciento del costo de manufactura" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "impuesto de venta: los aplicables (depende del producto y ubicación)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" "Opendesk comparte ingresos con su comunidad de diseñadores. De acuerdo con " @@ -12672,10 +13913,10 @@ msgstr "" "asi el 8 porciento de Opendesk es más generoso, y proporciona una mayor " "valor al diseñador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " @@ -12687,14 +13928,14 @@ msgstr "" "países. I.J. CNC Services es Ian Jinks, un creador profesional ubicado en el " "Reino Unido. Actualmente Opendesk representa una gran parte de sus negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" "Para administrar recursos y mantenerse eficaz, Opendesk desde hace mucho se " @@ -12705,8 +13946,8 @@ msgstr "" "rápidamente con precios competitivos. También refleja su visión de crear " "piezas funcionales y reproducibles." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -12721,8 +13962,8 @@ msgstr "" "social y amigable con el ambiente, a la producción en masa y una forma más " "asequible para comprar productos personalizados.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -12737,28 +13978,33 @@ msgstr "" "para contar. Ciertamente pone aparte al mobilario Opendesk de los objetos " "usuales producidos en masa de una tienda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" "Nick y Joni estan tomando un acercamiento basado en la comunidad para " "definir y evolucionar a Opendesk y el modelo de negocios de “creación " "abierta”. Estan involucrando a los líderes del pensamiento y a los afiliados " "a definir este nuevo movimiento. Tienen un sitio separado de Open Making, el " "cual incluye un manifiesto, una guía de campo, y una invitación a " -"involucrarse en la comunidad del Open Making.4 La gente puede enviar sus " +"involucrarse en la comunidad del Open Making.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> La gente puede enviar sus " "ideas y discutir los principios y las prácticas de negocios que a ellos les " "gustaría ver que se usaran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -12773,8 +14019,8 @@ msgstr "" "mayoría de los diseñadores Opendesk escogen la licencia Attribution-" "NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" @@ -12782,23 +14028,23 @@ msgstr "" "Opendesk estableció un conjunto de principios para lo que su comunidad " "considera usos comerciales y no comerciales. Su sitio web declara:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "Es inequívocamente uso comercial cuando alguien:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "carga una cuota o tiene una ganancia cuando hace un Opendesk" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "vende (o tiene un servicio comercial basado en) un OpenDesk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " @@ -12808,8 +14054,8 @@ msgstr "" "por tí mismo, sin intención de ganar ventaja comercial o compensación " "monetaria. Por ejemplo, estos califican como no comercial:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" @@ -12818,8 +14064,8 @@ msgstr "" "CNC compartida, y personalmente cortará y hará unas pocas piezas de " "mobiliario por sí mismo" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" @@ -12827,8 +14073,8 @@ msgstr "" "es un estudiante (o un maestro) y usa el archivo de diseño con propósitos " "educativos o capacitación (y no intenta vender las piezas resultantes)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" @@ -12842,8 +14088,8 @@ msgstr "" "objetos o artefactos haciendo uso de las herramientas que se encuentran " "disponibles para ti en los diferentes talleres que lo conforman" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -12863,11 +14109,11 @@ msgstr "" "diseñadores, canales, manufacturadores, y clientes. Para ellos, el valor que " "genera Opendesk depende del “abierto,” no de la propiedad intelectual." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." @@ -12878,8 +14124,8 @@ msgstr "" "en mediciones del éxito que registran cuantos creadores y diseñadores estan " "involucrados a través de Opendesk en trabajo generador de ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " @@ -12890,33 +14136,13 @@ msgstr "" "inclusividad. Como lo describen Nick y Joni, ponen ideas ahí afuera que " "ganan impulso y entonces tienen esperanza en las personas." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "www.opendesk.cc/designers" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" +msgstr "OpenStax" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "openmaking.is" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "## OpenStax" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " @@ -12926,32 +14152,42 @@ msgstr "" "de texto de licencia abierta para cursos de introducción escolar de alta " "demanda y cursos de posicionamiento avanzado. Fundado en 2012 en los EUA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" -msgstr "www.openstaxcollege.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " +#| "physical copies (textbook sales)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: donaciones, cobros por servicios personalizados, cobros " "por copias físicas (ventas de libros de texto)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 16 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "Entrevistado: David Harris, Editor en Jefe" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -12974,15 +14210,15 @@ msgstr "" "licenciado con Creative Commons y disponible para cualquiera, donde sea, en " "cualquier momento— sin costo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" @@ -12996,8 +14232,8 @@ msgstr "" "OpenStax CNX; el programa para crear libros de texto abiertos se volvió " "OpenStax College, ahora simplemente OpenStax." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -13020,28 +14256,38 @@ msgstr "" "que esto conduciria a un posterior y acelerado crecimiento a través de la " "fácil adopción por parte de los estudiantes y profesores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" "En 2012, se lanzó OpenStax College como una organización sin animo de lucro " "con la intención de producir libros de texto de alta calidad, con revisión " "por pares y a completos que pudieran estar disponibles sin costo para los " "veinticinco cursos con la más alta matrícula colegial en la nación. Hay " "información que prueba el exito de su hipótesis original de cuantos " -"estudiantes pueden ayudara y cuanto dinero pueden ayudar a ahorrar.1 El " +"estudiantes pueden ayudara y cuanto dinero pueden ayudar a ahorrar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> El " "contenido producido profesionalente escala rápidamente. Todo sin una fuerza " "de ventas!" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -13058,8 +14304,8 @@ msgstr "" "incita a los estudiantes para que hablen con sus profesores y bibliotecarios " "acerca de estos libros de texto y que promuevan su uso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -13074,8 +14320,8 @@ msgstr "" "capítulos, realizar cambios, y personalizar cualquier libro para que se " "adecúe a sus necesidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -13088,13 +14334,25 @@ msgstr "" "texto, OpenStax tambien provee presentaciones, bancos de pruebas, preguntas " "clave, y más." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " +#| "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " +#| "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax " +#| "keeps a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Las instituciones pueden sobresalir al ofrecer a los estudiantes una " "educación de costo reducido a través del uso de los libros de texto de " @@ -13103,8 +14361,8 @@ msgstr "" "estudiantes. OpenStax mantiene una lista de instituciones que han adoptado " "sus libros de texto. 2" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -13116,8 +14374,8 @@ msgstr "" "OpenStax adoptó un modelo que adopta las licencias abiertas y se apoya una " "red extensiva de asociados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -13137,8 +14395,8 @@ msgstr "" "titulos adicionales y costear la tecnología se espera que todavia requiera " "inversión filantrópica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -13158,14 +14416,14 @@ msgstr "" "detalladas y un tutorial de apoyo. Los recursos de WebAssign estan " "disponibles a los alumnos por una cuota." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" @@ -13177,17 +14435,17 @@ msgstr "" "proyecto. OpenStax ha públicado revisiones de sus titulos, tales como " "Introducción a la Sociología 2da Ed, usando estos fondos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" "En la visión de David, este acercamiento permite al mercado operar con " "eficiencia máxima. Los participantes de OpenStax no tienen que preocuparse " @@ -13199,8 +14457,8 @@ msgstr "" "tambien a través de publicidad gratuita y mercadeo. OpenStax no tiene una " "fuerza de ventas; sus participantes estan afuera mostrando sus materiales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -13214,12 +14472,12 @@ msgstr "" "OER parecido a OpenStax en comparación con los inconvenientes. David espera " "compartir estos hallazgos con la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " @@ -13235,19 +14493,19 @@ msgstr "" "pequeño de cada libro vendido, lo cual también contribuye a las operaciones " "corrientes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" "Las librerías ubicadas en los campus son parte de la solución de OpenStax. " "OpenStax colabora con la NACSCORP ( Asociación Nacional de la Corporación de " @@ -13261,8 +14519,8 @@ msgstr "" "política no retornable. Esto funciona bien, ya que la venta de sus títulos " "impresos es prácticamente del cien por ciento." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -13279,8 +14537,8 @@ msgstr "" "Entonces se vuelve difícil mostrar la restitución sobre una escala de tiempo " "que sea razonable." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -13303,20 +14561,20 @@ msgstr "" "derechos a los autores. El segundo modelo es desarrollar un libro desde " "cero, un buen ejemplo es su libro de biología." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." @@ -13337,8 +14595,8 @@ msgstr "" "a producción y a través de la corrección de estilo. El proceso completo es " "muy laborioso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -13357,8 +14615,8 @@ msgstr "" "modelo OER 2.0, donde no hay riesgo para ellos y ellos ganan todo el dinero " "por adelantado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -13375,14 +14633,14 @@ msgstr "" "permitir combinaciones sin restricciones, la licencia CC BY da a los " "profesore el control y libertad académica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" @@ -13396,40 +14654,44 @@ msgstr "" "compartidos una y otra vez. La licencia CC BY cambia las reglas del " "compromiso y toma ventaja de las ineficiencias del mercado tradicional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" "Hasta el 16 de septiembre de 2016, OpenStax había alcanzado algunos " "resultados impresionantes. De la hoja de datos de «OpenStax en un vistazo» " "de su reciente material para la prensa:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "Libros publicados: 23" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "Estudiantes que han usado OpenStax: 1.6 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "Dinero ahorrado por los estudiantes: \\$ 155 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" "Dinero ahorrado por los estudiantes en el ciclo académico 2016-17: \\$77 " "millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -13441,8 +14703,8 @@ msgstr "" "las 2,668 escuelas, 517 son colegios de dos años, 835 colegios de cuatro " "años y universidades, y 344 colegios y universidades fuera de los E.U.A.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -13455,8 +14717,8 @@ msgstr "" "los Estados Unidos se ve como un precursor necesario para el interes " "internacional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -13471,8 +14733,8 @@ msgstr "" "acceso a libros de texto sin costo a través del plan curricular de la " "carrera de enfermería, por ejemplo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -13494,51 +14756,47 @@ msgstr "" "hace posible para cada estudiante que quiere acceder a la educación, " "alcanzarla." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "openstax.org/adopters" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" +msgstr "Amanda Palmer" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" -msgstr "## Amanda Palmer" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "Amanda Palmer es música, artista, y escritora. Vive en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" -msgstr "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " +#| "charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-" +#| "person version (performances), selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: financiamiento comunitario (en base a subscripciones), " "paga-lo-que-quieras, cobros por copias físicas ( libros y venta de álbums), " "cobros para versiones en vivo (performances), venta de mercancia" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 15 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " @@ -13548,11 +14806,11 @@ msgstr "" "llama «un viaje sin mapa», continuamente experimentando para encontrar " "nuevas vias de continuar su trabajo creativo. 1" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" @@ -13562,12 +14820,12 @@ msgstr "" "reverberaciones de sus regalos artisticos a la comunidad, y vivir de eso " "haciendolo.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" @@ -13580,8 +14838,8 @@ msgstr "" "pensando como hacer dinero para comprar comida de tal manera que puedan " "seguir haciendo arte.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -13608,8 +14866,8 @@ msgstr "" "poner comida en la mesa. Suficientes de tal manera que pudiera seguir " "haciendo arte.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -13628,16 +14886,27 @@ msgstr "" "Ellos querían exitos de ventas, pero hacer música para las masas nunca fué " "lo que Amanda y the Dresden Dolls querían hacer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " +#| "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the " +#| "public without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay " +#| "what you want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from " +#| "live performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided " +#| "to try her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her " +#| "Kickstarter project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\" +#| "$1.2 million. It remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects " +#| "of all time." msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" "Despues de dejar a la disquera en 2008, comenzó a experimentar con " @@ -13650,8 +14919,8 @@ msgstr "" "ella logró \\$1.2 millones. Es uno de los más exitosos proyectos de " "kickstarter de todos los tiempos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -13671,8 +14940,8 @@ msgstr "" "inspirada a hacer. Todo el contenido que ella crear se hace disponible sin " "costo bajo la licencia Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -13686,8 +14955,7 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" "Hacere su arte y música disponibles bajo licencias Creative Commons sin duda " "limita sus opciones en la forma que ella hace un ingreso. Pero compartir su " @@ -13705,14 +14973,14 @@ msgstr "" "estandarizado de hacer lo que habían hecho todo el tiempo. Las licencias " "NonCommercial fueron como hechas a la medida." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" "Amanda acepta las vias en que sus fans comparten y construyen a partir de su " "música. En su libro, The Art of Asking, escribió que algunos de los videos " @@ -13721,8 +14989,8 @@ msgstr "" "Amanda lo celebra. «Nos metimos en esto porque queriamos compartir el " "disfrute de la música, » dijo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -13738,8 +15006,8 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros fans sabían donde vivia y donde practicabamos, sino la mayoría " "habían estado en mi cosina,» escribió Amanda en The Art of Asking." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -13761,12 +15029,12 @@ msgstr "" "escuchar. «Escuchar y tomar en cuenta de inmediato es una habilidad de uno " "mismo,» escribió Amanda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " @@ -13781,13 +15049,13 @@ msgstr "" "retorno de sus fans. Cuando ella se reune con sus fans por primera vez " "después de un espectáculo, ellos pueden sentir legitimamente que la conocen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" @@ -13798,8 +15066,8 @@ msgstr "" "en nuestra cultura nos dice lo contrario. Pero mi experiencia me ha mostrado " "que el riesgo de hacerte vulnerable casi siempre vale la pena. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -13817,8 +15085,8 @@ msgstr "" "el uso de las licencias Creative Commons que hace ella. Porque eso es lo que " "haces con los amigos—compartes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -13836,8 +15104,8 @@ msgstr "" "es acerca de solicitar apoyo de la gente que te conoce y confía en tí. " "Personas que se sienten involucradas en su exito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -13852,8 +15120,8 @@ msgstr "" "espectáculos. Ellos cultivaron conscientemente un sentimiento de pertenencia " "a su «pequeña familia rara.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -13871,8 +15139,8 @@ msgstr "" "placentero para ellos. Es acerca de encontrar un medio de canalizar energía " "en una forma que sea placentera para tí.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -13896,8 +15164,8 @@ msgstr "" "persona y en línea. En su libro, Amanda lo describe como crear una red. " "Comineza con el arte y entonces el nexo se fortalece con la conexión humana." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -13914,15 +15182,15 @@ msgstr "" "tener alguien que te diga que lo que hace es genuinamente valioso para " "ellos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" "Como ella explica, cuando un fan le da diez dolares, usualmente lo que ellos " @@ -13933,59 +15201,57 @@ msgstr "" "otros obsequiso artísticos. Ella se comparte a sí misma. Y en vez de forzar " "a la gente a ayudarla, los deja hacer." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "## PLOS (Biblioteca pública de ciencia)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLOS (Biblioteca pública de ciencia)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science/Biblioteca pública de ciencia) es una " "entidad sin ánimo de lucro que publica una biblioteca de revistas académicas " "y otra literatura científica. Fundada en el 2000 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" -msgstr "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to " +#| "be featured in the journal" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cobrar a los creadores de contenido un cargo por " "procesamiento de autor para ser incluido en la revista" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 7 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "Entrevistado: Louise Page, Editor" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -14013,15 +15279,15 @@ msgstr "" "biomedicina, con artículos de investigación que son sacados bajo licencias " "Attribution (CC BY)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." @@ -14036,8 +15302,8 @@ msgstr "" "suscripción a las bibliotecas o una cuota de acceso a los usuario que " "quieran leer la revista especializada o un artículo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -14060,14 +15326,14 @@ msgstr "" "resultados de las investigaciones científicas ralentizan la diseminación de " "la investigación y avance del campo. Era tiempo para un nuevo modelo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " @@ -14085,13 +15351,13 @@ msgstr "" "tienen acceso libre y en tiempo a la última investigación inmediatamente en " "publicación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -14110,16 +15376,25 @@ msgstr "" "cuando se acepta para publicación. No hay cargos adicionales basados en " "logitud de palabras, figuras, u otros elementos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " +#| "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " +#| "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, " +#| "medicine, genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, " +#| "and pathogens, the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\" +#| "$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in " +#| "2006, are just under \\$1,500." msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" "Calcular el cobro por procesamiento de artículo involucra tomar todos los " "costos asociados con la publicación de una revista especializada y " @@ -14130,10 +15405,10 @@ msgstr "" "de publicación por artículo para PLOS ONE, una revista especializada que " "comenzó en 2006, son debajo de los \\$1,500." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" @@ -14142,15 +15417,15 @@ msgstr "" "instituciones para ayudar a los autores que no pueden pagar los cargos por " "procesamiento por artículo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -14176,13 +15451,13 @@ msgstr "" "darles exposición a los autores. Y esto motiva a otros autores para enviar " "su trabajo para publicación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" @@ -14193,8 +15468,8 @@ msgstr "" "apropiada ). Para PLOS, todo esto se alinea con la idea que tienen acerca de " "cómo debería ser publicado y difundido el contenido de investigación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " @@ -14205,8 +15480,8 @@ msgstr "" "disponibles en un repositorio público y proporcionar un declaración de " "disponibilidad de datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -14224,8 +15499,8 @@ msgstr "" "otras revistas especializadas prominentes, porque los investigadores tienen " "opciones en donde publicar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -14238,8 +15513,8 @@ msgstr "" "asociado con ello. Las revistas especializadas PLOS se clasifican alto, " "incluso cuando ellas son relativamente nuevas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -14256,8 +15531,8 @@ msgstr "" "PLOS licenciados bajo CC BY garantizan el fácil acceso a los lectores y " "generan más descubrimientos y citas a los autores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -14272,8 +15547,8 @@ msgstr "" "publicado más artículos de acceso abierto que BioMed Central, la editorial " "de acceso abierto inicial, o que cualquiera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -14281,12 +15556,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -14319,8 +15594,8 @@ msgstr "" "ofreciendo sus propios foros multidisciplinarios para la publicación de todo " "lo referente a la ciencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " @@ -14331,11 +15606,11 @@ msgstr "" "describiendolos como un tipo de deslizador que puede ser ajustado para " "cambiar la práctica actual." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" @@ -14345,8 +15620,8 @@ msgstr "" "tema con la escala, mientras más grande sea el volumen de los artículos, " "más tiempo requerirá inevitablemente el tiempo de aprobación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -14369,8 +15644,8 @@ msgstr "" "puede asegurar a todos obtener credito; en este momento, los créditos están " "limitados al autor y la editorial." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -14383,8 +15658,8 @@ msgstr "" "que no funcionó. También podría disminuír la cantidad de veces que la rueda " "de la investigación se reinventa alrededor del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -14393,13 +15668,12 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" "Otra práctica ajustable es la distribución de artículos en las etapas " "iniciales de preimpresión. La publicación de la investigación en una revista " @@ -14419,11 +15693,11 @@ msgstr "" "descubrimientos temprano y establecen precedencia. Un gran desafío es que " "los investigadores no tienen mucho tiempo para comentar los preprints." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -14439,19 +15713,42 @@ msgstr "" "para lo que constituye un artículo de investigación sufriría " "transformaciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " +#| "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel " +#| "like drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates " +#| "and curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It " +#| "also offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users " +#| "assess research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators " +#| "like usage, citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, " +#| "media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that " +#| "the journal model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive " +#| "user experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" "Mientras las revistas especializadas crecen, y nuevas revistas " "especializadas son introducidas, más y más información es empujada a los " @@ -14466,14 +15763,14 @@ msgstr "" "experiencia de uso más amigable e interactiva, incluyendo una via para los " "lectores para comunicarse con los autores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" @@ -14486,14 +15783,14 @@ msgstr "" "editorial, con autores y lectores quienes estan abiertos a la " "experimentación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" @@ -14506,8 +15803,8 @@ msgstr "" "y especialistas profesionales de la salud visitan PLOS cada mes, con más de " "135,000 articulos de calidad para su lectura sin costo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " @@ -14517,60 +15814,61 @@ msgstr "" "consiste en hacer que la investigación sea visible, disponible y " "reproducible para el avance de la ciencia." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "collections.plos.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "plos.org/article-level-metrics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" +msgstr "Rijksmuseum" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" -msgstr "## Rijksmuseum" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" "El Rijksmuseum es un museo nacional holandés dedicado al arte y a la " "historia. Fundado en 1800 en Holanda (Países Bajos)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" -msgstr "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person " +#| "version (museum admission), selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: subvenciones y financiamiento gubernamental, cobro de " "entrada por persona (entrada al museo), venta de mercancía" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 11 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections " +#| "information department" msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" "Entrevistada: Lizzy Jongma, Gerente de Datos del Departamento de Información " "sobre Colecciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -14599,16 +15897,16 @@ msgstr "" "la memoria del público. A partir de estas circunstancias, nació un nuevo " "modelo para el museo, más abierto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " @@ -14627,8 +15925,8 @@ msgstr "" "utilizando tecnologías informáticas. Y pusieron una base de datos parecida a " "un catálogo de fichas de toda la colección en línea." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -14645,20 +15943,38 @@ msgstr "" "colección del Rijksmuseum? Eso eventualmente llevó a ¿y por qué no poner " "toda la colección en línea?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " +#| "library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal " +#| "to museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an " +#| "important online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 " +#| "and its public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as " +#| "free of known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 " +#| "to release metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for " +#| "millions of digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum " +#| "initially found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the " +#| "same time it stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum " +#| "should follow suit." msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" "Luego, dice Lizzy, llegó Europeana. Europeana es la biblioteca, museo y " "archivo digital del patrimonio cultural de Europa. Como portal en línea de " @@ -14671,8 +15987,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero al mismo tiempo estimuló aún más discusiones sobre si el Rijksmuseum " "debería seguir el ejemplo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -14696,8 +16012,8 @@ msgstr "" "acceso significaba que la gente que más se frustraba eran los niños en edad " "escolar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -14707,7 +16023,7 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" "En el 2011 el Rijksmuseum comenzó a poner en línea sus fotos digitales de " @@ -14724,8 +16040,8 @@ msgstr "" "algunos. Lizzy dice que tuvieron un montón de debates feroces sobre qué " "hacer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -14746,8 +16062,8 @@ msgstr "" "disposición 150,000 imágenes de alta calidad de su colección, con el " "objetivo de eventualmente tener toda la colección en Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -14774,12 +16090,12 @@ msgstr "" "Lizzy llama \"el efecto Mona Lisa\", cuando una obra de arte es tan famosa " "que la gente quiere verla en la vida real visitando de hecho el museo real." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." @@ -14791,8 +16107,8 @@ msgstr "" "través de otros medios. El cobro de entradas ha sido durante mucho tiempo " "una forma de generar ingresos, incluso para el Rijksmuseum." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -14817,30 +16133,35 @@ msgstr "" "cartones de leche y juguetes de los niños, la gente también ve de qué Museo " "proviene la imagen y esto incrementa la visibilidad del Museo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "En el 2011, el Rijksmuseum recibió un millón de euros de la lotería " "holandesa para crear una nueva presencia web que sería diferente de la de " "cualquier otro museo. Además de rediseñar su sitio principal para ser " "amigable a los celulares y responsivo a los dispositivos tales como el iPad, " "el Museo también creó el Rijksstudio, donde los usuarios y los artistas " -"pueden utilizar y hacer varias cosas con la colección del Rijksmuseum.2" +"pueden utilizar y hacer varias cosas con la colección del Rijksmuseum.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " @@ -14856,8 +16177,8 @@ msgstr "" "y se fomenta a los usuarios para que las utilicen de la forma en que " "quieran, para fines privados o incluso comerciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -14870,8 +16191,8 @@ msgstr "" "imágenes con propósitos educativos, incluyendo el uso para exámenes " "escolares." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -14892,17 +16213,38 @@ msgstr "" "el uso comercial. De esa manera, sus obras pueden ponerse a disposición del " "público, pero dentro de los límites establecidos por los artistas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. " +#| "The line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, " +#| "even Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his " +#| "paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of " +#| "the images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY " +#| "marketplace Etsy to inspire people to sell their creations. One great " +#| "example you can find on Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who " +#| "used an image of an elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan " +#| "Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "El Rijksmuseum cree que el arte estimula la actividad empresarial. La línea " "entre lo creativo y lo comercial puede ser difusa. Como dice Lizzy, incluso " @@ -14914,21 +16256,58 @@ msgstr "" "un armario elaborado junto con una pintura al óleo de Jan Asselijn llamada " "\"El cisne amenazado\".3" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " +#| "competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action " +#| "Make Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use " +#| "Rijksstudio images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned " +#| "designers and curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final " +#| "award comes with a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted " +#| "a staggering 892 top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their " +#| "work sold through the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring " +#| "makeup based on a specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The " +#| "Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the " +#| "fun to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of " +#| "the Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." msgstr "" "En 2013, el Rijksmuseum organizó su primera competencia de diseño de alto " "perfil, conocida como el Premio Rijksstudio.4 Con el llamado a la acción de " @@ -14944,8 +16323,8 @@ msgstr "" "lo divertido a lo extraño a lo inspiracional. La tercera edición " "internacional del Premio Rijksstudio comenzó en septiembre de 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " @@ -14956,8 +16335,8 @@ msgstr "" "sus propias obras de arte, y elementos sociales habilitados para que los " "usuarios puedan interactuar más entre sí." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -14973,14 +16352,14 @@ msgstr "" "dramáticamente las visitas a su sitio web, de 35 mil visitas por mes a 300 " "mil visitas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -14999,20 +16378,20 @@ msgstr "" "de grullas que era desconocida para la comunidad científica al momento de la " "pintura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " @@ -15035,81 +16414,55 @@ msgstr "" "resume su experiencia: \"Hay que regalar y obtener algo a cambio. La " "generosidad hace que la gente esté feliz de acompañarte y ayudarte.\"" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" -"www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; el premio de 2014: www.rijksmuseum." -"nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; el premio de 2015: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/" -"rijksstudio-award-2015" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "## Shareable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" +msgstr "Shareable" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" "Shareable es una revista enlinea acerca de compartir. Fundada en 2009 en los " "E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" -msgstr "www.shareable.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " +#| "sponsorships" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: subsidios, financiamiento comunitario ( basado en " "proyectos), donaciones, patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 24 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "Entrevistado: Neal Gorenflo, cofundador y editor ejecutivo" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -15131,10 +16484,10 @@ msgstr "" "revista enfrentó una elección: seguir la corriente o mantenerse en sus " "principios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -15153,8 +16506,8 @@ msgstr "" "Escribió, «No es tanto de que el consumo colaborativo esté muerto, es más " "acerca del riesgo de morir mientras es absorbido por los «Borg».»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -15170,8 +16523,8 @@ msgstr "" "una oranización pequeña, conducidad por una misión. Nunca hubieramos sido " "capaces de soportar las críticas que Airbnb y Uber estan teniendo ahora.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -15192,11 +16545,11 @@ msgstr "" "enlinea se volvió la voz de la «verdadera economía colaborativa» y continuo " "creciendo su audiencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -15214,8 +16567,8 @@ msgstr "" "algunos de los grandes problemas que los seres humanos enfrentan—desigualdad " "de recursos, aislamientos sociales, y calentamiento global." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -15236,15 +16589,15 @@ msgstr "" "Particularmente ellos se enfocan en contenido cómo-hacer que ayude a sus " "lectores a realizar cambios en sus propias vidas y comunidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -15264,8 +16617,8 @@ msgstr "" "uno. Mucho del contenido creado por la red es licenciado con Creative " "Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -15291,8 +16644,8 @@ msgstr "" "los medios, pero la mayoría de los medios que republican nuestro trabajo " "tienen audiencias más grandes que las nuestras.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -15311,12 +16664,12 @@ msgstr "" "Shareable Cities—son dos de los mayores generadores de tráfico en su sitio " "web." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" "En 2016, Shareable auto-publicó un libro de cuidadas y trabajadas historias " @@ -15325,14 +16678,14 @@ msgstr "" "estuvo disponible sin costo. Shareable planea ofrecer el libro en las " "siguientes campañas de recaudación de fondos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" @@ -15345,18 +16698,18 @@ msgstr "" "porciento por su audiencia. Neal cree que ser totalmente financiados por la " "comunidad representará mejor su visión del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" "Para Shareable, el éxito es mucho acerca de su impacto en el mundo. Esto es " "ciento para Neal, pero también para cualquiera que trabaje para Shareable. « " @@ -15368,16 +16721,26 @@ msgstr "" "especie que observa sobre el horizonte e imagina y crea nuevos mundos, pero " "también buscamos el bienestar del hogar y el corazón.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " +#| "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " +#| "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for " +#| "help. The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and " +#| "start making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up " +#| "reaching their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach " +#| "new people, but the vast majority of backers were people in their " +#| "existing base." msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" "En 2013, Shareable comenzó su primera campaña de financiamiento comunitario " "para lanzar su _Sharing Cities Network_ (Red de Ciudades Colaborativas). " @@ -15389,12 +16752,12 @@ msgstr "" "alcanzar nuevas personas, pero que la vasta mayoría de los participantes fue " "gente de su base existente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" @@ -15403,8 +16766,8 @@ msgstr "" "las relaciones que han forjado con sus lectores y seguidores. Han invertido " "recursos en construir relaciones entre sus lectores y seguidores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -15435,13 +16798,13 @@ msgstr "" "Por ejemplo, Shareable publicará un nuevo libro bajo licencia CC en 2017 " "lleno de ideas para que las implemente su red." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" "Neal comentó que Shareable accidentalmente descubrió esta estrategia, pero " "parece que encapsula perfectamente como se supone que deben de trabajar los " @@ -15449,13 +16812,13 @@ msgstr "" "herramientas al alcance de la gente para que tome las ideas y las adapte a " "sus propias comunidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" -msgstr "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" +msgstr "Siyavula" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " @@ -15464,34 +16827,42 @@ msgstr "" "Siyavula es una compañía tecnológica educativa que crea libros de texto e " "integra experiencias de aprendizaje. Fundada en 2012 en Sudafrica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" -msgstr "www.siyavula.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cargos por servicios personalizados, patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 5 de abril, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "Entrevistado: Mark Horner, CEO" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" "La franqueza es un valor principal para Siyavula. Ellos creen que cualquier " "estudiante y maestrodebería tener acceso a recursos educativos de alta " @@ -15500,8 +16871,8 @@ msgstr "" "calidad en temas de matemática y ciencia para los grados 4 al 12 en " "Sudáfrica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -15513,8 +16884,8 @@ msgstr "" "Siyavula ha cambiado significativamente su dirección y estrategia para " "sobrevivir y prosperar. Mark dice que ha sido muy orgánico." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -15530,29 +16901,35 @@ msgstr "" "ciencias, asi que Mark y sus colegas se dieron a la tarea de editarlos y " "ponerlos disponibles libremente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" "Como físicos, Mark y sus colegas eran partidarios del software de código " "abierto. Para hacer a los libros abiertos y gratuitos, adoptaron la licencia " -"GNU de documentación libre de la Free Software Foundation.1 Escogieron " +"GNU de documentación libre de la Free Software Foundation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Escogieron " "LaTeX, un programa de composición de texto usado para publicar documentos " "científicos, para escribir los libros. Durante un periodo de cinco años, el " "proyecto de libros de texto libres para nivel medio superior produjo libros " "de matemáticas y ciencias físicas para los grados 10 al 12." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." @@ -15565,8 +16942,8 @@ msgstr "" "como a la fundación Shuttlewoth; Mark continúa sintiendo profundo orgullo de " "este logro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -15579,15 +16956,30 @@ msgstr "" "Algunos promotores se unieron pero no los necesarios para cubrir las " "necesidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " +#| "open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. " +#| "One result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " +#| "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education " +#| "movement grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing " +#| "open content for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became " +#| "Siyavula." msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" "En 2007, Shuttleworth y el instituto Open Society reunieron a un grupo de " "activistas de la educación abierta para una reunión pequeña pero vivida en " @@ -15598,8 +16990,8 @@ msgstr "" "contenido abierto para todos los temas del K-12 en inglés. Ese proyecto se " "volvió Siyavula." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -15614,15 +17006,15 @@ msgstr "" "licenciado con Creative Commons, ampliando significativamente la colección " "mas allá de los seis libros iniciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -15642,26 +17034,32 @@ msgstr "" "enteramente en recursos bajo licencias Creative Commons, asegurandose que de " "esa manera estarían seguros para compartir y libres de repercusiones legales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" "Mark no solo quería que los recursos se pudieran compartir, quería que todos " "los maestros fueran capaced de editar y combinar el contenido. Mark y su " "equipo tuvieron que proporcionar un formato abierto editable y herramientas " "para la edición. Terminaron colocando todos los libros que habían adquirido " -"y creado en una plataforma llamada Connexions.3 Siyavula entrenó a varios " +"y creado en una plataforma llamada Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula entrenó a varios " "maestros para usar Connexions, pero probo ser demasiado complejo y los " "libros de texto rara vez fueron editados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -15674,11 +17072,11 @@ msgstr "" "heredó Siyavula como una entidad independiente y tomó posesión de esta como " "un fellow de Shuttleworth." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " @@ -15692,14 +17090,15 @@ msgstr "" "agregados en un paquete e impreso para ellos. Estos servicios nunca " "funcionaron realmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" "Entonces el gobierno de Sudáfrica se acerco a Siyavula con el interés de " "imprimir los seis libros libres de text de ciencias para nivel medio " @@ -15708,8 +17107,8 @@ msgstr "" "en este punto Siyavula estaba un poco decepcionado de los recursos " "educativos abiertos, vieron esto como una gran oportunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -15726,14 +17125,14 @@ msgstr "" "posible para los estudiantes tener acceso a ellos usando cualquier " "dispositivo—computadora, tableta, o teléfono móvil." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " @@ -15751,8 +17150,8 @@ msgstr "" "Llamaron a este servicio Intelligent Practice y agregaron vínculos a el " "dentro de los libros de texto abiertos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -15764,11 +17163,11 @@ msgstr "" "iba por grandes volúmenes y amplio uso en vez de un producto costoso " "dirigido únicamente a la parte más alta del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " @@ -15782,13 +17181,13 @@ msgstr "" "el mercado primario para el servicio Intelligent Practice de Siyavula " "involuntariamente se volvió los estudiantes de bajos ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" @@ -15801,12 +17200,12 @@ msgstr "" "bastante sorprendente y hablaba de una necesidad de lo que estaban " "atendiendo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." @@ -15819,8 +17218,8 @@ msgstr "" "lo describe, no es acerca del producto, sino de cómo lo vendes, quién es el " "mercado, cuál es el precio, y que barreras para acceder hay." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -15832,8 +17231,8 @@ msgstr "" "mercadotecnia y dirigiendo tráfico a ti sitio, donde puede ofrecer un " "servicio relacionado y convertir algunas personas en clientes de pago." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -15849,14 +17248,14 @@ msgstr "" "cerrarlo y cobrar por el. Mark contrasta esto con los editores tradicionales " "quienes cobran una y otra vez por el mismo contenido sin agregar valor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." @@ -15872,8 +17271,8 @@ msgstr "" "ofrece a las escuelas donde los departamentos de matemáticas y de ciencias " "se suscriben." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -15890,13 +17289,13 @@ msgstr "" "que han practicado, cuantos puntos han obtenido, y como se va mejorando su " "desempeño." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" "Basado en el éxito de este esfuerzo, Siyavula decidió incrementar " @@ -15906,14 +17305,26 @@ msgstr "" "grados 10 al 12 fueron retrabajados cada año, y nuevos libros fueron creados " "para los grados 4 al 6 y depués para los grados 7 al 9." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, " +#| "Siyavula produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks " +#| "for grades 4 to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book " +#| "style.4 It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides " +#| "and other resources." msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" "En asociación, y patrocinado por, la fundación Sasol Inzalo, Siyavula " "produjo una serie de libros de trabajo de ciencias naturales y tecnología " @@ -15921,15 +17332,24 @@ msgstr "" "divertido de cuento de cómic. Es un curriculum completo que también viene " "con una guía de maestro y otros recursos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " +#| "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " +#| "nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book " +#| "in two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " +#| "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure " +#| "their brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on " +#| "books distributed to over one million students." msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" "A través de esta experiencia, Siyavula aprendió que podían conseguir " @@ -15941,8 +17361,8 @@ msgstr "" "gustó la exposición que su marca obtuvo. Por cerca de \\$150,000, su logo " "sería visible en lobros distribuidos a más de un millon de estudiantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -15958,8 +17378,8 @@ msgstr "" "de marca no gubernamentales estan disponibles bajo una licencia Attribution " "(CC BY), permitiendo a otros modificar y redistribuir los libros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -15979,13 +17399,22 @@ msgstr "" "libros, y proveído el servicio Intelligent Practice sin costo para cada " "menor en el país. Pero después de una larga negociación, el gobierno se negó." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. " +#| "Providing students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or " +#| "math textbook costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing " +#| "the Siyavula version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of " +#| "over 200 rand per book. But none of those savings were passed on to " +#| "Siyavula. In retrospect, Mark thinks this may have turned out in their " +#| "favor as it allowed them to remain independent from the government." msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." @@ -15999,14 +17428,14 @@ msgstr "" "Mark cree que esto podría haberlos ayudado ya que les permitió mantenerse " "independientes del gobierno." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" "Justo cuando Siyavula estaba planeando incrementar aún más la producción de " "libros de texto abiertos, el gobierno de Sudáfrica cambió su política de " @@ -16015,8 +17444,8 @@ msgstr "" "garantía de que Siyavula sería escogido. Esto ahuyentó a patrocinadores " "potenciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -16036,8 +17465,8 @@ msgstr "" "iniciada por el fundador de eBay Pierre Omidyar y su esposa), y continua " "siendo el modelo que usa Siyavula actualmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -16050,12 +17479,12 @@ msgstr "" "existiría únicamente un libro de texto por tema mostró ser bastante " "conflictiva y está en el limbo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" @@ -16066,10 +17495,10 @@ msgstr "" "Practice libre para todos los niños al vender los datos no personales que " "Intelligent Practice recolecta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -16094,33 +17523,13 @@ msgstr "" "negocios abiertos, Mark y Siyavula pueden haber tenido experiencias, pero " "ambos, él y la compañía son más fuertes por eso." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "www.capetowndeclaration.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" +msgstr "SparkFun" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "cnx.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" -msgstr "## SparkFun" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." @@ -16128,30 +17537,39 @@ msgstr "" "SparkFun es una tienda en línea de ventas al por menor que se especializa en " "hardware abierto. Fundada en 2003 en Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" -msgstr "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cobrar por copias físicas (ventas de componentes " "electrónicos)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 29 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Nathan Seidle, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -16165,8 +17583,8 @@ msgstr "" "en China cuando se encontró su tecnología de indumentaria LilyPad siendo " "hecha por alguien más. Su reacción fue de júbilo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -16178,8 +17596,8 @@ msgstr "" "nunca vamos a obtener acceso de otra forma. Fue evidencia de nuestro impacto " "en el mundo.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -16196,8 +17614,8 @@ msgstr "" "planes de estudio, de forma que cualquier persona pueda hacer sus productos " "por su cuenta. Ser copiados es parte del diseño." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -16214,8 +17632,8 @@ msgstr "" "algo que no sea su diseño de productos, o lo que más comúnmente se considera " "como propiedad intelectual." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " @@ -16225,8 +17643,8 @@ msgstr "" "con propiedad intelectual permite ponerse cómodos y dormirse en los " "laureles. Da una red de seguridad. Nosotros quitamos esa red de seguridad.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -16244,15 +17662,24 @@ msgstr "" "mejorado porque tuvimos que hacerlo para competir. Tan doloroso como es para " "nosotros, es mejor para los clientes.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " +#| "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The " +#| "example code works; there is a service number to call; they ship " +#| "replacement parts the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in " +#| "service and support. “I don’t believe businesses should be competing with " +#| "IP \\[intellectual property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff " +#| "they should be competing on.”" msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" "Las partes de SparkFun están disponibles en eBay a precios más bajos. Pero " @@ -16263,17 +17690,27 @@ msgstr "" "negocios deberían competir con barreras de propiedad intelectual,» dijo " "Nathan. «Esto es con lo que deberían competir.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent " +#| "a lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he " +#| "realized there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order " +#| "for something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find " +#| "it, and then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third " +#| "year of college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling " +#| "products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and " +#| "selling his own products." msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" "La historia de la compañía de SparkFun comenzó en el dormitorio de la " "universidad de Nathan. Él pasó mucho tiempo experimentando y construyendo " @@ -16284,11 +17721,11 @@ msgstr "" "sparkfun.com y empezó a revender productos desde su dormitorio. Después de " "graduarse, empezó a hacer y vender sus propios productos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " @@ -16302,11 +17739,19 @@ msgstr "" "simples. SparkFun aun usa licencias CC para todos sus diagramas y firmware " "para los productos que crean." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " +#| "employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +#| "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " +#| "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " +#| "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " +#| "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " @@ -16319,8 +17764,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero también están asociados con Arduino (también perfilado en este libro) " "para producir placas para revender usando la marca de Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -16335,8 +17780,8 @@ msgstr "" "cuenta, el enfoque más reciente de introducir a personas jóvenes a la " "tecnología es una extensión natural de su negocio central." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " @@ -16346,13 +17791,13 @@ msgstr "" "ciudadanos técnicos,» dijo Nathan. «Nuestro objetivo es afectar las vidas de " "trescientos y cincuenta mil estudiantes de colegio para el 2020.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " @@ -16367,8 +17812,8 @@ msgstr "" "contenido siempre y cuando den crédito y hagan cualquier adaptación " "disponible bajo los mismo términos de licenciamiento." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -16387,8 +17832,8 @@ msgstr "" "veces a la semana, y abren sus puertas al público una vez al año para una " "competencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -16413,13 +17858,13 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros clientes.» El evento infunde su trabajo con un elemento humano, que " "lo hace más significativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." @@ -16432,8 +17877,8 @@ msgstr "" "mundo.» Nathan cree que obtienen a los empleados más brillantes y asombrosos " "porque no se enfocan de forma singular en el resultado final." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -16447,17 +17892,17 @@ msgstr "" "los humanos detrás de la compañía, y trabajan para asegurar que las personas " "que vienen a su sitio no solo encuentren contenido sin cambios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" "La clientela de SparkFun está en gran parte compuesta por personas " "entusiastas industriosas de los electrónicos. Ellos tienen clientes que " @@ -16469,11 +17914,11 @@ msgstr "" "inicio, hemos estado escuchando a la comunidad,» dijo Nathan. «Los clientes " "identifican puntos débiles, y nosotros diseñamos algo para solucionarlos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -16489,8 +17934,8 @@ msgstr "" "público. «Hay una teoría de que si usted publica el código, ellos vendrán,» " "dijo Nathan. «Eso no es realmente cierto.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -16508,8 +17953,8 @@ msgstr "" "luego construyen sus propias placas de circuitos a partir de nuestros " "diseños,» dijo Nathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -16534,47 +17979,57 @@ msgstr "" "e innovador. En otras palabras, los hace el tipo de compañía que se " "propusieron ser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" -msgstr "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" +msgstr "TeachAIDS" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" "TeachAIDS es una entidad no lucrativa que crea materiales educativos " "designados para enseñar a gente alrededor del mundo acerca del VIH y el " "SIDA. Fundada en 2005 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" -msgstr "teachaids.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 24 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" "Entrevistados: Piyar Sorcar, el CEO, y Shuman Ghosemajumder, el presidente" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" @@ -16583,8 +18038,8 @@ msgstr "" "por los anuncios. Los corporativos pagan por que sus logotipos aparezcan en " "los materiales educativos que distribuye TeachAIDS." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -16609,8 +18064,8 @@ msgstr "" "normas y costumbres locales. Todo el contenido es libre y se pone a " "disposición bajo una licencia Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -16649,8 +18104,8 @@ msgstr "" "comunicación masivos, lo que significaba que las personas estaban recibiendo " "únicamente pedazos de información." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -16672,8 +18127,8 @@ msgstr "" "Comenzamos a identificar socios locales óptimos y trabajaron hacia la " "creación una educación eficaz, culturalmente apropiada,\" Piya comentó." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " @@ -16684,12 +18139,12 @@ msgstr "" "Universidad de Stanford. También decidieron utilizar las licencias de " "Creative Commons en los materiales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -16712,8 +18167,8 @@ msgstr "" "escalar nuestros materiales de forma segura y rápida en todo el mundo, " "preservando nuestro contenido y protegiéndonos al mismo tiempo.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -16729,8 +18184,8 @@ msgstr "" "contenidos de alta calidad es lo que más nos importa,\" Piya comentó. \"La " "investigación impulsa todo lo que hacemos.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -16746,8 +18201,8 @@ msgstr "" "usarlas en el software de animación. Las celebridades involucradas varían " "para cada versión adaptada de los materiales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -16774,8 +18229,8 @@ msgstr "" "versiones por genero para lugares donde las personas tiendan más a aceptar " "la información de alguien del mismo genero." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -16804,15 +18259,15 @@ msgstr "" "sus estándares. Para la versión tibetana, pasaron a través de este ciclo " "once veces." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -16841,15 +18296,15 @@ msgstr "" "comentó Piya. \"Necesitamos materiales donde puedas ponerlos en reproduccir " "y que funcionen.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " @@ -16868,8 +18323,8 @@ msgstr "" "persuadirlos de usar nuestro modelo altamente efectivo era hacerlo " "completamente gratuito.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -16890,14 +18345,14 @@ msgstr "" "derecho de tener sus logotipos apareciendo antes y después del contenido " "educativo. Todo el contenido permanece con la marca de TeachAIDS." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" @@ -16910,8 +18365,8 @@ msgstr "" "obtener patrocinios, solo tendríamos materiales para los países ricos,\" " "comentó Shuman." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -16937,8 +18392,8 @@ msgstr "" "inversión en un patrocinio puede beneficiar a la marca en muchos años por " "venir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -16955,8 +18410,8 @@ msgstr "" "construido campañas publicitarias alrededor del hecho de que han patrocinado " "estas iniciativas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -16973,13 +18428,13 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons ha sido como un punto de inflexión para TeachAIDS,\" " "comentó Piya." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" -msgstr "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" +msgstr "Tribe of Noise" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " @@ -16989,28 +18444,34 @@ msgstr "" "las industrias fílmica, de TV, video, juegos, y de medios en tienda. Fue " "fundada en 2008 en los Países Bajos (Holanda)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" -msgstr "www.tribeofnoise.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 26 de enero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Hessel van Oorschot, cofundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" @@ -17022,8 +18483,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hessel se familiarizó con los principios del licenciamiento permisivo, " "incluyendo el uso de software de fuentes abiertas y Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -17042,8 +18503,8 @@ msgstr "" "licenciar música directamente del titular de sus derechos no era " "suficientemente fácil de encontrar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -17062,8 +18523,8 @@ msgstr "" "después de hacer algo más de investigación, a principios de 2008 Hessel y " "Sandra se decidieron a construir una plataforma." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -17078,12 +18539,12 @@ msgstr "" "economía. La disposición de la comunidad para probar nuevos modelos de " "negocio musicales requiere de una relación de confianza." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" @@ -17094,16 +18555,22 @@ msgstr "" "licenciar música, y resolver los problemas que ambos habían experimentado " "personalmente para encontrar dicha música." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Al tiempo que su comunidad iba creciendo, Hessel recibió una llamada " "telefónica de una compañía que creaba listas de reproducción para su uso " @@ -17113,27 +18580,27 @@ msgstr "" "poco como un programa de radio sin DJ. Esto abrió una nueva oportunidad para " "Tribe of Noise. Iniciaron su servicio de música dentro del negocio, " "utilizando música (licenciada bajo CC BY-SA) subida por la comunidad de " -"músicos de Tribe of Noise.1" +"músicos de Tribe of Noise.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" msgstr "" "En la mayor parte de los países, los artistas, autores y músicos se unen a " "una sociedad recaudatoria que gestiona el licenciamiento y ayuda a cobrar " @@ -17154,14 +18621,14 @@ msgstr "" "ingresos — Y esto los convenció de que estaba bien. Pero, dice Hessel, " "”Seguimos luchando por una buena causa todos los días.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -17181,14 +18648,14 @@ msgstr "" "bajos, se han presentado adopciones tempranas en Escandinavia, Bélgica y los " "Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" msgstr "" "Tribe of Noise no le paga directamente a los músicos; les pagan cuando su " "música aparece en los canales de música en el negocio de Tribe of Noise. La " @@ -17197,17 +18664,32 @@ msgstr "" "lo que una participación del 40% es un negocio significativamente mejor. Así " "es como presentan el ejemplo en su sitio Web:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 -msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in " +#| "total, are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at " +#| "a large retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall " +#| "playlist contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. " +#| "The license fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-" +#| "out. So if 42.5% is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and " +#| "your share is 1.43%, you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 " +#| "\\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per month.2" +msgid "" +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Algunas de sus canciones \\[licenciadas bajo CC BY-SA\\], cinco en total por " "poner un ejemplo, han sido seleccionadas para un canal de música en el " @@ -17219,14 +18701,14 @@ msgstr "" "participación es de 1.43%, termina recibiendo US\\$12 \\* 1000 tiendas " "\\*0.425 \\* 0.142 = US\\$73 por mes.2" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" @@ -17239,8 +18721,8 @@ msgstr "" "noche a la mañana. Si eso ocurriera, el licenciamiento CC BY-SA les " "impediría volverse ricos por las ventas de dicha canción." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -17261,14 +18743,14 @@ msgstr "" "lapso de entre uno y dos meses. Esto permite al músico reutilizar su canción " "en un posible mejor acuerdo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" "Tribe of Noise Pro está principalmente enfocado a los creadores de medios " "que buscan música. Si compran una licencia de éste catálogo, no hace falta " @@ -17278,8 +18760,8 @@ msgstr "" "consideren mejor. Hessel opina que esto lleva a acuerdos más directos y " "limpios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -17291,8 +18773,8 @@ msgstr "" "su contenido únicamente a Tribe of Noise Pro, el cual tiene un mucho menor " "repertorio musical que el área comunitaria." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -17307,8 +18789,8 @@ msgstr "" "dinero. Después de eso, los músicos pueden desarrollar mayor interés en " "explorar otros modelos como el de Tribe of Noise Pro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -17329,8 +18811,8 @@ msgstr "" "a productores de medios. Los miembros realmente gustan de que haya gente en " "la plataforma que genuinamente se involucran con ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -17348,11 +18830,11 @@ msgstr "" "comprendiendo lo que quieren, y creando una canción que cubra dicha " "necesidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -17373,8 +18855,8 @@ msgstr "" "bajo CC BY-SA y adoptando junto con otros a los contratos societales como " "ASCAP o BMI." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -17405,8 +18887,8 @@ msgstr "" "músicos a quienes representan. Hasta ahora, Tribe of Noise ha podido operar " "sin tener que enfrentar batallas legales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -17427,23 +18909,13 @@ msgstr "" "posibilita crear un nuevo modelo de negocios para la música, un modelo " "basado en la confianza." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "www.instoremusicservice.com" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" +msgstr "Wikimedia Foundation" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" -msgstr "## Wikimedia Foundation" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." @@ -17451,37 +18923,43 @@ msgstr "" "La fundación Wikimedia es una organización sin ánimo de lucro que hospeda " "Wikipedia y sus proyectos hermanos. Fundada en 2003 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" -msgstr "wikimediafoundation.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" -msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: donaciones" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 18 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, " +#| "and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" "Entrevistados: Luis Villa, ex Director de Compromiso Comunitario, y Stephen " "LaPorte, asesor legal" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "Casi cualquier persona con una presencia enlinea conoce la Wikipedia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -17495,8 +18973,8 @@ msgstr "" "enlinea. Todo el contenido es liberado bajo la licencia Creative Commons que " "permite a las personas reusarlo y adaptarlo para cualquier propósito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" @@ -17506,8 +18984,8 @@ msgstr "" "los 295 lenguajes de la enciclopedia enlinea, de acuerdo con —¿ quién más?— " "el artículo de la Wikipedia acerca de la Wikipedia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -17534,8 +19012,8 @@ msgstr "" "enfocados en un tema en partícular, grupos de usuarios, y varios miles que " "no estan conectados con alguna organización en partícular." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -17548,11 +19026,11 @@ msgstr "" "proyectos hermanos son un testamento impactante del poder de la colaboración " "humana." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " @@ -17565,8 +19043,8 @@ msgstr "" "exitosamente hecho con Creative Commons más generalmente. Con Wikipedia, " "simplemente todo ocurre a una escala sin precedentes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -17589,23 +19067,23 @@ msgstr "" "artículos nuevos son creados en Wikipedia, y casi quince mil ediciones son " "hechas cada hora." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " @@ -17632,14 +19110,14 @@ msgstr "" "presupuesto de la fundación se fue al soporte directo para los sitios de " "Wikimedia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -17661,11 +19139,11 @@ msgstr "" "trabajando, y parcialmente solo naturaleza humana.» La mayor parte del " "tiempo, la gente quiere hacer lo correcto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -17685,8 +19163,34 @@ msgstr "" "hecho a Wikipedia más grande y más fuerte. El deseo de proteger no es " "siempre lo mejor para todos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia " +#| "is that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain " +#| "what they do. Wikipedia is not simply a source of up-to-the-minute " +#| "content on every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans " +#| "working together in a million different ways, in a million different " +#| "capacities, for a million different reasons. While many have tried to " +#| "guess what makes Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no " +#| "single explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an " +#| "incredible diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is " +#| "one editor of the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single " +#| "grammatical error in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only " +#| "a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the " +#| "only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +#| "images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +#| "contributors.”" msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -17698,10 +19202,11 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" "Por supuesto, la principal razón por la que nadie ha cooptado exitosamente a " "Wikipedia es que los esfuerzos de los imitadores no tienen a la comunidad de " @@ -17720,16 +19225,25 @@ msgstr "" "imágenes, algunos donan financieramente,» nos comentó Stephen. «Todos son " "contribuyentes.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we " +#| "are passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on " +#| "individual donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia " +#| "is one of the ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, " +#| "donations from a small portion of that audience can translate into a lot " +#| "of money. In the 2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 " +#| "million from more than five million donors." msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" "Pero la gran mayoría de los que usamos la Wikipedia no somos contribuyentes; " "somos lectores pasivos. La fundación Wikimedia sobrevive principalmente de " @@ -17739,8 +19253,8 @@ msgstr "" "traducir en un monton de dinero. En el año fiscal 2015-16, recibieron más de " "\\$77 millones de más de cinco millones de donadores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -17759,11 +19273,11 @@ msgstr "" "Proporcionamos a nuestros lectores y el mundo un valor inmenso, así que " "retornen. Cada poco ayuda. Con las suficientes miradas, ellos estan bien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -17778,8 +19292,8 @@ msgstr "" "enraizada en la misma filosofía detras de Creative Commons, dirige todo lo " "que hace la fundación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -17791,8 +19305,8 @@ msgstr "" "crítico por una estrategia de ingresos que se apoya en las donaciones de sus " "lectores. Tambien infunde confianza en su comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -17804,8 +19318,8 @@ msgstr "" "comunidad global junta. «Wikipedia es un ejemplo de como una misión puede " "motivar un movimiento entero,» Stephen nos comentó." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -17818,18 +19332,13 @@ msgstr "" "públicos,» Stephen comentó. «Wikipedia encontró un medio de ser ese espacio " "público abierto.»" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" -msgstr "## Bibliografía" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" +msgstr "Bibliografía" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " @@ -17839,8 +19348,8 @@ msgstr "" "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." @@ -17849,13 +19358,13 @@ msgstr "" "Something for Nothing, reimpresión con nuevo prefacio. New York: Hyperion, " "2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." @@ -17863,8 +19372,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." @@ -17872,43 +19381,60 @@ msgstr "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2a. Ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " +#| "Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." +#| "org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " "Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." "org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open " +#| "Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/" +#| "WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " "Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" "models-book-64463892 (licenciado bajo CC BY-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " +#| "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " +#| "Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-" +#| "social-paradigm/." msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "comisionado por el Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " "Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" "paradigm/." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." @@ -17916,15 +19442,24 @@ msgstr "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " +#| "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" +#| "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " +#| "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " +#| "bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " +#| "information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" "Bollier, David, y Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the Commons: " "Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-Based " @@ -17933,8 +19468,8 @@ msgstr "" "democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. Para más información, vere " "bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." @@ -17942,8 +19477,8 @@ msgstr "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." @@ -17951,22 +19486,26 @@ msgstr "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" "Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." @@ -17974,8 +19513,8 @@ msgstr "" "Capra, Fritjof, y Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." @@ -17983,8 +19522,8 @@ msgstr "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." @@ -17992,15 +19531,23 @@ msgstr "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the " +#| "City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " +#| "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of " +#| "Bologna, 2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +#| "Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-" +#| "and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf." msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated por LabGov " @@ -18009,8 +19556,8 @@ msgstr "" "on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-" "of-urban-commons1.pdf." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " @@ -18020,17 +19567,21 @@ msgstr "" "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +#| "Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " "Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." @@ -18038,22 +19589,27 @@ msgstr "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +#| "Sharing at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr." +#| "org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " "at All.” Harvard Business Review, Enero 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" "sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" @@ -18062,8 +19618,8 @@ msgstr "" "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." @@ -18071,8 +19627,8 @@ msgstr "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." @@ -18080,19 +19636,24 @@ msgstr "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Cap. 11 en Elliott y Hepting, Free Knowledge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten " +#| "Nonprofit Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +#| "2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, y Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " "Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" "articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." @@ -18100,19 +19661,19 @@ msgstr "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" "Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" @@ -18120,26 +19681,26 @@ msgstr "" "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Cap. 1 en Frischmann, Madison, y Strandburg, " "Governing Knowledge Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" "Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reimpresión " "con nuevo epílogo. New York: Portfolio, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" "Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. Nueva " "York: Viking, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." @@ -18147,8 +19708,8 @@ msgstr "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. Nueva York: Zed Books, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." @@ -18156,8 +19717,8 @@ msgstr "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." @@ -18165,8 +19726,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." @@ -18174,8 +19735,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. Nueva York: " "Farrar, Straus y Giroux, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." @@ -18183,8 +19744,8 @@ msgstr "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2a ed. Vintage " "Books. Nueva York: Vintage Books, 2007." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." @@ -18192,8 +19753,8 @@ msgstr "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. Nueva York: Crown, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" @@ -18201,13 +19762,13 @@ msgstr "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." @@ -18215,8 +19776,8 @@ msgstr "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. Nueva York: Workman, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." @@ -18224,26 +19785,31 @@ msgstr "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "Nueva York: Workman, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" "Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. Nueva " "York: Morgan James, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the " +#| "Internet.” BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " "BBC News, Marzo 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." @@ -18251,8 +19817,8 @@ msgstr "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. Nueva York: Penguin Press, 2008." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." @@ -18260,8 +19826,8 @@ msgstr "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." @@ -18269,41 +19835,57 @@ msgstr "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. Nueva York: Farrar, " "Straus y Giroux, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +#| "People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +#| "2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " "People Share Online? Nueva York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " "2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" "Osterwalder, Alex, e Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " "John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Un avance del libro está disponible en " "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +#| "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of " +#| "the book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" "Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, y Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. Un avance del " "libro está disponible en strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." @@ -18311,14 +19893,21 @@ msgstr "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. Nueva York: Grand Central, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " +#| "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What " +#| "Are the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." +#| "europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC " +#| "BY-SA)." msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " @@ -18326,32 +19915,45 @@ msgstr "" "europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licenciado bajo CC " "BY-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 -msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +#| "Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/" +#| "The\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-" +#| "ND)." +msgid "" +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" "Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " "Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" "\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +#| "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +#| "Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" +#| "cathedral-bazaar/." msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " "Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" "cathedral-bazaar/." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " @@ -18361,26 +19963,26 @@ msgstr "" "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. Nueva York: Crown " "Business, 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " "Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. Nueva York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." @@ -18388,17 +19990,17 @@ msgstr "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. Nueva York: Portfolio, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" "Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. Nueva " "York: Farrar, Straus y Giroux, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." @@ -18406,8 +20008,8 @@ msgstr "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. Londres, Inglaterra: Penguin Books, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." @@ -18415,8 +20017,8 @@ msgstr "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. Nueva York: OR " "Books, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." @@ -18424,8 +20026,8 @@ msgstr "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." @@ -18433,8 +20035,8 @@ msgstr "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. Nueva York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." @@ -18442,8 +20044,8 @@ msgstr "" "Sull, Donald, y Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." @@ -18451,25 +20053,25 @@ msgstr "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" "Tapscott, Don, y Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " "Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." @@ -18477,8 +20079,8 @@ msgstr "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. Nueva York: Simon y Schuster, 2006." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." @@ -18486,14 +20088,21 @@ msgstr "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 -msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +#| "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS " +#| "Publishers, with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands " +#| "Institute for Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. " +#| "opendesignnow.org (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgid "" +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" "Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, y Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " @@ -18501,28 +20110,38 @@ msgstr "" "Design and Fashion; y la Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licenciado " "bajo CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to " +#| "Society 3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. " +#| "society30.com/get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " "3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" "get-the-book/ (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." +#| "mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" "Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." "mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." @@ -18530,13 +20149,13 @@ msgstr "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" -msgstr "## Agradecimientos" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" +msgstr "Agradecimientos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -18550,19 +20169,19 @@ msgstr "" "especial a la Fundación William and Flora Hewlett por el financiamiento " "inicial que nos permitió empezar este proyecto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" "Apreciamos enormemente a todos los entrevistados del libro Hecho con " "Creative Commons por compartir sus historias con nosotros. Ustedes hacen que " "los comunes tengan vida. Gracias por la inspiración." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -18577,8 +20196,8 @@ msgstr "" "animamos a nuestros lectores a que visiten sus sitios web y exploren su " "trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -18591,8 +20210,8 @@ msgstr "" "borradores de este trabajo y nos ofrecieron una retroalimentación " "invaluable. Gracias de todo corazón a todos ustedes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -18684,11 +20303,11 @@ msgstr "" "Wayne Mackintosh, William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, " "Xavier Antoviaque, Yancey Strickler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -18699,7 +20318,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -18712,7 +20331,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -18740,7 +20359,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -18770,7 +20389,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -18778,7 +20397,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -18802,7 +20421,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -18851,7 +20470,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -18922,7 +20541,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -18932,7 +20551,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -18942,7 +20561,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -19158,215 +20777,4 @@ msgstr "" "Jane Finette, jane Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, Janos Kovacs, Jasmina " "Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu" -#~ msgid "Made with Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" - -#~ msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#~ msgstr "Paul Stacey y Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" - -#~ msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -#~ msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" - -#~ msgid "#### Notes" -#~ msgstr "#### Notas" - -#~ msgid "jonathanmann.net and" -#~ msgstr "jonathanmann.net and" - -#~ msgid "# Part 1" -#~ msgstr "# Parte 1" - -#~ msgid "# Part 2" -#~ msgstr "# Parte 2" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to " -#~ "James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" -#~ "denominator solutions and" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "Ser responsable no significa operar bajo concenso. De acuerdo con James " -#~ "Surowiecki, los grupos que operan bajo concenso tienden a utilizar la " -#~ "solución común más básica y" - -#~ msgid "(museum admission), selling merchandise" -#~ msgstr "(admisión al museo), venta de mercancías" - -#~ msgid "commitment.68" -#~ msgstr "68" - -#~ msgid "service." -#~ msgstr "servicio." - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "" -#~ "resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " -#~ "textbooks)." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "recursos publicitando esos servicios (y, por extensión, los libros de " -#~ "texto de OpenStax)." - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "" -#~ "cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " -#~ "typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " -#~ "sense of reciprocity." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "en vez del típico intercambio quid pro quo de dinero por valor que " -#~ "típicamente conduce a las transacciones en el mercado, el receptor " -#~ "entrega dinero a partir de un sentido de reciprocidad." - -#~ msgid "Made" -#~ msgstr "Hecho" - -#~ msgid "with" -#~ msgstr "con" - -#~ msgid "Creative" -#~ msgstr "Creative" - -#~ msgid "Commons" -#~ msgstr "Commons" - -#~ msgid "The New" -#~ msgstr "El nuevo" - -#~ msgid "World of" -#~ msgstr "Mundo del" - -#~ msgid "Digital" -#~ msgstr "Procomún Digital" - -#~ msgid "How" -#~ msgstr "Cómo" - -#~ msgid "to Be" -#~ msgstr "ser" - -#~ msgid "Made with" -#~ msgstr "Hecho con" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Made" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Hecho" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-1\"></span>with" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-1\"></span>con" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-2\"></span>Creative" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-2\"></span>Creative" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-3\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-3\"></span>Commons" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-5\"></span>" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-5\"></span>" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-7\"></span>Foreword" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-7\"></span>Prefacio" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-8\"></span>Introduction" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-8\"></span>Introducción" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-9\"></span>Part 1" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-9\"></span>Parte 1" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-10\"></span>The Big Picture" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-10\"></span>El panorama completo" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-11\"></span>The New" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-11\"></span>El nuevo" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-12\"></span>World of" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-12\"></span>mundo del" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-13\"></span>Digital" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-13\"></span>procomún" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-14\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-14\"></span>digital" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-17\"></span>Characteristics" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-17\"></span>Características" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-18\"></span>People and processes" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-18\"></span>Personas y procesos" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-19\"></span>Norms and rules" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-19\"></span>Normas y reglas" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-20\"></span>Goals" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-20\"></span>Objetivos" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-23\"></span>The Birth of Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-23\"></span>El nacimiento de Creative Commons" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-24\"></span>The Changing Market" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-24\"></span>El mercado cambiante" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-26\"></span>Our Case Studies" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-26\"></span>Nuestros casos de estudio" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-27\"></span>How" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-27\"></span>Cómo" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-28\"></span>to Be" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-28\"></span>ser" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-29\"></span>Made with" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-29\"></span>Hecho con" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-30\"></span>Creative" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-30\"></span>Creative" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-31\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-31\"></span>Commons" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-62\"></span>The" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-62\"></span>Las" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-63\"></span>Creative" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-63\"></span>Licencias" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-64\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-64\"></span>Creative" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-65\"></span>Licenses" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-65\"></span>Commons" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "" -#~ "All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. " -#~ "At a minimum, a CC-" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "Todas las licencias Creative Commons otorgan un conjunto básico de " -#~ "permisos. Como mínimo, un" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-66\"></span>Note" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-66\"></span>Nota" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-67\"></span>Part 2" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-67\"></span>Parte 2" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-68\"></span>The Case Studies" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-68\"></span>Los estudios de caso" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-69\"></span>Arduino" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-69\"></span>Arduino\t" - -#~ msgid "product.”" -#~ msgstr "producto.”" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-70\"></span>Ártica" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-70\"></span>Ártica" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-71\"></span>Blender Institute" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-71\"></span>Blender Institute" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-87\"></span>Rijksmuseum" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-87\"></span>Rijksmuseum" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-90\"></span>Sparkfun" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-90\"></span>Sparkfun" +# Cleared 480 fuzzy strings diff --git a/po/mwcc.pot b/po/mwcc.pot index 1780d69..62b917c 100644 --- a/po/mwcc.pot +++ b/po/mwcc.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons 20170609-2\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-06 08:40+0000\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-22 18:13+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -16,156 +16,144 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 -msgid "Made With Creative Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 msgid "" -"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " -"BY-SA), version 4.0." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" <city>Mexico City</city>\n" +" " msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +"<copyright> <year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder> </copyright> " +"<publisher> <publishername>Gunnar Wolf</publishername> <placeholder " +"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 +msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 +msgid "" +"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " +"BY-SA), version 4.0." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " "platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -175,8 +163,8 @@ msgid "" "the pursuit of viable business models through CC “a red herring.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -185,8 +173,8 @@ msgid "" "is a means to a social end, not the end itself.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -195,28 +183,28 @@ msgid "" "course, someone always wins the lottery.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -226,8 +214,8 @@ msgid "" "write Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -238,11 +226,11 @@ msgid "" "and community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -252,8 +240,8 @@ msgid "" "more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -261,12 +249,12 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -275,8 +263,8 @@ msgid "" "itself, an example of an open business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -286,30 +274,30 @@ msgid "" "them new supporters of Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -317,8 +305,8 @@ msgid "" "share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -333,20 +321,20 @@ msgid "" "genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -357,47 +345,45 @@ msgid "" "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -410,8 +396,8 @@ msgid "" "analyze their business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -421,35 +407,35 @@ msgid "" "literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something " "different. Something that generates not just economic value but social and " "cultural value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with " "Creative Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -459,28 +445,28 @@ msgid "" "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main " "parts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by " "Paul. He provides some historical context for the digital commons, " @@ -490,8 +476,8 @@ msgid "" "and enlarging the digital commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -503,8 +489,8 @@ msgid "" "share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -512,24 +498,24 @@ msgid "" "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -538,101 +524,129 @@ msgid "" "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the " "commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the " "stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the " -"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are " -"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are " +"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and " +"calligraphy.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with " -"commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social " -"practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a " -"community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that " -"balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the " -"community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and " -"sustainability." +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " +"regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " "government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or " +"state.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part " +"of the market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All " +"operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the " +"market or state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -644,8 +658,8 @@ msgid "" "which they operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -655,8 +669,8 @@ msgid "" "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -664,15 +678,26 @@ msgid "" "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" " +"width=\"100.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:480 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:775 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:816 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -683,25 +708,34 @@ msgid "" "success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, " +"eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg " +"(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and " +"outcomes. That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the " +"commons, the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -710,20 +744,26 @@ msgid "" "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:528 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" " +"width=\"100.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human " @@ -731,11 +771,11 @@ msgid "" "digital, which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -743,10 +783,10 @@ msgid "" "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -755,67 +795,67 @@ msgid "" "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially " "scarce. Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and " "abundant." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state " +"citizens. The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common " +"wealth extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -825,45 +865,58 @@ msgid "" "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:645 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" " +"width=\"100.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -872,31 +925,37 @@ msgid "" "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and " +"sustainability.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -904,18 +963,28 @@ msgid "" "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 +msgid "" +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a " +"Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of " +"Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -925,19 +994,19 @@ msgid "" "measures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -945,13 +1014,13 @@ msgid "" "managing resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -961,8 +1030,8 @@ msgid "" "about the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the " @@ -971,43 +1040,72 @@ msgid "" "history." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:774 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" " +"width=\"100.0%\"/> </imageobject>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to " "cities. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources " -"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies " +"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies " "evolved into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money " "operating the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws " "were revised by governments to support markets, growth, and " @@ -1016,34 +1114,48 @@ msgid "" "today the market is the primary means by which resources are managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" " +"width=\"100.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support " "anyone. Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons " @@ -1059,11 +1171,12 @@ msgid "" "and are therefore best situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the " "governance of natural resources broke with convention; she recognized the " "importance of the commons as an alternative to the market or state for " -"solving problems of collective action.14" +"solving problems of collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure " @@ -1075,21 +1188,29 @@ msgid "" "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and " +"distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a " +"theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the market to make " +"digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual " +"market norms and rules to be applied." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1097,58 +1218,79 @@ msgid "" "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:899 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" " +"width=\"100.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to " +"others.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1158,26 +1300,36 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, " +"rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source " +"software.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide " +"examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1191,23 +1343,31 @@ msgid "" "permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1217,8 +1377,16 @@ msgid "" "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by " @@ -1229,37 +1397,45 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative " @@ -1269,8 +1445,8 @@ msgid "" "software movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1279,97 +1455,159 @@ msgid "" "use, and modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink " +"url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government " -"reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure " -"works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid " -"for them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink " +"url=\"http://sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink " +"url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/>; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our " +"lives.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. " -"Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly " -"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital " +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an " +"anomaly. Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly " +"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital " "technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything " -"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to " +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1379,23 +1617,32 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common " -"goal. They aim for abundance over scarcity." +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"They aim for abundance over scarcity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"each pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models " +"and practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -1403,61 +1650,105 @@ msgid "" "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), " +"8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, " -"worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational " -"forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these " -"alternative market entities are changing the rules and norms of the " -"market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business " +"models.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink " +"url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. " +"You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the " +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the " "commons-to-market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a " -"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and " -"commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or " +"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources " +"and commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or " "depicting what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with " "Creative Commons use business speak; for some the process has been " "experimental, emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a " "predefined model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -1466,18 +1757,18 @@ msgid "" ". . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn revenue " "available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to Bring In " "Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and each " -"endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more than one " -"way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to " -"sustainability." +"endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more than " +"one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " +"paths to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -1485,8 +1776,8 @@ msgid "" "many benefits." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1495,65 +1786,74 @@ msgid "" "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before " "access. The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front " "without payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no " -"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM " +"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM " "frees them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to " "engage in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way " "the commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and " "promotes inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), " +"31–44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 -msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " -"Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " -"wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " -"between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " -"local and global at the same time: Digital designs being globally " +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an " +"organization or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new " +"ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the " +"resources and the relationship with the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 +msgid "" +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is " +"global. Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go " +"far and wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no " +"borders between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are " +"often local and global at the same time: Digital designs being globally " "distributed but made and manufactured locally. Digital books or music being " "globally distributed but readings and concerts performed locally. The " "digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and " "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1562,30 +1862,29 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -1593,36 +1892,36 @@ msgid "" "option of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1633,8 +1932,8 @@ msgid "" "resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1643,8 +1942,8 @@ msgid "" "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -1652,8 +1951,8 @@ msgid "" "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1662,24 +1961,24 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are " -"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. " -"Develop trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be " +"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop " +"trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be " "transparent. Defend the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1689,166 +1988,18 @@ msgid "" "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, " -"eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg " -"(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" " -"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" " -"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" " -"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" " -"medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -1856,7 +2007,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -1865,8 +2016,8 @@ msgid "" "it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -1877,16 +2028,16 @@ msgid "" "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -1897,20 +2048,28 @@ msgid "" "lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -1918,8 +2077,8 @@ msgid "" "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -1930,10 +2089,10 @@ msgid "" "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -1943,18 +2102,18 @@ msgid "" "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -1968,12 +2127,12 @@ msgid "" "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -1982,33 +2141,40 @@ msgid "" "connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2019,8 +2185,8 @@ msgid "" "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2031,16 +2197,16 @@ msgid "" "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2052,35 +2218,55 @@ msgid "" "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially " +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute " +"physical copies are still significant, but lower than they have been " +"historically. And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical " +"copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there " +"can be a whole host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, " +"and even expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like " +"touring or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2090,18 +2276,19 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work " +"themselves. That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a " +"lot more modest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -2111,8 +2298,8 @@ msgid "" "day to day.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2121,81 +2308,128 @@ msgid "" "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is " +"certainly no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them " +"some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than " +"ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every " +"obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson " +"dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass " +"“hits” and more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson " +"wrote, “We are all different, with different wants and needs, and the " +"Internet now has a place for all of them in the way that physical markets " +"did not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited " +"to what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the " +"past decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur " +"content instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their " +"lives, too—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on " +"the town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you " +"have to get noticed by the right people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the " -"work. If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” " -"prohibiting people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2207,82 +2441,100 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing " -"high-resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain " -"and making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital " +"images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the " +"opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you " +"start thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to " +"your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in " +"return.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of " +"the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2294,8 +2546,8 @@ msgid "" "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are " @@ -2304,40 +2556,65 @@ msgid "" "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +msgid "Ibid., 70." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " "effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following " -"your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because " -"we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because " -"a large following is at least a partial indicator of quality or " -"usefulness.18" +"your work spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in " +"herd behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a " +"partial indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), " +"124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how " +"rarely they are invoked.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the " @@ -2347,15 +2624,16 @@ msgid "" "it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most " "often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the " "CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, " -"within both the marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect " -"a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of " -"circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is " -"particularly the case for something as straightforward and consistent with " -"basic notions of fairness as providing credit." +"within both the marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part " +"of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally " +"inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case for something " +"as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of fairness as " +"providing credit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -2369,14 +2647,14 @@ msgid "" "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -2384,8 +2662,8 @@ msgid "" "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its " "credibility. Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to " @@ -2395,13 +2673,13 @@ msgid "" "information source is more valuable than ever." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2411,8 +2689,13 @@ msgid "" "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2421,14 +2704,15 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the " "radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), " "free music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version " -"people bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"people bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free " +"can be a form of promotion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2438,19 +2722,19 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -2458,129 +2742,202 @@ msgid "" "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " "people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than " -"others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the " -"content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the " -"ability to adapt a photo is less important." +"public.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game " +"changing in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the " +"ability to customize and update the content is critically important for its " +"usefulness. For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one " +"penny for something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the " +"act of remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products " +"they had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we " +"know that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type " +"of creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +msgid "Ibid., 21." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " "social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " "Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " "matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response is " -"part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more " -"deeply tied to your work." +"part of the event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the " +"door to your content can get people more deeply tied to your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers " +"cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David " +"said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink " +"url=\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " -"Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " -"beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " -"governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " -"of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or " +"customers. Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not " +"actually beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic " +"institutions, governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the " +"organization out of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional " +"nonprofit funding operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in " +"many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with " +"Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, where the " +"recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard market " +"transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of " +"money for value that typically drives market transactions, the recipient " +"gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you " +"provide.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2589,28 +2946,34 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +msgid "Ibid., 231." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2620,8 +2983,8 @@ msgid "" "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -2629,38 +2992,43 @@ msgid "" "functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work " -"*\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work " +"<emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +msgid "Ibid., 97." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” " -"Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -2683,13 +3051,13 @@ msgid "" "business principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -2699,13 +3067,13 @@ msgid "" "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -2713,51 +3081,68 @@ msgid "" "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay " -"for—there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided " +"platforms.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience " +"isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services " +"you can provide as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +msgid "Ibid., 92." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " -"many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream " +"for many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative " "Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser " "pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the " "overall endeavor." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by " "others. The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing " "charge” of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library " @@ -2767,31 +3152,37 @@ msgid "" "website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through " -"CC-licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " -"when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " -"platforms make money when service providers transact with their customers; " -"for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a " -"maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a " +"high-quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +msgid "Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2801,13 +3192,13 @@ msgid "" "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2819,13 +3210,13 @@ msgid "" "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -2833,8 +3224,8 @@ msgid "" "scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -2847,8 +3238,8 @@ msgid "" "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -2857,22 +3248,35 @@ msgid "" "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations " +"<emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -2886,13 +3290,13 @@ msgid "" "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -2904,13 +3308,13 @@ msgid "" "even in situations where we could find a way to get it for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -2922,13 +3326,13 @@ msgid "" "her community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art " "of Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major " @@ -2938,13 +3342,13 @@ msgid "" "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -2954,40 +3358,40 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -2999,8 +3403,8 @@ msgid "" "what comes with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3014,33 +3418,47 @@ msgid "" "with each other." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3051,11 +3469,12 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -3063,13 +3482,17 @@ msgid "" "them. You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone " "is suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are " "a lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " @@ -3077,80 +3500,124 @@ msgid "" "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In " "business-speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the " -"public.44 But it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"public.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a " +"gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to " "lowest-common-denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of " -"ideas that cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple " -"as asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions " -"you make, even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is " -"time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to actually respond to " -"the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first " -"place.48 But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity " +"ideas that cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving " +"context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting " +"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through " +"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse " +"than not inviting input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity " "of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people " "involved and invested in what you do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " -"assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " -"motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " -"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " -"to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow view of " -"what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who will act in " -"purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " -"design for the good actors." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and " +"motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure " +"fairness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative " +"Commons requires an assumption that people will largely act on those social " +"motivations, motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an " +"economic sense. As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to " +"ignore people who try to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on " +"a very shallow view of what motivates human behavior.” There will always be " +"people who will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with " +"Creative Commons design for the good actors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a " "self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " "assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3159,58 +3626,81 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that " -"people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most " -"often, they do." +"people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " -"fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even " -"if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you " -"are better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, " -"too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends " -"him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to " -"communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she " -"talks.54" +"fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan " +"first.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be " +"one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off " +"remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. Cory " +"Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " +"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " +"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she " +"talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in " "kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " "easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or " +"contributions. As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least " +"when it takes a form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it " +"can dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3222,12 +3712,12 @@ msgid "" "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -3235,78 +3725,127 @@ msgid "" "operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own " +"self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts " +"committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to " -"like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by " -"using CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or " +"beliefs.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, " +"simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some " +"element of community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who " +"recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their " "own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group " "(which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), " "considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona " -"fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people within the " -"community the power to create or influence the rules that govern the " -"community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, " -"people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to " -"disengagement." +"fides.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community " +"requires giving people within the community the power to create or influence " +"the rules that govern the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, people " +"feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink " +"url=\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3314,30 +3853,39 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not " +"sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited " +"trolling.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to " +"its community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3348,27 +3896,49 @@ msgid "" "add outweighs the value provided by you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2971 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of " +"talent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration " +"work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people " +"within the group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3376,234 +3946,125 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 -msgid "" -"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " -"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the " -"picture. Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and " -"involvement with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to " -"input was the writing, the music itself.”71" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 -msgid "" -"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " -"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " -"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " -"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " -"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something " -"plentiful—and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 -msgid "" -"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " -"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " -"project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " -"Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what " -"they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " -"thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition " -"them into active participants.75" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +msgid "Ibid., 154." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of " +"circumstances—perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part " +"of the equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 +msgid "" +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance " +"mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an " +"environment where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " -"There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " -"of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " -"most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " -"commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " -"are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " -"might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the " +"creator. There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that " +"basic set of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only " +"those basic permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial " +"purposes) to the most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with " +"the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator " +"credit). The licenses are built on copyright and do not cover other types of " +"rights that creators might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -3612,15 +4073,16 @@ msgid "" "materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3630,30 +4092,32 @@ msgid "" "also allow commercial use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " "credit to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -3661,30 +4125,32 @@ msgid "" "same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -3692,47 +4158,49 @@ msgid "" "change them or use them commercially." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " "existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" " +"width=\"40.0%\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and " +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and " "Attribution-ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with " "the other licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the " "public-domain tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both " @@ -3741,13 +4209,13 @@ msgid "" "amplify their involvement with and commitment to sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC " "BY-SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you " @@ -3756,8 +4224,8 @@ msgid "" "film, or prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -3766,13 +4234,13 @@ msgid "" "creators. In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you " "bring in revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs " "license because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative " -"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial " +"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial " "licenses were popular among their users because people still held out the " "dream of having a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -3780,8 +4248,8 @@ msgid "" "medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3794,93 +4262,90 @@ msgid "" "domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3310 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4589 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4830 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7395 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8143 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -3895,8 +4360,8 @@ msgid "" "General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -3906,19 +4371,19 @@ msgid "" "software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " -"Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom " +"says. Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design " "school. He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work " @@ -3929,19 +4394,19 @@ msgid "" "product.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -3950,23 +4415,23 @@ msgid "" "customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -3981,19 +4446,19 @@ msgid "" "helpful to novices and experts alike." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " "business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -4002,8 +4467,8 @@ msgid "" "open-source way can only help you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4016,8 +4481,8 @@ msgid "" "new version is equally free and open." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4029,21 +4494,27 @@ msgid "" "Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -4057,8 +4528,8 @@ msgid "" "there." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4071,20 +4542,20 @@ msgid "" "low-quality copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " -"Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their " +"boards. Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial " "development. The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s " "revenue-generating model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4094,8 +4565,13 @@ msgid "" "critical tool for Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -4107,21 +4583,22 @@ msgid "" "In the Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4130,69 +4607,58 @@ msgid "" "says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " "manufacturing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " "culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3558 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3745 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3937 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4356 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7166 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7947 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8469 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8690 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -4200,13 +4666,13 @@ msgid "" "themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development " @@ -4218,8 +4684,8 @@ msgid "" "and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4228,13 +4694,13 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4245,8 +4711,8 @@ msgid "" "provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -4256,8 +4722,8 @@ msgid "" "and offer classes on more specialized topics." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4266,18 +4732,18 @@ msgid "" "commissioned by individual artists." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " -"Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " -"the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " -"resource they create opens new doors." +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific " +"projects. Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project " +"like a new course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in " +"it. They take the stance that every new project leads them to something new, " +"every new resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4287,14 +4753,14 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4303,8 +4769,8 @@ msgid "" "open up new opportunities for their business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another " "belief—in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, " @@ -4316,8 +4782,8 @@ msgid "" "like a course or a book.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4327,26 +4793,26 @@ msgid "" "ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " "and share their knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4360,29 +4826,29 @@ msgid "" "and culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " "efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4391,42 +4857,44 @@ msgid "" "what it looks like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4438,8 +4906,8 @@ msgid "" "concrete ways." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4450,21 +4918,21 @@ msgid "" "the creative and technical community working together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -4472,8 +4940,8 @@ msgid "" "Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4486,8 +4954,8 @@ msgid "" "the project could live.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4496,22 +4964,22 @@ msgid "" "Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -4519,8 +4987,8 @@ msgid "" "said. “They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4529,8 +4997,8 @@ msgid "" "and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -4539,41 +5007,41 @@ msgid "" "because of the number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized " "assistance, but the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it " "needs to help on projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film " -"projects because the talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many " +"projects because the talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many " "people want to work with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget " "constraints.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " "who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -4582,8 +5050,8 @@ msgid "" "assets used in various projects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -4591,10 +5059,10 @@ msgid "" "“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -4602,8 +5070,8 @@ msgid "" "DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -4611,8 +5079,8 @@ msgid "" "open. Selling a license has never been part of the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4623,65 +5091,67 @@ msgid "" "reproduce what you did,” Ton said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " "it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or " "fill-in-the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit " -"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards " -"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right " +"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards " +"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right " "kind of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4690,8 +5160,8 @@ msgid "" "and international editions as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -4699,8 +5169,8 @@ msgid "" "the numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4709,16 +5179,16 @@ msgid "" "new game unto itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " "cult following." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4727,54 +5197,54 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over " "time. Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to " "make it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with " "it. People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -4782,44 +5252,43 @@ msgid "" "there is transparency about what you are doing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -4827,48 +5296,48 @@ msgid "" "world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -4877,19 +5346,18 @@ msgid "" "said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -4898,8 +5366,8 @@ msgid "" "opportunities to extract more money from customers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -4907,38 +5375,39 @@ msgid "" "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the " "Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -4949,8 +5418,8 @@ msgid "" "model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -4959,8 +5428,8 @@ msgid "" "focus on the sensational and sexy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -4981,23 +5450,23 @@ msgid "" "the wider public." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is " "published. Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes " "and writing whatever they want." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5010,8 +5479,8 @@ msgid "" "in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative " @@ -5023,24 +5492,30 @@ msgid "" "information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -5053,18 +5528,18 @@ msgid "" "to everything the Conversation does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5074,8 +5549,8 @@ msgid "" "this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5086,8 +5561,8 @@ msgid "" "working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5097,8 +5572,8 @@ msgid "" "improve coverage and features." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5107,11 +5582,11 @@ msgid "" "the editorial advisory board." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -5119,8 +5594,8 @@ msgid "" "and the number of readers per article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5129,16 +5604,16 @@ msgid "" "submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5147,47 +5622,39 @@ msgid "" "good and operational revenue at the same time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink " +"url=\"http://boingboing.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -5197,16 +5664,16 @@ msgid "" "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " "sharing it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5218,16 +5685,16 @@ msgid "" "age." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " "his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5235,7 +5702,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -5244,23 +5711,23 @@ msgid "" "people to like what I do would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5271,8 +5738,8 @@ msgid "" "symbolizes his worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5283,12 +5750,12 @@ msgid "" "thieves,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -5297,8 +5764,8 @@ msgid "" "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5307,18 +5774,18 @@ msgid "" "can only do it because he is an established author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5326,18 +5793,18 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -5349,8 +5816,8 @@ msgid "" "are fan translations already available for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5360,30 +5827,30 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the " "practice—for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a " "particular platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of " -"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He " +"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He " "calls it Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that " "belongs to you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your " "benefit.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -5391,8 +5858,8 @@ msgid "" "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5404,21 +5871,21 @@ msgid "" "soon." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5427,67 +5894,69 @@ msgid "" "into other people’s hands and minds.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and " "code—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " "trusted? Answers have evolved over time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5497,8 +5966,8 @@ msgid "" "complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -5506,16 +5975,16 @@ msgid "" "online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " "ensuring the research is citable for the long term." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5525,8 +5994,8 @@ msgid "" "for the provision of DOIs for research data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and " "open-science communities were already using and recommending Creative " @@ -5535,36 +6004,36 @@ msgid "" "and CC BY (Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data " "open. People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the " "same. So he opened it up for them to use, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5576,8 +6045,8 @@ msgid "" "it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5588,8 +6057,8 @@ msgid "" "functionality for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for " "journals. Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ " @@ -5598,52 +6067,52 @@ msgid "" "to develop this functionality as part of their own " "infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the " "article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to " -"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides research-data " -"infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer " -"Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them " -"to use Creative Commons licenses for the data." +"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides " +"research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including " +"Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has " +"convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " "(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5654,8 +6123,8 @@ msgid "" "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5665,21 +6134,36 @@ msgid "" "license of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " "applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " "journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " -"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to " -"be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher that " -"converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can " -"alter by changing any of the variables.2" +"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into an app " +"developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data into a " +"visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of " +"the variables.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -5691,21 +6175,27 @@ msgid "" "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were " -"early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders " -"mandated open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career " +"academics. It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that " +"Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5714,8 +6204,8 @@ msgid "" "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -5730,63 +6220,48 @@ msgid "" "discoveries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " "Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that " "matter—not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, " @@ -5800,8 +6275,8 @@ msgid "" "to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5813,13 +6288,13 @@ msgid "" "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -5828,8 +6303,8 @@ msgid "" "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -5840,37 +6315,45 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -5878,37 +6361,37 @@ msgid "" "wrangler and source." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision " -"making. Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes " -"that it is underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ " -"is focused on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money " -"allocated to collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful " -"and generates value. If the government wants citizens to understand why " -"certain decisions are being made and to be more aware about what the " -"government is doing, why not transform the data it collects into easily " -"understood visuals? It could even become a way for a government or any " -"organization to differentiate, market, and brand itself." +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " +"collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " +"value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " +"are being made and to be more aware about what the government is doing, why " +"not transform the data it collects into easily understood visuals? It could " +"even become a way for a government or any organization to differentiate, " +"market, and brand itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -5917,15 +6400,15 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -5939,35 +6422,46 @@ msgid "" "never been done before." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those " -"areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -5980,20 +6474,20 @@ msgid "" "external relationships." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for " -"them. Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6008,8 +6502,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6019,28 +6513,28 @@ msgid "" "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -6048,8 +6542,8 @@ msgid "" "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -6057,19 +6551,19 @@ msgid "" "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -6078,61 +6572,43 @@ msgid "" "the network effect possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " -"Founded in 2012 in the UK." +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access " +"books. Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -6142,23 +6618,23 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -6166,8 +6642,8 @@ msgid "" "up, not down." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -6178,25 +6654,25 @@ msgid "" "cost for publishers is getting a book to the stage where it can be " "printed. If everyone read the online book for free, there would be no " "print-book sales at all, and the costs associated with getting the book to " -"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print " -"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances " +"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print " +"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances " "found it intriguing that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts " "as a marketing vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -6206,18 +6682,18 @@ msgid "" "e-book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a " "“book-processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an " "open-access version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6229,36 +6705,36 @@ msgid "" "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -6266,87 +6742,100 @@ msgid "" "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per " -"package. Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least " -"six of the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book " -"was just under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten " -"months. It started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having " -"a library task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, " -"getting the libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, " -"unlatching." +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " +"the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " +"under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " +"started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having a library " +"task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, getting the " +"libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6357,27 +6846,27 @@ msgid "" "more libraries involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 " "range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in " "the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three " "hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the " @@ -6385,11 +6874,11 @@ msgid "" "round, it took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -6397,8 +6886,8 @@ msgid "" "their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6409,18 +6898,18 @@ msgid "" "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6433,133 +6922,118 @@ msgid "" "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by " "grants. In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is " "sustainable. Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service " -"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans " +"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans " "to scale up in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs " -"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, " +"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, " "Knowledge Unlatched is making investments in technology and " "processes. Future plans include unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 +msgid "Lumen Learning" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and " "education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to " "improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making " "education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational " "resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called " -"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open " -"general-education courses across eight colleges predominantly serving " -"at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and " -"collaborate to improve the courses to help students succeed. David and Kim " -"exceeded those goals: the cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, " -"decreased to zero dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 " -"to 10 percent when compared with previous years. After a second round of " -"funding, a total of more than twenty-five institutions participated in and " -"benefited from this project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see " -"the impact this initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought " -"further funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them " -"to define a plan to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That " -"is when they decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> It involved a set of fully open general-education courses across " +"eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to " +"dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to " +"help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the " +"required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and " +"average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with " +"previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of more than " +"twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It " +"was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had " +"on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill " +"and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6569,8 +7043,8 @@ msgid "" "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6579,8 +7053,8 @@ msgid "" "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -6588,41 +7062,41 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf " "options. Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good " -"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving " +"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving " "disadvantaged learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they " "describe what they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in " "a way that is very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and " "universities—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6631,18 +7105,18 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -6651,19 +7125,19 @@ msgid "" "student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6680,8 +7154,8 @@ msgid "" "generated immense goodwill in the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6693,21 +7167,21 @@ msgid "" "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6716,8 +7190,8 @@ msgid "" "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -6729,8 +7203,8 @@ msgid "" "at the end of each page." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -6739,23 +7213,23 @@ msgid "" "number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out " -"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar " +"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar " "system-level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its " "efforts. Where there are projects that would require a lot of resources on " "Lumen’s part, they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number " "of students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6766,8 +7240,8 @@ msgid "" "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -6778,21 +7252,21 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -6802,19 +7276,19 @@ msgid "" "using." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -6822,8 +7296,8 @@ msgid "" "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than " @@ -6836,8 +7310,8 @@ msgid "" "with revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -6848,43 +7322,40 @@ msgid "" "trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink " +"url=\"http://jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -6896,8 +7367,8 @@ msgid "" "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -6909,8 +7380,8 @@ msgid "" "magazine." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -6918,23 +7389,23 @@ msgid "" "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that " @@ -6947,10 +7418,10 @@ msgid "" "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -6958,29 +7429,29 @@ msgid "" "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -6991,8 +7462,8 @@ msgid "" "time. Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7001,8 +7472,8 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -7013,8 +7484,8 @@ msgid "" "songs for clients." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those " "skills. Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift " @@ -7022,17 +7493,17 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -7042,17 +7513,17 @@ msgid "" "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7065,19 +7536,19 @@ msgid "" "others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and " "grit. Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in " "books like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely " "emphasizes the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can " -"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work " -"is a living embodiment of these principles." +"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is " +"a living embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7086,78 +7557,80 @@ msgid "" "might be better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 +msgid "Noun Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7166,30 +7639,38 @@ msgid "" "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their " +"idea. Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over " +"$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to be something much " +"bigger." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7198,8 +7679,8 @@ msgid "" "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s " @@ -7209,8 +7690,8 @@ msgid "" "relationship they have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -7218,8 +7699,8 @@ msgid "" "business model around free content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7233,90 +7714,96 @@ msgid "" "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly " -"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says " +"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says " "this model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good " "for the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " "know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " -"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " "without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " "its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " "it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " "you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For " +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For " "one-off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -7324,23 +7811,23 @@ msgid "" "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7349,27 +7836,27 @@ msgid "" "visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -7377,8 +7864,8 @@ msgid "" "credibility. CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7389,8 +7876,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -7398,20 +7885,20 @@ msgid "" "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7422,70 +7909,57 @@ msgid "" "been key to that goal." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +msgid "Open Data Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the " "London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of " "society. Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight " @@ -7498,8 +7972,8 @@ msgid "" "understanding what is happening around them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7508,30 +7982,39 @@ msgid "" "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7541,28 +8024,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7571,20 +8054,20 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " -"Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " -"ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to " +"£100. Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount " +"on ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an " "ODI-supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into " "two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, " "and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " @@ -7593,8 +8076,8 @@ msgid "" "are listed on their website.)2" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7608,8 +8091,8 @@ msgid "" "they can attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more " "demand. Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship " @@ -7619,8 +8102,8 @@ msgid "" "training tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7629,8 +8112,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7640,21 +8123,21 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7663,8 +8146,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7672,8 +8155,8 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United " "Kingdom. But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors " @@ -7683,13 +8166,13 @@ msgid "" "governments, which prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the " "world. There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI " @@ -7697,37 +8180,50 @@ msgid "" "brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink " +"url=\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " -"Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " -"fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " -"ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " -"build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community " +"building. Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and " +"start-up programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and " +"leaders. (In fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders " +"Network.) For ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time " +"and effort to build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7735,8 +8231,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7744,8 +8240,8 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -7754,7 +8250,7 @@ msgid "" "data. Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open " "license is essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that " "it is perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not " -"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have " +"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have " "ODI experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -7763,16 +8259,16 @@ msgid "" "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7780,93 +8276,72 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6495 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -7874,8 +8349,8 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -7892,8 +8367,8 @@ msgid "" "Wikihouse becoming a nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -7901,8 +8376,8 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -7914,8 +8389,8 @@ msgid "" "wheel and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -7924,16 +8399,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -7942,17 +8417,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -7960,21 +8440,26 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a " "computer-controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that " "cuts shapes out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the " "design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -7982,49 +8467,50 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to " @@ -8032,15 +8518,15 @@ msgid "" "channels—this covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8048,18 +8534,18 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " @@ -8067,68 +8553,68 @@ msgid "" "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " "platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " -"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " "and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8137,8 +8623,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8147,20 +8633,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the " +"principles and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8169,59 +8660,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8232,18 +8723,18 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " @@ -8251,63 +8742,45 @@ msgid "" "people." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement " "courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, " +"editor-in-chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -8320,21 +8793,21 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons and available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8347,20 +8820,28 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales " +"rapidly. All with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8370,8 +8851,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8380,8 +8861,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8389,17 +8870,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their " +"textbooks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8407,8 +8894,8 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on " @@ -8420,8 +8907,8 @@ msgid "" "to require philanthropic investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8432,25 +8919,25 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to " "institutions. Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the " -"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has " +"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has " "already published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to " "Sociology 2e, using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak " "efficiency. OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing " "textbook content, freeing them up from those development costs and letting " -"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no " +"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no " "cost, they can provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still " "saving students money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving " "mission-support fees but through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax " @@ -8458,8 +8945,8 @@ msgid "" "materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8468,35 +8955,35 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " -"While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns " -"policy. This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles " -"is virtually a hundred percent." +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the " +"stores. While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -8506,8 +8993,8 @@ msgid "" "is reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8520,27 +9007,27 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an " @@ -8551,8 +9038,8 @@ msgid "" "and they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -8563,47 +9050,48 @@ msgid "" "freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " -"From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive " +"results. From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press " +"kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8611,8 +9099,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8620,8 +9108,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8630,8 +9118,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8643,74 +9131,65 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8724,8 +9203,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8736,21 +9215,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8762,8 +9241,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8777,22 +9256,22 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda " "said. Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an " "easy decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing " -"what they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a " +"what they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a " "natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8802,8 +9281,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -8816,31 +9295,31 @@ msgid "" "Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -8851,8 +9330,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -8863,8 +9342,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -8873,8 +9352,8 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -8885,8 +9364,8 @@ msgid "" "joyful to you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -8900,8 +9379,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -8911,60 +9390,55 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a " "relationship. Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that " "different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her " -"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than " +"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than " "forcing people to help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the " +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the " "U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -8979,22 +9453,22 @@ msgid "" "under Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9007,27 +9481,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -9035,36 +9509,36 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to " -"\\$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in " -"2006, are just under \\$1,500." +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to " +"$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, " +"are just under $1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " -"Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " -"institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing " -"charges." +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to " +"publication. Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for " +"individuals and institutions to help authors who can’t afford the " +"article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon " "publication. Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on " @@ -9074,27 +9548,27 @@ msgid "" "encourages other authors to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC " "BY). This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content " "and provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9104,8 +9578,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9113,8 +9587,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9124,8 +9598,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9134,8 +9608,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9143,12 +9617,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -9158,25 +9632,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9189,8 +9663,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9198,8 +9672,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9208,20 +9682,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -9229,101 +9702,103 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and " +"ratings.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the " +"journal model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " -"Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and " +"history. Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9339,24 +9814,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9366,24 +9841,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all " +"across Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October " +"2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools " +"people could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was " +"the first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their " +"collection and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9396,8 +9876,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9407,12 +9887,12 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for " @@ -9425,8 +9905,8 @@ msgid "" "online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of " "poor-quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of " @@ -9441,19 +9921,19 @@ msgid "" "it in real life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9467,32 +9947,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9500,8 +9985,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the " @@ -9513,47 +9998,71 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his " "paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the " -"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy " +"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy " "to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " "Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " "elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " -"Threatened Swan.3" +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of " +"€10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class " +"entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through the " +"Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " +"specific color scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries " +"range from the fun to the weird to the inspirational. The third " +"international edition of the Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9563,14 +10072,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -9578,88 +10087,62 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection " +"has. For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " "pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " -"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: " -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: " -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9671,10 +10154,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -9684,8 +10167,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9695,8 +10178,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -9708,11 +10191,11 @@ msgid "" "and continued to grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -9721,8 +10204,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -9734,15 +10217,15 @@ msgid "" "readers make changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -9750,8 +10233,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9766,8 +10249,8 @@ msgid "" "we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9778,65 +10261,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for " "help. The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -9853,60 +10336,62 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a " +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a " "one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people " "take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -9914,8 +10399,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -9924,29 +10409,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -9954,19 +10445,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -9975,15 +10472,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a " "team-based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based " @@ -9991,19 +10488,25 @@ msgid "" "were safe to share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10011,29 +10514,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10043,22 +10547,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10066,41 +10570,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10108,8 +10612,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10119,21 +10623,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale " "up. They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10143,40 +10647,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10186,8 +10695,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -10199,30 +10708,30 @@ msgid "" "negotiation, the government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10234,8 +10743,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The " @@ -10243,20 +10752,20 @@ msgid "" "subject turned out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -10269,60 +10778,42 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open " "hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10331,8 +10822,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan " "said. “I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were " @@ -10340,8 +10831,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10351,8 +10842,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10362,16 +10853,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your " "laurels. It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10382,55 +10873,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and " "support. “I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP " -"\\[intellectual property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they " +"[intellectual property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they " "should be competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping " @@ -10440,29 +10931,29 @@ msgid "" "business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10473,8 +10964,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10488,20 +10979,20 @@ msgid "" "a human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10510,24 +11001,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " "company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " "tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " -"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " "point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -10535,8 +11026,8 @@ msgid "" "open-source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10546,8 +11037,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10561,50 +11052,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the " +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the " "U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " -"Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " -"TeachAIDS distributes." +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by " +"advertising. Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational " +"materials TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10618,8 +11111,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -10639,8 +11132,8 @@ msgid "" "receiving bits and pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10653,20 +11146,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -10677,8 +11170,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -10688,8 +11181,8 @@ msgid "" "drives everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10699,8 +11192,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10715,8 +11208,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10732,43 +11225,43 @@ msgid "" "cycle eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of " -"life. Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors " -"to help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The " -"inclusive, but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by " -"people who are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, " -"rather than ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to " -"require zero training for people to implement in practice. “In our research, " -"we found we can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, " -"even if they have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials " -"where you can push play and they will work.”" +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " +"help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " +"but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " +"are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, rather than " +"ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to require zero " +"training for people to implement in practice. “In our research, we found we " +"can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, even if they " +"have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials where you can " +"push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and " "in-kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10780,20 +11273,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya " @@ -10807,8 +11300,8 @@ msgid "" "benefit a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -10818,8 +11311,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving " "education—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins " @@ -10829,47 +11322,50 @@ msgid "" "changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " -"Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " -"licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the " +"Web. Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of " +"open licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative " +"Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -10880,8 +11376,8 @@ msgid "" "holder was not readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -10892,8 +11388,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -10902,57 +11398,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, " +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, " "good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show " "without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They " "started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) " -"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -10960,43 +11462,49 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their " +"website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per " +"month.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC " "BY-SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11008,18 +11516,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific " -"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " "repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11027,8 +11535,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to " "work. With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing " @@ -11037,8 +11545,8 @@ msgid "" "more interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11050,8 +11558,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -11062,11 +11570,11 @@ msgid "" "need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for " "them. Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see " @@ -11076,8 +11584,8 @@ msgid "" "others with collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11094,8 +11602,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -11107,57 +11615,47 @@ msgid "" "music, a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the " @@ -11166,16 +11664,16 @@ msgid "" "to reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what " "else?—the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -11190,8 +11688,8 @@ msgid "" "particular organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11199,19 +11697,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11224,37 +11722,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " "system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " "resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " "areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -11263,11 +11761,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -11277,8 +11775,15 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11290,26 +11795,27 @@ msgid "" "explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible " "diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of " "the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error " -"in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of " -"Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to " -"contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate " -"financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also " +"editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some " +"donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” Stephen told " +"us. “They are all contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -11320,11 +11826,11 @@ msgid "" "back. Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -11332,8 +11838,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11341,8 +11847,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11350,8 +11856,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11359,554 +11865,556 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. " -"www.benkler.org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC " -"BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open " -"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. " -"www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC " -"BY-SA)." +"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. " -"thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the " "Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through " "Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop " "in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf\"/>. " +"For more information, see <ulink " +"url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). " -"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. " -"hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink " +"url=\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan " "Hoover. New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a " "Post-Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " -"2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink " +"url=\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared " "Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " "eds. Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " -"“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " -"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. " +"Strandburg. “Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, " +"and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being " "Creative. New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " -"2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, " -"2014. pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed " -"under CC BY-SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink " +"url=\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. " -"www.academia.edu/27143172/The\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader " +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> " "(licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” " -"www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing " "Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink " +"url=\"http://opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. " -"society30.com/get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink " +"url=\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. " -"web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and " "Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -11915,16 +12423,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -11933,8 +12441,8 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter " @@ -11942,8 +12450,8 @@ msgid "" "feedback. Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -11991,10 +12499,10 @@ msgid "" "Yancey Strickler" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -12005,7 +12513,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -12018,7 +12526,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -12046,7 +12554,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -12076,7 +12584,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane " "K. Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La " @@ -12084,8 +12592,8 @@ msgid "" "Dirk Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, " "Dom Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique " "Karadjian, Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, " -"Doug Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. " -"Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C " +"Doug Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, " +"Dr. Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C " "Humphries, Eamon Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo " "Belinchon, Eduardo Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, " "Elad Wieder, Elar Haljas, Elena Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie " @@ -12108,7 +12616,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -12157,28 +12665,28 @@ msgid "" "Marin Diaz, Judith Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, " "Julia Devonshire, Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien " "Leroy, Juliet Chen, Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin " -"Grimes, Justin Jones, Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, " -"K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara " -"Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, " -"Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, " -"Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, Kathryn Deiss, Kathryn Rose, Kathy " -"Payne, Katie Lynn Daniels, Katie Meek, Katie Teague, Katrina Hennessy, " -"Katriona Main, Kavan Antani, Keith Adams, Keith Berndtson, MD, Keith Luebke, " -"Kellie Higginbottom, Ken Friis Larsen, Ken Haase, Ken Torbeck, Kendel " -"Ratley, Kendra Byrne, Kerry Hicks, Kevin Brown, Kevin Coates, Kevin Flynn, " -"Kevin Rumon, Kevin Shannon, Kevin Taylor, Kevin Tostado, Kewhyun Kelly-Yuoh, " -"Kiane l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, " -"Konrad Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, " -"Kristina Popova, Kristofer Bratt, Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt " -"Whittemore, Kyle Pinches, Kyle Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane " -"Rasberry, Larry Garfield, Larry Singer, Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura " -"Anne Brown, Laura Billings, Laura Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence " -"Gonsalves, Laurent Muchacho, Laurie Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence " -"M. Schoen, Leandro Pangilinan, Leigh Verlandson, Lenka Gondolova, Leonardo " -"Bueno Postacchini, leonardo menegola, Lesley Mitchell, Leslie Krumholz, " -"Leticia Britos Cavagnaro, Levi Bostian, Leyla Acaroglu, Liisa Ummelas, Lilly " -"Kashmir Marques, Lior Mazliah, Lisa Bjerke, Lisa Brewster, Lisa Canning, " -"Lisa Cronin, Lisa Di Valentino, Lisandro Gaertner, Livia Leskovec, Liynn " +"Grimes, Justin Jones, Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. " +"Przybylski, Kaloyan Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, " +"Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia " +"Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen " +"Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, Kathryn Deiss, Kathryn Rose, Kathy Payne, Katie " +"Lynn Daniels, Katie Meek, Katie Teague, Katrina Hennessy, Katriona Main, " +"Kavan Antani, Keith Adams, Keith Berndtson, MD, Keith Luebke, Kellie " +"Higginbottom, Ken Friis Larsen, Ken Haase, Ken Torbeck, Kendel Ratley, " +"Kendra Byrne, Kerry Hicks, Kevin Brown, Kevin Coates, Kevin Flynn, Kevin " +"Rumon, Kevin Shannon, Kevin Taylor, Kevin Tostado, Kewhyun Kelly-Yuoh, Kiane " +"l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, Konrad " +"Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, Kristina " +"Popova, Kristofer Bratt, Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt Whittemore, " +"Kyle Pinches, Kyle Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane Rasberry, Larry " +"Garfield, Larry Singer, Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura Anne Brown, " +"Laura Billings, Laura Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence Gonsalves, Laurent " +"Muchacho, Laurie Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence M. Schoen, Leandro " +"Pangilinan, Leigh Verlandson, Lenka Gondolova, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, " +"leonardo menegola, Lesley Mitchell, Leslie Krumholz, Leticia Britos " +"Cavagnaro, Levi Bostian, Leyla Acaroglu, Liisa Ummelas, Lilly Kashmir " +"Marques, Lior Mazliah, Lisa Bjerke, Lisa Brewster, Lisa Canning, Lisa " +"Cronin, Lisa Di Valentino, Lisandro Gaertner, Livia Leskovec, Liynn " "Worldlaw, Liz Berg, Liz White, Logan Cox, Loki Carbis, Lora Lynn, Lorna " "Prescott, Lou Yufan, Louie Amphlett, Louis-David Benyayer, Louise Denman, " "Luca Corsato, Luca Lesinigo, Luca Palli, Luca Pianigiani, Luca S.G. de " @@ -12229,7 +12737,7 @@ msgid "" "McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall " "McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas Bentley, Nicholas Koran, " "Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, " -"Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky Weaver-Weinberg, Nico " +"Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky Weaver-Weinberg, Nico " "Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, " "Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, Nils Lavesson, Noah " "Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah Meyerhans, Noel Hanigan, " @@ -12239,7 +12747,7 @@ msgid "" "Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, Paris Marx, Parker " "Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat Ludwig, Pat Sticks, " "Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, Patrick Berry, Patrick " -"Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick McCabe, Patrick " +"Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick McCabe, Patrick " "Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik Kernstock, Patti J " "Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, Paul Bryan, Paul " "Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul Keller, Paul " @@ -12248,7 +12756,7 @@ msgid "" "Fankhauser, Peter Hirtle, Peter Humphries, Peter Jenkins, Peter Langmar, " "Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter O’Brien, Peter Pinch, " "Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr Viktorin, Petronella " -"Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs " +"Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs " "Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi " "Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, " "Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, " diff --git a/po/nb/mwcc.po b/po/nb/mwcc.po index 848029c..76dd343 100644 --- a/po/nb/mwcc.po +++ b/po/nb/mwcc.po @@ -18,28 +18,103 @@ msgstr "" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 2.20-dev\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "% Ved hjelp av Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "nb" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +#| "copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +#| "purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, " +#| "provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you " +#| "remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +#| "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +#| "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Denne boken er utgitt under en CC BY-SA lisens, noe som betyr at du kan " +"kopiere, distribuere videre, remikse, transformere og bygge videre for ulike " +"formÃ¥l, ogsÃ¥ kommersielt, sÃ¥ lenge du gir riktig kreditering, gir en link " +"til lisensen og angir om endringer er gjort. Hvis du remikser, transformerer " +"eller bygger pÃ¥ materialet, mÃ¥ du distribuere dine bidrag under samme lisens " +"som den opprinnelige. Lisensdetaljer: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +msgid "" +" <city>Mexico City</city>\n" +" " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +"<copyright> <year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder> </copyright> " +"<publisher> <publishername>Gunnar Wolf</publishername> <placeholder type=" +"\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Paul Stacey" +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "Paul Stacey" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "av Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "© 2017, av Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." @@ -47,111 +122,42 @@ msgstr "" "Publisert med lisensen Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), " "versjon 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "Vanlig tekst" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Omslag og boksideutforming av Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Innhold redigert av Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "Illustrasjoner av Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "Nedlastbar e-bok er tilgjengelig fra madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Publisher:" +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "Forlegger:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Bøker" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 København N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Danmark" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Trykkeri:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polen" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -"Denne boken er utgitt under en CC BY-SA lisens, noe som betyr at du kan " -"kopiere, distribuere videre, remikse, transformere og bygge videre for ulike " -"formÃ¥l, ogsÃ¥ kommersielt, sÃ¥ lenge du gir riktig kreditering, gir en link " -"til lisensen og angir om endringer er gjort. Hvis du remikser, transformerer " -"eller bygger pÃ¥ materialet, mÃ¥ du distribuere dine bidrag under samme lisens " -"som den opprinnelige. Lisensdetaljer: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "Nedlastbar e-bok er tilgjengelig fra madewith.cc" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " @@ -161,15 +167,23 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons og bidragsytere fra vÃ¥r kronerullingskampanje pÃ¥ " "Kickstarter.com-plattformen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 -msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way " +#| "that I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . " +#| "essays like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but " +#| "also reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more " +#| "length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance " +#| "to in our daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +msgid "" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" "«Jeg vet ikke mye om faglitteratur . . . MÃ¥ten jeg tenker pÃ¥ disse tingene, " "og hva jeg kan gjøre er . . . essays som dette er anledninger til Ã¥ følge " @@ -177,13 +191,20 @@ msgstr "" "følger nærmere og tenker mer i dybden om mange forskjellige ting enn de " "fleste av oss har en sjanse til i vÃ¥re daglige liv.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" -msgstr "## Forord" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "- David Foster Wallace" +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "Forord" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -200,8 +221,8 @@ msgstr "" "forretningsmodeller. Han forklarte pÃ¥ en hyggelig mÃ¥te at han var uenig, og " "kalte jakten pÃ¥ fungerende forretningsmodeller via CC en blindvei." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -215,8 +236,8 @@ msgstr "" "være til er Ã¥ gjøre verden til et bedre sted, ikke for fortjeneste. Penger " "er et middel til et sosialt mÃ¥l, ikke mÃ¥let selv. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -230,12 +251,12 @@ msgstr "" "Det kan fungere, men nesten helt sikkert sÃ¥ vil det ikke det. Men, " "selvfølgelig, noen vinner alltid i et lotteri.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." @@ -247,11 +268,11 @@ msgstr "" "lodd, og i stedet høster belønninger fra det Ã¥ følge sin lidenskap og bygge " "pÃ¥ sine verdier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" @@ -261,8 +282,8 @@ msgstr "" "og spill for Ã¥ tjene penger - vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere " "vitser og spill.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -279,8 +300,8 @@ msgstr "" "forfatterne skrive Made with Creative Commons: Laget med kreative " "allmenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -298,11 +319,11 @@ msgstr "" "gartner. Han har en rolig, kul stemme som formidler en lidenskap som " "inspirerer kolleger og samfunn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -320,8 +341,8 @@ msgstr "" "praktisk, detaljorientert og dyktig. Det er ingen pÃ¥ mitt laget jeg liker " "mer Ã¥ debattere med." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -329,7 +350,7 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" "Som medforfattere, utfylte Paul og Sarah hverandre perfekt. De forsket, " @@ -341,8 +362,8 @@ msgstr "" "er modig, og det har gitt en bedre bok som er mer innsiktsfull, ærlig og " "nyttig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -356,8 +377,8 @@ msgstr "" "bruke, remikse eller tilpasse med henvisning pÃ¥ plass. Det er i seg selv et " "eksempel pÃ¥ en Ã¥pen forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -373,14 +394,14 @@ msgstr "" "strekk helt til mÃ¥l. De fleste giverne var nye tilhengere av Creative " "Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" @@ -392,10 +413,10 @@ msgstr "" "selvtillit, og det har uten tvil gjort «Made with Creative Commons» til et " "bedre prosjekt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" @@ -403,10 +424,10 @@ msgstr "" "er en del av noe større enn seg selv, og hva de tilbyr oss alle er en raus " "gave. Hva de fÃ¥r tilbake er takknemlighet og et fellesskap." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -420,8 +441,8 @@ msgstr "" "allmenning er en nøkkelverdi, og fordi CC-lisensene har hjulpet sÃ¥ mange Ã¥ " "dele med et globalt publikum pÃ¥ den mÃ¥ten de velger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -447,13 +468,13 @@ msgstr "" "noe mer tilfredsstillende mÃ¥l enn nÃ¥r noen forteller deg at det du gjør " "virkelig verdi for dem.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." @@ -467,8 +488,8 @@ msgstr "" "utforske dine egne forretningsmuligheter, og to dusin doser med ren " "inspirasjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -485,13 +506,13 @@ msgstr "" "noe høyteknologiske dataspill; De opplever det i grupper, i fellesskap, " "blant fremmede, blant dem de lærer Ã¥ kjenne, og noen ganger like.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" "Jeg er utrolig stolt at Creative Commons er i stand Ã¥ utgi denne boken for " @@ -500,30 +521,30 @@ msgstr "" "samfunn som har hjulpet oss Ã¥ bringe den til deg. Som CC-styremedlem " "Johnathan Nightingale ofte sier: «Alt er laget av mennesker.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "Det er den sanne verdien av ting som er laget med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "*Daglig leder, Creative Commons*\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" -msgstr "## Introduksjon" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "Introduksjon" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." @@ -531,8 +552,8 @@ msgstr "" "Denne boken viser verden hvordan deling kan være bra i forretningsøyemed, " "men med en vri." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -555,8 +576,8 @@ msgstr "" "nettbasert verktøy som hjelper folk Ã¥ skape og analysere sin " "forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -571,8 +592,8 @@ msgstr "" "ned deres historier. Vi analyserte hva vi hørte, og gravde dypt i " "litteraturen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." @@ -580,11 +601,11 @@ msgstr "" "Mens vi gjorde vÃ¥re undersøkelser, skjedde det noe interessant. VÃ¥r første " "mÃ¥te Ã¥ ramme inn arbeidet pÃ¥, samsvarte ikke med de historiene vi hørte." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." @@ -595,12 +616,12 @@ msgstr "" "som ble delt, og genererte inntekter, ikke for ubegrenset vekst, men for Ã¥ " "opprettholde driften." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" @@ -611,8 +632,8 @@ msgstr "" "knytting av mellommenneskelige forbindelser. Å «Gjøre med Creative Commons» " "er ikke «business as usual» («som vi pleier»)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -629,14 +650,14 @@ msgstr "" "tilbakemeldinger og rÃ¥d. VÃ¥r tenkning endret seg dramatisk i løpet av " "halvannet Ã¥r." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" @@ -648,8 +669,8 @@ msgstr "" "finne vÃ¥re ulike, men utfyllende, tilnærminger nÃ¥r du henholdsvis leser " "gjennom vÃ¥re ulike seksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." @@ -657,8 +678,8 @@ msgstr "" "Mens vi anbefaler at du leser boken fra start til slutt, kan hver del leses " "mer eller mindre uavhengig av hverandre. Boken er organisert i to hoveddeler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -674,8 +695,8 @@ msgstr "" "markedsbegreper, og er velformulert om deling og utvidelse av Digital " "Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -693,8 +714,8 @@ msgstr "" "inntekter, hvordan de videre fremmer allmenne interesser og realiserer sine " "verdier, og hvordan de bygger forbindelser med folk de deler med." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -706,8 +727,8 @@ msgstr "" "restriktiv lisensene - de som er nærmest «alle rettigheter reservert»-" "modellen i tradisjonell opphavsrett - er den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ tjene penger pÃ¥." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " @@ -717,8 +738,8 @@ msgstr "" "organisasjoner vi intervjuet. Begge deltok i intervjuene, mens vi fordelte " "skrivingen av profilene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " @@ -728,8 +749,8 @@ msgstr "" "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike lisens. Kopier, distribuer, oversett, " "lokaliser, og bygg gjerne videre pÃ¥ dette arbeidet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -743,37 +764,44 @@ msgstr "" "Commons, og dermed bidra til forandringen av vÃ¥r økonomi og verden til det " "bedre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" -msgstr "*Paul og Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" -msgstr "# Det store bildet" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "Det store bildet" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" -msgstr "## Digital Commons nye verden" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" +msgstr "Digital Commons nye verden" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Köhler, 2013), 14." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jonathan Rowe beskriver elegant allmenningen som «luften og havene, " "nettverket av arter, villmark og rennende vann - alle er deler av " @@ -782,13 +810,13 @@ msgstr "" "fra naturen, andre er resultat av av menneskelige bestrebelser. Noen er " "nye, for eksempel Internett; andre er like gamle som jord og kalligrafi.»1" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " @@ -803,16 +831,43 @@ msgstr "" "Personer, organisasjoner og bedrifter i vÃ¥re referanseløsninger bruker " "Creative Commons til Ã¥ dele sine ressurser tilkoblet Internett." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about " +#| "the social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, " +#| "but to common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The " +#| "creators, organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with " +#| "commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social " +#| "practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a " +#| "community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms " +#| "that balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the " +#| "community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and " +#| "sustainability." msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" @@ -826,45 +881,56 @@ msgstr "" "balanserer kostnadene og fordelene for foretaket med de fra fellesskapet. " "Særlig vekt er tillagt rettferdig tilgang, bruk og bærekraft." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" -msgstr "### Almenningen, markedet, og staten" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "Almenningen, markedet, og staten" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Historisk har det vært tre mÃ¥ter Ã¥ administrere ressurser og fordele rikdom " "pÃ¥: Allmenninger (hÃ¥ndtert kollektivt) og staten (dvs. regjeringen) markedet " -"- med de siste to som de dominerende former i dag.4" +"- med de siste to som de dominerende former i dag.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" "Organisasjoner og bedrifter i vÃ¥re referanseløsninger er unike i mÃ¥ten de " "deltar i allmenningen mens de fortsatt er engasjert i markedet og/eller i " "offentlig sektor. Omfanget av engasjement i markedet, eller i det offentlige " "varierer. Noen opererer primært som allmenning hvis virke uten eller i liten " -"grad er avhengig av markedet eller det offentlige.5 Andre er i høyeste grad " +"grad er avhengig av markedet eller det offentlige.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Andre er i høyeste grad " "en del av markedet eller det offentlige, og avhenger av dem for sin " "finansielle bærekraft. Alle fungerer som hybrider, som kombinerer " "allemannseiets normer med dem som gjelder for markeder eller det offentlige." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." @@ -872,8 +938,8 @@ msgstr "" "Fig.1. Skildrer hvordan en bedrift kan ha varierende grad av engasjement med " "allemannseie, det offentlige og markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -893,8 +959,8 @@ msgstr "" "I hvilken grad en bedrift ser seg selv som hovedsakelig av én type eller en " "annen pÃ¥virker sammensetningen av de normer de styrer etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -910,8 +976,8 @@ msgstr "" "engasjement mellom fellesskapene og markedet krever litt netthendthet, en " "sterk følelse av verdier, og evnen til Ã¥ kombinere det beste fra begge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -924,17 +990,29 @@ msgstr "" "kan opphavsrett, forretningsvirksomhet og finansiering, alle være utformet " "for Ã¥ fremme allemannseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -953,32 +1031,45 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te som man ellers arbeider i markedet eller i staten, er ikke en strategi " "for suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" -msgstr "### De fire aspektene ved en ressurs" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "De fire aspektene ved en ressurs" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" +"Daniel H. Cole, «Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons», i Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" "Som en del av sitt Nobelprisvinnende arbeid, utviklet Elinor Ostrom et " "rammeverk for Ã¥ analysere hvordan naturressurser administreres i en " -"allmenning.6 Hennes rammeverk vurderte ting som biofysiske karakteristikker " +"allmenning.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hennes rammeverk vurderte ting som biofysiske karakteristikker " "ved felles ressurser, samfunnets aktører og samhandlingene som foregÃ¥r " "mellom dem, uformelle regler-i-bruk, og resultater. Dette rammeverket er " "forenklet og generalisert for Ã¥ brukes pÃ¥ felleseie, markedet og staten, det " "offentlige, for dette kapitlet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -993,22 +1084,29 @@ msgstr "" "til slutt den faktiske ressursbruken sammen med resultatene av denne bruken " "(se Fig. 2)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" -msgstr "#### Karakteristika" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "Karakteristika" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -1020,11 +1118,11 @@ msgstr "" "betydning for dagens felleseie - ressurser kan være fysiske eller digitale, " "som pÃ¥virker det iboende ressurspotensialet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -1039,10 +1137,10 @@ msgstr "" "ressurser i fysisk form. Kostnadene ved Ã¥ produsere og distribuere et fysisk " "gode, krever vanligvis at man benytter markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -1058,11 +1156,11 @@ msgstr "" "uttømt, og til en kostnad pÃ¥ nær null. Overflod i stedet for knapphet er en " "iboende karakteristikk ved digitale ressurser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." @@ -1073,15 +1171,15 @@ msgstr "" "alltid tilfellet. Digitale ressurser gjøres ofte kunstig knappe. Å plassere " "digitale ressurser i allmenninger gjør dem gratis og rikelige." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" "VÃ¥re referanseprosjekter hÃ¥ndterer ofte hybrid-ressurser, som begynner som " @@ -1092,16 +1190,16 @@ msgstr "" "administreres ofte pÃ¥ en fri og Ã¥pen mÃ¥te, men det kreves penger for Ã¥ " "konvertere en digital ressurs til en fysisk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" "Utover denne ideen med fysisk versus digital, forstÃ¥r allmenninger, markedet " "og staten ressurser forskjellig (se Fig. 3). Markedet ser ressurser som " @@ -1111,13 +1209,13 @@ msgstr "" "grenser, og videreformidles uforminsket eller forbedret til fremtidige " "generasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" -msgstr "#### Folk og prosesser" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "Folk og prosesser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " @@ -1127,15 +1225,15 @@ msgstr "" "administrere ressurser. De prosesser som brukes definerer bÃ¥de hvem som har " "innflytelse og hvordan en ressurs skal hÃ¥ndteres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" "I staten utgÃ¥r en regjering fra folkevalgte som er ansvarlige for " "ressurshÃ¥ndteringen pÃ¥ vegne av folk flest. Innbyggerne som produserer og " @@ -1144,8 +1242,8 @@ msgstr "" "offentlige tjenestemenn setter opp budsjetter, gjennomfører programmer og " "administrerer ressurser basert pÃ¥ regjeringens prioriteringer og prosedyrer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -1161,24 +1259,33 @@ msgstr "" "handelsvare i markedet, ofte masseprodusert, og solgt til forbrukere pÃ¥ " "grunnlag av en betalingstransaksjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed bøker, 2014), 93." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." msgstr "" "I motsetning til staten og markedet, hÃ¥ndteres ressurser i en allmenning mer " -"direkte av dem som er involvert.7 De som lager menneskeproduserte ressurser " +"direkte av dem som er involvert.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De som lager menneskeproduserte ressurser " "kan legge dem i felleseiet ut fra et personlig valg. Det kreves ingen " "tillatelse fra staten eller markedet. Alle kan delta i allmenninger og selv " "bestemme seg for hvor mye de vil være involvert - som en bidragsyter, bruker " @@ -1191,22 +1298,29 @@ msgstr "" "vite hvem personen bak en ressurs er gjør fellesskapseie mindre anonymt og " "mer personlig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" -msgstr "#### Normer og regler" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "Normer og regler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " @@ -1217,8 +1331,8 @@ msgstr "" "normene og reglene definerer tillatelser, tildeler rettigheter og løser " "disputter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -1232,8 +1346,8 @@ msgstr "" "vedtak, lover og regler. Staten pÃ¥virker normer og regler for markedet og " "allemannseie gjennom de reglene som lages." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " @@ -1243,29 +1357,35 @@ msgstr "" "Markedsreguleringene omfatter eierforhold, virksomheter og økonomiske lover " "definert av staten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Som med markedet, kan et felleseie pÃ¥virkes av offentlig politikk, " "forskrifter og lover. Men normer og regler for et allemannseie er i det " "store og hele definert av det selv. De veier individuelle kostnader og " "fordeler - mot kostnader og fordeler for hele felleseiet. Det tas hensyn " "ikke bare til økonomisk effektivitet, men ogsÃ¥ til egenkapital og " -"bærekraftighet.9" +"bærekraftighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" -msgstr "#### MÃ¥l" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "MÃ¥l" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -1277,23 +1397,33 @@ msgstr "" "brukes. Bruken pÃ¥virkes ogsÃ¥ av de ulike mÃ¥lene til stat, marked og " "allmenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." msgstr "" "I markedet er fokus pÃ¥ Ã¥ maksimere nytten av en ressurs. Hva vi betaler for " "varene vi forbruker, sees pÃ¥ som et objektivt mÃ¥l pÃ¥ den nytten de gir. " -"MÃ¥let blir da Ã¥ maksimere den totale økonomiske pengeverdien.10 Forbrukte " +"MÃ¥let blir da Ã¥ maksimere den totale økonomiske pengeverdien.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Forbrukte " "enheter forstÃ¥s som salg, inntekter, fortjeneste og vekst, og alle disse er " "mÃ¥ter Ã¥ mÃ¥le markedet pÃ¥." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -1308,11 +1438,11 @@ msgstr "" "fasetter av et sunt samfunn, og staten bruker sine ressurser fÃ¥r Ã¥ nÃ¥ disse " "mÃ¥lene. Statlige mÃ¥l gjenspeiles i mÃ¥l pÃ¥ livskvalitet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " @@ -1325,8 +1455,8 @@ msgstr "" "forbedrer de ressurser som lages; og om ressursene brukes pÃ¥ innovative " "mÃ¥ter til fordel for personlige og sosiale goder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -1338,13 +1468,13 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ strategisk bruke og balansere disse ulike aspektene ved sin " "ressurshÃ¥ndtering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "### Commons korte historie" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "Commons korte historie" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -1359,8 +1489,8 @@ msgstr "" "engang vurdert som et alternativ. Allmenneie har i stor grad forsvunnet fra " "bevissthet og omtanke. Det finnes ingen nyheter eller taler om allemenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1373,41 +1503,80 @@ msgstr "" "Felleseie blomstrer opp. For Ã¥ forstÃ¥ motstandsdyktigheten til slik eie og " "den pÃ¥gÃ¥ende fornyelsen er det nyttig Ã¥ vite noe om historien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" msgstr "" "I Ã¥rhundrer hÃ¥ndterte urfolk og førindustrielle samfunn ressurser, inkludert " "vann, mat, brensel, vanning, fisk, vilt og mange andre ting, kollektivt som " -"et felleseie.11 Det var intet marked, ingen verdensøkonomi. Staten, i form " +"et felleseie.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var intet marked, ingen verdensøkonomi. Staten, i form " "av herskere, pÃ¥virket allmenningene, men kontrollerte dem ikke. Direkte " "sosial deltakelse i en allmenning var primært mÃ¥ten ressurser ble styrt pÃ¥ " "og behov møtt. (Fig. 4 illustrerer allemannseie i forhold til stat og " "marked.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " +#| "taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure " +#| "of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, " +#| "fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid " +#| "access.13 Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the " +#| "state became the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. " +#| "5)." +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" @@ -1418,13 +1587,13 @@ msgstr "" "adgang.13 Gradvis ble ressursene statens eiendom, og staten ble det primære " "verktøy for styring av disse ressursene. (Se Fig. 5)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1443,17 +1612,26 @@ msgstr "" "markedsproduserte varer en økende levestandard, bedre helse og utdanning. " "Fig. 6 viser hvordan markedet i dag er hovedmÃ¥ten for ressurhÃ¥ndtering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "### Commons korte historie" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." @@ -1461,13 +1639,13 @@ msgstr "" "Men i dag gÃ¥r verden gjennom turbulente tider. Fordelene med markedet har " "blitt motvirket av ulik fordeling og rovdrift." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." @@ -1480,8 +1658,22 @@ msgstr "" "essay ble allment akseptert som en økonomisk sannhet og en begrunnelse for " "privat eiendom og frie markeder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, " +#| "Governing Knowledge Commons, 59." +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" +"Cole, «Learning from Lin», i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg, Governing " +"Knowledge Commons, 59." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1497,7 +1689,7 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Men det er en alvorlig feil med Hardins «Allmenningens tragedie» - det er " "fiksjon. Hardin studerer ikke faktisk hvordan virkelige felleseier fungerer. " @@ -1512,10 +1704,10 @@ msgstr "" "til dem, og er derfor best plassert til Ã¥ administrere den. Ostroms " "tilnærming til styringen av naturressurser brøt med konvensjonen; hun innsÃ¥ " "betydningen av felleseie som et alternativ til markedet, eller staten for " -"løsning av oppgaver med problemløsning som krever felles innsats.14" +"løsning av oppgaver med problemløsning som krever felles innsats.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1536,29 +1728,37 @@ msgstr "" "tragedy of the Commons, burde det kanskje mer nøyaktig hatt tittelen The " "Tragedy of the Market." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" "Hardins historie er basert pÃ¥ forutsetningen om begrensede ressurser. " "Økonomer har fokusert nesten utelukkende pÃ¥ knapphetsbaserte markeder. " -"Svært lite er kjent om virkningene av overflod.15 Fremveksten av " +"Svært lite er kjent om virkningene av overflod.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Fremveksten av " "informasjonsteknologi og Internett har ført til en eksplosjon i digitale " "ressurser og nye mÃ¥ter for deling og distribusjon. Digitale ressursene kan " "aldri bli uttømt. Fravær av en teori eller modell for hvordan overflod " "fungerer, har ledet markedet til Ã¥ gjøre digitale ressurser kunstig knappe, " "og gjøre det mulig Ã¥ anvende markedets vanlige normer og regler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1570,22 +1770,29 @@ msgstr "" "for statlig finansierte digitale arbeider skal være at de er fritt og Ã¥pent " "tilgjengelige for allmennheten som betalte for dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" -msgstr "### Den digitale revolusjonen" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "Den digitale revolusjonen" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " @@ -1595,13 +1802,13 @@ msgstr "" "hverandre ved Ã¥ dele programvare. PÃ¥ 1980-tallet kodifiserte fri programvare-" "bevegelsen denne delingspraksisen til et sett med prinsipper og friheter:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "Frihet til Ã¥ kjøre et program som du ønsker, for ethvert formÃ¥l." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " @@ -1611,19 +1818,29 @@ msgstr "" "kildekoden er frigitt), og endre den sÃ¥ den utfører databehandlingen din " "slik du ønsker." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "Friheten til Ã¥ redistribuere kopier." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Friheten til Ã¥ distribuere kopier av dine modifiserte versjoner til andre.16" +"Friheten til Ã¥ distribuere kopier av dine modifiserte versjoner til andre.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." @@ -1631,8 +1848,14 @@ msgstr "" "Disse prinsippene og frihetene utgjør et sett av normer og regler som " "karakteriserer et digitalt felleseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1642,9 +1865,10 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." msgstr "" "I 1990, for Ã¥ gjøre deling av kildekode og samarbeid mer tiltrekkende for " "selskaper, konverterte Ã¥pen-kildekodeprogramvare-initiativet prinsippene til " @@ -1654,21 +1878,40 @@ msgstr "" "akseptert. Kundene likte mÃ¥ten Ã¥pen kildekode ga dem kontroll uten Ã¥ bli " "lÃ¥st inn i en lukket, proprietær teknologi. Gratis og Ã¥pen " "kildekodeprogramvare genereres ogsÃ¥ en nettverkseffekt der verdien av et " -"produkt eller tjeneste øker med antall personer som bruker det.17 Den " +"produkt eller tjeneste øker med antall personer som bruker det.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Den " "dramatiske veksten i selve Internettet skyldes mye det faktum at ingen har " "en proprietær lÃ¥s pÃ¥ kjernens Internett-protokoller." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " +#| "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " +#| "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " +#| "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. " +#| "Eric Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing " +#| "the economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 " +#| "These models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those " +#| "Made with Creative Commons." msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" "Mens Ã¥pen kildekodeprogramvare fungerer som et felleseie, bygget mange " "bedrifter og markeder seg rundt det. Forretningsmodeller basert pÃ¥ lisenser " @@ -1679,8 +1922,8 @@ msgstr "" "modellene kan gi eksempler pÃ¥ bærekraftige tilnærminger for de som er laget " "med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1704,14 +1947,29 @@ msgstr "" "det, og etter loven, er andre ekskludert fra adgangen til Ã¥ bruke det uten " "opphavspersonens tillatelse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by " +#| "sharing valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " +#| "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " +#| "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " +#| "involved with the world.19" msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Men folk liker Ã¥ dele. En av mÃ¥tene vi definerer oss selv pÃ¥ er Ã¥ dele " "verdifull og underholdende innhold. Dette gir vekst og næring til " @@ -1719,13 +1977,13 @@ msgstr "" "informerer andre om hvem vi er og hva vi bryr oss om. Deling lar oss føle " "oss mer involvert i verden.19)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "### Creative Commons blir til" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "Creative Commons blir til" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1741,8 +1999,30 @@ msgstr "" "fra individuelle skapere til store selskaper og institusjoner, en enkel " "standardisert mÃ¥te Ã¥ gi opphavsrettstillatelser for sitt skapende arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules " +#| "of each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by " +#| "lawyers. This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and " +#| "users are not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing " +#| "the permissions in plain language, which regular people can read and " +#| "quickly understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-" +#| "code layer beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making " +#| "it easy for the Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by " +#| "expressing permissions in a way that software systems, search engines, " +#| "and other kinds of technology can understand.20 Taken together, these " +#| "three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself understand " +#| "the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1753,9 +2033,9 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" "Creative Commons-lisenser har en tre-lags design. Normer og regler for hver " "lisens uttrykkes først fullt ut i det juridiske sprÃ¥ket som brukes av " @@ -1770,12 +2050,12 @@ msgstr "" "disse tre lagene at skaperne, brukere, og nettomrÃ¥det selv forstÃ¥r normer og " "regler for digitalt innhold i et allemannseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" @@ -1785,15 +2065,32 @@ msgstr "" "inkluderer bilder, illustrasjoner, forskningsartikler i tidsskrifter, " "pedagogiske ressurser, musikk og andre lydspor, og videoer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " +#| "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, " +#| "manufacturers, and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, " +#| "including major platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like " +#| "blogs.21 Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many " +#| "different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +#| "diversity.)" msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" "Individuelle kunstnere, fotografer, musikere og filmskapere bruker Creative " "Commons, men det gjør ogsÃ¥ museer, regjeringer, kreative næringer, " @@ -1803,11 +2100,11 @@ msgstr "" "mange ulike sektorer. (VÃ¥re referanseløsninger ble valgt for Ã¥ reflektere " "dette mangfoldet.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1826,8 +2123,8 @@ msgstr "" "en allmenning samstemmer fri kultur-bevegelsen med den frie og Ã¥pen " "kildekode-programvare-bevegelsen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1841,18 +2138,37 @@ msgstr "" "digitale ressurser kostnadsfritt, med juridiske tillatelser for alle for " "fritt Ã¥ ha tilgang, bruke, og endre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +#| "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " +#| "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive " +#| "to citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries " +#| "to seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are " +#| "working together to develop and implement ambitious open-government " +#| "reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure " +#| "works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that " +#| "paid for them." +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." msgstr "" "Staten er i økende grad involvert i Ã¥ støtte Ã¥pne bevegelser. The Open " "Government Partnership (Ã¥pen regjeringspartnerskap) ble lansert i 2011 for Ã¥ " @@ -1864,24 +2180,50 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons for Ã¥ sikre at arbeid finansiert av skattebetalerne er " "Ã¥pent og gratis for det publikum som betalte for dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" -msgstr "### Markedet i forandring" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "Markedet i forandring" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " +#| "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and " +#| "corporate growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the " +#| "state has led to continual privatization of many public natural " +#| "resources, utilities, services, and infrastructures.23 While this system " +#| "has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and the growth of " +#| "gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has been mixed. " +#| "Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health and " +#| "education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +#| "poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +#| "democracy.24" msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Dagens marked er i stor grad drevet av global kapitalisme. Lov og økonomiske " "systemer er strukturert for Ã¥ støtte inntjening, privatisering og bedriftens " @@ -1894,14 +2236,29 @@ msgstr "" "i rikdom, sosial ulikhet, fattigdom, forverring av vÃ¥rt naturlige miljø, og " "demokratiske sammenbrudd.24)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP " +#| "growth should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be " +#| "socially and economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is " +#| "a requirement not an option, and that we need to better balance the " +#| "market, state and community.25" msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "I lys av disse utfordringene er det en voksende anerkjennelse av at BNP-" "veksten ikke bør være et mÃ¥l i seg selv, at utvikling trenger Ã¥ være sosialt " @@ -1909,16 +2266,45 @@ msgstr "" "et alternativ, og at vi trenger Ã¥ balansere markedet, stat og samfunn " "bedre.25)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as " +#| "a means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, " +#| "are collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the " +#| "care and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call " +#| "themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more " +#| "efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve " +#| "the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Disse erkjennelser har ført til en fornyet interesse i allemannseie som " "muliggjør en slik balanse. Byregjeringer, som italienske Bologna, " @@ -1928,24 +2314,49 @@ msgstr "" "av knappe ressurser. De ser deling som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ forbedre bruken av " "offentlige rom, mobilitet, sosialt samhold og sikkerhet.27)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " +#| "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-" +#| "term lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, " +#| "Airbnb and Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and " +#| "rules of the market, making them less like a commons and more like a " +#| "traditional business seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy " +#| "is not about the commons or building an alternative to a corporate-driven " +#| "market economy; it’s about extending the deregulated free market into new " +#| "areas of our lives.28 While none of the people we interviewed for our " +#| "case studies would describe themselves as part of the sharing economy, " +#| "there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the sharing economy " +#| "and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The sharing economy " +#| "sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare capacity with " +#| "rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +#| "diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an " +#| "asset." msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" "Markedet selv har vært interessert i delingsøkonomien, med bedrifter som " "Airbnb som gir et peer-to-peer marked (P2P: likemannsnettverk) for kortvarig " @@ -1964,17 +2375,45 @@ msgstr "" "diversifiserer (spre, fordele pÃ¥ ) antall personer som kan bruke og fÃ¥ verdi " "ut av en eiendel." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +#| "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, " +#| "2010), 224." +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " +#| "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " +#| "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world " +#| "where prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. " +#| "Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly " +#| "increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. " +#| "Digital technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of " +#| "anything built on these technologies will always go down until it is " +#| "close to zero.29" msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Enveis «Made with Creative Commons» (Laget med Creative Commons) " "referansestudier skiller seg fra delingsøkonomien med sine fokus pÃ¥ digitale " @@ -1986,8 +2425,8 @@ msgstr "" "Kostnaden for noe som bygger pÃ¥ disse teknologiene vil alltid gÃ¥ ned til nær " "null.29)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1997,7 +2436,7 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" "De som lages med Creative Commons søker Ã¥ utnytte de unike iboende " @@ -2011,15 +2450,32 @@ msgstr "" "Maksimert tilgang og deltakelse er et felles mÃ¥l. Deres mÃ¥l er overflod " "fremfor knapphet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods " +#| "is next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based " +#| "on abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " +#| "economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " +#| "Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " +#| "devising their own economic models and practice." msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" "Den trinnvise kostnaden ved lagring, kopiering og distribusjon av digitale " "produkter er neste null, og gjør overflod mulig. Men Ã¥ forestille seg et " @@ -2028,8 +2484,8 @@ msgstr "" "det.30) Det som er laget med Creative Commons er banebrytende i dette nye " "landskapet, og utformer sine egne økonomiske modeller og praksiser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -2041,18 +2497,46 @@ msgstr "" "innenfor eksisterende regler og normer for markedet. Og andre igjen, søker " "etter muligheter til Ã¥ endre normer og regler som markedet fungerer etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its " +#| "operations is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that " +#| "financially benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. " +#| "There are benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden " +#| "their business goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on " +#| "society, workers, the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned " +#| "businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other " +#| "organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. " +#| "Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing the rules " +#| "and norms of the market.32" msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "For et vanlig aksjeselskap er det vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ til sosial fordel med som " "en del av sin virksomhet, sÃ¥ det er lovpÃ¥lagt Ã¥ ta avgjørelser til økonomisk " @@ -2064,14 +2548,39 @@ msgstr "" "er alternativer til tradisjonelle bedrifter. Samlet endrer disse alternative " "markedsaktørene markedets regler og normer.32)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhÃ¥ndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"pÃ¥ strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " +#| "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation " +#| "as our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed " +#| "over nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from " +#| "forty-five countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about " +#| "business models.33" msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "«En bok om Ã¥pne forretningsmodeller» er hvordan vi beskrev det i denne " "bokens Kickstarter-kampanje. Vi brukte en hÃ¥ndbok kalt «Business Model " @@ -2080,17 +2589,46 @@ msgstr "" "fra 45 land, er den nyttig som et rammeverk for Ã¥ omtale " "forretningsmodeller.33)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business " +#| "model as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a " +#| "tool for anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this " +#| "business model canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three " +#| "more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: " +#| "social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of open environment that " +#| "the business fits in.”35 This enhanced canvas proved useful when we " +#| "analyzed businesses and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" "Den inneholder et «lerret for forretningsmodeller», som oppfatter at en " "forretningsmodell har ni byggestener.34) Dette tomme lerretet kan tjene som " @@ -2102,14 +2640,14 @@ msgstr "" "forbedrede lerretet viste seg nyttig nÃ¥r vi analyserte bedrifter, og hjalp " "gründere Ã¥ planlegge sin økonomiske modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " @@ -2126,8 +2664,8 @@ msgstr "" "eksperimentell, vokst frem og organisk snarere enn nøye planlagt ved hjelp " "av en forhÃ¥ndsdefinert modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -2136,7 +2674,7 @@ msgid "" "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " "Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" @@ -2151,13 +2689,13 @@ msgstr "" "passer for den. De fleste gjør bruk av mer enn én mÃ¥te. Å diversifisere " "inntektsstrømmer reduserer risikoen, og gir flere veier til bærekraft." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" -msgstr "### Fordelene med Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "Fordelene med Digital Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -2169,8 +2707,8 @@ msgstr "" "kan det være mindre opplagt hvorfor markedet vil engasjere seg med " "felleseier. Digitale allmenneier tilbyr mange fordeler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -2185,14 +2723,14 @@ msgstr "" "markedsføring. Desentralisert distribusjon forsterker leveranse og " "ekspertise." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " @@ -2208,18 +2746,18 @@ msgstr "" "gir tilgang til alle, gir alle én spade, fremmer inkludering, rettferdighet " "og redelighet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" "Allemannseie er deltagelsens seiersgang. Ressurser i felleseie kan brukes, " "og er Ã¥pne for medvirkning av og med alle. Å bruke andres ressurser, bidra " @@ -2231,19 +2769,41 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskapsbygging, til og med demokrati, og mange andre former for " "samfunnsnyttig praksis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who " +#| "can use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be " +#| "modified, customized, and improved results in derivative works never " +#| "imagined by the original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons deliberately encourage users to take the resources being " +#| "shared and innovate them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) " +#| "from being solely inside the organization to being in the community.37 " +#| "Community-based innovation will keep an organization or business on its " +#| "toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top " +#| "of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and the " +#| "relationship with the community." msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" "Allemannseie leder an til innovasjon. Ressurser flere personer i hende, som " "evner Ã¥ nytte dem, fører nye ideer med seg. MÃ¥ten felleseide ressurser kan " @@ -2256,10 +2816,10 @@ msgstr "" "skjerpet. Den mÃ¥ fortsette Ã¥ bidra med nye idéer, absorbere og bygge videre " "pÃ¥ andres innovasjoner, forvalte ressursene og forholdet til fellesskapet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -2279,8 +2839,8 @@ msgstr "" "bidragsyterne allesteds hen, til dem som bruker og bygger videre pÃ¥ deres " "arbeide." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " @@ -2290,7 +2850,7 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" @@ -2305,21 +2865,20 @@ msgstr "" "ikke bare mÃ¥lt finansielt. Hver ny ressurs som legges til allmenningen gir " "verdi til publikum, og bidrar til den samlede verdien av felleseiene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" "Allemannseier fører folk sammen for en felles sak. Allmannseier binder folk " "sammen om ansvaret for Ã¥ administrere ressursene som et felles gode. " @@ -2333,8 +2892,8 @@ msgstr "" "forbedrer dem. Allemannseie forener folk ved Ã¥ virke ut fra sitt sosiale " "engasjement, ikke ved utveksling av penger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -2345,22 +2904,22 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥l, samfunn, bedrifter i markedet, eller statlige virksomheter, burde det Ã¥ " "administrere ressurser som i felleseie være det klare alternativet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" -msgstr "### VÃ¥re referansestudier" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "VÃ¥re referansestudier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" "I vÃ¥re referanseløsninger opererer innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner og " "bedrifter bÃ¥de som ideelle eller inntektsgivende organisasjoner, og som " @@ -2372,14 +2931,14 @@ msgstr "" "suksess mÃ¥les mot sosiale mÃ¥l uttrykt i idégrunnlaget, og gjelder ikke bare " "den finansielle bunnlinjen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" "Referansestudiene er basert pÃ¥ fortellingene vi ble fortalt av grunnleggere " "og nøkkelpersoner. I stedet for utelukkende Ã¥ ha økonomi som mÃ¥l pÃ¥ suksess " @@ -2387,8 +2946,8 @@ msgstr "" "suksess etter. Beregninger av suksess er en blanding av hvordan sosiale mÃ¥l " "er nÃ¥dd, og hvor bærekraftig organisasjonen er." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -2406,8 +2965,8 @@ msgstr "" "og video. Noen er digitale representasjoner av fysiske ressurser. Andre er " "opprinnelig digitale, men kan gjøres til fysiske ressurser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -2421,8 +2980,8 @@ msgstr "" "vare pÃ¥, bevare, distribuere og forbedre. Tilgang og deltakelse er Ã¥pen for " "alle uavhengig av økonomiske midler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -2434,8 +2993,8 @@ msgstr "" "frem, kommer fra nesten alle verdens kontinenter. Å bygge og samhandle i " "dette globale samfunnet leder til suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -2444,7 +3003,7 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" @@ -2459,12 +3018,12 @@ msgstr "" "utnytt. Bygg relasjoner og samfunn. Være transparent (Ã¥pen). Forsvar " "allmenneier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." @@ -2476,8 +3035,8 @@ msgstr "" "markedet eller staten dominerer som primærinstans for ressursforvaltning, sÃ¥ " "er et mer balansert alternativ mulig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -2493,253 +3052,18 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥følgende kapitlene gÃ¥r dypere inn, og gir ytterligere veiledning og " "innsikt i hvordan dette virker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "### Merknader" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Hvordan bli laget med Creative Commons" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Köhler, 2013), 14." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "Ibid., 15." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "Ibid., 145." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "Ibid., 175." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" -"Daniel H. Cole, «Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons», i Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed bøker, 2014), 93." - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" -"Cole, «Learning from Lin», i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, «The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbonari Economy», i Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; og Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra og Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; og Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, og Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, «Governing Knowledge Commons», i Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, «Economics of Information», i Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. «What Is Free Software?» GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. «Open-source software», senest endret i november\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, «The Magic Cauldron», i The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. «Licensing Considerations», Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. «Open Government Partnership,” senest endret September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, «Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, gÃ¥ til www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint med nytt forord. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). ForhÃ¥ndslesing av boken er mulig hos strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. Dette opplegget for forretningsmodell kan lastes ned hos\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. Vi har Ã¥pnet «Open Business Model Canvas», designet av medforfatter Paul Stacey, tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet her docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" Du kan ogsÃ¥ finne det tilhørende Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions pÃ¥\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. En mer omfattende liste over inntektsstrømmer er tilgjengelig i denne posten jeg skrev i Medium 6. mars 2016. «What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?», tilgjengelig herfra:\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "## Hvordan bli laget med Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -2747,7 +3071,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -2768,8 +3092,8 @@ msgstr "" "eller møbeldesign – pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som gjør at offentligheten ikke bare Ã¥ fÃ¥r " "tilgang til dem, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ kan bruke dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -2788,8 +3112,8 @@ msgstr "" "inn i motivasjonen, rollen CC til lisenser, ulike former for inntekter, og " "definisjoner av suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " @@ -2798,8 +3122,8 @@ msgstr "" "PÃ¥ relativt kort tid skjønte vi at boken vi gikk ut for Ã¥ skrive, var ganske " "forskjellig fra den som dukket frem i vÃ¥re intervjuer og forskning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -2816,16 +3140,41 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ skrive en bok om Made with Creative Commons, og bare bruke " "forretningsvirksomhet som fokus." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhÃ¥ndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"pÃ¥ strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " +#| "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, " +#| "and captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and " +#| "capturing value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of " +#| "place, something we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as " +#| "Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, “Business model can mean " +#| "anything you want it to mean.”" msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" "Ifølge den banebrytende hÃ¥ndboken Business Model Generation, en " "forretningsmodell som «beskriver begrunnelsen for hvordan en organisasjon " @@ -2835,8 +3184,8 @@ msgstr "" "Doctorow fortalte oss i vÃ¥rt intervju med ham, «forretningsmodell kan bety " "alt dere mener det skal bety.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -2848,8 +3197,8 @@ msgstr "" "del av vÃ¥r analyse (og mer detaljert i referansestudiene), skrotet vi det " "som som vÃ¥r styrende overskrift for boken." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -2867,10 +3216,10 @@ msgstr "" "sammen. Men det var ingen formel. Du vil sannsynligvis mÃ¥tte forkaste den " "mÃ¥ten Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ før du leser videre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -2889,13 +3238,13 @@ msgstr "" "hint, at Ã¥ skrive en bok bare om virkningen av deling i ett " "forretningspespektiv, kan være litt utenfor sporet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" "Men vi har ogsÃ¥ begynt Ã¥ innse noe om hva det betyr Ã¥ være Made with " @@ -2904,8 +3253,8 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett. Det representerte ogsÃ¥ et verdisett. Det er symbolikk bak Ã¥ " "bruke CC, og den symbolikken har mange lag." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -2929,12 +3278,12 @@ msgstr "" "alle har noe Ã¥ bidra med, og at ingen kan eie vÃ¥r felles kultur. De " "gjenspeiler en tro pÃ¥ løftet om Ã¥ dele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -2952,13 +3301,13 @@ msgstr "" "relasjon, i stedet for en upersonlig markedstransaksjon. Det etterlater en " "Ã¥pen mulighet for forbindelse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" "Made with Creative Commons viser ikke bare verdiene med CC og Ã¥ dele. Det " @@ -2967,19 +3316,40 @@ msgstr "" "hvor sjelden penger ble nevnt. De fleste har en dypere hensikt, og et annet " "syn pÃ¥ suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +#| "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " +#| "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually " +#| "start doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative " +#| "work under a CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. " +#| "Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less about creating " +#| "a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about solving a " +#| "specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key " +#| "question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to use " +#| "it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" "Motivasjonen varierer avhengig av hva en skal oppnÃ¥. For individuelle " "innholdsleverandører er det oftest en personlig inspirasjon. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter " @@ -2991,8 +3361,8 @@ msgstr "" "av Arduino fortalte oss at de viktigste spørsmÃ¥let nÃ¥r du oppretter noe er " "«vil du som lager det, bruke det? Det mÃ¥ ha en personlig bruk og betydning.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -3011,8 +3381,8 @@ msgstr "" "ikke var villig til Ã¥ vise verden at det var OK Ã¥ dele innholdet med en " "Creative Commons-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -3030,8 +3400,8 @@ msgstr "" "eller et levebrød, der profitt ikke er avgjørende, men Ã¥ produsere et sosial " "gode og menneskelig tilknytning er en integrert del for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " @@ -3041,8 +3411,8 @@ msgstr "" "velykket med Made with Creative Commons. Som et absolutt minimum mÃ¥ du tjene " "nok til Ã¥ holde lysene pÃ¥slÃ¥tt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -3062,18 +3432,36 @@ msgstr "" "er det det et faktum at det er mulig Ã¥ drive en forretning som fÃ¥r samme " "mengde reklame som sine forgjengere til en brøkdel av prisen.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " +#| "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or " +#| "paint a painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are " +#| "dramatically reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy " +#| "domains like filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public " +#| "domain, as well as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also " +#| "dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as resources to create " +#| "something new. And, of course, there is the reality that some content " +#| "would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it is a labor " +#| "of love." msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." msgstr "" "Noen igangsettingskostnader er de samme som de alltid har vært. Det tar like " "mye tid og penger til Ã¥ skrive en fagfellevurdert tidsskriftsartikkel ,eller " @@ -3085,17 +3473,40 @@ msgstr "" "realiteten at noe innhold lages enten den som lager det blir betalt eller " "ikke, fordi det lages ut fra overbevisning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once " +#| "content is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are " +#| "essentially zero.4 The costs to distribute physical copies are still " +#| "significant, but lower than they have been historically. And it is now " +#| "much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, which also " +#| "reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole host of " +#| "other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even expenses " +#| "associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring or " +#| "custom training." msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." msgstr "" "Å distribuere innhold er nesten universelt billigere enn noensinne. NÃ¥r " "innhold er laget, er kostnadene ved Ã¥ distribuere kopier digitalt egentlig " @@ -3106,8 +3517,27 @@ msgstr "" "som markedsføring og promotering, og selv utgifter forbundet med ulike mÃ¥ter " "pengene kommer inn pÃ¥, som reising eller tilpasset opplæring." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " +#| "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation " +#| "and distribution themselves. People now often have a direct route to " +#| "their potential public without necessarily needing intermediaries like " +#| "record labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, “If you’re a creator " +#| "who never got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this " +#| "is your time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without " +#| "the assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have " +#| "hundreds of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of " +#| "creative work involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic " +#| "entity, now creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial " +#| "needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -3117,10 +3547,11 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" "Det er viktig Ã¥ innse at den største effekten av teknologi for kreative " "oppgaver er at bidragsyterne nÃ¥ selv kan stÃ¥ for kostnadene for Ã¥ utføre " @@ -3136,12 +3567,12 @@ msgstr "" "selv. Det betyr at de finansielle forutsetningene for kreativt innhold kan " "være mye mer beskjedne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -3161,8 +3592,8 @@ msgstr "" "virkelig stort ord for det. Det gjelder egentlig bare Ã¥ holde operasjonen " "gÃ¥ende fra dag til dag»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -3176,8 +3607,8 @@ msgstr "" "som vi profilerer i denne boken, blitser opp veien videre i sanntid nÃ¥r de " "forfølger denne nye mÃ¥ten Ã¥ operere pÃ¥." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " @@ -3187,28 +3618,64 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ ganske forutsigbare mÃ¥ter. Først, hvordan det hjelper Ã¥ løse «problem " "null»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" -msgstr "### Problem Null: Å bli oppdaget" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "Problem Null: Å bli oppdaget" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " +#| "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It " +#| "has to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and " +#| "mean something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to " +#| "finding your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to " +#| "connect with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian " +#| "value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited " +#| "by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and " +#| "need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where " +#| "consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and more about " +#| "micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all " +#| "different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has a " +#| "place for all of them in the way that physical markets did not.”7 We are " +#| "no longer limited to what appeals to the masses." msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." msgstr "" "NÃ¥r du oppretter eller samler ditt innhold, er det neste trinnet er Ã¥ finne " "brukere, kunder, fans – med andre ord, folk. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, «Det " @@ -3224,20 +3691,57 @@ msgstr "" "for dem alle pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som fysiske markeder ikke gjorde».7) Vi er ikke " "lenger begrenset til hva som appellerer til massene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " +#| "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " +#| "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " +#| "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing " +#| "for attention against more content creators than ever before, you are " +#| "competing against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 " +#| "Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past decade has been the " +#| "shift in time people spend consuming amateur content instead of " +#| "professional content.”9 To top it all off, you have to compete against " +#| "the rest of their lives, too—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer " +#| "games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, some way, you have to get " +#| "noticed by the right people." msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" "Samtidig som Ã¥ finne «dine folk» pÃ¥ nettet teoretisk er enklere enn i den " "analoge verden, kan det, som et praktisk spørmÃ¥l, fortsatt være vanskelig Ã¥ " @@ -3250,21 +3754,40 @@ msgstr "" "musikkspillelister, fotballkamper, og kveld pÃ¥ byen».10) PÃ¥ en eller annen " "mÃ¥te mÃ¥ du bli lagt merke til av de rette folkene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " +#| "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before " +#| "there is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for " +#| "your work is part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost " +#| "has a big effect on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large " +#| "difference in demand between something that is available at the price of " +#| "one cent versus the price of zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to " +#| "charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +#| "effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +#| "restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +#| "discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your " +#| "work and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgstr "" "NÃ¥r du kommer til Internettet med en alle-rettigheter-reservert mentalitet " "nÃ¥r du starter, begrenser du ofte adgangen til innholdet ditt før det engang " @@ -3279,20 +3802,33 @@ msgstr "" "folk», virker Ã¥ hindre folk fra Ã¥ kopiere arbeidet ditt og dele det med " "andre, mot sin hensikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work " +#| "will make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition " +#| "is one of many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Selvfølgelig, det er ikke at Ã¥ bli oppdaget av folk som liker arbeidet ditt " "vil gjøre deg rik - langt fra det. Men som Cory Doctorow sier, " "«anerkjennelse er en av mange nødvendige forutsetninger for kunstnerisk " "suksess».12)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -3312,14 +3848,28 @@ msgstr "" "de gjør. De tror denne beslutningen har generert en betydelig mengde " "goodwill i samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " +#| "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your " +#| "creative work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be " +#| "to share it with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human " +#| "impulses to imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +#| "criminalized.”13" msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er ikke bare det at begrenset tilgang til innholdet ditt undergraver " "ditt sosiale oppdrag. Det kan ogsÃ¥ fremmedgjøre folk som mest verdsetter din " @@ -3328,15 +3878,15 @@ msgstr "" "menneskelige impulser til Ã¥ imitere og dele – essensen av hva kultur er – " "har blitt kriminalisert». 13)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" "Det faktum at kopiering kan innebære straffeansvar, forhindrer utvilsomt " "kopiering, men kopiering ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ en knapp er for enkelt og praktisk " @@ -3346,21 +3896,21 @@ msgstr "" "det. Å dele skapende arbeid har ingen innvirkning pÃ¥ noen annens mulighet " "til Ã¥ gjøre bruk av det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" "Tar du for gitt endel kopiering og deling av arbeidet ditt, kan du investere " "tid og ressurser andre steder enn Ã¥ kaste dem bort pÃ¥ Ã¥ leke katt og mus med " @@ -3374,15 +3924,30 @@ msgstr "" "inntektene de tidligere fikk fra salg av digitale bilder. Men Lizzy sier det " "var en liten pris Ã¥ betale for alle mulighetene som deling lÃ¥ste opp for dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " +#| "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " +#| "potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance " +#| "as a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the " +#| "idling capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and " +#| "colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the " +#| "Internet.”" msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" msgstr "" "Å ha brukt Made with Creative Commons betyr at du slutter Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ mÃ¥ter Ã¥ " "kunstig gjøre innholdet til et knapphetsgode, og i stedet utnytte det som " @@ -3392,17 +3957,35 @@ msgstr "" "kollega Eric Steuer engang sa, «å bruke CC-lisenser viser at du har taket pÃ¥ " "Internettet»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of " +#| "his work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in " +#| "return.15 Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was " +#| "impossible to stop people from copying their hardware, so they decided " +#| "not to even try and instead look for the benefits of being open. For " +#| "them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the " +#| "world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and innovators that " +#| "have done things with their work they never could have done otherwise." msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow sier det koster ham ingenting nÃ¥r andre mennesker lager kopier " "av hans arbeid, nÃ¥r det Ã¥pner muligheten for at han kan fÃ¥ noe tilbake.15) " @@ -3413,8 +3996,8 @@ msgstr "" "nettverkssamfunn (community) av tenkere og innovatører som har bidratt med " "ting som de selv aldri kunne ha gjort pÃ¥ noen annen mÃ¥te." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." @@ -3422,13 +4005,13 @@ msgstr "" "Det er alle slags mÃ¥ter Ã¥ utnytte kraften i Ã¥ dele og remikse til din " "fordel. Her er noen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" -msgstr "#### Bruk CC for Ã¥ finne et større publikum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "Bruk CC for Ã¥ finne et større publikum" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -3448,8 +4031,8 @@ msgstr "" "et skilt som sier «Del» og det andre sier «Ikke del» (som er det «©» betyr), " "hvilket tror du det er mer sannsynlig at folk deler?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -3463,19 +4046,37 @@ msgstr "" "Denne voksende effekten, som spores, er en sentral del av verdien for de " "akademiske forfattere som ønsker Ã¥ nÃ¥ sÃ¥ mange lesere som mulig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the " +#| "max strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. " +#| "According to Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it " +#| "is you are doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other " +#| "way of saying this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, " +#| "you might as well put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often " +#| "motivates companies to make their products and services free (i.e., no " +#| "cost), but the same logic applies to making content freely shareable. " +#| "Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can be freely " +#| "copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to spread." msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." msgstr "" "Ideen om at jo flere øyne som ser, og gir tilsvarende mer suksess, er en " "form for maksimumsstrategi, adoptert av Google og andre teknologiselskaper. " @@ -3488,15 +4089,39 @@ msgstr "" "gratis (i kostnad) og fritt kan deles, gjør CC-lisensiering innholdet enda " "mer tilgjengelig, og sannsynligvis til Ã¥ bli spredt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or " +#| "other consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " +#| "effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or " +#| "following your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in " +#| "part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but " +#| "it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator of " +#| "quality or usefulness.18" msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Hvis du lykkes i Ã¥ nÃ¥ flere brukere, lesere, lyttere eller andre brukere av " "arbeidet, kan du starte med Ã¥ benytte deg av bandwagon-effekten. Det enkle " @@ -3505,13 +4130,37 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ engasjere oss i flokkatferd, men det er ogsÃ¥ fordi en stor følgeskare " "delvis er indikator pÃ¥ kvalitet eller nytteverdi.18)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" -msgstr "### Å bruke CC for Ã¥ fÃ¥ henvisninger og navnegjenkjenning" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "Å bruke CC for Ã¥ fÃ¥ henvisninger og navnegjenkjenning" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the " +#| "author, and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the " +#| "material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public " +#| "domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many " +#| "communities still give credit as a matter of best practices and social " +#| "norms. In fact, it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal " +#| "enforcement, that most often motivate people to provide attribution and " +#| "otherwise comply with the CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of " +#| "any well-functioning community, within both the marketplace and the " +#| "society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of " +#| "creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally " +#| "inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case for " +#| "something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " +#| "fairness as providing credit." msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -3521,11 +4170,11 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" "Hver Creative Commons-lisens krever at forfatteren gis referanse (kreditt), " "og at gjenbrukere gir en lenke tilbake til den opprinnelige kilden for " @@ -3542,8 +4191,8 @@ msgstr "" "grunnleggende forestillinger om rimelighet, slik som Ã¥ gi henvisning " "(kreditt)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -3568,14 +4217,14 @@ msgstr "" "akademikere. Deling med CC er en mÃ¥te for Ã¥ fÃ¥ flest til Ã¥ se og sitere ditt " "arbeide." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -3593,8 +4242,8 @@ msgstr "" "designet til noe hÃ¥ndfast, er en del av kraften til plattformen. Opphavet " "til designet blir en spesiell del av produktet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -3611,13 +4260,13 @@ msgstr "" "med feilinformasjon, er det Ã¥ være en pÃ¥litelig informasjonskilde mer " "verdifullt enn noensinne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" -msgstr "#### Å bruke CC-lisensiert innhold som markedsføringsverktøy" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +msgstr "Å bruke CC-lisensiert innhold som markedsføringsverktøy" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -3633,8 +4282,27 @@ msgstr "" "fysisk utgave eller liveopptreden med CC-innholdet. I alle tilfeller kan CC-" "innholdet trekke folk til dine andre produkter eller tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " +#| "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually " +#| "increases sales of the printed goods because it functions as a marketing " +#| "tool. We see this phenomenon regularly with famous artwork. The Mona Lisa " +#| "is likely the most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has " +#| "the effect of catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and " +#| "in owning physical goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content " +#| "often entice more demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the " +#| "advent of the radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming " +#| "(and fought it!), free music on the radio functioned as advertising for " +#| "the paid version people bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of " +#| "promotion." msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -3643,10 +4311,11 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" "Knowlegde Unlatcheds Pinter fortalte oss at hun igjen og igjen har sett " "hvordan det Ã¥ tilby CC-lisensiert innhold – som er digitalt gratis – faktisk " @@ -3661,8 +4330,8 @@ msgstr "" "folk kjøpte i musikkforretninger.20) Gratis kan være en form for " "markedsføring." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -3672,7 +4341,7 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." @@ -3690,15 +4359,15 @@ msgstr "" "igjen, bruker penger og ressurser pÃ¥ Ã¥ markedsføre disse tjenestene (og " "dermed OpenStax lærebøker)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -"### Bruke CC til Ã¥ aktivere hands-on engasjement (aktiv deltakelse) med " +"Bruke CC til Ã¥ aktivere hands-on engasjement (aktiv deltakelse) med " "arbeidet ditt" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -3710,18 +4379,34 @@ msgstr "" "Internettet Ã¥pnet opp en helt ny verden av muligheter for offentlig " "deltakelse i skapende arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " +#| "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " +#| "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " +#| "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, " +#| "uses, people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer " +#| "the public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than " +#| "others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update " +#| "the content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, " +#| "the ability to adapt a photo is less important." msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." msgstr "" "Fire av de seks CC-lisensene Ã¥pner for Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ gjenbruk, eller pÃ¥ andre " "mÃ¥ter tilpasse arbeidet. Avhengig av sammenhengen, kan tilpasning bety vidt " @@ -3733,19 +4418,57 @@ msgstr "" "oppdatere innholdet kritisk viktig for nytteverdien. For fotografi er " "muligheten til Ã¥ tilpasse et bilde mindre viktig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " +#| "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People " +#| "often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result " +#| "they don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny " +#| "act of volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception " +#| "of that thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " +#| "exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had " +#| "a part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " +#| "quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " +#| "replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ motvirke mulige ulemper pÃ¥ i overfloden av gratis og " "Ã¥pent innhold beskrevet ovenfor. Som Anderson skrev i Free, «Folk bryr seg " @@ -3758,16 +4481,32 @@ msgstr "" "bringer med seg en slags kreativ tilfredshet som kan bli erstattet av Ã¥ " "bruke noe som er laget av noen andre.25)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 21." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " +#| "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " +#| "social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " +#| "Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " +#| "matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response " +#| "is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people " +#| "more deeply tied to your work." msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" "Å aktivt engasjere seg i innholdet hjelper oss til Ã¥ unngÃ¥ et planløst " "forbruk som alle som Ã¥ndsfraværende har rullet igjennom det som kommer inn i " @@ -3777,24 +4516,45 @@ msgstr "" "hendelsen». 26) Šåpne døren til ditt innhold kan fÃ¥ folk dypere knyttet " "til arbeidet ditt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" -msgstr "#### Bruke CC for Ã¥ skille deg ut" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "Bruke CC for Ã¥ skille deg ut" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating " +#| "under the rules of establishment players in the media. Business " +#| "strategies that are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like " +#| "using digital rights management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, " +#| "can tie the hands of creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best " +#| "interest.27 Being Made with Creative Commons means you can function " +#| "without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased openness as " +#| "a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +#| "specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers " +#| "cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David " +#| "said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" "Å operere under et tradisjonelt opphavsrettsregime betyr vanligvis Ã¥ operere " "under reglene til etablerte aktører i media. Forretningsstrategier som er " @@ -3808,26 +4568,50 @@ msgstr "" "marked og lek med de etablerte reglene», sa David. «Reglene for engasjement " "mÃ¥ endres»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" -msgstr "### Å tjene penger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "Å tjene penger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " +#| "have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +#| "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " +#| "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " +#| "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization " +#| "out of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit " +#| "funding operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by " +#| "endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the " +#| "value they generate, where the recipient is paying for the value they " +#| "receive like any standard market transaction. In still other cases, " +#| "rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that typically " +#| "drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a sense of " +#| "reciprocity." msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" "Som ethvert foretagende som tjener penger, mÃ¥ det som lages med Creative " "Commons bidra til en slags nytteverdi for sitt publikum eller forbrukere. " @@ -3843,15 +4627,30 @@ msgstr "" "verdt»), som typisk for markedstransaksjoner, gir mottakeren penger i " "forstÃ¥else av en gjensidighet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring " +#| "in revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using " +#| "grant funding for content creation when research-and-development costs " +#| "are particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or " +#| "streams) for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing " +#| "when markets are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they " +#| "are not.”29" msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det meste som er laget med Creative Commons bruker en rekke ulike metoder " "for Ã¥ bringe inn omsetning, noen markedsbaserte og andre ikke. En vanlig " @@ -3861,14 +4660,14 @@ msgstr "" "«trikset Ã¥ vite nÃ¥r markedene er en optimal mÃ¥te Ã¥ organisere interaksjoner " "pÃ¥ og nÃ¥r de ikke er det». 29)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" "VÃ¥re referansestudier gjennomgÃ¥r nærmere de ulike veiene til Ã¥ skaffe " @@ -3878,20 +4677,41 @@ msgstr "" "fant. Likevel, Ã¥ ta et skritt tilbake og vise ting fra et høyere " "abstraksjonsnivÃ¥, kan være lærerikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Markedsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Markedsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in " +#| "revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if " +#| "you are Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available " +#| "for free and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium " +#| "business model, any possible market transaction with a consumer of your " +#| "content has to be based on some added value you provide.31" msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "I markedet er det sentrale spørsmÃ¥let nÃ¥r vi bestemmer hvordan vi skal fÃ¥ " "inntekter, hvor mye folk er villige til Ã¥ betale.30) Per definisjon, hvis " @@ -3901,8 +4721,28 @@ msgstr "" "der inntjeningen ligger i premium-utgaven), mÃ¥ enhver markedstransaksjon med " "en forbruker av innholdet være basert pÃ¥ en verdiøkning du tilbyr.31)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " +#| "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because " +#| "the Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, " +#| "it is difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling " +#| "newspaper industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the " +#| "fact that at least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That " +#| "means you may end up competing with free versions of your own content, " +#| "whether you condone it or not.32 If people can easily find your content " +#| "for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, particularly in a " +#| "context where access to content is more important than owning it. In " +#| "Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether coded into " +#| "either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the force " +#| "of gravity.”" msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -3911,11 +4751,12 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" "PÃ¥ mange mÃ¥ter er dette veien fremover for alle innholdsdrevne bestrebelser. " "I markedet ligger verdien i ting som er mangelvare. Med Internetter som et " @@ -3930,17 +4771,34 @@ msgstr "" "«Opphavsrettigheter, enten regelfestet i lov eller i programvaren, er i " "enkelhet Ã¥ holde en pris opp imot tyngdekraften»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future " +#| "in the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one " +#| "product or service becomes free, as information and content largely have " +#| "in the digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance " +#| "creates a new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other " +#| "than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As " +#| "Anderson says, “It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something " +#| "better or at least different from the free version.”33" msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette betyr selvfølgelig at innholdsdrevne bestrebelser ikke har noen " "fremtid pÃ¥ den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. I Free forklarer Anderson at " @@ -3951,8 +4809,8 @@ msgstr "" "Anderson sier, «det er lett Ã¥ konkurrere med Free: Bare tilby noe bedre, " "eller i det minste ulik gratisversjonen».33)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -3968,8 +4826,8 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥ nyttiggjøre seg velviljen som stammer fra verdiene bak Ã¥ være Made with " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -3982,30 +4840,52 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet som et markedsføringsverktøy for de betalte produkter eller " "tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "Her er de vanligste høynivÃ¥ kategoriene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" +#| "\\]*" msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Å tilby en tilpasset tjeneste til brukere av ditt arbeid *" "\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The " +#| "trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized " +#| "services are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity " +#| "information (everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. " +#| "Customized information (you get something unique and meaningful to you) " +#| "wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and " +#| "cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song " +#| "business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" "I denne informasjonsalderens overflod mangler vi ikke innhold. Trikset er Ã¥ " "finne innhold som samsvarer med vÃ¥re behov og ønsker, sÃ¥ tilpassede " @@ -4015,13 +4895,15 @@ msgstr "" "fra kunstneriske og kulturelle rÃ¥dgivingstjenester som tilbys av Ártica til " "det skreddersydde sangtilbudet fra Jonathan «Song-A-Day» Mann." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Å belaste for den fysiske kopien *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -4063,13 +4945,15 @@ msgstr "" "varene konkurrere med andre leverandører av de samme varene basert pÃ¥ " "kvalitet, tjeneste eller andre tradisjonelle forretningsprinsipper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Å ta betalt for en personlig versjon *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -4086,13 +4970,15 @@ msgstr "" "nÃ¥r folk gÃ¥r for Ã¥ se original kunst personlig, eller betaler for Ã¥ delta pÃ¥ " "et tale- eller opplæringskurs." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Å selge handelsvarer *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -4104,19 +4990,37 @@ msgstr "" "bekrefte kraften i en T-skjorte fra en god konsert. Dette kan ogsÃ¥ være en " "viktig inntektskilde for museer og gallerier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " +#| "value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. " +#| "In these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an " +#| "entirely different category of people or businesses. Often, those people " +#| "or businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " +#| "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes " +#| "the offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +#| "traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " +#| "Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for" +#| "—there are other services you can provide as well." msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." msgstr "" "Noen ganger kan en finne en markedsbasert inntektsstrøm ved Ã¥ gi verdi til " "andre enn dem som bruker ditt CC-lisensierte innhold. I disse " @@ -4129,20 +5033,47 @@ msgstr "" "er ikke det eneste folk er villige til Ã¥ betale for, du kan ogsÃ¥ levere " "andre tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Å belaste annonsører og sponsorer *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " +#| "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " +#| "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of " +#| "their audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because " +#| "the number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has " +#| "become essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue " +#| "stream for many content creators, including those who are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the " +#| "advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or " +#| "projects, or of the overall endeavor." msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " @@ -4159,16 +5090,18 @@ msgstr "" "vise reklame, betaler annonsøren for Ã¥ være en offisiell sponsor av et " "bestemt innhold, prosjekter eller oppgaven som sÃ¥dan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Betaling fra dine innholdsleverandører * \\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -4187,22 +5120,41 @@ msgstr "" "der universiteter betaler for at fakultetene kan ha forfattere som leverer " "innhold til Conversations nettside." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Transaksjonsgebyr * \\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " +#| "transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " +#| "model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" +#| "licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " +#| "when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " +#| "platforms make money when service providers transact with their " +#| "customers; for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their " +#| "site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the " +#| "platform." msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" "Dette er en versjon av en tradisjonell modell basert pÃ¥ " "meglingstransaksjoner mellom deltakere.39) Utvalg og organisering er et " @@ -4214,15 +5166,18 @@ msgstr "" "gang noen pÃ¥ deres nettsted betaler en hÃ¥ndverker for Ã¥ lage møbler basert " "pÃ¥ ett av designene pÃ¥ plattformen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Å levere en tjeneste til dine innholdsleverandører * \\[MARKEDSBASERT" "\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -4238,13 +5193,15 @@ msgstr "" "modellen ved Ã¥ tilby betalte verktøy for Ã¥ hjelpe sine brukere Ã¥ gjøre " "dataene de bidrar med til plattformen mer synlige og gjenbrukbare." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Lisensiere et varemerke *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -4264,13 +5221,13 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te Ã¥ skaffe inntekt fra noe det er knapphet pÃ¥, og samtidig utnytte " "fordelen av overfloden av CC-innhold." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Gjensidighetsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Gjensidighetsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -4282,8 +5239,8 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥tene den innsatsen vi analyserte for Ã¥ tjene penger. Det handlet ikke bare " "om å tjene penger pÃ¥ knapphet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -4305,8 +5262,8 @@ msgstr "" "Like a Commoner, «Det er ingen iboende kalkyle i om verdien som er gitt og " "mottatt er helt lik»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -4320,26 +5277,48 @@ msgstr "" "identitet, samfunn og kultur. Det er en viktig hjernefunksjon som hjelper " "menneskeheten i sin overlevelse og utvikling»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " +#| "that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " +#| "relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange " +#| "of value.41" msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er sjeldent Ã¥ innlemme slike forhold i en innsats som ogsÃ¥ favner " "markedet.40) Vi kan nesten ikke unngÃ¥ Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ markedsrelasjoner som " "sentrert, uten gjensidig utveksling av verdi.41)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Medlemskap og individuelle donasjoner * \\[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -4364,13 +5343,15 @@ msgstr "" "hele innsatsen skal fremme en sosial oppgave, jo mer sannsynlig er det at " "denne strategien lykkes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Betal-hva-du-vil-modellen * \\[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -4390,13 +5371,15 @@ msgstr "" "tilbøyelige til Ã¥ gi penger for tingene vi setter pris pÃ¥ i markedet, selv i " "situasjoner der vi ellers kan finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ det gratis pÃ¥ ." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Folkefinansiering * \\[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -4408,7 +5391,7 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" @@ -4426,8 +5409,8 @@ msgstr "" "om noe. Og hvis bakken er gjødslet nok, sier publikum, uten Ã¥ nøle: " "Selvfølgelig»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -4443,13 +5426,13 @@ msgstr "" "budsjetter tenderer til Ã¥ gi mer av en følelse av forpliktelse til " "biblioteksamfunnet, og ideen om Ã¥pen tilgang generelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" -msgstr "### Å bygge menneskelige forbindelser" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "Å bygge menneskelige forbindelser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -4459,8 +5442,8 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" @@ -4477,14 +5460,14 @@ msgstr "" "uhørt pÃ¥ den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. Men det synes Ã¥ være en del av " "oppbyggingen av Ã¥ være Made with Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" "Nesten alle forsøk vi undersøkte støtte seg, minst delvis, pÃ¥ at folk " "investerer i hva de gjør. Jo nærmere Creative Commons-innhold er i Ã¥ være " @@ -4492,8 +5475,8 @@ msgstr "" "selge et produkt eller en service, knytter de ideologiske, personlige og " "kreative forbindelser med folk som verdsetter det de gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " @@ -4502,8 +5485,8 @@ msgstr "" "Det tok meg lang tid Ã¥ se hvordan dette Ã¥ unngÃ¥ Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hva de gjør i " "rene markedstermer, var sterkt knyttet til Made with Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " @@ -4513,8 +5496,8 @@ msgstr "" "og hva det betyr Ã¥ være laget med Creative Commons. Det viste seg at jeg tok " "feil pÃ¥ sÃ¥ mange punkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -4534,8 +5517,8 @@ msgstr "" "er det viktig Ã¥ ikke skille ut resten av det som følger med deling. Du mÃ¥ " "utvide synsfeltet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -4559,12 +5542,12 @@ msgstr "" "deler med – forbindelsene til deg, med arbeidet ditt, med dine verdier, med " "hverandre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" "I resten av denne seksjonen vil vi gjennomgÃ¥ noen av de vanlige strategiene " @@ -4573,20 +5556,35 @@ msgstr "" "at vi har forpliktelser overfor hverandre. For Ã¥ minne oss om hvordan " "deling virkelig ser ut." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" -msgstr "#### Vær menneskelig" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "Vær menneskelig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " +#| "each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with " +#| "whom we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " +#| "Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " +#| "knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it " +#| "easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" "Mennesker er sosiale dyr, noe som betyr at vi er naturlig tilbøyelig til Ã¥ " "behandle hverandre godt.42) Men jo fjernere vi er fra personen som vi " @@ -4595,8 +5593,27 @@ msgstr "" "koblet oss sammen pÃ¥ ekstraordinære mÃ¥ter, kan det ogsÃ¥ gjøre det lett Ã¥ " "glemme at vi arbeider med et annet menneske." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " +#| "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " +#| "licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring " +#| "their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative " +#| "process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin " +#| "Kleon wrote, “Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to " +#| "know where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The " +#| "stories you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people " +#| "feel and what they understand about your work, and how people feel and " +#| "what they understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -4607,7 +5624,8 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "For Ã¥ motvirke anonyme og upersonlige tendenser i hvordan vi opererer pÃ¥ " "nettet, arbeider individuelle leverandører og selskaper, som bruker Creative " @@ -4620,8 +5638,8 @@ msgstr "" "folk føler, hva de forstÃ¥r om arbeidet ditt, hvordan folk føler, og hva de " "forstÃ¥r om hvordan arbeidet ditt pÃ¥virker hvordan de verdsetter det».43)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -4629,9 +5647,8 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." msgstr "" "En kritisk komponent for Ã¥ gjøre dette effektivt er Ã¥ ikke bekymre seg om Ã¥ " "være en «merkevare». Det betyr Ã¥ ikke Ã¥ være redd for Ã¥ være sÃ¥rbar. Amanda " @@ -4643,16 +5660,32 @@ msgstr "" "av deg. De kan ikke forholder seg til det, i hvert fall ikke pÃ¥ en " "meningsfull mÃ¥te." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and " +#| "organizations because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman " +#| "(though in the United States, corporations are people!). When " +#| "corporations and organizations make the people behind them more apparent, " +#| "it reminds people that they are dealing with something other than an " +#| "anonymous corporate entity. In business-speak, this is about “humanizing " +#| "your interactions” with the public.44 But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +#| "can’t fake being human." msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." msgstr "" "Dette rÃ¥det er sannsynligvis enda viktigere for bedrifter og organisasjoner " "fordi vi instinktivt tenker pÃ¥ dem som ikke menneskelige (men i USA, er " @@ -4662,22 +5695,43 @@ msgstr "" "«menneskeliggjøre sine samhandlinger» med offentligheten.44) Men det kan " "ikke være en gimmick. Du kan ikke forfalske det Ã¥ være menneske." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" -msgstr "#### Vær Ã¥pen og ansvarlig" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "Vær Ã¥pen og ansvarlig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you " +#| "do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told " +#| "us, “One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just " +#| "be honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As " +#| "Amanda Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " +#| "communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " +#| "sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your " +#| "rationale and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Åpenhet hjelper folk Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvem du er og hvorfor du gjør det du gjør, men " "det inspirerer ogsÃ¥ til tillit. Som Max Temkin i Cards Against Humanity " @@ -4689,20 +5743,44 @@ msgstr "" "forklare om din begrunnelse, og sÃ¥ være forberedt pÃ¥ Ã¥ forsvare den nÃ¥r folk " "er kritiske.46)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 -msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to " +#| "James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" +#| "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " +#| "cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as " +#| "asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions " +#| "you make, even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-" +#| "consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the " +#| "input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first " +#| "place.48 But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of " +#| "diversity of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to " +#| "get people involved and invested in what you do." +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." msgstr "" "Å være ansvarlig betyr ikke Ã¥ operere med konsensus. Ifølge James " "Surowiecki, tenderer konsensusdrevne grupper til Ã¥ ty til løsninger basert " @@ -4716,19 +5794,46 @@ msgstr "" "i tenkingen som hjelper til Ã¥ utmerke innsatsen. Samtidig er det en annen " "mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ folk involvert og investert i det du gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" -msgstr "#### Design for de gode aktører" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "Design for de gode aktører" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " +#| "own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows " +#| "this is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range " +#| "of needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work " +#| "together and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires " +#| "an assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " +#| "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. " +#| "As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who " +#| "try to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow " +#| "view of what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who " +#| "will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons design for the good actors." msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -4751,17 +5856,32 @@ msgstr "" "rent egoistiske mÃ¥ter, men oppgaver som er laget med Creative Commons-design " "er for de gode aktørene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" +#| "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " +#| "assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give " +#| "them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together " +#| "better than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge " +#| "that people are often motivated by something other than financial self-" +#| "interest, we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate " +#| "our social instincts." msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" "Antagelsen om at folk i stor grad vil gjøre det rette, kan være en " "selvoppfyllende profeti. Shirky skrev i Cognitive Surplus: «Systemer som " @@ -4771,8 +5891,24 @@ msgstr "" "ofte er motivert av noe annet enn finansiell egeninteresse, designer vi vÃ¥re " "bestrebelser pÃ¥ mÃ¥ter som stimulerer og fremhever vÃ¥re sosiale instinkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " +#| "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " +#| "our daily lives are already built on trust. As Surowiecki wrote in The " +#| "Wisdom of Crowds, “It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone to " +#| "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for " +#| "any organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its " +#| "managers and workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely " +#| "trust that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to " +#| "do.52 And most often, they do." msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -4781,8 +5917,8 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." msgstr "" "Snarere enn Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ utøve kontroll over menneskers atferd, krever denne " "arbeidsmÃ¥ten en viss grad av tillit. Vi innser det kanskje, men vÃ¥re daglige " @@ -4794,21 +5930,43 @@ msgstr "" "– for det meste fremmede – vil gjøre hva som forventes av dem.52) Som " "oftest gjør de det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" -msgstr "#### Å behandle mennesker som, vel, mennesker" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "Å behandle mennesker som, vel, mennesker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " +#| "fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 " +#| "Even if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of " +#| "fame, you are better off remembering that the people who follow your work " +#| "are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email " +#| "someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going " +#| "online to communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as " +#| "much as she talks.54" msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "For innholdsleverandører betyr Ã¥ behandle folk som mennesker ikke Ã¥ behandle " "dem som fans. Som Kleon sier, «Hvis du vil ha fans, mÃ¥ du først være en " @@ -4819,8 +5977,8 @@ msgstr "" "nettet til Ã¥ kommunisere med sitt publikum, og gjør et poeng av Ã¥ lytte like " "mye som hun snakker.54)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " @@ -4831,19 +5989,45 @@ msgstr "" "poeng av Ã¥ sikre at deres ansatte har en personlig, en-til-en-interaksjon " "med brukere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " +#| "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " +#| "easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as " +#| "anonymous customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from " +#| "contributors are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. " +#| "It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that " +#| "contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by " +#| "simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we " +#| "introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of " +#| "paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically " +#| "change the dynamic.56" msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "NÃ¥r vi behandler folk som mennesker, vil de vanligvis behandle oss pÃ¥ samme " "mÃ¥te. Det kalles karma. Men sosiale relasjoner er skjøre. Det er altfor lett " @@ -4856,13 +6040,13 @@ msgstr "" "i et forhold – i det minste nÃ¥r det tar form av Ã¥ betale en pengeverdi i " "bytte for en annen verdi - kan det dramatisk endre dynamikken.56)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" -msgstr "#### Legg frem dine prinsipper og hold deg til dem" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "Legg frem dine prinsipper og hold deg til dem" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -4882,12 +6066,12 @@ msgstr "" "ganger vil folk vil identifisere seg med, og føle seg knyttet til innholdets " "separate sosiale oppgave. Ofte begge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -4903,35 +6087,66 @@ msgstr "" "deres troverdighet i OER-samfunnet (Ã¥pne pedagogiske ressurser) der de " "arbeider." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " +#| "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " +#| "you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " +#| "attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" "NÃ¥r mÃ¥let ditt ikke handler om Ã¥ gjøre fortjeneste , stoler folk pÃ¥ at du " "ikke bare prøver Ã¥ bruke verdien til din egen vinning. Folk merker nÃ¥r du " "har en hensikt som overskrider din egeninteresse.57) Det tiltrekker " "engasjerte ansatte, motiverte bidragsytere, og bygger tillit." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" -msgstr "#### Å bygge et fellesskap" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "Å bygge et fellesskap" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is " +#| "built around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating " +#| "together to create something new, or it may simply be a collection of " +#| "like-minded people who get to know each other and rally around common " +#| "interests or beliefs.58 To a certain extent, simply being Made with " +#| "Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community, " +#| "by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn " +#| "to the values symbolized by using CC." msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." msgstr "" "Innhold laget med Made with Creative Commons blomstrer nÃ¥r allmenneier er " "bygget rundt det de gjør. Dette kan bety at et fellesskap samarbeider om Ã¥ " @@ -4941,19 +6156,42 @@ msgstr "" "av fellesskap, med hjelp til Ã¥ koble deg til likesinnede som gjenkjenner og " "trekkes til verdiene som symboliseres ved Ã¥ bruke CC." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " +#| "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " +#| "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " +#| "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " +#| "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " +#| "environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 " +#| "For organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common " +#| "beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open " +#| "Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building " +#| "the kinds of participative communities that drive open organizations.”60" msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "For Ã¥ være bærekraftig mÃ¥ du jobbe hardt for Ã¥ livnære allmenneiet. Folk mÃ¥ " "bry seg – om deg og hverandre. Én kritisk brikke i dette er Ã¥ fÃ¥ frem " @@ -4966,17 +6204,41 @@ msgstr "" "Organization: «Å etablere følelsesmessig tilknytning er spesielt viktig for " "bygging av de typer deltakende fellesskap som driver Ã¥pne organisasjoner».60)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 -msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. " +#| "Surowiecki wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. " +#| "It’s difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest " +#| "and not in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the " +#| "members of the group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really " +#| "know each other), considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each " +#| "other’s bona fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people " +#| "within the community the power to create or influence the rules that " +#| "govern the community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-" +#| "down manner, people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn " +#| "leads to disengagement." +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" @@ -4991,8 +6253,8 @@ msgstr "" "ovenfra og ned, føler folk at de ikke har noe Ã¥ si, som igjen fører til " "tilbaketrekning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." @@ -5001,13 +6263,40 @@ msgstr "" "knyttet sammen rundt felles interesser eller verdier, er pÃ¥ mange mÃ¥ter hva " "deling betyr." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" -msgstr "#### Gi mer til fellesskapet enn du tar" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "Gi mer til fellesskapet enn du tar" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " +#| "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially " +#| "what defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on " +#| "the Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t " +#| "about Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained " +#| "how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy " +#| "businesses are purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in " +#| "her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell " +#| "the same product multiple times, by selling access rather than " +#| "ownership.64 That is not sharing." msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -5015,10 +6304,10 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" "Tradisjonell markedsvisdom tilsier at folk bør prøve Ã¥ trekke ut sÃ¥ mye " "penger som mulig fra ressursene. Dette er egentlig hva som definerer mye av " @@ -5030,20 +6319,41 @@ msgstr "" "The Mesh, er delingsøkonomiens primære strategi Ã¥ selge det samme produktet " "flere ganger ved Ã¥ selge adgang i stedet for eie.64) Det er ikke deling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " +#| "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources " +#| "from which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is " +#| "contributing content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t " +#| "have to just be about creating content; it can be about adding value in " +#| "other ways. The social blogging platform Medium provides value to its " +#| "community by incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online " +#| "space with remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited " +#| "trolling.65 Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help " +#| "its designers make money, in part by actively curating and displaying " +#| "their work on its platform effectively." msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" "Deling krever Ã¥ legge til lik mengde verdi eller mer i økosystemet enn du " "tar ut. Du kan ikke bare behandle Ã¥pent innhold som en gratis ansamling " @@ -5057,8 +6367,8 @@ msgstr "" "designere Ã¥ tjene penger, delvis ved Ã¥ organisere og effektivt vise arbeidet " "deres pÃ¥ sin plattform." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -5076,23 +6386,51 @@ msgstr "" "med, og gir mer til bidragsytere nÃ¥r verdien de bidrar med er større verdien " "du leverer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" -msgstr "#### Involver folk i det du gjør" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "Involver folk i det du gjør" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of " +#| "people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of " +#| "talent.66 But to make collaboration work, the group has to be effective " +#| "at what it is doing, and the people within the group have to find " +#| "satisfaction from being involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some " +#| "types of creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online " +#| "collaborate best when people can work independently and asynchronously, " +#| "and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can " +#| "make simple improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "Takket være Internett, kan vi utnytte talentene og ekspertisen til folk over " "hele verden. Chris Anderson kaller det «en lang hale» av talent.66) Men for " @@ -5103,8 +6441,22 @@ msgstr "" "asynkront, og særlig i større grupper med løselig knyttede bÃ¥nd, der " "bidragsytere kan gjøre enkle forbedringer uten Ã¥ beslaglegge mye tid.68)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia " +#| "is exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation " +#| "because small, incremental edits made by a diverse range of people acting " +#| "on their own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of " +#| "small contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative " +#| "work, and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it " +#| "doesn’t appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -5112,7 +6464,8 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Suksessen til Wikipedia viser, Ã¥ redigere et leksikon pÃ¥ nettet er akkurat " "typen aktivitet som er perfekt for massivt samarbeid fordi smÃ¥, trinnvise " @@ -5121,24 +6474,55 @@ msgstr "" "mange andre typer skapende arbeid, og folk iboende er mindre motivert til Ã¥ " "bidra, nÃ¥r det ikke vises at deres innsats utgjør noen særlig forskjell.69)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 154." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +#| "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +#| "truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +#| "perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +#| "equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +#| "“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +#| "sharing or a feeling of belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, " +#| "which distributes all of its material for free under CC licensing, is an " +#| "example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping the community to help " +#| "cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a significant amount of " +#| "time and money to develop professional content. For individual creators, " +#| "where the creative work is the basis for what they do, community " +#| "cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician Amanda " +#| "Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +#| "said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, " +#| "the music itself.”71" msgid "" "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er lett Ã¥ romantisere mulighetene for en global samlet innsats gjort " "mulig gjennom Internett, og faktisk, de vellykkede eksemplene pÃ¥ det er " @@ -5156,18 +6540,43 @@ msgstr "" "og gode forhold til fansen, sa, «Det eneste omrÃ¥det der jeg ikke var Ã¥pen " "for innspill var i skrivingen, musikken i seg selv». 71)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we " +#| "hear the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative " +#| "process in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early " +#| "drafts, and interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get " +#| "feedback. So-called “making in public” opens the door to letting people " +#| "feel more invested in your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial " +#| "approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of " +#| "Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—treating " +#| "ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment where " +#| "collaboration flourishes.73" msgid "" "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " "the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " "in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " "interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " "“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Mens tankene umiddelbart rettes mot samlet innsats og remiksing nÃ¥r vi hører " "ordet samarbeid, kan du ogsÃ¥ involvere andre i kreative prosesser pÃ¥ mer " @@ -5179,17 +6588,35 @@ msgstr "" "Effective People fame) kaller dette overflodsmentalitet – Ã¥ behandle ideer " "som noe rikelig, og det kan skape et miljø der samarbeid blomstrer.73)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 +msgid "" +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding " +#| "a way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +#| "motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " +#| "project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " +#| "Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into " +#| "what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " +#| "thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and " +#| "transition them into active participants.75" msgid "" "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " "way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er ikke bare en mÃ¥te Ã¥ involvere folk i hva du gjør. Det sentrale er Ã¥ " "finne en mÃ¥te for folk Ã¥ bidra pÃ¥ deres betingelser, nødet av sin egen " @@ -5199,263 +6626,20 @@ msgstr "" "alle former for samarbeid er Ã¥ bevege seg bort fra Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ forbrukere som " "passive mottakere av innholdet ditt, og ta imot deres aktive deltagelse.75)" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" -"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhÃ¥ndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " -"pÃ¥ strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -msgstr "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." -msgstr "Ibid., 55." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." -msgstr "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Creative Commons-lisensene" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 20131), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "## Creative Commons-lisensene" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " @@ -5473,22 +6657,24 @@ msgstr "" "ikke andre typer rettigheter bidragsytere kan ha til sine arbeider, som " "patenter eller varemerker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "Her er de seks lisensene:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -5500,17 +6686,19 @@ msgstr "" "for det opprinnelige arbeidet. Dette er den mest imøtekommende lisensen som " "tilbys. Anbefalt for maksimal spredning og bruk av lisensiert materiale." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -5526,17 +6714,19 @@ msgstr "" "gratis og Ã¥pen kildekode GNU(GPL). Alle nye arbeider basert pÃ¥ ditt vil ha " "den samme lisensen, sÃ¥ alle derivater kan ogsÃ¥ tillate kommersielt bruk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " @@ -5546,17 +6736,19 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielt og ikke-kommersielt, sÃ¥ lenge arbeidet leveres videre uendret og " "kreditert deg." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -5568,19 +6760,21 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥ anerkjenne deg, trenger de ikke Ã¥ lisensiere sine avledede arbeider " "pÃ¥ samme vilkÃ¥r." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" @@ -5588,17 +6782,19 @@ msgstr "" "remikse, finjustere og bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet ditt ikke-kommersielt, sÃ¥ lenge de " "krediterer deg, og lisensierer sine nye arbeider pÃ¥ samme vilkÃ¥r." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -5610,8 +6806,8 @@ msgstr "" "ned dine verk, og dele dem med andre sÃ¥ lenge de krediterer deg, men de kan " "ikke endre dem eller bruke dem kommersielt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " @@ -5622,17 +6818,19 @@ msgstr "" "samlinger av eksisterende arbeider der opphavsrettighetene til bidragsyterne " "har utløpt:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." @@ -5641,17 +6839,19 @@ msgstr "" "sine arbeider til det verdensomspennende offentlige domenet («ingen " "rettigheter reservert»)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." @@ -5659,11 +6859,11 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons Public Domain Mark muliggjør merkingen, og Ã¥ oppdage verk " "som allerede er fri for kjente opphavsrettsrestriksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -5680,14 +6880,14 @@ msgstr "" "programvarekoden og Creative Commons-lisenser for digitalt innhold, " "forsterker de sitt engasjement og forpliktelse til Ã¥ dele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -5707,8 +6907,8 @@ msgstr "" "en helaftens film, eller forhindre et annet selskap Ã¥ selge fysiske kopier " "av ditt verk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -5716,8 +6916,8 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" @@ -5734,8 +6934,8 @@ msgstr "" "brukerne deres fordi de fortsatt holdt pÃ¥ drømmen om at et større " "plateselskap ville oppdage arbeidet deres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -5747,8 +6947,8 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielle TeachAIDS en NoDerivs-lisens for sine læremidler fordi dette " "medisinske emnet er særlig viktig Ã¥ fÃ¥ riktig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -5770,40 +6970,40 @@ msgstr "" "ressurser ble brukt pÃ¥. CC-lisensene er et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ standardisere normer " "pÃ¥ tvers av alle domener." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "Merk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your " +#| "work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called " +#| "“Share Your Work” at" msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" "For mer om lisenser, inkludert eksempler og tips om deling av verkene dine i " "den digitale allmenningen, start med Creative Commons-siden med tittelen " "«Del ditt verk» pÃ¥" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." -msgstr "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "Referansestudiene" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" -msgstr "# Referansestudiene" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" @@ -5815,11 +7015,11 @@ msgstr "" "den gruppen etter avstemning blant Kickstarters hjelpere, og de andre tolv " "ble valgt av oss." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." @@ -5830,13 +7030,13 @@ msgstr "" "oppgaven løses, og hvilken rolle deling spiller i den, i hovedsak som mÃ¥ten " "det ble fortalt oss pÃ¥ av dem vi intervjuet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" -msgstr "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "Arduino" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." @@ -5844,53 +7044,50 @@ msgstr "" "Arduino er en inntektsgivende Ã¥pen kildekodeplattform, og et selskap for " "datautstyr og programvare. Grunnlagt i 2005 i Italia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " +#| "shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " +#| "sell Arduino products using their name)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier (salg av brett, moduler, " "skjermer og byggesett), lisensiering av et varemerke (avgifter betalt av dem " "som ønsker Ã¥ selge Arduino-produkter med deres navn)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 4. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: David Cuartielles og Tom Igoe, medgrunnleggere" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "Profilen skrevet av Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -5915,8 +7112,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥pent lisensiert: Maskinvare og dokumentasjon med Attribution-Share-Alike-" "lisens (CC BY-SA), og programvare med GNU General Public License." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -5933,14 +7130,14 @@ msgstr "" "kildekodeprogramvare kalt Prosessing, et programmeringsverktøy som brukes " "til Ã¥ lage kunst)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" "«Grunnene for Ã¥ lage Arduino som Ã¥pen kildekode er kompliserte», sier Tom. " @@ -5950,8 +7147,8 @@ msgstr "" "«endte opp med Ã¥ styrke plattformen langt utover det vi til og med hadde " "tenkt Ã¥ bygge»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -5968,14 +7165,14 @@ msgstr "" "lever et Ã¥pent kildekode-produkt videre. Etter Toms syn, «Bruk av Ã¥pen " "kildekode gjør det enklere Ã¥ stole pÃ¥ et produkt»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" "Da skolen lukket, startet David og noen av de andre Arduino-grunnleggerne et " @@ -5984,8 +7181,8 @@ msgstr "" "fysiske, og de lærte folk hvordan de skulle bruke ny teknologi pÃ¥ kreative " "mÃ¥ter. Inntekter fra Tinker ble investert i Ã¥ opprettholde og styrke Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -6000,18 +7197,18 @@ msgstr "" "første kunde, gjør deg mer trygg og overbevisende nÃ¥r produktet ditt skal " "selges." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" "Arduinos forretningsmodell har utviklet seg over tid – og Tom sier at modell " @@ -6025,8 +7222,8 @@ msgstr "" "produktet. SÃ¥ lenge det er et kvalitetsprodukt, og selges til en rimelig " "pris, vil folk kjøpe det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -6053,11 +7250,11 @@ msgstr "" "verdensomspennende fellesskapet av bidragsytere har gitt en utrolig mengde " "tilgjengelig kunnskap til hjelp bÃ¥de for nybegynnere og eksperter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " @@ -6069,8 +7266,8 @@ msgstr "" "all forretning var priser nøkkelen. De ønsket priser som vil gi mange " "kunder, men som ogsÃ¥ var høy nok til Ã¥ opprettholde virksomheten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -6084,8 +7281,8 @@ msgstr "" "«Hvis du gjør disse andre tingene bra, kan Ã¥ dele ting med Ã¥pen kildekode " "bare hjelpe deg»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -6107,8 +7304,8 @@ msgstr "" "utgi den nye utformingen med samme Creative Commons-lisens for Ã¥ sikre at " "den nye versjonen er like fri og Ã¥pen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -6128,17 +7325,33 @@ msgstr "" "til Arduinos økosystem, ideer og design som Arduino og Arduinos allmenneie " "bruker og innlemmer i nye produkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " +#| "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " +#| "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " +#| "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " +#| "creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. " +#| "The full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a " +#| "smaller form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be " +#| "plugged onto a board to give it extra features), and kits.1" msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Over tid har Arduino-produkter spredt seg, endret og tilpasset seg nye behov " "og utfordringer. I tillegg til enkle kretskort pÃ¥ inngangsnivÃ¥, er nye " @@ -6149,8 +7362,8 @@ msgstr "" "klassiske kort), skjold (shield) (elementer som kan kobles til et kort for Ã¥ " "gi den ekstra funksjoner) og byggesett.1)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -6172,8 +7385,8 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollere at maskinvaren og programvaren var formÃ¥lstjenlig i det Ã¥ løse " "folks problemer. Samfunnet vokste organisk derfra." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -6195,12 +7408,12 @@ msgstr "" "distribusjon, samtidig som det forsikres at Arduino-merket ikke skades av " "lavkvalitetskopier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" @@ -6213,8 +7426,8 @@ msgstr "" "ut videre, finansiere utvikling av programvare og opplæring. Gebyret for " "varemerke-lisensiering ble Arduinos inntektsgenererende modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -6230,8 +7443,26 @@ msgstr "" "tilbakeslag med et prosjekt kalt Freeduino, men samlet, varemerking og " "merkevarebygging har vært et kritisk verktøy for Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as " +#| "a default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that " +#| "really needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to " +#| "not open up certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is " +#| "certainly the complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where " +#| "nothing is shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are " +#| "based on open sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from " +#| "2013 entitled “Send In the Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, " +#| "does a great job of explaining the full complexities of how trademarking " +#| "their brand has played out, distinguishing between official boards and " +#| "those that are clones, derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -6243,7 +7474,8 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "David oppfordrer folk og bedrifter til Ã¥ starte ved Ã¥ dele alt som forvalgt " "strategi, og deretter tenke pÃ¥ om det er noe som virkelig trenger " @@ -6257,14 +7489,14 @@ msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ skille mellom offisielle kort og de som er kloner, derivater, " "kompatible og forfalskninger.2)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" "For David er en spennende del av Arduino hvordan bruken muliggjør tilpasning " "av teknologi pÃ¥ mange forskjellige mÃ¥ter for sÃ¥ mange. Teknologi Ã¥pner " @@ -6272,8 +7504,8 @@ msgstr "" "og tilpasningsdyktighet. Det er der Arduino trÃ¥r til. Arduinos mÃ¥l er «å " "lage ting som hjelper andre mennesker Ã¥ lage ting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -6287,8 +7519,8 @@ msgstr "" "komme over tanken at teknologien mÃ¥ ha beskyttelse. Tom sier, «Teknologi er " "en ferdighet som alle burde lære»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " @@ -6298,39 +7530,13 @@ msgstr "" "produktutvikling, bra for distribusjon, bra for prising og bra for " "produksjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "Linker til nettet" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" -msgstr "## Ártica" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "Ártica" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " @@ -6340,42 +7546,43 @@ msgstr "" "bruker digital teknologi til Ã¥ dele kunnskap og muliggjøre samarbeid i kunst " "og kultur. Grunnlagt i 2011 i Uruguay." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" -msgstr "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 9. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: Mariana Fossatti og Jorge Gemetto, medgrunnleggere" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Profilen skrevet av Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -6387,13 +7594,13 @@ msgstr "" "vellykkede gründere, nisjen deres lille virksomhet opererer i, er i hovedsak " "en de har bygget selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "Drømmejobbene deres eksisterer ikke, sÃ¥ de laget dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -6414,8 +7621,8 @@ msgstr "" "institusjoner som utvikler kunstneriske og kulturelle prosjekter pÃ¥ " "Internettet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -6424,7 +7631,7 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" @@ -6439,8 +7646,8 @@ msgstr "" "kunne koble seg direkte til publikum uten Ã¥ være avhengig av portvoktere " "eller mellommenn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -6458,8 +7665,8 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥l», sier Mariana. I stedet for Ã¥ selge tilgang til innholdet sitt, " "gir de det gratis, og tar betalt for tilpasningstjenestene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -6475,8 +7682,8 @@ msgstr "" "hver enkelte elev mer oppmerksomhet, og tilby kurs pÃ¥ mer spesialiserte " "emner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -6490,12 +7697,12 @@ msgstr "" "størrelse, spesielt nÃ¥r de jobber med kulturinstitusjoner, mens andre er " "mindre prosjekter pÃ¥ oppdrag fra enkeltartister." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" @@ -6505,8 +7712,8 @@ msgstr "" "det. De har det standpunktet at hvert nytt prosjekt fører dem til noe nytt, " "hver ny ressurs de lager Ã¥pner nye dører." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -6516,7 +7723,7 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" @@ -6529,13 +7736,13 @@ msgstr "" "skal være viral», sa Jorge. For dem er Ã¥ gi andre rett til Ã¥ gjenbruke og " "remikse innholdet en grunnleggende verdi. «Hvordan kan du tilby en " "nettbasert pedagogisk tjeneste uten Ã¥ gi tillatelse til Ã¥ laste ned, lage og " -"beholde kopier, eller skrive ut de pedagogiske ressursene?» Jorge sier: «" -"Hvis vi ønsker Ã¥ gjøre det best for vÃ¥re studenter - de som stoler pÃ¥ oss " +"beholde kopier, eller skrive ut de pedagogiske ressursene?» Jorge sier: " +"«Hvis vi ønsker Ã¥ gjøre det best for vÃ¥re studenter - de som stoler pÃ¥ oss " "til det punktet at de er villige til Ã¥ betale pÃ¥ nettet uten ansikt til " "ansikt kontakt - har vi bare Ã¥ tilby dem en hederlig og etisk avtale»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -6549,8 +7756,8 @@ msgstr "" "distribuerte trykte kopier. Ártica ser gjenbruk av arbeidet deres som en vei " "til Ã¥ Ã¥pne opp nye muligheter for sin virksomhet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -6568,8 +7775,8 @@ msgstr "" "blogginnlegg, eller et nytt enkelt innhold, som i fremtiden kan utvikle seg " "til et mer sammensatt produkt, som et kurs eller en bok»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -6585,13 +7792,13 @@ msgstr "" "lærer, og utforsker og tester alltid nye ideer og mÃ¥ter Ã¥ arbeide pÃ¥. PÃ¥ " "mange mÃ¥ter er prosessen for dem like viktig som sluttproduktet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" "Folk og relasjoner er ogsÃ¥ like viktige, noen ganger mer. «I den pedagogiske " @@ -6600,8 +7807,8 @@ msgstr "" "sa Mariana. «Materialer og innhold er flytende. Den viktige tingen er " "relasjonene»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " @@ -6611,8 +7818,8 @@ msgstr "" "mennesker og institusjoner over hele verden, sÃ¥ de kan lære av dem og dele " "sine kunnskaper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -6627,8 +7834,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Kjernen i alt Ártica gjør er et sett verdier. «Godt innhold ikke er nok», sa " "Jorge. «Vi tror ogsÃ¥ at det er svært viktig Ã¥ ta et standpunkt for noe i " -"kultursektoren». Mariana og Jorge er aktivister. De forsvarer fri kultur (" -"bevegelsen som fremmer frihet til Ã¥ endre og distribuere kreativt arbeid), " +"kultursektoren». Mariana og Jorge er aktivister. De forsvarer fri kultur " +"(bevegelsen som fremmer frihet til Ã¥ endre og distribuere kreativt arbeid), " "og arbeider for Ã¥ vise skjæringspunktet mellom fri kultur og andre " "bevegelser for sosial rettferdighet. Innsatsen deres for Ã¥ involvere " "mennesker i sitt arbeid, og aktivere kunstnere og kulturinstitusjoner til Ã¥ " @@ -6636,11 +7843,11 @@ msgstr "" "og sist, det som driver deres arbeid er mÃ¥let om Ã¥ demokratisere kunst og " "kultur." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " @@ -6654,12 +7861,12 @@ msgstr "" "programvare. Virksomheten deres er liten, effektiv og bærekraftig, og derfor " "er den en suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" @@ -6669,8 +7876,8 @@ msgstr "" "Mariana og Jorge betyr suksess Ã¥ gjøre det som gir dem personlig mening og " "hensikt, og gjøre det bærekraftig og i samarbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -6684,13 +7891,13 @@ msgstr "" "de bli frustrert», sa Mariana. «Vi prøver Ã¥ vise dem et annet bilde av " "hvordan det ser ut»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" -msgstr "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "Blender Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." @@ -6698,32 +7905,42 @@ msgstr "" "Blender Institute er et animasjonsstudio som lager 3D-filmer med Blender " "programvare. Grunnlagt i 2006 i Nederland." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" -msgstr "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " +#| "copies, selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske " "kopier, varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 8. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "Intervjuet: Francesco Siddi, produksjonsleder" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -6743,8 +7960,8 @@ msgstr "" "bygge videre pÃ¥, den teknologien og innholdet de lager pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som er til " "fordel for Blender og Blenders fellesskap helt konkret." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -6762,11 +7979,11 @@ msgstr "" "deres enklere. Og, selvfølgelig, hvert prosjekt innebærer en lang, givende " "prosess der det kreative og tekniske fellesskapet arbeider sammen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" @@ -6775,12 +7992,12 @@ msgstr "" "Francesco Siddi fortalte oss at, «Ton tror hvis du ikke ikke bruker " "verktøyet ditt til Ã¥ lage innhold, sÃ¥ gjør du ikke noenting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -6796,8 +8013,8 @@ msgstr "" "han kunne skaffe nok penger, kunne han sÃ¥ gjøre Blender-programvaren " "tilgjengelig under GNU General Public License." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -6819,8 +8036,8 @@ msgstr "" "fantastisk felleskapsbygger og leder, og han har lagt ned mye arbeid i Ã¥ " "fremme et fellesskap av utviklere slik at prosjektet kunne leve»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -6835,15 +8052,15 @@ msgstr "" "Blender Foundation til Ã¥ overvÃ¥ke og forvalte programvareutviklingen og " "vedlikeholdet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" "Etter noen Ã¥r begynte Ton Ã¥ lete etter nye mÃ¥ter Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av " @@ -6854,10 +8071,10 @@ msgstr "" "dem til Ã¥ arbeide sammen. De skulle ikke bare lage Ã¥pent lisensiert innhold " "av høy kvalitet, de skulle forbedre Blenders programvare i prosessen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -6871,8 +8088,8 @@ msgstr "" "produsere CC-lisensiert materiale, var overveldende for folk», sa han. «De " "var som, 'jeg mÃ¥ se det for Ã¥ tro det'»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -6886,8 +8103,8 @@ msgstr "" "enda større suksess. Filmen Big Buck Bunny gikk viralt, og de animerte " "figurene ble plukket opp av markedsførere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -6896,8 +8113,8 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" "Francesco sa at over tid har Blender Institute-prosjektene blitt større og " "mer betydningsfulle. Det betyr at prosessen med Ã¥ lage film har blitt mer " @@ -6910,11 +8127,11 @@ msgstr "" "mange mennesker ønsker Ã¥ samarbeide med oss, at vi ikke alltid kan ansette " "dem pÃ¥ grunn av budsjettbegrensninger»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " @@ -6927,14 +8144,14 @@ msgstr "" "effektiv fellesskapsleder, og visjonær for arbeidet deres. «Det er et helt " "fellesskap som ser og forstÃ¥r fordelen med disse prosjektene», sa Francesco." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" "Mens disse fordelene fra hvert Ã¥pen-filmprosjekt gir et overbevisende " "grunnlag for folkefinansieringskampanjer, fortalte Francesco oss at Blender " @@ -6943,15 +8160,15 @@ msgstr "" "finansiering. «NÃ¥r et prosjekt er over, drar alle hjem», sa han. «Det er mye " "moro, men sÃ¥ slutter det. Det er et problem»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -6963,8 +8180,8 @@ msgstr "" "kontinuerlig støtte, og ikke pÃ¥ prosjekt-for-prosjektbasis. Deres løsning er " "Blender Sky, en abonnementstype folkefinansieringsmodell som likner den " "nettbaserte folkfinansieringsplattformen Patreon. For ca. 10 euro hver mÃ¥ned " -"fÃ¥r abonnenter tilgang til Ã¥ laste ned alt det Blender Institute produserer –" -" programvare, kunst, opplæring, og mer. Alle disse ressursene er " +"fÃ¥r abonnenter tilgang til Ã¥ laste ned alt det Blender Institute produserer " +"– programvare, kunst, opplæring, og mer. Alle disse ressursene er " "tilgjengelige med en Attribution-lisens (CC BY), eller plassert i den " "offentlige sfæren (CC0), men de er opprinnelig gjort tilgjengelige kun for " "abonnenter. Blender Cloud lar abonnentene følge Blenders filmprosjekter mens " @@ -6972,8 +8189,8 @@ msgstr "" "kreative prosessen. Blender Cloud har ogsÃ¥ omfattende opplæringsmateriell, " "biblioteker med rollemodeller og andre ressurser til bruk i ulike prosjekter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -6985,10 +8202,10 @@ msgstr "" "utvide sin abonnentbase. «Dette er vÃ¥r frihet», fortalte han oss, «og for " "kunstnere er frihet alt»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -7002,8 +8219,8 @@ msgstr "" "inntektsstrømmer, som Blender-butikken, hvor folk kan kjøpe DVD-er, T-" "skjorter og andre Blender-produkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -7015,8 +8232,8 @@ msgstr "" "programvaren og innholdet som er produsert med programvaren gratis og Ã¥pent. " "Å selge en lisens har aldri vært en del av forretningsmodellen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -7034,18 +8251,18 @@ msgstr "" "kreves det mye talent, ferdigheter, tid og budsjett Ã¥ reprodusere hva du " "gjorde», sa Ton." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "For Ton og Blender, gÃ¥r alt tilbake til hva du gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" -msgstr "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "Cards Against Humanity" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." @@ -7053,28 +8270,36 @@ msgstr "" "Cards Against Humanity er et privat, for-fortjeneste selskap som lager et " "populært fest-spill ved samme navn. Grunnlagt i USA i 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" -msgstr "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 3. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "Intervjuet: Max Temkin, medgrunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " @@ -7085,14 +8310,14 @@ msgstr "" "produkt. Vi selger det og tar betalt. SÃ¥ bruker vi mindre penger enn vi fÃ¥r " "inn», sa Max." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" @@ -7104,8 +8329,8 @@ msgstr "" "(«fryktelige», ifølge Cards Against Humanitys reklame), blir dette et artig " "og morsomt spill." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -7119,8 +8344,8 @@ msgstr "" "Offisielle utvidelsespakker er tilgjengelig, og ogsÃ¥ flere offisielle " "temapakker samt internasjonale utgaver." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -7132,8 +8357,8 @@ msgstr "" "enn én million mennesker har lastet ned spillet etter at selskapet begynte Ã¥ " "loggføre tallene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -7147,8 +8372,8 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielle vilkÃ¥rene. Muligheten til Ã¥ tilpasse spillet, er som et helt " "nytt spill i seg selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " @@ -7158,8 +8383,20 @@ msgstr "" "gratis nedlasting, Ã¥penhet for fans til Ã¥ remikse spillet – det som gir " "spillet solid kultstatus." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " +#| "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that " +#| "Max Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max " +#| "tells the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on " +#| "New Year’s Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other " +#| "parties. The game was a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a " +#| "free PDF. People started asking if they could pay to have the game " +#| "printed for them, and eventually they decided to run a Kickstarter to " +#| "fund the printing. They set their Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised " +#| "\\$15,000. The game was officially released in May 2011." msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -7168,8 +8405,8 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" "Suksessen deres er ikke et resultat av en storstilt plan. Cards Against " @@ -7183,8 +8420,8 @@ msgstr "" "satt Kickstarter-mÃ¥let til \\$4,000 – og fikk inn \\$15,000. Spillet ble " "utgitt offisielt i mai 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " @@ -7194,12 +8431,12 @@ msgstr "" "de Ã¥tte grunnleggerne aldri hatt et møte hvor de bestemte seg for Ã¥ gjøre " "dette til en kontinuerlig virksomhet. «PÃ¥ en mÃ¥te hendte det bare», sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 #, fuzzy msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" @@ -7208,20 +8445,33 @@ msgstr "" "kjennemerke er distanse og minnenedverdighet. Det er vanskelig Ã¥ glemme en " "virksomhet som kaller OSS-en pÃ¥ sin hjemmeside: \"Dine dumme spørsmÃ¥l.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than " +#| "vulgarity and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black " +#| "Friday illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United " +#| "States, Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving " +#| "holiday, the biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly " +#| "important day for Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. " +#| "retailers. Max said they struggled with what to do on Black Friday " +#| "because they didn’t want to support what he called the “orgy of " +#| "consumerism” the day has become, particularly since it follows a day that " +#| "is about being grateful for what you have. In 2013, after deliberating, " +#| "they decided to have an Everything Costs \\$5 More sale." msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" "Som de fleste kvalitetssatirer er det imidlertid mer en vits enn vulgaritet " "og sjokk. Selskapets markedsføring rundt Black Friday illustrerer dette " @@ -7234,19 +8484,19 @@ msgstr "" "takknemlig for hva du har. I 2013 besluttet de, etter rÃ¥dslaging, Ã¥ ha et " "salg der Everything Costs \\$5 More sale ( Alt koster \\$ 5 Mer salg.)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " "People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -"«Vi svettet natten før Black Friday, og lurte pÃ¥ om vÃ¥re fans ville hate oss»" -", sa han. «Men det fikk oss til Ã¥ le, sÃ¥ vi gikk ut med det. Og folk " +"«Vi svettet natten før Black Friday, og lurte pÃ¥ om vÃ¥re fans ville hate " +"oss», sa han. «Men det fikk oss til Ã¥ le, sÃ¥ vi gikk ut med det. Og folk " "oppfattet helt klart spøken»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -7258,15 +8508,22 @@ msgstr "" "bare Ã¥ være ærlig med folk», sa Max. «Det sjokkerer folk at det er Ã¥penhet " "om hva du gjør»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " +#| "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” " +#| "One year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " +#| "literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " +#| "the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " +#| "day." msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" "Max sammenlignet det ogsÃ¥ med en stor improvisasjonsscene. «Hvis vi gjør noe " "litt revolusjonært og uventet, vil publikum være med pÃ¥ spøken. Ett Ã¥r laget " @@ -7274,18 +8531,18 @@ msgstr "" "betalte dem fem dollar uten grunn. Fansen ville gjøre spøken morsommere ved " "Ã¥ gjøre den vellykket. De fikk inn \\$70,000 pÃ¥ én dag." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" "Denne bemerkelsesverdige tilliten de har hos sine kunder var det som " @@ -7299,11 +8556,11 @@ msgstr "" "verste kostnaden ved Ã¥ bruke CC, ville jeg betalt dét hundre ganger, fordi " "det er sÃ¥ mange fordeler»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." @@ -7314,8 +8571,8 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ bruke spillet, og kopiere, tilpasse, og Ã¥pent reklamere for det de har " "laget. I dag finnes det tusenvis av utvidelser fra tilhengere av spillet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -7327,16 +8584,16 @@ msgstr "" "situasjonen der vi er en av de best markedsført spillene i verden, og vi har " "aldri brukt en krone pÃ¥ markedsføring»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." @@ -7351,14 +8608,14 @@ msgstr "" "bare en e-post til dem som bruker spillet kommersielt, og det er slutten pÃ¥ " "det. Det har bare vært en hÃ¥ndfull tilfeller der de har mÃ¥ttet hyre advokat." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" @@ -7370,15 +8627,15 @@ msgstr "" "tonen i kortene gir folk inntrykk av at det er enkelt Ã¥ skrive dem, men det " "er faktisk mye arbeid og ordkløveri»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" @@ -7391,8 +8648,8 @@ msgstr "" "først nÃ¥r det opprinnelige arbeidet er ferdig og publisert, og idet folk " "lager sine egne tilpasninger til spillet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -7406,15 +8663,22 @@ msgstr "" "tjene penger – vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere vitser og spill», " "sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 -msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various " +#| "charities and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all " +#| "have other interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things " +#| "going on in our lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us " +#| "taking things from the rest of our lives and channeling some of the " +#| "excitement from the game into it.”" +msgid "" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" "Faktisk har selskapet gitt mer enn \\$4 millioner til forskjellige " "veldedighetsorganisasjoner og formÃ¥l. «Kort er ikke vÃ¥r plan for livet», sa " @@ -7423,8 +8687,8 @@ msgstr "" "vi tar ut ting fra resten av vÃ¥re liv og kanaliserer noe av spenningen i " "spillet inn i det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -7439,26 +8703,26 @@ msgstr "" "arbeid betyr nødvendigvis Ã¥ gi opp noe av mulighetene til Ã¥ hente ut mer " "penger fra kunder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " "strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your values, and " "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -"«Det er ikke riktig for alle Ã¥ legge ut alt under CC-lisensiering», sa Max. «" -"Hvis du har som eneste mÃ¥l Ã¥ tjene masse penger, er ikke CC beste strategi. " +"«Det er ikke riktig for alle Ã¥ legge ut alt under CC-lisensiering», sa Max. " +"«Hvis du har som eneste mÃ¥l Ã¥ tjene masse penger, er ikke CC beste strategi. " "Denne forretningsmodellen snakker imidlertid om dine verdier, og hvem du er " "og hvorfor du lager ting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" -msgstr "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "The Conversation" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " @@ -7468,27 +8732,35 @@ msgstr "" "forskningsamfunnet og levert direkte til publikum over Internett. Grunnlagt " "2011 i Australia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" -msgstr "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership " +#| "fees to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Betaling fra innholdsleverandørene (universiteter betaler " "kontingent for Ã¥ ha sine fakulteter som forfattere), donasjonsfinansiering" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "Intervjuet: Andrew Jaspan, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -7504,8 +8776,8 @@ msgstr "" "at han forlot The Age i 2005, forsvant ikke hans bekymring for fremtidens " "journalistikk. Andrew forpliktet seg til Ã¥ koke opp en alternativ modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -7519,8 +8791,8 @@ msgstr "" "etter journalistikk med dybde og substans, men var bekymret for økende fokus " "pÃ¥ det spekulative." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -7557,15 +8829,15 @@ msgstr "" "frakoblet det. De er en enorm offentlig ressurs, men ikke sÃ¥ bra pÃ¥ Ã¥ " "presentere sin kompetanse til det bredere publlikum." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " @@ -7582,8 +8854,8 @@ msgstr "" "den blir publisert. Sammenlign dette med journalister som bare plukker og " "velger sitater, og skriver hva enn de mÃ¥tte ønske." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -7605,8 +8877,8 @@ msgstr "" "Conversation lansert som en uavhengig nyhetsside i Australia. Alt som " "publiseres i Conversation lisensieres Ã¥pent med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -7624,24 +8896,30 @@ msgstr "" "som en kilde til pÃ¥litelig informasjon til vÃ¥rt felles beste. Kjerneoppgaven " "deres er enkel: Å gi leserne en pÃ¥litelig kilde til bevisbasert informasjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" "Andrew jobbet hardt for Ã¥ gjenoppfinne en metodikk for Ã¥ lage pÃ¥litelig, " "troverdig innhold. Han innførte strenge nye arbeidsrutiner, prinsipper og " -"koder for utføringen.1 Disse inkluderer full Ã¥penhet om hvem hver forfatter " +"koder for utføringen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse inkluderer full Ã¥penhet om hvem hver forfatter " "er (med sin relevante kompetanse); hvem som finansierer forskningen deres; " "og om det er noen potensielle eller faktiske interessekonflikter. Viktig er " "det ogsÃ¥ hvor innholdet kommer fra, og selv om det kommer fra universitets- " @@ -7652,8 +8930,8 @@ msgstr "" "gratis tilgang til innholdet deres, kunne dele det, eller publiserere det pÃ¥ " "nytt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -7675,14 +8953,14 @@ msgstr "" "lisensen, og etter Andrews syn, er Creative Commons sentral i alt " "Conversation gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" "NÃ¥r leserne kommer over Conversation, virker det som om de liker det de " "finner, og anbefaler det til venner, kolleger, og sine nettverk. Leserskaren " @@ -7691,8 +8969,8 @@ msgstr "" "Twitter og Facebook), og ved Ã¥ være en akkreditert leverandør til Google " "News." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -7709,8 +8987,8 @@ msgstr "" "ikke den modellen. De har ingen reklame og er et ikke-for-profitt -" "foretagende." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -7728,8 +9006,8 @@ msgstr "" "universiteter over hele verden. Conversation ønsker Ã¥ jobbe med " "universitetsforskere fra enda flere deler av verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -7746,8 +9024,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette ville sikre den nÃ¥værende tjenesten, og hjelpe til med Ã¥ forbedre " "dekning og funksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -7761,11 +9039,11 @@ msgstr "" "finansierere .\" Tidlige deltakerne kan angis som \"grunnleggermedlemmer\", " "med plass i det redaksjonelle rÃ¥dgivende styre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -7780,8 +9058,8 @@ msgstr "" "lesekretsen representerer, hvor artikkelen er viderepublisert, og antall " "lesere per artikkel." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -7796,10 +9074,10 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ en konferanse, samarbeide, sende et bidrag til en journal og konsultere " "et selskap om et emne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" @@ -7807,8 +9085,8 @@ msgstr "" "medlemskap. Med Conversation kan universiteter engasjere offentligheten, og " "vise at de er verdifulle." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -7823,26 +9101,13 @@ msgstr "" "mulig Ã¥ bygge opp bÃ¥de et offentlig gode, og inndrive operasjonelle " "inntekter samtidig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "Nettlenke" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "theconversation.com/us/charter" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "Cory Doctorow" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" -msgstr "## Cory Doctorow" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." @@ -7850,27 +9115,37 @@ msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow er en science fiction-forfatter, aktivist, blogger og " "journalist med base i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" -msgstr "craphound.com og boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-" +#| "want, selling translation rights to books" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier (boksalg), betal-hva-du-vil, " "salg av rettigheter til bokoversettelser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 12. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -7886,8 +9161,8 @@ msgstr "" "blir en merkevare. Jeg gjør det som egger meg i det Ã¥ arbeide et sinnssykt " "antall timer fordi det er det aller viktigste jeg vet hvordan skal gjøres»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " @@ -7896,8 +9171,8 @@ msgstr "" "Cory kaller seg entreprenør. Han liker Ã¥ si at hans suksess kom fra Ã¥ gjøre " "ting folk tilfeldigvis liker, for sÃ¥ Ã¥ ikke være i veien nÃ¥r de deler det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 #, fuzzy msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " @@ -7917,8 +9192,8 @@ msgstr "" "Want to Be Free\", om mÃ¥tene innholdsprodusenter kan skaffe seg et levebrød " "i Internett-alderen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " @@ -7928,8 +9203,8 @@ msgstr "" "betalt pÃ¥ foredragsarrangementer, og eksperimenterer med betal-hva-du-vil-" "modeller for sitt arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -7937,7 +9212,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -7960,19 +9235,19 @@ msgstr "" "ektheten forsvinne fra det jeg gjør, og kvaliteten som fører folk til Ã¥ like " "det jeg gjør, ville bli borte»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" "Cory har blitt økonomisk vellykket, men penger er ikke hans viktigste " "motivasjon. I begynnelsen i boka «Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free» " @@ -7985,8 +9260,8 @@ msgstr "" "skrev for Ã¥ fÃ¥ mat pÃ¥ bordet og tak over hodet, skrev jeg for Ã¥ holde meg " "selv frisk»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -8004,8 +9279,8 @@ msgstr "" "opprettet for Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ stoppe kopieringen». Med andre ord symboliserer " "bruken av CC-lisenser hans verdensbilde." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -8024,12 +9299,12 @@ msgstr "" "at de skal betale ham for sitt arbeid». Jeg startet med Ã¥ ikke kalle dem " "tyver», sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -8048,8 +9323,8 @@ msgstr "" "energien, og gi ut boken min gratis i et format som var beregnet for " "spredning»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -8063,12 +9338,12 @@ msgstr "" "lisensiering med hell pÃ¥ dette tidspunktet fordi han var i startfasen. NÃ¥ " "sier de at det er som følge av hans etablerte forfatterskap." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" @@ -8078,8 +9353,8 @@ msgstr "" "veien for folk som vil dele sin kjærlighet til deg med andre, høres opplagt " "ut, men det er oppsiktsvekkende hvor mange som ikke synes det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " @@ -8088,11 +9363,11 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" "Ved Ã¥ gjøre sitt arbeid tilgjengelig med CC-lisenser lar har se sine mest " "ihuga tilhengere som sine ambassadører. \"Å være Ã¥pen for fan-aktivitet gjør " @@ -8106,12 +9381,12 @@ msgstr "" "kreative industrien. Dog ser jeg min sannsynlighet for Ã¥ bli Disney heller " "usannsynlig, sÃ¥ jeg bør ta all den hjelp jeg kan fÃ¥." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 #, fuzzy msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -8134,8 +9409,8 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥ folk til Ã¥ betale for oversettelser hvis det allerede finnes " "uprofesjonelle oversettelser tilgjengelig gratis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " @@ -8146,7 +9421,7 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" @@ -8161,14 +9436,14 @@ msgstr "" "skrev han. Kopiene andre gjør av arbeidet koster meg ingenting, og " "presenterer muligheten for at jeg fÃ¥r noe tilbake.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" @@ -8181,13 +9456,13 @@ msgstr "" "første lov: «Hver gang noen putter en lÃ¥s pÃ¥ noe som tilhører deg, og ikke " "ønsker Ã¥ gi deg nøkkelen, er den ikke der i hensikt Ã¥ gavne deg»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -8203,8 +9478,8 @@ msgstr "" "publikum uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte ha med store plattformer som ønsker Ã¥ ta kontrollen " "over hans arbeide Ã¥ gjøre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " @@ -8225,16 +9500,16 @@ msgstr "" "et knippe arbeider. Han planlegger Ã¥ sette sitt eget betal-hva-du-vil -" "eksperiment ut i livet snart." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" @@ -8248,8 +9523,8 @@ msgstr "" "mange mÃ¥ter noe som handler om Ã¥ holde kontakten med dem som har blitt rørt " "av ditt arbeide.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -8263,59 +9538,67 @@ msgstr "" "som er nytt, skriver han i sin bok, «er hvor mange mÃ¥ter det gÃ¥r an Ã¥ lage " "ting pÃ¥, og hvordan man fÃ¥r dem inn i andre folks sinn og hender»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "Det har aldri vært lettere Ã¥ rette tankene i løvetannens baner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" -msgstr "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "Figshare" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" "Figshare er et selskap som er basert pÃ¥ fortjeneste, og tilbyr et online " "oppbevaringssted der forskere kan bevare og dele resultatet av sin " "forskning, inkludert tall, datasett, bilder og videoer. Grunnlagt i 2011 i " "Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" -msgstr "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Plattform som tilbyr betalte tjenester til " "innholdsleverandører" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 28. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "Intervjuet: Mark Hahnel, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" @@ -8328,8 +9611,8 @@ msgstr "" "Forskningsresultater formidles pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som den gjeldende modellen for " "vitenskapelig disiplinpublisering ikke tillater." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " @@ -8339,8 +9622,8 @@ msgstr "" "penger? Hvordan vet vi at du er her om fem Ã¥r? Kan du, som er for " "fortjeneste, være Ã¥ stole pÃ¥? Svarene har utviklet seg over tid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -8357,8 +9640,8 @@ msgstr "" "sin forskning fullstendig, ville føre til flere sitater, og være bedre for " "hans karriere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -8370,8 +9653,8 @@ msgstr "" "han trodde det ville vært mulig Ã¥ putte sitt forskningsarbeid pÃ¥ nett, og " "dele det med alle. Dernest begynte han Ã¥ arbeide med en løsning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " @@ -8381,8 +9664,8 @@ msgstr "" "gi dem varige identifikatorer – nettadresser som alltid peker tilbake til " "originalobjektet for Ã¥ sikre at forskningen kan siteres pÃ¥ lang sikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -8394,12 +9677,12 @@ msgstr "" "Mark valgte digitale objektidentifikatorer (DOI-er) for Ã¥ møte behovet for " "vedvarende identifikatorer. I DOI-systemet blir et objekts metadata lagret " "som en serie nummer i DOI-navnet. Å referere til et objekt ved sitt DOI er " -"mer stabilt enn Ã¥ bruke nettadressen, fordi plasseringen av et objekt (" -"nettsiden eller -adressen) ofte kan endre seg. Mark gikk i partnerskap med " +"mer stabilt enn Ã¥ bruke nettadressen, fordi plasseringen av et objekt " +"(nettsiden eller -adressen) ofte kan endre seg. Mark gikk i partnerskap med " "DataCite for Ã¥ tilby DOI-er for forskningsdata." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -8413,10 +9696,10 @@ msgstr "" "fagfeller, gikk han for CC0 (tilsvarende offentlig eie) for datasett og CC " "BY (Attribution) for figurer, videoer og datasett." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." @@ -8426,11 +9709,11 @@ msgstr "" "Folk startet Ã¥ kommentere pÃ¥ bloggen hans at de ønsket Ã¥ gjøre det samme. SÃ¥ " "han Ã¥pnet det opp for dem ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." @@ -8442,13 +9725,13 @@ msgstr "" "programvarekode, brukte Mark MIT-lisensen, men GNU og Apache-lisenser kan " "ogsÃ¥ brukes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" "Mark trengte investeringer for Ã¥ gjøre dette til et skalerbart produkt. " @@ -8460,8 +9743,8 @@ msgstr "" "eller internett-tjeneste, er tilgjengelig gratis, men at man mÃ¥ betale for " "premiumfordeler, funksjonalitet eller virituelle eiendeler.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -8482,8 +9765,8 @@ msgstr "" "forskere som «Du beholder eierskap. Du lisensierer det. Du krediteres. Vi " "sikrer bare at det varer»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -8501,8 +9784,8 @@ msgstr "" "statiske ikke-interaktive PDF-filer, ble interessert i Ã¥ fÃ¥ Figshare til Ã¥ " "gi dem denne funksjonaliteten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -8510,11 +9793,11 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" "Figshare utvidet sin forretningmodell til Ã¥ omfatte tjenester for " "tidsskrifter. Figshare begynte Ã¥ leie ut plass til store datamengder til " @@ -8528,12 +9811,12 @@ msgstr "" "Springer Nature, PLOS, og Taylor og Francis, for Ã¥ nevne noen, og har " "overbevist dem om Ã¥ bruke Creative Commons-lisenser for dataene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " @@ -8547,14 +9830,14 @@ msgstr "" "Figshare. Figshare har igjen diversifisert (spredt) sin forretningsmodell, " "og lagt til tjenester for institusjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" @@ -8566,18 +9849,18 @@ msgstr "" "tjenestene de tilbyr for institusjoner, tar hensyn til behovene til " "bibliotekarer og administratorer, samt av forskerne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" "Som med forskere og utgivere, oppmuntret Figshare-institusjoner om Ã¥ dele " "sin forskning med CC BY (Attribution) og data med CC0 (for offentligheten). " @@ -8589,8 +9872,8 @@ msgstr "" "mindre liberale lisenser som CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " "(Attribution-ShareAlike) eller CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -8608,8 +9891,8 @@ msgstr "" "CERN-prosjekt med Ã¥pen kildekode tilby alle Creative Commons-lisensene uten " "noen negative konsekvenser, bestemte han seg Ã¥ følge etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -8624,17 +9907,46 @@ msgstr "" "effekten. Hvis data viste at CC BY er mer slagkraftig, tror Mark at flere og " "flere forskere og institusjoner vil gjøre den til sin valgte lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +#| "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " +#| "applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " +#| "journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " +#| "Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data " +#| "to be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher " +#| "that converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any " +#| "viewer can alter by changing any of the variables.2" msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Figshare har et programmeringsgrensesnitt (API - Application Programming " "Interface) som gjør det mulig Ã¥ hente data fra Figshare, og bruke det i " @@ -8645,8 +9957,8 @@ msgstr "" "konverterer dataen til en visuelt interessant graf, hvilket enhver seer kan " "endre ved Ã¥ endre variablene.2)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -8667,17 +9979,33 @@ msgstr "" "programvarekoder, og om universiteter skulle tilbys muligheten til Ã¥ bruke " "Creative Commons-lisenser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the " +#| "right time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model " +#| "over time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive " +#| "set of services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had " +#| "relied solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare " +#| "would have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were " +#| "early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders " +#| "mandated open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" "Mark sier at suksessen handler delvis om Ã¥ være pÃ¥ rett sted til rett tid. " "Han tror ogsÃ¥ at oppdelingen av Figshare sin modell over tid har vært " @@ -8688,8 +10016,8 @@ msgstr "" "og slutten av karrieren. Det har kun vært fordi kronerullerne krevde Ã¥pen " "lisensiering at Figshare nÃ¥ brukes av allmenningen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -8703,8 +10031,8 @@ msgstr "" "trafikken deres kommer fra Google. Et søsterselskap kalt Altmetric sporer " "bruken av Figshare av andre, inkludert Wikipedia og nyhetskilder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -8729,74 +10057,61 @@ msgstr "" "bare er en støtte for Ã¥pen tilgang til forskning, men at den gjør folk i " "stand til Ã¥ samarbeide og gjøre nye funn." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "figshare.com/features" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "Figure.NZ" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" -msgstr "## Figure.NZ" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ er en veldedig bistandsorganisasjon som lager en nettbasert " "dataplattform myntet pÃ¥ Ã¥ gjøre data gjenbrukbar og enkel Ã¥ forstÃ¥ seg pÃ¥." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" -msgstr "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " +#| "sponsorships" msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Plattform som tilbyr betalte tjenester til skapere, " "bidragsytere, legatmidler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 3. mai 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "Intervjuet: Lillian Grace, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" "not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " @@ -8826,8 +10141,8 @@ msgstr "" "informasjonen i datasettet. Lillian etablerte Figure.NZ for Ã¥ gjøre data " "virkelig tilgjengelig for alle, med spesielt fokus pÃ¥ New Zealand." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -8847,13 +10162,13 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ kunne forstÃ¥ grunnleggende fakta kreves noen ganger data og forskning " "du ofte mÃ¥ betale for." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -8873,8 +10188,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ gi tjenester til dem som ønsker Ã¥ Ã¥pne sine data, og presentere dem " "visuelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -8885,15 +10200,15 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" "Hvordan fungerer det? Figure.NZ datakilder fra andre organisasjoner, " "inkludert bedrifter, offentlige dataarkiv, etater og akademikere. Figure.NZ " -"importerer og ekstraherer data, og deretter validerer og standardiserer det –" -" med et klart øye for hva som vil være best for brukere. Deretter gjør de " +"importerer og ekstraherer data, og deretter validerer og standardiserer det " +"– med et klart øye for hva som vil være best for brukere. Deretter gjør de " "data tilgjengelige med en rekke standardiserte skjemaer, lesbare bÃ¥de for " "mennesker og maskiner, og med innholdsinformasjon om kildene, lisensene og " "typer data. Figure.NZ har et diagramdesignverktøy som lager enkel strek-, " @@ -8904,21 +10219,46 @@ msgstr "" "andre kan bruke, endre, remikse og distribuere Figure.NZ-data og -grafer sÃ¥ " "lenge de henviser til den opprinnelige kilden og Figure.NZ." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " +#| "naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. " +#| "Lillian spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought " +#| "it looked good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and " +#| "easy for others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how " +#| "fortunate and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s " +#| "government has an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, " +#| "which provides guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and " +#| "noncopyrighted work and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing " +#| "of works with government copyright and how they can be reused, and it " +#| "does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all " +#| "government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, fitting in nicely " +#| "with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" "Lillian karakteriserer avgjørelsen om Ã¥ bruke Creative Commons som et naivt " "hell. Det ble først anbefalt henne av en kollega. Lillian brukte tid til Ã¥ " @@ -8934,14 +10274,14 @@ msgstr "" "forvaltningsorganers data Creative Commons-lisensiert, noe som passer fint " "til Figure.NZs beslutning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -8959,17 +10299,17 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem, at de kan stole pÃ¥ motivene til Figure.NZ. Folk ser dem som " "vokter og pÃ¥litelig kilde." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -8994,11 +10334,11 @@ msgstr "" "myndighetene, eller enhver organisasjon, Ã¥ finne sin posisjon i markedet, " "gjøre seg forskjellig, og knytte sin merkevare til det hele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" @@ -9007,8 +10347,8 @@ msgstr "" "eneste del av forretningsmodellen har vært fokusert pÃ¥ hvem som kommer til Ã¥ " "fÃ¥ verdi fra dataene og de visuelle fremstillingene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -9017,7 +10357,7 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " @@ -9029,15 +10369,15 @@ msgstr "" "setter pris pÃ¥ Figure.NZs evne til Ã¥ gjøre det raskere, enklere, og bedre " "enn de kan selv. Kunder oppfordres til Ã¥ hjelpe sine brukere med Ã¥ finne, " "bruke og gjøre ting med dataene some tilgjengeliggjøres pÃ¥ Figure.NZs " -"nettsted. Kundene kontrollerer hva som blir lagt ut, og lisensbetingelsene (" -"selv om Figure.NZ anbefaler Creative Commons-lisensen). Figure.NZ betjener " +"nettsted. Kundene kontrollerer hva som blir lagt ut, og lisensbetingelsene " +"(selv om Figure.NZ anbefaler Creative Commons-lisensen). Figure.NZ betjener " "ogsÃ¥ brukere som ønsker at en bestemt ansamling diagrammer, for eksempel til " "deres hjemmeside eller Ã¥rsrapport. Å ta betaling av organisasjoner som vil " "gjøre sine data tilgjengelige, gjør det mulig for Figure.NZ Ã¥ gjøre sitt " "nettsted gratis for alle brukere, og virkelig demokratisere data." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -9061,14 +10401,26 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke ressurser som mÃ¥ til for Ã¥ gjennomføre arbeid som aldri har blitt " "gjort før." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " +#| "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " +#| "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " +#| "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having " +#| "to know what questions to ask.3" msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "En annen forretningsvei er det Figure.NZ kaller «partnere». ASB BANK og " "Statistics New Zealand er partnere som støtter Figure.NZ i sitt foretagende. " @@ -9076,23 +10428,34 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ opprette Business Figures, en spesiell mÃ¥te for forretninger Ã¥ finne " "nyttig data uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte vite hvilke spørsmÃ¥l de skal stille.3)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care " +#| "about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out " +#| "those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ har ogsÃ¥ faste bidragsytere.4) De donerer til formÃ¥l de bryr seg " "om, noe som gjør Figure.NZ direkte i stand til Ã¥ samle data pÃ¥ akkurat disse " "omrÃ¥dene. Givere har ikke innvirkning pÃ¥ hva som tas med eller ekskluderes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ godtar ogsÃ¥ filantropiske donasjoner, som brukes til Ã¥ tilby mer " @@ -9100,8 +10463,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ byttehandle støttefunksjoner. Som en veldedig operasjon, er donasjoner " "skattefritatt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -9123,15 +10486,15 @@ msgstr "" "bli mer effektiv. Snarere enn vekst innomhus, vokser de og bygger opp " "eksterne tilknytninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" "Nettsiden til Figure.NZ viser grafikk og data fra en rekke kategorier, " @@ -9142,8 +10505,8 @@ msgstr "" "folk Ã¥ tenke, ikke Ã¥ tenke for dem. Figure.NZ ønsker Ã¥ skape intuitive " "opplevelser, ikke brukermanualer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -9163,12 +10526,12 @@ msgstr "" "dele data om et bestemt emne, for eksempel «kan du dele dataene for " "vannkvalitet»? Hvis de har data, reagerer de raskt; hvis ikke, prøver de Ã¥ " "identifisere organisasjonene som kan ha dem, og bygger en bro slik at " -"dataene kan legges inn pÃ¥ Figure.NZ sitt nettsted. Samlet sett søker " -"Figure.NZ Ã¥ være et sted for folk der de kan være nysgjerrige, og ha tilgang " -"til Ã¥ tolke data om emnene de er interessert i." +"dataene kan legges inn pÃ¥ Figure.NZ sitt nettsted. Samlet sett søker Figure." +"NZ Ã¥ være et sted for folk der de kan være nysgjerrige, og ha tilgang til Ã¥ " +"tolke data om emnene de er interessert i." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -9184,8 +10547,8 @@ msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ ha tilgang til informasjon kunne treffe beslutninger pÃ¥ vegne av " "andre, om det sÃ¥ var pÃ¥ vegne av et land eller selskaper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " @@ -9195,8 +10558,8 @@ msgstr "" "kommunisere viden rundt. Fremtiden vi gÃ¥r i møte i den verdenen vi er i nÃ¥, " "er best tjent med at alle kan ta godt informerte beslutninger»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " @@ -9206,12 +10569,12 @@ msgstr "" "omrÃ¥dene der manglene er størst. Vi bruker virkelig ikke tall som en del av " "vÃ¥r tenkning og forstÃ¥else ennå»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -9227,8 +10590,8 @@ msgstr "" "vedrørende data. Vi tror fortsatt at kun noen fÃ¥ spesialutdannede mennesker " "kan analysere og tenke med tall»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -9240,13 +10603,13 @@ msgstr "" "og et nettverk av relasjoner for muliggjøring av dette. Det som er Ã¥ se pÃ¥ " "Figure.NZ er titusenvis av grafer, kart og data»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" @@ -9258,8 +10621,8 @@ msgstr "" "er Ã¥ hjelpe borgeres forstÃ¥else og samarbeid pÃ¥ mer opplyste mÃ¥ter for Ã¥ " "forme fremtiden»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -9273,72 +10636,53 @@ msgstr "" "andres nytteverdi ved bruk av tjenesten. Creative Commons er kjernen som " "gjør denne nettverkeseffekten mulig." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guineanere-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "figure.nz/business/" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "figure.nz/patrons/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 #, fuzzy -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "## Knowledge Unlatched" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" "Knowledge Unlatched er et veldedig samfunnsinteresse-selskap som bringer " "biblioteker sammen for Ã¥ finansiere utgivelser av bøker med Ã¥pen tilgang. " "Grunnlagt 2012 i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" -msgstr "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (spesialisert)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 26. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 #, fuzzy -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "Intervjuobjekt: Frances Pinter, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -9348,7 +10692,7 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." @@ -9367,10 +10711,10 @@ msgstr "" "University Commersial Innovation Award-pris for innovasjon i utdanning i " "2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." @@ -9380,8 +10724,8 @@ msgstr "" "Lawrence Lessig og ble interessert i Creative Commons som et verktøy for " "bÃ¥de beskytte innhold pÃ¥ nettet og fordele det gratis for brukere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -9392,8 +10736,8 @@ msgstr "" "Uganda og Sør-Afrika til Ã¥ legge noe av innholdet sitt pÃ¥ nettet gratis med " "en Creative Commons-lisens, for Ã¥ se hva skjedde. Salget gikk opp, ikke ned." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -9403,11 +10747,11 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" "I 2008 valgte Bloomsbury Academic, et nytt forlag under Bloomsbury " "Publishing i Storbritannia, henne til Ã¥ tÃ¥ for oppstarten av dette forlaget " @@ -9423,11 +10767,11 @@ msgstr "" "interessant at den gratis Creative Commons-lisensierte boken pÃ¥ nettet " "fungerer som et markedsføringsredskap for det trykte formatet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " @@ -9440,8 +10784,8 @@ msgstr "" "var vaniljeis, den trykte boken var en iskrem, og forbedret e-boken var en " "iskrem sundae." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -9457,11 +10801,11 @@ msgstr "" "eller gjøre en hel haug med interessante ting med den trykte boken og e-" "boken - kjeksisen eller iskuler med pynt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." @@ -9472,8 +10816,8 @@ msgstr "" "til trykking - en \"bok-prosessavgift\" - og gi alle i verden en Ã¥pen " "tilgangs-versjon av bøker utgitt med en Creative Commons-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -9492,8 +10836,8 @@ msgstr "" "opparbeide interesse, besluttet hun Ã¥ gÃ¥ videre og starte et \"community " "interest company\" (et engelsk begrep for non-profit samfunnsforetak) i 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" @@ -9501,8 +10845,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hun beskriver forretningsmodellen i en artikkel med tittel Knowledge " "Unlatched: Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." @@ -9510,8 +10854,8 @@ msgstr "" "Utgivere tilbyr utgivelser for salg som avspeiler opprinnelige kostnader " "bare via Knowlegde Unlatched." -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." @@ -9519,8 +10863,8 @@ msgstr "" "FrittstÃ¥ende bibliotek velger titler enten som individuelle titler eller som " "samlinger (slik de gjør fra bibliotekleverandører i dag)." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." @@ -9528,8 +10872,8 @@ msgstr "" "Utvalgene deres blir sendt til Knowledge Unlatched der de titlene som kan " "kjøpes spesifiseres og prisene angis." -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -9541,8 +10885,8 @@ msgstr "" "hver av titlene som ble valgt av et minimumsantall biblioteker for Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "dekket Title Fee-gebyret." -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " @@ -9552,25 +10896,40 @@ msgstr "" "lisens som Creative Commons eller lignende) og fÃ¥r sÃ¥ utbetalt Title Fee-" "beløpet som er den summen som er innbetalt fra bibliotekene." -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Forlag gjør trykte bøker, e-Pub og andre digitale versjoner av valgte " "titler tilgjengelig for medlems-biblioteker til rabattert pris, noe som " "avspeiler deres bidrag til Title Fee og ansporer til medlemskap.1" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " +#| "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " +#| "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " +#| "cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an " +#| "average price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly " +#| "three hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in " +#| "at just under forty-three dollars." msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." @@ -9582,20 +10941,30 @@ msgstr "" "dollar per bok, men til slutt var det nesten tre hundre bibliotek som delte " "pÃ¥ utgiftene, og per bok kom de ned i under 43 dollar per bok." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" "Creative Commons-versjoner, av alle 28 bøker er fremdeles fritt tilgjengelig " -"pÃ¥ nett.4 De fleste lisensiert CC BY-NC eller CC BY-NC-ND. Forfatterne har " +"pÃ¥ nett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De fleste lisensiert CC BY-NC eller CC BY-NC-ND. Forfatterne har " "kopiretten, ikke forleggeren, og forhandler valg av lisens som del av " "publiseringsavtalen. Frances har merket seg at de fleste forfattere ønsker Ã¥ " "beholde kontroll over kommersiell og videre bruk av deres arbeide. " @@ -9603,15 +10972,15 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell begrensning i Creative Commons-lisens betyr at forfatterne " "fortsetter Ã¥ motta salær for salg av fysiske kopier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." @@ -9625,15 +10994,15 @@ msgstr "" "biblioteker. Kostnaden reduserer deretter for hvert ekstra bibliotek som " "deltar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -9654,8 +11023,8 @@ msgstr "" "forfattersamtykke, avtaleskriving med bibliotekene, tilhørende fakturering, " "og til sist, unnfanging." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " @@ -9665,8 +11034,8 @@ msgstr "" "sende avgÃ¥rde kronasje. Omkring fem mÃ¥neder, for Ã¥ passe kjøpssykluser, " "budsjettrunder, og bibliotekkomiteers forsamling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " @@ -9684,8 +11053,8 @@ msgstr "" "med enkeltstÃ¥ende biblioteker, men ogsÃ¥ konsortier, noe som har fÃ¥tt enda " "flere biblioteker med i laget." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " @@ -9696,8 +11065,8 @@ msgstr "" "2016. Tidligere innlemmelser er ogsÃ¥ med, og i 2017 vil journaler komme til " "ogsÃ¥. Fri tilgang pÃ¥ alt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " @@ -9708,12 +11077,12 @@ msgstr "" "er grunnleggende og viktige, men ogsÃ¥ vanskelige Ã¥ holde varme i den lukkede " "forlagsmodellens kalde grep." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " @@ -9728,11 +11097,11 @@ msgstr "" "13 av dem, i andre gikk det ikke mer enn en mÃ¥ned før 26 av dem gikk " "hverandres ærend." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -9748,8 +11117,8 @@ msgstr "" "forfatterne fra den første omgangen i beskrivelsen av erfaring og fordelene " "ved Ã¥ delta.)5" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -9768,14 +11137,22 @@ msgstr "" "anskaffe en trykt bok, og hvis de gjør det, kjøper de den separat fra den " "digitale versjonen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 -msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. " +#| "Many of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the " +#| "monograph anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 " +#| "for a digital multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them " +#| "less, and it opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but " +#| "to the world." +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" "Knowlegde Unlatched tilbyr biblioteker et overbevisende økonomisk argument. " "Mange av de deltakende bibliotekene ville ha kjøpt en kopi av monografien " @@ -9784,8 +11161,8 @@ msgstr "" "mindre, og det Ã¥pner boken ikke bare for de deltakende bibliotekene, men for " "hele verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -9803,12 +11180,12 @@ msgstr "" "for alle biblioteker. Mens dette betyr at biblioteker som ikke deltar kan " "bli sett pÃ¥ som gratispassasjerer i bibliotekverdenen. VelstÃ¥ende " "biblioteker brukes til Ã¥ betale mer enn fattigere biblioteker og aksepterer " -"at en del av pengene deres brukes til Ã¥ støtte Ã¥pen tilgang. \"" -"Gratispassasjer\" er mer som et samfunnsansvar. Ved utgangen av mars 2016, " +"at en del av pengene deres brukes til Ã¥ støtte Ã¥pen tilgang. " +"\"Gratispassasjer\" er mer som et samfunnsansvar. Ved utgangen av mars 2016, " "ble bøkene i førsterunden lastet ned nesten Ã¥tti tusen ganger i 175 land." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." @@ -9816,15 +11193,15 @@ msgstr "" "For utgivere, forfattere og bibliotekarer er Knowledge Unlatched-modellen " "for monografier en vinn-vinn-vinn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" @@ -9837,15 +11214,15 @@ msgstr "" "Unlatched investere i teknologi og prosesser. Fremtidige planer inkluderer " "frikjøp av tidsskifter og eldre bøker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" @@ -9858,44 +11235,14 @@ msgstr "" "knyttet til fortiden, men pÃ¥ vei inn i fremtiden, utvikling snarere enn " "revolusjon." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "www.oapen.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 #, fuzzy -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "www.hathitrust.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -#, fuzzy -msgid "## Lumen Learning" +msgid "Lumen Learning" msgstr "## Lumen Learning" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." @@ -9904,55 +11251,70 @@ msgstr "" "av utdanningsinstitusjoner i bruk av Ã¥pne pedagogiske ressurser (OER). " "Grunnlagt 2013 i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -#, fuzzy -msgid "lumenlearning.com" -msgstr "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester, gi finansiering" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: David Wiley og Kim Thanos, medgrunnleggere" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." msgstr "" "Etablert av den Ã¥pne utdanning-visjonære dr. David Wiley og utdanning-" "teknologi-strateg Kim Thanos, skal Lumen Learning forbedre studieresultater, " "bringe nye ideer til pedagogikken, samt gjøre utdanning rimeligere ved Ã¥ " "tilrettelegge det Ã¥ ta i bruk Ã¥pne pedagogiske ressurser. I 2012, slo David " "og Kim seg sammen om et stipend-finansiert prosjekt kalt Kaleidoscope Open " -"Course Initiative.1 Det involverte en rekke helt Ã¥pne generelle " +"Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det involverte en rekke helt Ã¥pne generelle " "utdanningskurs, fordelt pÃ¥ Ã¥tte videregÃ¥ende skoler, hovedsakelig med elever " "i risikosonen. MÃ¥let var Ã¥ redusere lærebokskostnadene, og samarbeide for Ã¥ " "forbedre kursene for Ã¥ hjelpe elevene Ã¥ lykkes. David og Kim overskred disse " @@ -9966,14 +11328,14 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ lage en plan for Ã¥ utvikle sitt arbeid, slik at det ble økonomisk " "bærekraftig. Det ble da besluttet Ã¥ opprette Lumen Learning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" @@ -9986,8 +11348,8 @@ msgstr "" "forutsetningen for hvordan du tenker donasjonen skal brukes, er det ofte " "ikke mye fleksibilitet til Ã¥ gjøre det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -10004,8 +11366,8 @@ msgstr "" "modellen, en annen modell og tilnærming til en økonomisk bærekraftig " "utvikling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -10019,8 +11381,8 @@ msgstr "" "det offentlige rom, eller er utgitt med en Ã¥pen lisens som tillater andres " "frie bruk og gjenbruk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -10028,7 +11390,7 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" @@ -10044,13 +11406,13 @@ msgstr "" "hva de tilbyr i kvantitative termer - med tall og fakta, og pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som " "er svært elev-fokusert. Lumens Learning hjelper høyskoler og universiteter -" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "Ã¥ erstatte dyre lærebøker i kurs med mange pÃ¥meldinger med OER;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" @@ -10059,8 +11421,8 @@ msgstr "" "tilpassbare OER kursmateriell gjennom institusjonens system for " "læringshÃ¥ndtering;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" @@ -10068,8 +11430,8 @@ msgstr "" "MÃ¥le forbedringer i studentsuksess med beregninger som gjennomstrømning, " "utholdenhet, og kursfullførelse; Og" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." @@ -10077,8 +11439,8 @@ msgstr "" "samarbeide med fakultetet o Ã¥ gjøre kontinuerlige forbedringer i OER basert " "pÃ¥ kunnskap om studentens studiefremgang." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -10092,14 +11454,14 @@ msgstr "" "henvisning til Lumen Learning og følger betingelsene i Creative Commons-" "lisensen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" "SÃ¥ finnes det ogsÃ¥ tre typer medfølgende tjenester som koster penger. Ett " @@ -10108,8 +11470,8 @@ msgstr "" "sporing av effektivitetsgrad. Candela courseware koster institusjonene ti " "dollar per deltagende student." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " @@ -10123,16 +11485,16 @@ msgstr "" "og støtte studentene som trenger det mest. Waymaker-utdanningsløp koster 25 " "dollar per deltagende student." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" "Den tredje forretningsførselen, i emning, er tilbud om støtte og veiledning " "for institusjoner og offentlige systemer som søker Ã¥ utvikle fullstendige " @@ -10141,8 +11503,8 @@ msgstr "" "graden (bÃ¥de pÃ¥krevde og valgfrie) ved Ã¥ erstatte kommersielle skolebøker og " "andre dyre ressurser med OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " @@ -10173,8 +11535,8 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, har det sett i forhold til fri tilgang, generert masse godvilje " "i samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " @@ -10194,17 +11556,17 @@ msgstr "" "læringsverdien av faget. Lumen søker sÃ¥ opp, ordner og rensker den beste OER " "de kan finne i sÃ¥ henseende, som fakultetet sÃ¥ etterser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" "Noen ganger liker fakultetet den OER som finnes, men ikke presentasjonen av " "den. Den Ã¥pne lisensieringen lar Lumen plukke og velge blant bilder, videoer " @@ -10215,8 +11577,8 @@ msgstr "" "plattform med alle henvisninger og lenker til opprinnelige kilder, og alt av " "Lumens innhold blir gitt en Henvisning (CC BY)-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " @@ -10231,8 +11593,8 @@ msgstr "" "samme pÃ¥ alle sider. Dette fungerer dog ikke helt ved sammenblanding av " "forskjellig OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " @@ -10252,8 +11614,8 @@ msgstr "" "distraksjon. Lumen har hÃ¥ndtert denne utfordringen ved Ã¥ samle lisens og " "henvisninger som metadata, for Ã¥ fÃ¥ det til Ã¥ vises pÃ¥ slutten av hver side." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -10267,18 +11629,18 @@ msgstr "" "presentasjoner, jungeltelegrafen, og anbefalinger. Noen ganger overstiger " "antall generelle henvendelser Lumens salgskapasitet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" "For Ã¥ styre etterspørselen og lykkes med prosjekter, er strategien deres Ã¥ " "være proaktiv og fokusere pÃ¥ hva som skjer i høyere utdanning i ulike " @@ -10290,8 +11652,8 @@ msgstr "" "ressurser for Lumens del, prioriterer de dem som vil ha innvirkning pÃ¥ " "størst antall elever." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -10309,8 +11671,8 @@ msgstr "" "institusjoner for Ã¥ identifisere nye forretningsmodeller som realiserer " "institusjonens mÃ¥l, mens bærekraften i Lumen beholdes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -10328,13 +11690,13 @@ msgstr "" "utnyttet? Lumen mener at vi alle trenger Ã¥ være klar over hvordan vi drar " "nytte av og bidrar til dette Ã¥pne samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" @@ -10344,10 +11706,10 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ de kan redde ansikt. Bærekraft vil kreve at de som bruker Ã¥pne ressurser " "gir tilbake et beløp som synes rimelig eller til og med gir tilbake generøst." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -10364,13 +11726,13 @@ msgstr "" "fakultet og studenter; og fremtidige bærekraft med finansiert støtte til " "utvikling og forbedring av den OER-en de bruker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" @@ -10380,8 +11742,8 @@ msgstr "" "tilbake og hva de tar penger for. Lumen mener dette er byggesteinene i en " "bærekraftig modell, og tilstreber en riktig balanse av alle disse faktorene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -10393,8 +11755,8 @@ msgstr "" "strukturen sin verdiøkning og hvordan Ã¥ pakker den pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som er " "forstÃ¥elig og som kan gjentas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -10414,8 +11776,8 @@ msgstr "" "og 20 prosent finansiert av engelinvestorer. Fremover, er strategien dere Ã¥ " "erstatte donasjoner med inntekter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -10432,49 +11794,54 @@ msgstr "" "modeller, er Ã¥ forplikte seg til Ã¥ Ã¥pne ressursene offentlig, og la folk " "vite hvor du stÃ¥r, og ikke vike tilbake. Det er et spørsmÃ¥l om tillit." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "lumenlearning.com/innovative-Projects/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "## Jonathan Mann" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "Jonathan Mann" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -"Jonathan Mann er en sanger og lÃ¥tskriver som er mest kjent som \"Song A Day\"" -"-fyren. Holder til i USA." +"Jonathan Mann er en sanger og lÃ¥tskriver som er mest kjent som \"Song A Day" +"\"-fyren. Holder til i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -#, fuzzy -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" -msgstr "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, " +#| "crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version " +#| "(speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester, Betal-hva-du-vil, " -"folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for personlige versjoner (" -"inntekter fra foredrag og musikalske opptredener)" +"folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for personlige versjoner " +"(inntekter fra foredrag og musikalske opptredener)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 22 februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -10494,8 +11861,8 @@ msgstr "" "motivasjon. Han er blitt engasjert til større konferanser for Ã¥ skrive " "sanger som oppsummerer hva innlederne har sagt i konferansens sesjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -10514,8 +11881,8 @@ msgstr "" "bruke og fremme hans video pÃ¥ Apple-konferansen. Sangen gikk viralt og " "erfaringen ga ham oppslag i Time magazine." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -10527,14 +11894,14 @@ msgstr "" "holder Guinness verdensrekord for sammenhengende daglig lÃ¥tskriving, og han " "er viden kjent som “song-a-day guy.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" @@ -10546,11 +11913,11 @@ msgstr "" "han visste at det var mer sannsynlig at folk sÃ¥ pÃ¥ en video pÃ¥ nettet enn " "bare lyttet til lydfiler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -10575,10 +11942,10 @@ msgstr "" "uten tilgang til Internett innen tidsfristen, forbereder han seg og fÃ¥r noen " "andre til Ã¥ legge ut sangen for ham." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -10592,13 +11959,21 @@ msgstr "" "flere seere og betydde at flere mennesker som ønsket at han skulle skrive " "sanger for dem. I dag tjener han mesteparten av pengene sine pÃ¥ den mÃ¥ten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super " +#| "simple to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a " +#| "heartfelt, fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced " +#| "song and \\$300 for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product " +#| "launches, weddings, conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the " +#| "one that funded the production of this book." msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" @@ -10609,13 +11984,13 @@ msgstr "" "konferanser og til og med Oppstartskampanjer som den som finansierte " "produksjonen av denne boken." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" "Jonathan kan ikke huske nÃ¥r akkurat han først hørte om Creative Commons, men " @@ -10624,8 +11999,8 @@ msgstr "" "Jonathan. \"Jeg forstÃ¥r ikke hvordan noe annet kunne være fornuftig. Det " "virker sÃ¥ Ã¥penbart at du skulle ønske at ditt arbeid skulle kunne deles.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -10643,8 +12018,8 @@ msgstr "" "fungere,\" sier Jonathan. \"Det er hvordan musikk har vært fra tidenes " "begynnelse. VÃ¥r meg-meg, min-min kultur har undergravd det.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -10658,8 +12033,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ bygger opp et publikum pÃ¥ nettet, og jeg vanligvis ikke tror noe pÃ¥,\" sa " "Jonathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -10677,8 +12052,8 @@ msgstr "" "fornuftig, gitt at Jonathans primære inntektskilde Ã¥ skrive egendefinerte " "sanger for klienter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -10686,7 +12061,7 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" "Jonathan kjenner gjen hva naturlig for ham og benytter disse ferdighetene. " @@ -10698,13 +12073,13 @@ msgstr "" "informasjonen ut av. Som en god (og sjelden) journalist oversatte han " "tekniske begreper til noe forstÃ¥elig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -10726,11 +12101,11 @@ msgstr "" "utfordringen veldig er tilfredsstillende. Jeg liker Ã¥ gÃ¥ vill i den " "prosessen.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" @@ -10739,8 +12114,8 @@ msgstr "" "forretningsmodell er om capitalizing pÃ¥ hans styrke som lÃ¥tskriver, og han " "har funnet en mÃ¥te Ã¥ holde det interessant for seg selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -10762,14 +12137,14 @@ msgstr "" "skrive reklamesnutter av samme grunn. Han er best Ã¥ bruke sin egen unike " "stil i stedet for Ã¥ etterligne andres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" "Jonathans en song-a-day-forpliktelse eksemplifiserer vane og gnissel. " @@ -10779,8 +12154,8 @@ msgstr "" "verdien av enkel praksis og bare Ã¥ gjøre. Jonathan Manns arbeid er en " "levende legemliggjøring av disse prinsippene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -10794,12 +12169,12 @@ msgstr "" "med bare Ã¥ gjøre det. Hvis sangen i dag er en miss, kan morgendagens sang " "bli bedre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" @@ -10809,8 +12184,8 @@ msgstr "" "stolt av, som Ã¥ være i Guinness rekordbok eller har sin sang brukt av Steve " "Jobs, sier han at aldri føler seg virkelig vellykket." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " @@ -10820,14 +12195,14 @@ msgstr "" "kreativ person noensinne føle seg helt fornøyd, fordi da vil sÃ¥ mye av det " "du driver med være borte.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 #, fuzzy -msgid "## Noun Project" +msgid "Noun Project" msgstr "## Noun Project" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " @@ -10836,31 +12211,40 @@ msgstr "" "Noun Project er en bedrift tilbyr en nettplattform som viser visuelle ikoner " "fra et globalt nettverk av designere. Stiftet i 2010 i USA" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -#, fuzzy -msgid "thenounproject.com" -msgstr "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" "Inntektsmodell: Betaling av et transaksjonsgebyr, betaling for tilpassede " "tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "Dato for intervju: 6 oktober 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "Intervjuet: Edward Boatman, medgrunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " @@ -10870,15 +12254,15 @@ msgstr "" "Noun Project-symboler til Ã¥ forenkle kommunikasjon pÃ¥ tvers av grenser, " "sprÃ¥k og kulturer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" "Den opprinnelige ideen til Noun Project fikk medgrunnlegger Edward Boatman, " "da som student pÃ¥ skolen for arkitekturdesign. Han hadde alltid laget mange " @@ -10887,8 +12271,8 @@ msgstr "" "han hadde et enkelt bilde eller lite ikon for hvert enkelt objekt eller " "begrep i verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -10902,43 +12286,61 @@ msgstr "" "kunne skaffe dem. Kanskje kunne hans idé om Ã¥ lage et ikon-bibliotek faktisk " "hjelpe dem soom var i lignende situasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" "Med sin partner, Sofya Polyakov, begynte han begynte Ã¥ samle symboler til et " -"nettsted og skrive en forretningsplan. Inspirasjonen kom fra boken «" -"Professoren og galningen», som nedtegner bruken av folkefinansiering for Ã¥ " +"nettsted og skrive en forretningsplan. Inspirasjonen kom fra boken " +"«Professoren og galningen», som nedtegner bruken av folkefinansiering for Ã¥ " "lage Oxford English Dictionary i 1870. Edward begynte Ã¥ forestille seg " "folkefinansiering av ikoner og symboler fra frivillige designere over hele " "verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a " +#| "huge catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and " +#| "Sofya launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when " +#| "Kickstarter was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to " +#| "introduce the global web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise " +#| "\\$1,500, but in twenty days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their " +#| "idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgstr "" "SÃ¥ ble Edward permittert i nedgangstiden, noe som viste seg Ã¥ være en viktig " "katalysator. Han bestemte seg Ã¥ gi sin idé en sjanse og i 2010 lanserte " "Edward og Sofya Noun Project-et med en Kickstarter kampanje, dengang " "Kickstarter var i sin barndom.1 De trodde det ville være en god mÃ¥te Ã¥ " -"introdusere deres idé for det globale nettsamfunnet. MÃ¥let var Ã¥ fÃ¥ inn \\$" -"1,500, men pÃ¥ tjue dager de fikk over \\$14,000. Da skjønte de at ideen " +"introdusere deres idé for det globale nettsamfunnet. MÃ¥let var Ã¥ fÃ¥ inn \\" +"$1,500, men pÃ¥ tjue dager de fikk over \\$14,000. Da skjønte de at ideen " "deres hadde potensiale til Ã¥ bli noe mye større." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -10952,8 +12354,8 @@ msgstr "" "gamle tegninger som bare samlet \"digital støv\" pÃ¥ harddiskene sine. Det er " "lette Ã¥ overbevise om Ã¥ endelig dele dem med verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -10969,8 +12371,8 @@ msgstr "" "som bibeholder og bygger videre pÃ¥ forholdet de har sitt globale " "fellesskapet av designere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -10982,8 +12384,8 @@ msgstr "" "Radical Price, som ga Edward ideen om at du kan bygge en forretningsmodell " "rundt gratis innhold." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -11007,14 +12409,14 @@ msgstr "" "kreditt for det, kan de bruke CC0 til Ã¥ legge arbeidet ut i det offentlige " "rom." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" @@ -11026,11 +12428,11 @@ msgstr "" "andre) Ã¥ holde markedsføring og presentasjonsmateriale rent og uten " "referanseuttalelser. For Edward: \"Det var da lyspæren vÃ¥r sa poff.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." @@ -11040,18 +12442,31 @@ msgstr "" "vinn-vinn. Ideen om at du kan tilby design gratis, har et globalt publikum, " "og kanskje tjene litt penger, var ganske spennende for de fleste designere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without " +#| "giving attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second " +#| "iteration added a subscription component, where there would be a monthly " +#| "fee to access a certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five " +#| "hundred. However, users didn’t like these hard-count options. They " +#| "preferred to try out many similar icons to see which worked best before " +#| "eventually choosing the one they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved " +#| "to an unlimited model, whereby users have unlimited access to the whole " +#| "library for a flat monthly fee. This service is called NounPro and costs " +#| "\\$9.99 per month. Edward says this model is working well—good for " +#| "customers, good for creators, and good for the platform." msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" @@ -11067,34 +12482,34 @@ msgstr "" "Edward sier denne modellen fungerer bra: Bra for kunder, bra for skapere, og " "bra for plattformen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." -msgstr "" -"Kundene begynte sÃ¥ Ã¥ be om en grenseflate med et programmeringsverktøy (API)" -", som ville tillate direkte tilgang til Noun Projectets ikoner og symbolet " -"fra andre programmer. Edward visste at ikonene og symbolene ville være " -"verdifulle i mange ulike sammenhenger, og hvilke var umulig Ã¥ vite pÃ¥ " +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." +msgstr "" +"Kundene begynte sÃ¥ Ã¥ be om en grenseflate med et programmeringsverktøy " +"(API), som ville tillate direkte tilgang til Noun Projectets ikoner og " +"symbolet fra andre programmer. Edward visste at ikonene og symbolene ville " +"være verdifulle i mange ulike sammenhenger, og hvilke var umulig Ã¥ vite pÃ¥ " "forhÃ¥nd, sÃ¥ de bygde en API med mye fleksibilitet. Å vite at de fleste API-" "programmer ønsker Ã¥ bruke ikonene uten referanse, ble API bygget uten Ã¥ " "kunne gi referanser. Du kan gratis bruke det som kalles \"Playgound API\" " "for Ã¥ teste hvordan den passer med hva du skal bruke den til. Men full " "implementering vil kreve kjøp av en API Pro-versjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" @@ -11102,17 +12517,27 @@ msgstr "" "engangskjøp deles inntektene 70 prosent til designer og 30 prosent til Noun " "Projectet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " +#| "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue " +#| "from subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of " +#| "downloads, resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\" +#| "$0.13 per download for that month. For each download, the revenue is " +#| "split 40 percent to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. " +#| "(For API usage, it’s per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s " +#| "share is higher this time as it’s providing more service to the user." msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." msgstr "" "Inntektene fra premiumkjøp (abonnement og API alternativene) deles litt " "annerledes. PÃ¥ slutten av hver mÃ¥ned, deles den totale inntekten fra " @@ -11123,19 +12548,27 @@ msgstr "" "i stedet for per nedlasting.) Noun Projectets andel er høyere denne gangen, " "etter som det stiller opp med en større andel av tjenesten til brukeren." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" "Noun Projectet prøver Ã¥ være helt Ã¥pne om hvilken struktur godtgjøringen " -"har.2 De pleier Ã¥ overkommunisere dette overfor innholdsleverandørene fordi " +"har.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De pleier Ã¥ overkommunisere dette overfor innholdsleverandørene fordi " "Ã¥ bygge tillit har høyeste prioritet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -11148,19 +12581,31 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ betale regningene, og de mest vellykkede av alle, nok til Ã¥ betale " "husleien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 -msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +#| "use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but " +#| "also their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag " +#| "any visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for " +#| "teams so people can share visuals with each other and search across their " +#| "combined collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\" +#| "$9.99 per month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per " +#| "month allows up to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, " +#| "use, edit, and add new assets to each other’s collections. And if you " +#| "subscribe to NounPro, you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgid "" +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" "Noun Projectet lanserte nylig en ny app kalt Lingo. Designere kan bruke " "Lingo til Ã¥ organisere ikke bare deres Noun Project ikoner og symboler, men " @@ -11173,8 +12618,8 @@ msgstr "" "redigere og legge til nye ressurser i andres samlinger. Og hvis du " "abonnerer pÃ¥ NounPro, kan du Ã¥pne Noun Projectet direkte fra Lingo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -11187,8 +12632,8 @@ msgstr "" "betalte kontoer fra digital designere, reklame- og design-byrÃ¥er, lærere og " "andre som trenger Ã¥ kommunisere ideer visuelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " @@ -11198,11 +12643,11 @@ msgstr "" "ved hva de gjør; det er deres uttalte formÃ¥l: Det som skiller dem fra andre " "som tilbyr grafikk, ikoner eller utklipp." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " @@ -11215,8 +12660,8 @@ msgstr "" "og hovedoppgaven først. Hvis du ønsker Ã¥ engasjere et globalt nettverk av " "bidragsytere, er det viktig Ã¥ ha et oppdrag utover det Ã¥ tjene penger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -11224,8 +12669,8 @@ msgid "" "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -11236,8 +12681,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -11245,20 +12690,20 @@ msgid "" "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -11269,72 +12714,59 @@ msgid "" "been key to that goal." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Blender Institute" +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "## Blender Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -11347,8 +12779,8 @@ msgid "" "happening around them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -11357,30 +12789,41 @@ msgid "" "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -11390,28 +12833,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -11420,18 +12863,18 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -11442,8 +12885,8 @@ msgid "" "are listed on their website.)2" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -11457,8 +12900,8 @@ msgid "" "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -11468,8 +12911,8 @@ msgid "" "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -11478,8 +12921,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -11489,22 +12932,22 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -11513,8 +12956,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -11522,8 +12965,8 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -11533,50 +12976,65 @@ msgid "" "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -11584,8 +13042,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -11593,8 +13051,8 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -11603,7 +13061,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -11612,16 +13070,16 @@ msgid "" "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -11629,98 +13087,80 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " +#| "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 " +#| "in the U.S." msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Noun Project er en bedrift tilbyr en nettplattform som viser visuelle ikoner " +"fra et globalt nettverk av designere. Stiftet i 2010 i USA" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -11728,8 +13168,8 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -11746,8 +13186,8 @@ msgid "" "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -11755,8 +13195,8 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -11768,8 +13208,8 @@ msgid "" "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -11778,16 +13218,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -11796,17 +13236,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -11814,20 +13259,25 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -11835,49 +13285,50 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -11885,15 +13336,15 @@ msgid "" "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -11901,87 +13352,87 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -11990,8 +13441,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -12000,20 +13451,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -12022,59 +13478,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -12085,81 +13541,65 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " "Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -12172,21 +13612,21 @@ msgid "" "available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -12199,20 +13639,30 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -12222,8 +13672,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -12232,8 +13682,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -12241,17 +13691,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -12259,8 +13715,8 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -12272,8 +13728,8 @@ msgid "" "investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -12284,33 +13740,33 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -12319,35 +13775,35 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -12357,8 +13813,8 @@ msgid "" "reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -12371,27 +13827,27 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -12402,8 +13858,8 @@ msgid "" "they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -12413,47 +13869,47 @@ msgid "" "frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -12461,8 +13917,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -12470,8 +13926,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -12480,8 +13936,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -12493,75 +13949,73 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " +#| "copies, selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" +"Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske " +"kopier, varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -12575,8 +14029,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -12587,21 +14041,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -12613,8 +14067,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -12628,18 +14082,17 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" "Amanda omfavner mÃ¥ten tilhengerne hennes deler og bygger videre pÃ¥ musikken " "hennes. I \"The Art of Asking\" skrev hun at noen av tilhengerne har laget " @@ -12648,8 +14101,8 @@ msgstr "" "slags konkurranse, synes Amanda det er flott. «Jeg startet med dette fordi " "jeg ønsket Ã¥ dele musikkgleden,» sier hun." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -12659,8 +14112,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -12672,31 +14125,31 @@ msgid "" "“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -12707,8 +14160,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -12719,8 +14172,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -12729,8 +14182,8 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -12741,8 +14194,8 @@ msgid "" "you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -12756,8 +14209,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -12767,66 +14220,58 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\\" -"#44e20ce46d67" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" -msgstr "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 9. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -12841,22 +14286,22 @@ msgid "" "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -12869,27 +14314,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -12897,35 +14342,35 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -12935,27 +14380,27 @@ msgid "" "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -12965,8 +14410,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -12974,8 +14419,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -12985,8 +14430,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -12995,8 +14440,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -13004,12 +14449,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -13019,25 +14464,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -13050,8 +14495,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -13059,8 +14504,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -13069,20 +14514,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -13090,101 +14534,111 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " +#| "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" +"Blender Institute er et animasjonsstudio som lager 3D-filmer med Blender " +"programvare. Grunnlagt i 2006 i Nederland." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -13200,24 +14654,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -13227,24 +14681,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -13257,8 +14716,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -13268,12 +14727,12 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -13285,8 +14744,8 @@ msgid "" "the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -13301,19 +14760,19 @@ msgid "" "life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -13327,32 +14786,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -13360,8 +14824,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -13373,46 +14837,79 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -13422,14 +14919,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -13437,91 +14934,65 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 4. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -13533,10 +15004,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -13546,8 +15017,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -13557,8 +15028,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -13570,11 +15041,11 @@ msgid "" "grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -13583,8 +15054,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -13596,15 +15067,15 @@ msgid "" "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -13612,8 +15083,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -13627,8 +15098,8 @@ msgid "" "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -13639,65 +15110,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -13714,60 +15185,64 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" +msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -13775,8 +15250,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -13785,29 +15260,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -13815,19 +15296,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -13836,15 +15323,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -13852,19 +15339,25 @@ msgid "" "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -13872,29 +15365,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -13904,22 +15398,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -13927,41 +15421,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -13969,8 +15463,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -13980,21 +15474,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -14004,40 +15498,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -14047,8 +15546,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -14060,30 +15559,30 @@ msgid "" "government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -14095,8 +15594,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -14104,20 +15603,20 @@ msgid "" "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -14130,60 +15629,47 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" +msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 26. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -14192,8 +15678,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -14201,8 +15687,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -14212,8 +15698,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -14223,16 +15709,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " "It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -14243,55 +15729,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -14300,29 +15786,29 @@ msgid "" "young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -14333,8 +15819,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -14348,20 +15834,20 @@ msgid "" "human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -14370,24 +15856,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -14395,8 +15881,8 @@ msgid "" "source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -14406,8 +15892,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -14421,49 +15907,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -14477,8 +15966,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -14498,8 +15987,8 @@ msgid "" "pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -14512,20 +16001,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -14536,8 +16025,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -14547,8 +16036,8 @@ msgid "" "everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -14558,8 +16047,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -14574,8 +16063,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -14591,15 +16080,15 @@ msgid "" "eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -14611,23 +16100,23 @@ msgid "" "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -14639,20 +16128,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -14666,8 +16155,8 @@ msgid "" "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -14677,8 +16166,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -14688,47 +16177,51 @@ msgid "" "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 28. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -14739,8 +16232,8 @@ msgid "" "readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -14751,8 +16244,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -14761,57 +16254,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -14819,43 +16318,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -14867,18 +16371,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -14886,8 +16390,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -14896,8 +16400,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -14909,8 +16413,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -14920,11 +16424,11 @@ msgid "" "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -14934,8 +16438,8 @@ msgid "" "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -14952,8 +16456,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -14965,57 +16469,49 @@ msgid "" "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -15024,16 +16520,16 @@ msgid "" "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -15048,8 +16544,8 @@ msgid "" "organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -15057,19 +16553,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -15082,37 +16578,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -15121,11 +16617,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -15135,8 +16631,17 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -15148,26 +16653,27 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -15178,11 +16684,11 @@ msgid "" "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -15190,8 +16696,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -15199,8 +16705,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -15208,8 +16714,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -15217,553 +16723,578 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, " +#| "Governing Knowledge Commons, 59." msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" +"Cole, «Learning from Lin», i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg, Governing " +"Knowledge Commons, 59." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhÃ¥ndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"pÃ¥ strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhÃ¥ndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"pÃ¥ strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -15772,16 +17303,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -15790,8 +17321,8 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -15799,8 +17330,8 @@ msgid "" "Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -15892,10 +17423,357 @@ msgstr "" "William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, " "Yancey Strickler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 -msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, " +#| "Aaron C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " +#| "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam " +#| "Procter, Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam " +#| "Zimmerman, Adrian Ho, Adrian Smith, Adriane Ruzak, Adriano Loconte, Al " +#| "Sweigart, Alain Imbaud, Alan Graham, Alan M. Ford, Alan Swithenbank, Alan " +#| "Vonlanthen, Albert O’Connor, Alec Foster, Alejandro Suarez Cebrian, Aleks " +#| "Degtyarev, Alex Blood, Alex C. Ion, Alex Ross Shaw, Alexander Bartl, " +#| "Alexander Brown, Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, " +#| "Alexander Klar, Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, " +#| "Alexandre Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, " +#| "Alfredo Louro, Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison " +#| "Link, Alison Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix " +#| "Bernier, Allan Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, " +#| "Allison Jane Smith, Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit " +#| "Bagree, Amit Tikare, Amos Blanton, Amy Sept, Anatoly Volynets, Anders " +#| "Ericsson, Andi Popp, André Bose Do Amaral, Andre Dickson, André Koot, " +#| "André Ricardo, Andre van Rooyen, Andre Wallace, Andrea Bagnacani, Andrea " +#| "Pepe, Andrea Pigato, Andreas Jagelund, Andres Gomez Casanova, Andrew A. " +#| "Farke, Andrew Berhow, Andrew Hearse, Andrew Matangi, Andrew R McHugh, " +#| "Andrew Tam, Andrew Turvey, Andrew Walsh, Andrew Wilson, Andrey " +#| "Novoseltsev, Andy McGhee, Andy Reeve, Andy Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki " +#| "Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, " +#| "Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António " +#| "Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 publishing, April Johnson, Aria " +#| "F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, " +#| "Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora " +#| "Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner " +#| "Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel Stieglbauer, Ay Okpokam, Barb Bartkowiak, " +#| "Barbara Lindsey, Barry Dayton, Bastian Hougaard, Ben Chad, Ben Doherty, " +#| "Ben Hansen, Ben Nuttall, Ben Rosenthal, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, " +#| "Benita Tsao, Benjamin Costantini, Benjamin Daemon, Benjamin Keele, " +#| "Benjamin Pflanz, Berglind Ósk Bergsdóttir, Bernardo Miguel Antunes, Bernd " +#| "Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Beth Gis, Beth Tillinghast, Bethanye " +#| "Blount, Bill Bonwitt, Bill Browne, Bill Keaggy, Bill Maiden, Bill " +#| "Rafferty, Bill Scanlon, Bill Shields, Bill Slankard, BJ Becker, Bjorn " +#| "Freeman-Benson, Bjørn Otto Wallevik, BK Bitner, Bo Ilsøe Hansen, Bo " +#| "Sprotte Kofod, Bob Doran, Bob Recny, Bob Stuart, Bonnie Chiu, Boris " +#| "Mindzak, Boriss Lariushin, Borjan Tchakaloff, Brad Kik, Braden Hassett, " +#| "Bradford Benn, Bradley Keyes, Bradley L’Herrou, Brady Forrest, Brandon " +#| "McGaha, Branka Tokic, Brant Anderson, Brenda Sullivan, Brendan O’Brien, " +#| "Brendan Schlagel, Brett Abbott, Brett Gaylor, Brian Dysart, Brian Lampl, " +#| "Brian Lipscomb, Brian S. Weis, Brian Schrader, Brian Walsh, Brian Walsh, " +#| "Brooke Dukes, Brooke Schreier Ganz, Bruce Lerner, Bruce Wilson, Bruno " +#| "Boutot, Bruno Girin, Bryan Mock, Bryant Durrell, Bryce Barbato, Buzz " +#| "Technology Limited, Byung-Geun Jeon, C. Glen Williams, C. L. Couch, Cable " +#| "Green, Callum Gare, Cameron Callahan, Cameron Colby Thomson, Cameron " +#| "Mulder, Camille Bissuel / Nylnook, Candace Robertson, Carl Morris, Carl " +#| "Perry, Carl Rigney, Carles Mateu, Carlos Correa Loyola, Carlos Solis, " +#| "Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carol Long, Carol marquardsen, Caroline " +#| "Calomme, Caroline Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, Carolyn Rude, Carrie " +#| "Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, Casey Powell " +#| "Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " +#| "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " +#| "Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. " +#| "Tritt, Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle " +#| "Destefano, Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip " +#| "McIntosh, Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, " +#| "Chris Foote (Spike), Chris Hurst, Chris Mitchell, Chris Muscat Azzopardi, " +#| "Chris Niewiarowski, Chris Opperwall, Chris Stieha, Chris Thorne, Chris " +#| "Weber, Chris Woolfrey, Chris Zabriskie, Christi Reid, Christian " +#| "Holzberger, Christian Schubert, Christian Sheehy, Christian Thibault, " +#| "Christian Villum, Christian Wachter, Christina Bennett, Christine Henry, " +#| "Christine Rico, Christopher Burrows, Christopher Chan, Christopher Clay, " +#| "Christopher Harris, Christopher Opiah, Christopher Swenson, Christos " +#| "Keramitsis, Chuck Roslof, Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, Clare Forrest, " +#| "Claudia Cristiani, Claudio Gallo, Claudio Ruiz, Clayton Dewey, Clement " +#| "Delort, Cliff Church, Clint Lalonde, Clint O’Connor, Cody Allard, Cody " +#| "Taylor, Colin Ayer, Colin Campbell, Colin Dean, Colin Mutchler, Colleen " +#| "Cressman, Comfy Nomad, Connie Roberts, Connor Bär, Connor Merkley, " +#| "Constantin Graf, Corbett Messa, Cory Chapman, Cosmic Wombat Games, Craig " +#| "Engler, Craig Heath, Craig Maloney, Craig Thomler, Creative Commons " +#| "Uruguay, Crina Kienle, Cristiano Gozzini, Curt McNamara, D C Petty, D. " +#| "Moonfire, D. Rohhyn, D. Schulz, Dacian Herbei, Dagmar M. Meyer, Dan " +#| "Mcalister, Dan Mohr, Dan Parson, Dana Freeman, Dana Ospina, Dani Leviss, " +#| "Daniel Bustamante, Daniel Demmel, Daniel Dominguez, Daniel Dultz, Daniel " +#| "Gallant, Daniel Kossmann, Daniel Kruse, Daniel Morado, Daniel Morgan, " +#| "Daniel Pimley, Daniel Sabo, Daniel Sobey, Daniel Stein, Daniel Wildt, " +#| "Daniele Prati, Danielle Moss, Danny Mendoza, Dario Taraborelli, Darius " +#| "Irvin, Darius Whelan, Darla Anderson, Dasha Brezinova, Dave Ainscough, " +#| "Dave Bull, Dave Crosby, Dave Eagle, Dave Moskovitz, Dave Neeteson, Dave " +#| "Taillefer, Dave Witzel, David Bailey, David Cheung, David Eriksson, David " +#| "Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, David Hood, " +#| "David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David Mcconville, " +#| "David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David Spira, David " +#| "T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah Nas, Denis " +#| "Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek Slater, " +#| "Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " +#| "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La " +#| "Cruz, Dimitrie Grigorescu, Dina Marie Rodriguez, Dinah Fabela, Dirk Haun, " +#| "Dirk Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom " +#| "jurkewitz, Dom Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, " +#| "Dominique Karadjian, Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug " +#| "Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van " +#| "Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, " +#| "Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, " +#| "Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar " +#| "Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar Haljas, Elena Valhalla, " +#| "Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie Calhoun, Elizabeth Holloway, Ellen Buecher, " +#| "Ellen Kaye- Cheveldayoff, Elli Verhulst, Elroy Fernandes, Emery Hurst " +#| "Mikel, Emily Catedral, Enrique Mandujano R., Eric Astor, Eric Axelrod, " +#| "Eric Celeste, Eric Finkenbiner, Eric Hellman, Eric Steuer, Erica " +#| "Fletcher, Erik Hedman, Erik Lindholm Bundgaard, Erika Reid, Erin Hawley, " +#| "Erin McKean of Wordnik, Ernest Risner, Erwan Bousse, Erwin Bell, Ethan " +#| "Celery, Étienne Gilli, Eugeen Sablin, Evan Tangman, Evonne Okafor, Evtim " +#| "Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio Natali, Fauxton Software, Felix Deierlein, " +#| "Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano Obes, Felix Schmidt, Felix Zephyr Hsiao, " +#| "Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, Filippo Toso, " +#| "Fiona MacAlister, fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent Darrault, Florian " +#| "Hähnel, Florian Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, Francis Clarke, " +#| "Francisco Rivas-Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, François Gros, " +#| "François Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric Schütz, " +#| "Fredrik Ekelund, Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, " +#| "Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary " +#| "Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de " +#| "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, " +#| "George Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard " +#| "Gorman, Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani " +#| "Trucco, Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, " +#| "Global Lives Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, " +#| "Graham Freeman, Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham " +#| "Vowles, Greg Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, " +#| "Gregory Flynn, Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume Rischard, Gustavo " +#| "Vaz de Carvalho Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, Gwilym Lucas, " +#| "Haggen So, HÃ¥kon T Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, Hannes Leo, " +#| "Hans Bickhofe, Hans de Raad, Hans Vd Horst, Harold van Ingen, Harold " +#| "Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry Kaczka, Harry Torque, Hayden Glass, Hayley " +#| "Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen Crisp, Helen Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle " +#| "Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach Latorre Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry " +#| "Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser, Hermann Paar, Hillary Miller, " +#| "Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne, Hubert Gertis, Hugh Geenen, " +#| "Humble Daisy, Hüppe Keith, Iain Davidson, Ian Capstick, Ian Johnson, Ian " +#| "Upton, Icaro Ferracini, Igor Lesko, Imran Haider, Inma de la Torre, Iris " +#| "Brest, Irwin Madriaga, Isaac Sandaljian, Isaiah Tanenbaum, Ivan F. " +#| "Villanueva B., J P Cleverdon, Jaakko Tammela Jr, Jacek Darken " +#| "Gołębiowski, Jack Hart, Jacky Hood, Jacob Dante Leffler, Jaime Perla, " +#| "Jaime Woo, Jake Campbell, Jake Loeterman, Jakes Rawlinson, James " +#| "Allenspach, James Chesky, James Cloos, James Docherty, James Ellars, " +#| "James K Wood, James Tyler, Jamie Finlay, Jamie Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jan " +#| "E Ellison, Jan Gondol, Jan Sepp, Jan Zuppinger, Jane Finette, jane " +#| "Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, Janos Kovacs, Jasmina Bricic, Jason " +#| "Blasso, Jason Chu, Jason Cole, Jason E. 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Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart Maxwell, Stuart Reich, Subhendu " +#| "Ghosh, Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, Susan R Grossman, Suzie Wiley, " +#| "Sven Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, Sylvain Chery, Sylvia Green, " +#| "Sylvia van Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya " +#| "Hart, Tara Tiger Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo Toikkanen, Tasha Turner " +#| "Lennhoff, Tathagat Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, Teresa Gonczy, Terry " +#| "Hook, Theis Madsen, Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, Thibault Badenas, " +#| "Thomas Bacig, Thomas Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas Chang, Thomas " +#| "Hartman, Thomas Kent, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, Thomas " +#| "Thrush, Thomas Werkmeister, Tieg Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim Chambers, " +#| "Tim Cook, Tim Evers, Tim Nichols, Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, Timothy " +#| "Arfsten, Timothy Hinchliff, Timothy Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza Gergő, " +#| "Tobias Schonwetter, Todd Brown, Todd Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom " +#| "Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom Goren, Tom Kent, Tom MacWright, Tom Maillioux, " +#| "Tom Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom Myers, Tom Olijhoek, Tom Rubin, Tommaso De " +#| "Benetti, Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, Tony Nwachukwu, Torsten Skomp, Tracey " +#| "Depellegrin, Tracey Henton, Tracey James, Traci Long DeForge, Trent " +#| "Yarwood, Trevor Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey Hunner, Tryggvi Björgvinsson, " +#| "Tumuult, Tushar Roy, Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo Blenkhorn, Uri Sivan, Vanja " +#| "Bobas, Vantharith Oum, Vaughan jenkins, Veethika Mishra, Vic King, Vickie " +#| "Goode, Victor DePina, Victor Grigas, Victoria Klassen, Victorien " +#| "Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas Shah, Vinayak S.Kaujalgi, Vincent " +#| "O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia Gentilini, Virginia Kopelman, Vitor " +#| "Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, Werner " +#| "Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, Willa Köerner, William " +#| "Bettridge-Radford, William Jefferson, William Marshall, William Peter " +#| "Nash, William Ray, William Robins, Willow Rosenberg, Winie Evers, " +#| "Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier Moisant, " +#| "Xueqi Li, Yancey Strickler, Yann Heurtaux, Yasmine Hajjar, Yu-Hsian Sun, " +#| "Yves Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis and Joshua " +#| "de Haan, ZeMarmot Open Movie" +msgid "" +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -15906,7 +17784,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -15919,7 +17797,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -15947,7 +17825,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -15977,7 +17855,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -15985,7 +17863,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -16009,7 +17887,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -16058,7 +17936,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -16129,7 +18007,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -16139,7 +18017,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -16149,7 +18027,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -16559,11 +18437,4 @@ msgstr "" "Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis og Joshua de Haan, " "ZeMarmot Open Movie" -#~ msgid "Made with Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" - -#~ msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#~ msgstr "Paul Stacey og Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" - -#~ msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -#~ msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" +# Cleared 286 fuzzy strings diff --git a/po/nl/mwcc.po b/po/nl/mwcc.po index ea048bd..89d53db 100644 --- a/po/nl/mwcc.po +++ b/po/nl/mwcc.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-06 08:32+0000\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-22 18:13+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-02-04 21:35+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Nathan Follens <nathan@email.is>\n" "Language-Team: Dutch <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/madewithcc/" @@ -18,29 +18,102 @@ msgstr "" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 2.19-dev\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "nl" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 #, fuzzy -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "door Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#| msgid "" +#| "This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +#| "copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +#| "purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, " +#| "provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you " +#| "remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +#| "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +#| "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dit boek is uitgegeven onder een CC BY-SA-licentie. Dit betekent dat u het " +"mag kopiëren, verspreiden, wijzigen en verder mag werken aan de inhoud voor " +"welk doel dan ook, zelfs commercieel, zolang u de originele auteurs maar " +"benoemt, een link naar de licentie plaatst en aangeeft of u wijzigingen hebt " +"gedaan. Als u wijzigingen aanbrengt of verder werkt aan het materiaal, dan " +"moet u uw bijdragen uitbrengen onder dezelfde licentie als het origineel. " +"Licentiedetails: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" <city>Mexico City</city>\n" +" " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +"<copyright> <year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder> </copyright> " +"<publisher> <publishername>Gunnar Wolf</publishername> <placeholder type=" +"\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Gemaakt met Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "Gemaakt met Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "door Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "© 2017, door Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." @@ -48,112 +121,42 @@ msgstr "" "Gepubliceerd onder een Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike-licentie (CC " "BY-SA), versie 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Omslag en intern ontwerp door Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Inhoudsbewerking door Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "Illustraties door Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "E-boek beschikbaar voor downloaden op madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Publisher:" +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "Uitgever:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete boeken" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 Kopenhagen N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Denemarken" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Drukker:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polen" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -"Dit boek is uitgegeven onder een CC BY-SA-licentie. Dit betekent dat u het " -"mag kopiëren, verspreiden, wijzigen en verder mag werken aan de inhoud voor " -"welk doel dan ook, zelfs commercieel, zolang u de originele auteurs maar " -"benoemt, een link naar de licentie plaatst en aangeeft of u wijzigingen hebt " -"gedaan. Als u wijzigingen aanbrengt of verder werkt aan het materiaal, dan " -"moet u uw bijdragen uitbrengen onder dezelfde licentie als het origineel. " -"Licentiedetails: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "E-boek beschikbaar voor downloaden op madewith.cc" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " @@ -163,16 +166,16 @@ msgstr "" "ondersteuning van Creative Commons en de mensen die bijgedragen hebben aan " "onze crowdfunding-campagne op Kickstarter.com." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" "<span id=\"anchor-4\"></span>\"Ik weet niet veel van niet-fictieve " "journalistiek. . . De manier waarop ik aan dit soort dingen denk en wat ik " @@ -180,13 +183,22 @@ msgstr "" "en redelijk gemiddeld iemand meer aandacht ziet tonen en dieper ziet denken " "over allerlei soorten dingen dan de meesten van ons in ons dagelijks leven.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "- David Foster Wallace" +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Foreword" +msgid "Foreword" msgstr "## Voorwoord" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -203,8 +215,8 @@ msgstr "" "werkwijzen. Hij was het niet met me eens en noemde het voortduwen van " "zakelijke werkwijzen d.m.v. CC \"een rode haring.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -219,8 +231,8 @@ msgstr "" "ervan te profiteren. Geld is een oplossing voor een sociaal einde, niet het " "einde zelf.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -234,12 +246,20 @@ msgstr "" "loterijtickets omdat je rijk wilt worden. Het kan werken, maar het werkt " "hoogstwaarschijnlijk niet. Ook al wilt iemand altijd de loterij.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " +#| "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " +#| "work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is " +#| "filled with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two " +#| "dollars we pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that " +#| "come from pursuing their passions and living their values." msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." @@ -251,17 +271,17 @@ msgstr "" "de twee euro die we betalen voor een loterijticket en in plaats daarvan de " "vruchten oogsten van het volgen van hun passies." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -271,8 +291,8 @@ msgid "" "write Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -283,11 +303,11 @@ msgid "" "and community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -296,8 +316,8 @@ msgid "" "oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -305,12 +325,12 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -319,8 +339,8 @@ msgid "" "itself, an example of an open business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -330,30 +350,30 @@ msgid "" "them new supporters of Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -361,8 +381,8 @@ msgid "" "share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -377,20 +397,20 @@ msgid "" "genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -401,47 +421,49 @@ msgid "" "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Introduction" +msgid "Introduction" msgstr "## Inleiding" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -454,8 +476,8 @@ msgid "" "analyze their business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -464,35 +486,35 @@ msgid "" "up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -502,27 +524,27 @@ msgid "" "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -532,8 +554,8 @@ msgid "" "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -544,8 +566,8 @@ msgid "" "values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -553,24 +575,24 @@ msgid "" "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -579,100 +601,130 @@ msgid "" "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -684,8 +736,8 @@ msgid "" "which they operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -695,8 +747,8 @@ msgid "" "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -704,15 +756,32 @@ msgid "" "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:480 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:775 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:816 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -723,25 +792,34 @@ msgid "" "success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -750,20 +828,27 @@ msgid "" "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:528 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -771,11 +856,11 @@ msgid "" "which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -783,10 +868,10 @@ msgid "" "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -795,66 +880,66 @@ msgid "" "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -864,45 +949,59 @@ msgid "" "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:645 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -911,31 +1010,37 @@ msgid "" "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -943,18 +1048,28 @@ msgid "" "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -964,19 +1079,19 @@ msgid "" "measures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -984,13 +1099,14 @@ msgid "" "managing resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "### Gemaakt met Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -1000,8 +1116,8 @@ msgid "" "about the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1010,43 +1126,73 @@ msgid "" "history." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1055,34 +1201,49 @@ msgid "" "the primary means by which resources are managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1098,11 +1259,11 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1114,21 +1275,29 @@ msgid "" "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1136,58 +1305,81 @@ msgid "" "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:899 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1197,26 +1389,36 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1230,24 +1432,32 @@ msgid "" "permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 #, fuzzy -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" msgstr "### Gemaakt met Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1257,8 +1467,16 @@ msgid "" "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1269,37 +1487,45 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1309,8 +1535,8 @@ msgid "" "software movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1319,97 +1545,160 @@ msgid "" "use, and modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1419,23 +1708,32 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -1443,59 +1741,103 @@ msgid "" "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " "emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -1504,18 +1846,18 @@ msgid "" "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " "Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -1523,8 +1865,8 @@ msgid "" "many benefits." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1533,53 +1875,62 @@ msgid "" "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " "inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -1590,8 +1941,8 @@ msgid "" "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1600,30 +1951,29 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -1631,36 +1981,36 @@ msgid "" "option of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1671,8 +2021,8 @@ msgid "" "resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1681,8 +2031,8 @@ msgid "" "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -1690,8 +2040,8 @@ msgid "" "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1700,24 +2050,24 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1727,165 +2077,19 @@ msgid "" "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 #, fuzzy -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" msgstr "## Gemaakt met Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -1893,7 +2097,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -1901,8 +2105,8 @@ msgid "" "way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -1913,16 +2117,16 @@ msgid "" "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -1932,20 +2136,28 @@ msgid "" "about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -1953,8 +2165,8 @@ msgid "" "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -1965,10 +2177,10 @@ msgid "" "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -1978,18 +2190,18 @@ msgid "" "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -2003,12 +2215,12 @@ msgid "" "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -2017,33 +2229,40 @@ msgid "" "connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2054,8 +2273,8 @@ msgid "" "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2066,16 +2285,16 @@ msgid "" "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2087,35 +2306,55 @@ msgid "" "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2125,18 +2364,19 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -2146,8 +2386,8 @@ msgid "" "day to day.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2156,81 +2396,128 @@ msgid "" "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2242,82 +2529,100 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2329,8 +2634,8 @@ msgid "" "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -2339,39 +2644,64 @@ msgid "" "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +msgid "Ibid., 132." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -2381,15 +2711,15 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -2403,14 +2733,14 @@ msgid "" "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -2418,8 +2748,8 @@ msgid "" "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -2429,13 +2759,13 @@ msgid "" "is more valuable than ever." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2445,8 +2775,13 @@ msgid "" "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2455,14 +2790,15 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2472,19 +2808,19 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -2492,129 +2828,202 @@ msgid "" "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +msgid "Ibid., 58." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +msgid "Ibid., 21." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2623,28 +3032,34 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +msgid "Ibid., 231." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2654,8 +3069,8 @@ msgid "" "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -2663,37 +3078,43 @@ msgid "" "functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -2716,13 +3137,13 @@ msgid "" "business principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -2732,13 +3153,13 @@ msgid "" "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -2746,51 +3167,68 @@ msgid "" "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " "endeavor." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -2800,31 +3238,38 @@ msgid "" "website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2834,13 +3279,13 @@ msgid "" "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2852,13 +3297,13 @@ msgid "" "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -2866,8 +3311,8 @@ msgid "" "scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -2880,8 +3325,8 @@ msgid "" "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -2890,22 +3335,34 @@ msgid "" "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -2919,13 +3376,13 @@ msgid "" "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -2937,13 +3394,13 @@ msgid "" "situations where we could find a way to get it for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -2955,13 +3412,13 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -2971,13 +3428,13 @@ msgid "" "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -2987,40 +3444,40 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -3032,8 +3489,8 @@ msgid "" "with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3047,33 +3504,47 @@ msgid "" "with each other." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3084,11 +3555,12 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -3096,70 +3568,108 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -3169,21 +3679,31 @@ msgid "" "design for the good actors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3192,57 +3712,80 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3254,12 +3797,12 @@ msgid "" "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -3267,77 +3810,127 @@ msgid "" "operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3345,30 +3938,38 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3379,27 +3980,50 @@ msgid "" "add outweighs the value provided by you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2971 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3407,235 +4031,125 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 -msgid "" -"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " -"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 -msgid "" -"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " -"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " -"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " -"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " -"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +msgid "Ibid., 154." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 -msgid "" -"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " -"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 #, fuzzy -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" msgstr "## Gemaakt met Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " "might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -3643,15 +4157,16 @@ msgid "" "Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3661,30 +4176,32 @@ msgid "" "also allow commercial use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " "credit to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -3692,30 +4209,32 @@ msgid "" "same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -3723,47 +4242,49 @@ msgid "" "change them or use them commercially." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " "existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -3772,13 +4293,13 @@ msgid "" "involvement with and commitment to sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -3787,8 +4308,8 @@ msgid "" "prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -3796,14 +4317,14 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -3811,8 +4332,8 @@ msgid "" "medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3825,107 +4346,104 @@ msgid "" "domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3310 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4589 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4830 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7395 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8143 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -3940,8 +4458,8 @@ msgid "" "General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -3951,19 +4469,19 @@ msgid "" "software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -3973,19 +4491,19 @@ msgid "" "lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a product.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -3994,23 +4512,23 @@ msgid "" "customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -4025,19 +4543,19 @@ msgid "" "helpful to novices and experts alike." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " "business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -4046,8 +4564,8 @@ msgid "" "source way can only help you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4060,8 +4578,8 @@ msgid "" "new version is equally free and open." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4073,21 +4591,27 @@ msgid "" "Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -4100,8 +4624,8 @@ msgid "" "solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from there." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4114,20 +4638,20 @@ msgid "" "low-quality copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" "generating model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4137,8 +4661,13 @@ msgid "" "critical tool for Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -4150,21 +4679,22 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4173,89 +4703,67 @@ msgid "" "says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " "manufacturing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " "culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3558 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3745 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3937 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4356 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7166 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7947 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8469 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8690 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -4263,13 +4771,13 @@ msgid "" "themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -4281,8 +4789,8 @@ msgid "" "and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4291,13 +4799,13 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4308,8 +4816,8 @@ msgid "" "provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -4319,8 +4827,8 @@ msgid "" "classes on more specialized topics." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4329,18 +4837,18 @@ msgid "" "commissioned by individual artists." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4350,14 +4858,14 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4366,8 +4874,8 @@ msgid "" "open up new opportunities for their business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -4378,8 +4886,8 @@ msgid "" "evolve to a more complex product in the future, like a course or a book.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4389,26 +4897,26 @@ msgid "" "ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " "and share their knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4422,29 +4930,29 @@ msgid "" "and culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " "efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4453,42 +4961,44 @@ msgid "" "what it looks like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4500,8 +5010,8 @@ msgid "" "concrete ways." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4512,21 +5022,21 @@ msgid "" "the creative and technical community working together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -4534,8 +5044,8 @@ msgid "" "Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4548,8 +5058,8 @@ msgid "" "the project could live.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4558,22 +5068,22 @@ msgid "" "Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -4581,8 +5091,8 @@ msgid "" "“They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4591,8 +5101,8 @@ msgid "" "and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -4601,40 +5111,40 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " "who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -4643,8 +5153,8 @@ msgid "" "assets used in various projects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -4652,10 +5162,10 @@ msgid "" "“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -4663,8 +5173,8 @@ msgid "" "DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -4672,8 +5182,8 @@ msgid "" "Selling a license has never been part of the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4684,65 +5194,67 @@ msgid "" "reproduce what you did,” Ton said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " "it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4751,8 +5263,8 @@ msgid "" "and international editions as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -4760,8 +5272,8 @@ msgid "" "the numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4770,16 +5282,16 @@ msgid "" "new game unto itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " "cult following." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4788,54 +5300,54 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " "it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " "People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -4843,44 +5355,43 @@ msgid "" "there is transparency about what you are doing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -4888,48 +5399,48 @@ msgid "" "world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -4938,19 +5449,18 @@ msgid "" "said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -4959,8 +5469,8 @@ msgid "" "opportunities to extract more money from customers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -4968,38 +5478,40 @@ msgid "" "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " "Founded in 2011 in Australia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -5009,8 +5521,8 @@ msgid "" "go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -5019,8 +5531,8 @@ msgid "" "focus on the sensational and sexy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -5040,23 +5552,23 @@ msgid "" "at presenting their expertise to the wider public." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " "whatever they want." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5069,8 +5581,8 @@ msgid "" "in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -5081,24 +5593,30 @@ msgid "" "readers with a reliable source of evidence-based information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -5111,18 +5629,18 @@ msgid "" "everything the Conversation does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5132,8 +5650,8 @@ msgid "" "this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5144,8 +5662,8 @@ msgid "" "working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5155,8 +5673,8 @@ msgid "" "improve coverage and features." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5165,11 +5683,11 @@ msgid "" "the editorial advisory board." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -5177,8 +5695,8 @@ msgid "" "and the number of readers per article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5187,16 +5705,16 @@ msgid "" "submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5205,50 +5723,39 @@ msgid "" "good and operational revenue at the same time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -5258,16 +5765,16 @@ msgid "" "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " "sharing it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5278,16 +5785,16 @@ msgid "" "Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet age." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " "his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5295,7 +5802,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -5304,23 +5811,23 @@ msgid "" "people to like what I do would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5331,8 +5838,8 @@ msgid "" "symbolizes his worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5343,12 +5850,12 @@ msgid "" "thieves,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -5357,8 +5864,8 @@ msgid "" "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5367,18 +5874,18 @@ msgid "" "can only do it because he is an established author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5386,18 +5893,18 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -5409,8 +5916,8 @@ msgid "" "are fan translations already available for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5420,29 +5927,29 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -5450,8 +5957,8 @@ msgid "" "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5463,21 +5970,21 @@ msgid "" "soon." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5486,67 +5993,69 @@ msgid "" "into other people’s hands and minds.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " "trusted? Answers have evolved over time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5556,8 +6065,8 @@ msgid "" "complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -5565,16 +6074,16 @@ msgid "" "online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " "ensuring the research is citable for the long term." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5584,8 +6093,8 @@ msgid "" "for the provision of DOIs for research data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -5594,36 +6103,36 @@ msgid "" "(Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5635,8 +6144,8 @@ msgid "" "it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5647,8 +6156,8 @@ msgid "" "functionality for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -5656,53 +6165,53 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5713,8 +6222,8 @@ msgid "" "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5724,21 +6233,36 @@ msgid "" "license of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -5750,21 +6274,27 @@ msgid "" "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5773,8 +6303,8 @@ msgid "" "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -5788,66 +6318,49 @@ msgid "" "research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" "not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " @@ -5861,8 +6374,8 @@ msgid "" "to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5874,13 +6387,13 @@ msgid "" "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -5889,8 +6402,8 @@ msgid "" "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -5901,37 +6414,45 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -5939,17 +6460,17 @@ msgid "" "wrangler and source." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -5959,17 +6480,17 @@ msgid "" "market, and brand itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -5978,15 +6499,15 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -6000,35 +6521,46 @@ msgid "" "never been done before." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -6041,20 +6573,20 @@ msgid "" "external relationships." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6068,8 +6600,8 @@ msgid "" "curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are interested in." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6079,28 +6611,28 @@ msgid "" "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -6108,8 +6640,8 @@ msgid "" "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -6117,19 +6649,19 @@ msgid "" "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -6138,64 +6670,44 @@ msgid "" "the network effect possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -6205,23 +6717,23 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -6229,8 +6741,8 @@ msgid "" "up, not down." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -6240,26 +6752,26 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -6269,18 +6781,18 @@ msgid "" "book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6292,36 +6804,36 @@ msgid "" "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -6329,68 +6841,82 @@ msgid "" "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -6399,16 +6925,16 @@ msgid "" "libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6419,27 +6945,27 @@ msgid "" "more libraries involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " @@ -6447,11 +6973,11 @@ msgid "" "took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -6459,8 +6985,8 @@ msgid "" "their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6471,18 +6997,18 @@ msgid "" "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6495,133 +7021,118 @@ msgid "" "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 +msgid "Lumen Learning" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6631,8 +7142,8 @@ msgid "" "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6641,8 +7152,8 @@ msgid "" "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -6650,40 +7161,40 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6692,18 +7203,18 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -6711,19 +7222,19 @@ msgid "" "need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6740,8 +7251,8 @@ msgid "" "goodwill in the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6753,21 +7264,21 @@ msgid "" "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6776,8 +7287,8 @@ msgid "" "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -6789,8 +7300,8 @@ msgid "" "each page." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -6799,22 +7310,22 @@ msgid "" "number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6825,8 +7336,8 @@ msgid "" "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -6837,21 +7348,21 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -6861,19 +7372,19 @@ msgid "" "using." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -6881,8 +7392,8 @@ msgid "" "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -6894,8 +7405,8 @@ msgid "" "Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -6906,43 +7417,40 @@ msgid "" "trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -6954,8 +7462,8 @@ msgid "" "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -6967,8 +7475,8 @@ msgid "" "magazine." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -6976,23 +7484,23 @@ msgid "" "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -7005,10 +7513,10 @@ msgid "" "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -7016,29 +7524,29 @@ msgid "" "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -7049,8 +7557,8 @@ msgid "" "Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7059,8 +7567,8 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -7071,8 +7579,8 @@ msgid "" "clients." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -7080,17 +7588,17 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -7100,17 +7608,17 @@ msgid "" "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7123,19 +7631,19 @@ msgid "" "others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7144,78 +7652,81 @@ msgid "" "might be better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 +msgid "Noun Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7224,30 +7735,37 @@ msgid "" "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7256,8 +7774,8 @@ msgid "" "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -7267,8 +7785,8 @@ msgid "" "have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -7276,8 +7794,8 @@ msgid "" "business model around free content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7291,90 +7809,98 @@ msgid "" "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -7382,23 +7908,23 @@ msgid "" "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7407,27 +7933,27 @@ msgid "" "visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -7435,8 +7961,8 @@ msgid "" "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7447,8 +7973,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -7456,20 +7982,20 @@ msgid "" "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7480,72 +8006,57 @@ msgid "" "been key to that goal." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +msgid "Open Data Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -7558,8 +8069,8 @@ msgid "" "happening around them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7568,30 +8079,39 @@ msgid "" "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7601,28 +8121,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7631,18 +8151,18 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -7653,8 +8173,8 @@ msgid "" "are listed on their website.)2" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7668,8 +8188,8 @@ msgid "" "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -7679,8 +8199,8 @@ msgid "" "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7689,8 +8209,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7700,22 +8220,22 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7724,8 +8244,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7733,8 +8253,8 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -7744,50 +8264,63 @@ msgid "" "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7795,8 +8328,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7804,8 +8337,8 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -7814,7 +8347,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -7823,16 +8356,16 @@ msgid "" "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7840,98 +8373,74 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -7939,8 +8448,8 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -7957,8 +8466,8 @@ msgid "" "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -7966,8 +8475,8 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -7979,8 +8488,8 @@ msgid "" "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -7989,16 +8498,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -8007,17 +8516,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -8025,20 +8539,25 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -8046,49 +8565,50 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -8096,15 +8616,15 @@ msgid "" "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8112,87 +8632,87 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8201,8 +8721,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8211,20 +8731,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8233,59 +8758,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8296,81 +8821,63 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " "Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -8383,21 +8890,21 @@ msgid "" "available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8410,20 +8917,28 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8433,8 +8948,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8443,8 +8958,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8452,17 +8967,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8470,8 +8991,8 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -8483,8 +9004,8 @@ msgid "" "investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8495,33 +9016,33 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8530,35 +9051,35 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -8568,8 +9089,8 @@ msgid "" "reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8582,27 +9103,27 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -8613,8 +9134,8 @@ msgid "" "they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -8624,47 +9145,47 @@ msgid "" "frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8672,8 +9193,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8681,8 +9202,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8691,8 +9212,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8704,75 +9225,65 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8786,8 +9297,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8798,21 +9309,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8824,8 +9335,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8839,22 +9350,21 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8864,8 +9374,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -8877,31 +9387,31 @@ msgid "" "“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -8912,8 +9422,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -8924,8 +9434,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -8934,8 +9444,8 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -8946,8 +9456,8 @@ msgid "" "you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -8961,8 +9471,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -8972,63 +9482,56 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -9043,22 +9546,22 @@ msgid "" "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9071,27 +9574,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -9099,35 +9602,35 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -9137,27 +9640,27 @@ msgid "" "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9167,8 +9670,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9176,8 +9679,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9187,8 +9690,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9197,8 +9700,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9206,12 +9709,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -9221,25 +9724,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9252,8 +9755,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9261,8 +9764,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9271,20 +9774,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -9292,101 +9794,103 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9402,24 +9906,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9429,24 +9933,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9459,8 +9968,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9470,12 +9979,12 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -9487,8 +9996,8 @@ msgid "" "the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -9503,19 +10012,19 @@ msgid "" "life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9529,32 +10038,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9562,8 +10076,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -9575,46 +10089,71 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9624,14 +10163,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -9639,91 +10178,63 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9735,10 +10246,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -9748,8 +10259,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9759,8 +10270,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -9772,11 +10283,11 @@ msgid "" "grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -9785,8 +10296,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -9798,15 +10309,15 @@ msgid "" "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -9814,8 +10325,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9829,8 +10340,8 @@ msgid "" "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9841,65 +10352,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -9916,60 +10427,62 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -9977,8 +10490,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -9987,29 +10500,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -10017,19 +10536,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -10038,15 +10563,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -10054,19 +10579,25 @@ msgid "" "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10074,29 +10605,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10106,22 +10638,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10129,41 +10661,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10171,8 +10703,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10182,21 +10714,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10206,40 +10738,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10249,8 +10786,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -10262,30 +10799,30 @@ msgid "" "government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10297,8 +10834,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -10306,20 +10843,20 @@ msgid "" "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -10332,60 +10869,43 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10394,8 +10914,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -10403,8 +10923,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10414,8 +10934,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10425,16 +10945,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " "It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10445,55 +10965,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -10502,29 +11022,29 @@ msgid "" "young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10535,8 +11055,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10550,20 +11070,20 @@ msgid "" "human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10572,24 +11092,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -10597,8 +11117,8 @@ msgid "" "source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10608,8 +11128,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10623,49 +11143,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10679,8 +11202,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -10700,8 +11223,8 @@ msgid "" "pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10714,20 +11237,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -10738,8 +11261,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -10749,8 +11272,8 @@ msgid "" "everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10760,8 +11283,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10776,8 +11299,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10793,15 +11316,15 @@ msgid "" "eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -10813,23 +11336,23 @@ msgid "" "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10841,20 +11364,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -10868,8 +11391,8 @@ msgid "" "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -10879,8 +11402,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -10890,47 +11413,49 @@ msgid "" "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -10941,8 +11466,8 @@ msgid "" "readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -10953,8 +11478,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -10963,57 +11488,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -11021,43 +11552,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11069,18 +11605,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11088,8 +11624,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -11098,8 +11634,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11111,8 +11647,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -11122,11 +11658,11 @@ msgid "" "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -11136,8 +11672,8 @@ msgid "" "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11154,8 +11690,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -11167,57 +11703,47 @@ msgid "" "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -11226,16 +11752,16 @@ msgid "" "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -11250,8 +11776,8 @@ msgid "" "organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11259,19 +11785,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11284,37 +11810,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -11323,11 +11849,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -11337,8 +11863,15 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11350,26 +11883,27 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -11380,11 +11914,11 @@ msgid "" "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -11392,8 +11926,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11401,8 +11935,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11410,8 +11944,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11419,553 +11953,556 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -11974,16 +12511,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -11992,8 +12529,8 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -12001,8 +12538,8 @@ msgid "" "Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -12050,10 +12587,10 @@ msgid "" "Yancey Strickler" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -12064,7 +12601,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -12077,7 +12614,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -12105,7 +12642,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -12135,7 +12672,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -12143,7 +12680,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -12167,7 +12704,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -12216,7 +12753,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -12287,7 +12824,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -12297,7 +12834,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -12307,7 +12844,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -12386,15 +12923,58 @@ msgid "" "ZeMarmot Open Movie" msgstr "" -#~ msgid "Made with Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "Gemaakt met Creative Commons" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#~ msgstr "door Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" + +#~ msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" +#~ msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" + +#~ msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +#~ msgstr "Omslag en intern ontwerp door Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" + +#~ msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +#~ msgstr "Inhoudsbewerking door Grace Yaginuma" + +#~ msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" +#~ msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete boeken" + +#~ msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." +#~ msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." + +#~ msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" +#~ msgstr "2200 Kopenhagen N" + +#~ msgid "Denmark" +#~ msgstr "Denemarken" + +#~ msgid "www.cadb.dk" +#~ msgstr "www.cadb.dk" + +#~ msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +#~ msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" + +#~ msgid "Printer:" +#~ msgstr "Drukker:" + +#~ msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" +#~ msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" + +#~ msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," +#~ msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," + +#~ msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +#~ msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," + +#~ msgid "Poland" +#~ msgstr "Polen" + +#~ msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#~ msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" #~ msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" #~ msgstr "Paul Stacey en Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#~ msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -#~ msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" - #~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Made" #~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Gemaakt" diff --git a/po/pl/mwcc.po b/po/pl/mwcc.po index a40a010..06b0b5f 100644 --- a/po/pl/mwcc.po +++ b/po/pl/mwcc.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons 20170609-2\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-06 08:32+0000\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-22 18:13+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-08-30 10:47+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Stanisław Krukowski <stdf021@riseup.net>\n" "Language-Team: Polish <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/madewithcc/" @@ -19,29 +19,103 @@ msgstr "" "|| n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 2.17-dev\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "pl" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 #, fuzzy -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#| msgid "" +#| "This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +#| "copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +#| "purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, " +#| "provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you " +#| "remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +#| "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +#| "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ta Książka jest wydana zgodnie z licencją CC BY-SA, co oznacza, że można ją " +"kopiować, rozpowszechniać ponownie, remiksować, przekształcać i tworzyć nowe " +"teksty na podstawie jej zawartości — w dowolnym celu, nawet komercyjnie, pod " +"warunkiem, że załączone zostaną odpowiednie podziękowania, udostępniony " +"zostanie odsyłacz do licencji i wskazane zostaną zmiany (jeśli zostały " +"wprowadzone). Jeśli remiksujesz, przekształcasz lub wykorzystujesz ten " +"materiał, musisz go rozpowszechniać na tej samej licencji, co oryginał. " +"Szczegóły licencji: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" <city>Mexico City</city>\n" +" " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +"<copyright> <year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder> </copyright> " +"<publisher> <publishername>Gunnar Wolf</publishername> <placeholder type=" +"\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Stworzone zgodnie z Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "Made With Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." @@ -49,113 +123,42 @@ msgstr "" "Opublikowane na licencji Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), " "wersja 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Okładka i projekt wewnętrzny: Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Edycja treści: Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "Ilustracje: Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "E-book do pobrania z witryny: madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Publisher:" +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "Wydawca:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 Copenhagen N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Denmark" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Druk:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polska" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -"Ta Książka jest wydana zgodnie z licencją CC BY-SA, co oznacza, że można ją " -"kopiować, rozpowszechniać ponownie, remiksować, przekształcać i tworzyć nowe " -"teksty na podstawie jej zawartości — w dowolnym celu, nawet komercyjnie, pod " -"warunkiem, że załączone zostaną odpowiednie podziękowania, udostępniony " -"zostanie odsyłacz do licencji i wskazane zostaną zmiany (jeśli zostały " -"wprowadzone). Jeśli remiksujesz, przekształcasz lub wykorzystujesz ten " -"materiał, musisz go rozpowszechniać na tej samej licencji, co oryginał. " -"Szczegóły licencji: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "E-book do pobrania z witryny: madewith.cc" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " @@ -165,16 +168,16 @@ msgstr "" "uprzejmemu wsparciu Creative Commons i osobom, wspierającym naszą kampanię " "finansowo-wydawniczą na platformie Kickstarter.com." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" "\"Nie wiele wiem na temat dziennikarstwa z rodzaju literatury faktu... " "Sposób, w jaki myślę o tych rzeczach, w kategoriach tego co mogę zrobić są " @@ -183,13 +186,22 @@ msgstr "" "far closer attention and think at far more length about all sorts of " "different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily lives.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "- David Foster Wallace" +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Foreword" +msgid "Foreword" msgstr "## Przedmowa" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -208,8 +220,8 @@ msgstr "" "ze mną, nazywając prowadzenie rentownych modeli biznesowych, zgodnych z CC, " "mianem \"fałszywego tropu\"." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -225,8 +237,8 @@ msgstr "" "Pieniądze są środkami do osiągania celów społecznych, a nie celem samym w " "sobie\"." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -241,12 +253,20 @@ msgstr "" "To może zadziałać, ale przeważnie nie ma szans powodzenia. Chociaż, " "oczzywiście, ktoś zawsze na loterii wygrywa ... \"." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " +#| "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " +#| "work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is " +#| "filled with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two " +#| "dollars we pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that " +#| "come from pursuing their passions and living their values." msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." @@ -260,11 +280,18 @@ msgstr "" "korzyści z przeforsowania swoich osobistych pasji, zgodnie z własnymi " "wartościami życiowymi." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue " +#| "to create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of " +#| "Cards Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make " +#| "jokes and games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and " +#| "games.”" msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" @@ -274,8 +301,8 @@ msgstr "" "swoim studium przypadku następująco: „Nie robimy dowcipów i gier, aby robić " "pieniądze — robimy pieniądze, abyśmy mogli robić więcej dowcipów i gier”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -294,8 +321,8 @@ msgstr "" "okazali się idealnymi autorami do napisania książki «Stworzone zgodnie z " "Creative Commons»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -314,11 +341,22 @@ msgstr "" "głos i ton wypowiedzi sprawia, że potrafi swoją pasją zainspirować kolegów i " "społeczności lokalne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good " +#| "of people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over " +#| "the past year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes " +#| "from investing so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d " +#| "hoped. Today, she’s more determined than ever to live with her values " +#| "right out on her sleeve. I can always count on Sarah to push Creative " +#| "Commons to focus on our impact—to make the main thing the main thing. " +#| "She’s practical, detail-oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team " +#| "that I enjoy debating more." msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -339,8 +377,18 @@ msgstr "" "nie ma nikogo, z kim mógłbym tak przyjemnie debatować o wielu różnych " "sprawach." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " +#| "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together " +#| "and sometimes independently. They dove into the research and writing with " +#| "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " +#| "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " +#| "including the possibility that their initial theories would need " +#| "refinement or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has " +#| "made for a better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -348,7 +396,7 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" "Jako współautorzy, Paul i Sarah doskonale się wzajemnie uzupełniają. " @@ -361,8 +409,8 @@ msgstr "" "okazać się całkowicie błędne. To była odważna postawa, która sprawiła, że " "książka stała się lepsza, bardziej wnikliwa i pożyteczna." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -378,8 +426,8 @@ msgstr "" "wynikające /zawarte w licencji. Jest to, sam w sobie, przykład otwartego " "modelu biznesowego." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -396,14 +444,23 @@ msgstr "" "darczyńców, z których większość to nowe osoby /instytucje wspierajace " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the " +#| "plans, drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they " +#| "engaged communities all over the world to help write this book. As their " +#| "opinions diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their " +#| "voices and decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working " +#| "in this way requires both humility and self-confidence, and without " +#| "question it has made Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" @@ -419,10 +476,16 @@ msgstr "" "przyczyniły się do wysokiej jakości książki i sukcesu wydawniczego «Made " "with Creative Commons»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They " +#| "are part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all " +#| "is a profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a " +#| "community." msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" @@ -433,10 +496,18 @@ msgstr "" "— zyskują ich wdzięczność i stają się częścią wspólnoty powszechnego " "dziedzictwa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +#| "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " +#| "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " +#| "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " +#| "community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many " +#| "to share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -452,8 +523,8 @@ msgstr "" "wielu ludziom dzielić się swoją twórczością, na tak wiele sposobów, z " "odbiorcami na całym świecie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -480,13 +551,22 @@ msgstr "" "satysfakcjonującej nagrody po osiagnięciu ostatecznego celu, niż usłyszenie " "od kogoś, że »[...] to, co ty robisz, ma dla mnie wartość wyjątkową«”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " +#| "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a " +#| "social end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a " +#| "powerful and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. " +#| "Made with Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly " +#| "articulated values and principles, some essential tools for exploring " +#| "your own business opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." @@ -500,8 +580,8 @@ msgstr "" "udostępnia Tobie, czytelniku, narzędzia do eksploracji własnego biznesu, a " "także — dwa tuziny dawek „czystej inspiracji”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -519,13 +599,20 @@ msgstr "" "komputerowe; odczuwają to w grupach, w społecznościach, wśród obcych, wśród " "osób, których chcą poznać, i których czasami lubią”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book " +#| "for the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful " +#| "to Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " +#| "communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +#| "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" "Jestem niezmiernie dumny, że Creative Commons jest w stanie opublikować tę " @@ -535,39 +622,41 @@ msgstr "" "drogi czytelniku. Jak często mówi członek zarządu CC, Johnathan Nightingale: " "„To wszystko powstało z ludzi\"." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" "To jest właśnie prawdziwa wartość rzeczy, które „ ... są wykonane zgodnie z " "Creative Commons”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Introduction" +msgid "Introduction" msgstr "## Wprowadzenie" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -580,8 +669,8 @@ msgid "" "analyze their business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -590,35 +679,35 @@ msgid "" "up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -628,27 +717,27 @@ msgid "" "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -658,8 +747,8 @@ msgid "" "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -670,8 +759,8 @@ msgid "" "values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -679,24 +768,24 @@ msgid "" "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -705,100 +794,130 @@ msgid "" "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -810,8 +929,8 @@ msgid "" "which they operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -821,8 +940,8 @@ msgid "" "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -830,15 +949,32 @@ msgid "" "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:480 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:775 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:816 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -849,25 +985,34 @@ msgid "" "success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -876,20 +1021,27 @@ msgid "" "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:528 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -897,11 +1049,11 @@ msgid "" "which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -909,10 +1061,10 @@ msgid "" "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -921,66 +1073,66 @@ msgid "" "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -990,45 +1142,59 @@ msgid "" "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:645 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -1037,31 +1203,37 @@ msgid "" "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -1069,18 +1241,28 @@ msgid "" "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -1090,19 +1272,19 @@ msgid "" "measures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -1110,13 +1292,13 @@ msgid "" "managing resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -1126,8 +1308,8 @@ msgid "" "about the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1136,43 +1318,73 @@ msgid "" "history." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1181,34 +1393,49 @@ msgid "" "the primary means by which resources are managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1224,11 +1451,11 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1240,21 +1467,29 @@ msgid "" "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1262,58 +1497,81 @@ msgid "" "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:899 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1323,26 +1581,36 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1356,23 +1624,33 @@ msgid "" "permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "Made With Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1382,8 +1660,16 @@ msgid "" "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1394,37 +1680,45 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1434,8 +1728,8 @@ msgid "" "software movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1444,97 +1738,160 @@ msgid "" "use, and modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1544,23 +1901,32 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -1568,59 +1934,103 @@ msgid "" "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " "emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -1629,18 +2039,18 @@ msgid "" "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " "Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -1648,8 +2058,8 @@ msgid "" "many benefits." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1658,53 +2068,62 @@ msgid "" "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " "inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -1715,8 +2134,8 @@ msgid "" "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1725,30 +2144,29 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -1756,36 +2174,36 @@ msgid "" "option of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1796,8 +2214,8 @@ msgid "" "resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1806,8 +2224,8 @@ msgid "" "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -1815,8 +2233,8 @@ msgid "" "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1825,24 +2243,24 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1852,164 +2270,20 @@ msgid "" "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Stworzone zgodnie z Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -2017,7 +2291,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -2025,8 +2299,8 @@ msgid "" "way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -2037,16 +2311,16 @@ msgid "" "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -2056,20 +2330,28 @@ msgid "" "about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -2077,8 +2359,8 @@ msgid "" "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -2089,10 +2371,10 @@ msgid "" "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -2102,18 +2384,18 @@ msgid "" "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -2127,12 +2409,12 @@ msgid "" "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -2141,33 +2423,40 @@ msgid "" "connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2178,8 +2467,8 @@ msgid "" "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2190,16 +2479,16 @@ msgid "" "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2211,35 +2500,55 @@ msgid "" "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2249,18 +2558,19 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -2270,8 +2580,8 @@ msgid "" "day to day.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2280,81 +2590,128 @@ msgid "" "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2366,82 +2723,100 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2453,8 +2828,8 @@ msgid "" "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -2463,39 +2838,64 @@ msgid "" "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -2505,15 +2905,15 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -2527,14 +2927,14 @@ msgid "" "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -2542,8 +2942,8 @@ msgid "" "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -2553,13 +2953,13 @@ msgid "" "is more valuable than ever." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2569,8 +2969,13 @@ msgid "" "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2579,14 +2984,15 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2596,19 +3002,19 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -2616,129 +3022,202 @@ msgid "" "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +msgid "Ibid., 58." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +msgid "Ibid., 21." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2747,28 +3226,34 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2778,8 +3263,8 @@ msgid "" "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -2787,37 +3272,43 @@ msgid "" "functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +msgid "Ibid., 97." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -2840,13 +3331,13 @@ msgid "" "business principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -2856,13 +3347,13 @@ msgid "" "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -2870,51 +3361,68 @@ msgid "" "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +msgid "Ibid., 92." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " "endeavor." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -2924,31 +3432,38 @@ msgid "" "website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2958,13 +3473,13 @@ msgid "" "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2976,13 +3491,13 @@ msgid "" "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -2990,8 +3505,8 @@ msgid "" "scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -3004,8 +3519,8 @@ msgid "" "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -3014,22 +3529,34 @@ msgid "" "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -3043,13 +3570,13 @@ msgid "" "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -3061,13 +3588,13 @@ msgid "" "situations where we could find a way to get it for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -3079,13 +3606,13 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -3095,13 +3622,13 @@ msgid "" "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -3111,40 +3638,40 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -3156,8 +3683,8 @@ msgid "" "with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3171,33 +3698,47 @@ msgid "" "with each other." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3208,11 +3749,12 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -3220,70 +3762,108 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -3293,21 +3873,31 @@ msgid "" "design for the good actors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3316,57 +3906,80 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3378,12 +3991,12 @@ msgid "" "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -3391,77 +4004,152 @@ msgid "" "operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " +#| "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " +#| "collaborating together to create something new, or it may simply be a " +#| "collection of like-minded people who get to know each other and rally " +#| "around common interests or beliefs. To a certain extent, simply being " +#| "Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +#| "community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +#| "are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC.” Amanda Palmer, the other " +#| "musician profiled in the book, would surely add this from her case study: " +#| "“There is no more satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that " +#| "what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." +msgstr "" +"Sara pisze: „Prace nad »Made with Creative Commons« nabierają rozmachu, " +"ponieważ wokół tego projektu jest budowana wspólnota celu. Może to oznaczać, " +"że ta społeczność współpracuje nad stworzeniem czegoś nowego, lub że tworzy " +"się zbiór ludzi podobnie myślących, wzajemnie się poznających, i " +"„maszerujących” w rytm wspólnych zainteresowań i przekonań. Do pewnego " +"stopnia, utożsamianie się z »Made with Creative Commons« niesie ze sobą " +"element społeczny, pomagający łączyć się z ludźmi podobnie myślącymi, " +"uznającymi — i kształtowanymi poprzez — wartości symbolizowane podczas " +"używania CC”. Amanda Palmer, również przedstawicielka „muzycznego” profilu " +"tej książki, mogłaby z pewnością od siebie dodać: „Nie ma bardziej " +"satysfakcjonującej nagrody po osiagnięciu ostatecznego celu, niż usłyszenie " +"od kogoś, że »[...] to, co ty robisz, ma dla mnie wartość wyjątkową«”." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3469,30 +4157,38 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3503,27 +4199,50 @@ msgid "" "add outweighs the value provided by you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2971 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3531,234 +4250,126 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 -msgid "" -"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " -"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 -msgid "" -"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " -"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " -"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " -"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " -"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +msgid "Ibid., 154." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 -msgid "" -"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " -"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 +msgid "" +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Made With Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " "might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -3766,15 +4377,16 @@ msgid "" "Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3784,30 +4396,32 @@ msgid "" "also allow commercial use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " "credit to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -3815,30 +4429,32 @@ msgid "" "same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -3846,47 +4462,49 @@ msgid "" "change them or use them commercially." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " "existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -3895,13 +4513,13 @@ msgid "" "involvement with and commitment to sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -3910,8 +4528,8 @@ msgid "" "prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -3919,14 +4537,14 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -3934,8 +4552,8 @@ msgid "" "medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3948,107 +4566,104 @@ msgid "" "domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3310 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4589 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4830 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7395 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8143 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -4063,8 +4678,8 @@ msgid "" "General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -4074,19 +4689,19 @@ msgid "" "software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -4096,19 +4711,19 @@ msgid "" "lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a product.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -4117,23 +4732,23 @@ msgid "" "customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -4148,19 +4763,19 @@ msgid "" "helpful to novices and experts alike." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " "business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -4169,8 +4784,8 @@ msgid "" "source way can only help you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4183,8 +4798,8 @@ msgid "" "new version is equally free and open." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4196,21 +4811,27 @@ msgid "" "Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -4223,8 +4844,8 @@ msgid "" "solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from there." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4237,20 +4858,20 @@ msgid "" "low-quality copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" "generating model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4260,8 +4881,13 @@ msgid "" "critical tool for Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -4273,21 +4899,22 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4296,89 +4923,67 @@ msgid "" "says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " "manufacturing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " "culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3558 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3745 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3937 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4356 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7166 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7947 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8469 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8690 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -4386,13 +4991,13 @@ msgid "" "themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -4404,8 +5009,8 @@ msgid "" "and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4414,13 +5019,13 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4431,8 +5036,8 @@ msgid "" "provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -4442,8 +5047,8 @@ msgid "" "classes on more specialized topics." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4452,18 +5057,18 @@ msgid "" "commissioned by individual artists." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4473,14 +5078,14 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4489,8 +5094,8 @@ msgid "" "open up new opportunities for their business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -4501,8 +5106,8 @@ msgid "" "evolve to a more complex product in the future, like a course or a book.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4512,26 +5117,26 @@ msgid "" "ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " "and share their knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4545,29 +5150,29 @@ msgid "" "and culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " "efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4576,42 +5181,44 @@ msgid "" "what it looks like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4623,8 +5230,8 @@ msgid "" "concrete ways." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4635,21 +5242,21 @@ msgid "" "the creative and technical community working together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -4657,8 +5264,8 @@ msgid "" "Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4671,8 +5278,8 @@ msgid "" "the project could live.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4681,22 +5288,22 @@ msgid "" "Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -4704,8 +5311,8 @@ msgid "" "“They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4714,8 +5321,8 @@ msgid "" "and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -4724,40 +5331,40 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " "who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -4766,8 +5373,8 @@ msgid "" "assets used in various projects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -4775,10 +5382,10 @@ msgid "" "“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -4786,8 +5393,8 @@ msgid "" "DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -4795,8 +5402,8 @@ msgid "" "Selling a license has never been part of the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4807,65 +5414,67 @@ msgid "" "reproduce what you did,” Ton said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " "it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4874,8 +5483,8 @@ msgid "" "and international editions as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -4883,8 +5492,8 @@ msgid "" "the numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4893,16 +5502,16 @@ msgid "" "new game unto itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " "cult following." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4911,54 +5520,54 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " "it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " "People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -4966,44 +5575,43 @@ msgid "" "there is transparency about what you are doing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -5011,48 +5619,48 @@ msgid "" "world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -5061,19 +5669,18 @@ msgid "" "said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -5082,8 +5689,8 @@ msgid "" "opportunities to extract more money from customers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -5091,38 +5698,40 @@ msgid "" "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " "Founded in 2011 in Australia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -5132,8 +5741,8 @@ msgid "" "go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -5142,8 +5751,8 @@ msgid "" "focus on the sensational and sexy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -5163,23 +5772,23 @@ msgid "" "at presenting their expertise to the wider public." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " "whatever they want." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5192,8 +5801,8 @@ msgid "" "in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -5204,24 +5813,30 @@ msgid "" "readers with a reliable source of evidence-based information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -5234,18 +5849,18 @@ msgid "" "everything the Conversation does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5255,8 +5870,8 @@ msgid "" "this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5267,8 +5882,8 @@ msgid "" "working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5278,8 +5893,8 @@ msgid "" "improve coverage and features." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5288,11 +5903,11 @@ msgid "" "the editorial advisory board." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -5300,8 +5915,8 @@ msgid "" "and the number of readers per article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5310,16 +5925,16 @@ msgid "" "submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5328,50 +5943,39 @@ msgid "" "good and operational revenue at the same time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -5381,16 +5985,16 @@ msgid "" "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " "sharing it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5401,16 +6005,16 @@ msgid "" "Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet age." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " "his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5418,7 +6022,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -5427,23 +6031,23 @@ msgid "" "people to like what I do would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5454,8 +6058,8 @@ msgid "" "symbolizes his worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5466,12 +6070,12 @@ msgid "" "thieves,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -5480,8 +6084,8 @@ msgid "" "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5490,18 +6094,18 @@ msgid "" "can only do it because he is an established author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5509,18 +6113,18 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -5532,8 +6136,8 @@ msgid "" "are fan translations already available for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5543,29 +6147,29 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -5573,8 +6177,8 @@ msgid "" "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5586,21 +6190,21 @@ msgid "" "soon." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5609,67 +6213,69 @@ msgid "" "into other people’s hands and minds.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " "trusted? Answers have evolved over time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5679,8 +6285,8 @@ msgid "" "complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -5688,16 +6294,16 @@ msgid "" "online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " "ensuring the research is citable for the long term." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5707,8 +6313,8 @@ msgid "" "for the provision of DOIs for research data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -5717,36 +6323,36 @@ msgid "" "(Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5758,8 +6364,8 @@ msgid "" "it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5770,8 +6376,8 @@ msgid "" "functionality for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -5779,53 +6385,53 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5836,8 +6442,8 @@ msgid "" "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5847,21 +6453,36 @@ msgid "" "license of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -5873,21 +6494,27 @@ msgid "" "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5896,8 +6523,8 @@ msgid "" "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -5911,66 +6538,49 @@ msgid "" "research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" "not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " @@ -5984,8 +6594,8 @@ msgid "" "to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5997,13 +6607,13 @@ msgid "" "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -6012,8 +6622,8 @@ msgid "" "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -6024,37 +6634,45 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -6062,17 +6680,17 @@ msgid "" "wrangler and source." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -6082,17 +6700,17 @@ msgid "" "market, and brand itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -6101,15 +6719,15 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -6123,35 +6741,46 @@ msgid "" "never been done before." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -6164,20 +6793,20 @@ msgid "" "external relationships." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6191,8 +6820,8 @@ msgid "" "curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are interested in." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6202,28 +6831,28 @@ msgid "" "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -6231,8 +6860,8 @@ msgid "" "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -6240,19 +6869,19 @@ msgid "" "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -6261,64 +6890,44 @@ msgid "" "the network effect possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -6328,23 +6937,23 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -6352,8 +6961,8 @@ msgid "" "up, not down." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -6363,26 +6972,26 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -6392,18 +7001,18 @@ msgid "" "book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6415,36 +7024,36 @@ msgid "" "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -6452,68 +7061,82 @@ msgid "" "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -6522,16 +7145,16 @@ msgid "" "libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6542,27 +7165,27 @@ msgid "" "more libraries involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " @@ -6570,11 +7193,11 @@ msgid "" "took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -6582,8 +7205,8 @@ msgid "" "their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6594,18 +7217,18 @@ msgid "" "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6618,133 +7241,118 @@ msgid "" "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 +msgid "Lumen Learning" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6754,8 +7362,8 @@ msgid "" "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6764,8 +7372,8 @@ msgid "" "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -6773,40 +7381,40 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6815,18 +7423,18 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -6834,19 +7442,19 @@ msgid "" "need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6863,8 +7471,8 @@ msgid "" "goodwill in the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6876,21 +7484,21 @@ msgid "" "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6899,8 +7507,8 @@ msgid "" "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -6912,8 +7520,8 @@ msgid "" "each page." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -6922,22 +7530,22 @@ msgid "" "number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6948,8 +7556,8 @@ msgid "" "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -6960,21 +7568,21 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -6984,19 +7592,19 @@ msgid "" "using." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -7004,8 +7612,8 @@ msgid "" "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -7017,8 +7625,8 @@ msgid "" "Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -7029,43 +7637,40 @@ msgid "" "trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -7077,8 +7682,8 @@ msgid "" "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -7090,8 +7695,8 @@ msgid "" "magazine." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -7099,23 +7704,23 @@ msgid "" "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -7128,10 +7733,10 @@ msgid "" "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -7139,29 +7744,29 @@ msgid "" "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -7172,8 +7777,8 @@ msgid "" "Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7182,8 +7787,8 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -7194,8 +7799,8 @@ msgid "" "clients." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -7203,17 +7808,17 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -7223,17 +7828,17 @@ msgid "" "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7246,19 +7851,19 @@ msgid "" "others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7267,78 +7872,81 @@ msgid "" "might be better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 +msgid "Noun Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7347,30 +7955,37 @@ msgid "" "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7379,8 +7994,8 @@ msgid "" "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -7390,8 +8005,8 @@ msgid "" "have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -7399,8 +8014,8 @@ msgid "" "business model around free content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7414,90 +8029,98 @@ msgid "" "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -7505,23 +8128,23 @@ msgid "" "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7530,27 +8153,27 @@ msgid "" "visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -7558,8 +8181,8 @@ msgid "" "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7570,8 +8193,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -7579,20 +8202,20 @@ msgid "" "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7603,72 +8226,57 @@ msgid "" "been key to that goal." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +msgid "Open Data Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -7681,8 +8289,8 @@ msgid "" "happening around them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7691,30 +8299,39 @@ msgid "" "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7724,28 +8341,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7754,18 +8371,18 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -7776,8 +8393,8 @@ msgid "" "are listed on their website.)2" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7791,8 +8408,8 @@ msgid "" "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -7802,8 +8419,8 @@ msgid "" "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7812,8 +8429,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7823,22 +8440,22 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7847,8 +8464,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7856,8 +8473,8 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -7867,50 +8484,63 @@ msgid "" "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7918,8 +8548,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7927,8 +8557,8 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -7937,7 +8567,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -7946,16 +8576,16 @@ msgid "" "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7963,98 +8593,74 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -8062,8 +8668,8 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -8080,8 +8686,8 @@ msgid "" "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -8089,8 +8695,8 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -8102,8 +8708,8 @@ msgid "" "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -8112,16 +8718,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -8130,17 +8736,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -8148,20 +8759,25 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -8169,49 +8785,50 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -8219,15 +8836,15 @@ msgid "" "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8235,87 +8852,87 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8324,8 +8941,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8334,20 +8951,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8356,59 +8978,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8419,81 +9041,63 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " "Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -8506,21 +9110,21 @@ msgid "" "available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8533,20 +9137,28 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8556,8 +9168,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8566,8 +9178,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8575,17 +9187,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8593,8 +9211,8 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -8606,8 +9224,8 @@ msgid "" "investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8618,33 +9236,33 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8653,35 +9271,35 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -8691,8 +9309,8 @@ msgid "" "reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8705,27 +9323,27 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -8736,8 +9354,8 @@ msgid "" "they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -8747,47 +9365,47 @@ msgid "" "frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8795,8 +9413,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8804,8 +9422,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8814,8 +9432,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8827,75 +9445,65 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8909,8 +9517,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8921,21 +9529,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8947,8 +9555,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8962,22 +9570,21 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8987,8 +9594,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -9000,31 +9607,31 @@ msgid "" "“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -9035,8 +9642,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -9047,8 +9654,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -9057,8 +9664,8 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -9069,8 +9676,8 @@ msgid "" "you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -9084,8 +9691,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -9095,63 +9702,56 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -9166,22 +9766,22 @@ msgid "" "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9194,27 +9794,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -9222,35 +9822,35 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -9260,27 +9860,27 @@ msgid "" "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9290,8 +9890,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9299,8 +9899,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9310,8 +9910,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9320,8 +9920,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9329,12 +9929,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -9344,25 +9944,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9375,8 +9975,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9384,8 +9984,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9394,20 +9994,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -9415,101 +10014,103 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9525,24 +10126,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9552,24 +10153,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9582,8 +10188,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9593,12 +10199,12 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -9610,8 +10216,8 @@ msgid "" "the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -9626,19 +10232,19 @@ msgid "" "life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9652,32 +10258,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9685,8 +10296,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -9698,46 +10309,71 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9747,14 +10383,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -9762,91 +10398,63 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9858,10 +10466,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -9871,8 +10479,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9882,8 +10490,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -9895,11 +10503,11 @@ msgid "" "grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -9908,8 +10516,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -9921,15 +10529,15 @@ msgid "" "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -9937,8 +10545,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9952,8 +10560,8 @@ msgid "" "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9964,65 +10572,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -10039,60 +10647,62 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -10100,8 +10710,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -10110,29 +10720,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -10140,19 +10756,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -10161,15 +10783,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -10177,19 +10799,25 @@ msgid "" "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10197,29 +10825,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10229,22 +10858,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10252,41 +10881,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10294,8 +10923,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10305,21 +10934,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10329,40 +10958,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10372,8 +11006,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -10385,30 +11019,30 @@ msgid "" "government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10420,8 +11054,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -10429,20 +11063,20 @@ msgid "" "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -10455,60 +11089,43 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10517,8 +11134,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -10526,8 +11143,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10537,8 +11154,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10548,16 +11165,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " "It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10568,55 +11185,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -10625,29 +11242,29 @@ msgid "" "young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10658,8 +11275,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10673,20 +11290,20 @@ msgid "" "human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10695,24 +11312,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -10720,8 +11337,8 @@ msgid "" "source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10731,8 +11348,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10746,49 +11363,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10802,8 +11422,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -10823,8 +11443,8 @@ msgid "" "pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10837,20 +11457,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -10861,8 +11481,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -10872,8 +11492,8 @@ msgid "" "everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10883,8 +11503,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10899,8 +11519,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10916,15 +11536,15 @@ msgid "" "eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -10936,23 +11556,23 @@ msgid "" "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10964,20 +11584,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -10991,8 +11611,8 @@ msgid "" "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -11002,8 +11622,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -11013,47 +11633,49 @@ msgid "" "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -11064,8 +11686,8 @@ msgid "" "readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -11076,8 +11698,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -11086,57 +11708,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -11144,43 +11772,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11192,18 +11825,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11211,8 +11844,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -11221,8 +11854,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11234,8 +11867,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -11245,11 +11878,11 @@ msgid "" "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -11259,8 +11892,8 @@ msgid "" "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11277,8 +11910,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -11290,57 +11923,47 @@ msgid "" "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -11349,16 +11972,16 @@ msgid "" "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -11373,8 +11996,8 @@ msgid "" "organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11382,19 +12005,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11407,37 +12030,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -11446,11 +12069,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -11460,8 +12083,15 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11473,26 +12103,27 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -11503,11 +12134,11 @@ msgid "" "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -11515,8 +12146,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11524,8 +12155,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11533,8 +12164,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11542,553 +12173,556 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -12097,16 +12731,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -12115,8 +12749,8 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -12124,8 +12758,8 @@ msgid "" "Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -12173,10 +12807,10 @@ msgid "" "Yancey Strickler" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -12187,7 +12821,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -12200,7 +12834,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -12228,7 +12862,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -12258,7 +12892,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -12266,7 +12900,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -12290,7 +12924,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -12339,7 +12973,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -12410,7 +13044,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -12420,7 +13054,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -12430,7 +13064,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -12509,11 +13143,54 @@ msgid "" "ZeMarmot Open Movie" msgstr "" -#~ msgid "Made with Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "Stworzone zgodnie z Creative Commons" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#~ msgstr "Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" + +#~ msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" +#~ msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" + +#~ msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +#~ msgstr "Okładka i projekt wewnętrzny: Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" + +#~ msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +#~ msgstr "Edycja treści: Grace Yaginuma" + +#~ msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" +#~ msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" + +#~ msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." +#~ msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." + +#~ msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" +#~ msgstr "2200 Copenhagen N" + +#~ msgid "Denmark" +#~ msgstr "Denmark" + +#~ msgid "www.cadb.dk" +#~ msgstr "www.cadb.dk" + +#~ msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +#~ msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" + +#~ msgid "Printer:" +#~ msgstr "Druk:" + +#~ msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" +#~ msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" + +#~ msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," +#~ msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," + +#~ msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +#~ msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," + +#~ msgid "Poland" +#~ msgstr "Polska" + +#~ msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#~ msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" #~ msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" #~ msgstr "Paul Stacey i Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" - -#~ msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -#~ msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" diff --git a/po/uk/mwcc.po b/po/uk/mwcc.po index 6ca9fe5..13268dc 100644 --- a/po/uk/mwcc.po +++ b/po/uk/mwcc.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons 20170609-2\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-06 08:32+0000\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-22 18:13+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-01-31 17:41+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Марс Ямбар <mjambarmeta@gmail.com>\n" "Language-Team: Ukrainian <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/madewithcc/" @@ -19,156 +19,148 @@ msgstr "" "%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 2.19-dev\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 -msgid "Made With Creative Commons" -msgstr "Зроблено з Creative Commons" +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "uk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 msgid "" -"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" -"SA), version 4.0." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" <city>Mexico City</city>\n" +" " msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +"<copyright> <year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder> </copyright> " +"<publisher> <publishername>Gunnar Wolf</publishername> <placeholder type=" +"\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Зроблено з Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 +msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgstr "Зроблено з Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 +msgid "" +"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" +"SA), version 4.0." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " "platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -178,8 +170,8 @@ msgid "" "the pursuit of viable business models through CC “a red herring.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -188,8 +180,8 @@ msgid "" "is a means to a social end, not the end itself.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -198,28 +190,28 @@ msgid "" "course, someone always wins the lottery.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -229,8 +221,8 @@ msgid "" "write Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -241,11 +233,11 @@ msgid "" "and community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -254,8 +246,8 @@ msgid "" "oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -263,12 +255,12 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -277,8 +269,8 @@ msgid "" "itself, an example of an open business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -288,30 +280,30 @@ msgid "" "them new supporters of Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -319,8 +311,8 @@ msgid "" "share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -335,20 +327,20 @@ msgid "" "genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -359,47 +351,45 @@ msgid "" "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -412,8 +402,8 @@ msgid "" "analyze their business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -422,35 +412,35 @@ msgid "" "up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -460,27 +450,27 @@ msgid "" "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -490,8 +480,8 @@ msgid "" "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -502,8 +492,8 @@ msgid "" "values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -511,24 +501,24 @@ msgid "" "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -537,100 +527,130 @@ msgid "" "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -642,8 +662,8 @@ msgid "" "which they operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -653,8 +673,8 @@ msgid "" "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -662,15 +682,32 @@ msgid "" "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:480 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:775 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:816 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -681,25 +718,34 @@ msgid "" "success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -708,20 +754,27 @@ msgid "" "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:528 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -729,11 +782,11 @@ msgid "" "which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -741,10 +794,10 @@ msgid "" "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -753,66 +806,66 @@ msgid "" "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -822,45 +875,59 @@ msgid "" "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:645 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +msgid "Different views on resources" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -869,31 +936,37 @@ msgid "" "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -901,18 +974,28 @@ msgid "" "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 +msgid "" +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -922,19 +1005,19 @@ msgid "" "measures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -942,13 +1025,13 @@ msgid "" "managing resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -958,8 +1041,8 @@ msgid "" "about the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -968,43 +1051,73 @@ msgid "" "history." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1013,34 +1126,49 @@ msgid "" "the primary means by which resources are managed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1056,11 +1184,11 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1072,21 +1200,29 @@ msgid "" "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1094,58 +1230,81 @@ msgid "" "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:899 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +msgid "Today" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1155,26 +1314,36 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1188,23 +1357,33 @@ msgid "" "permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "Зроблено з Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1214,8 +1393,16 @@ msgid "" "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1226,37 +1413,45 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1266,8 +1461,8 @@ msgid "" "software movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1276,97 +1471,160 @@ msgid "" "use, and modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +msgid "Ibid., 116." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1376,23 +1634,32 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -1400,59 +1667,103 @@ msgid "" "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " "emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -1461,18 +1772,18 @@ msgid "" "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " "Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -1480,8 +1791,8 @@ msgid "" "many benefits." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1490,53 +1801,62 @@ msgid "" "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " "inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -1547,8 +1867,8 @@ msgid "" "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1557,30 +1877,29 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -1588,36 +1907,36 @@ msgid "" "option of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1628,8 +1947,8 @@ msgid "" "resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1638,8 +1957,8 @@ msgid "" "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -1647,8 +1966,8 @@ msgid "" "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1657,24 +1976,24 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1684,164 +2003,20 @@ msgid "" "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Зроблено з Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -1849,7 +2024,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -1857,8 +2032,8 @@ msgid "" "way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -1869,16 +2044,16 @@ msgid "" "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -1888,20 +2063,28 @@ msgid "" "about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -1909,8 +2092,8 @@ msgid "" "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -1921,10 +2104,10 @@ msgid "" "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -1934,18 +2117,18 @@ msgid "" "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -1959,12 +2142,12 @@ msgid "" "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -1973,33 +2156,40 @@ msgid "" "connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2010,8 +2200,8 @@ msgid "" "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2022,16 +2212,16 @@ msgid "" "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2043,35 +2233,55 @@ msgid "" "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2081,18 +2291,19 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -2102,8 +2313,8 @@ msgid "" "day to day.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2112,81 +2323,128 @@ msgid "" "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2198,82 +2456,100 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2285,8 +2561,8 @@ msgid "" "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -2295,39 +2571,64 @@ msgid "" "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -2337,15 +2638,15 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -2359,14 +2660,14 @@ msgid "" "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -2374,8 +2675,8 @@ msgid "" "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -2385,13 +2686,13 @@ msgid "" "is more valuable than ever." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2401,8 +2702,13 @@ msgid "" "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2411,14 +2717,15 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2428,19 +2735,19 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -2448,129 +2755,202 @@ msgid "" "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +msgid "Ibid., 21." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2579,28 +2959,34 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2610,8 +2996,8 @@ msgid "" "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -2619,37 +3005,43 @@ msgid "" "functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +msgid "Ibid., 97." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -2672,13 +3064,13 @@ msgid "" "business principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2316 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2319 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -2688,13 +3080,13 @@ msgid "" "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2333 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -2702,51 +3094,68 @@ msgid "" "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2350 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2340 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2365 +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2369 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2360 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " "endeavor." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2381 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -2756,31 +3165,38 @@ msgid "" "website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2412 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2415 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2790,13 +3206,13 @@ msgid "" "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2808,13 +3224,13 @@ msgid "" "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2440 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -2822,8 +3238,8 @@ msgid "" "scarcity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2449 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -2836,8 +3252,8 @@ msgid "" "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -2846,22 +3262,34 @@ msgid "" "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2476 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2470 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2481 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2484 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -2875,13 +3303,13 @@ msgid "" "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2503 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -2893,13 +3321,13 @@ msgid "" "situations where we could find a way to get it for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -2911,13 +3339,13 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2537 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -2927,13 +3355,13 @@ msgid "" "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2548 +msgid "Making Human Connections" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -2943,40 +3371,40 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2566 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2574 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2584 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -2988,8 +3416,8 @@ msgid "" "with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2595 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3003,33 +3431,47 @@ msgid "" "with each other." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2609 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2616 +msgid "Be human" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3040,11 +3482,12 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2650 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -3052,70 +3495,108 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2662 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2676 +msgid "Be open and accountable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2685 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2690 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2699 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2706 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2694 msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2714 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2723 +msgid "Ibid., 31." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -3125,21 +3606,31 @@ msgid "" "design for the good actors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2741 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2735 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3148,57 +3639,80 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2768 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2780 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2791 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2801 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2786 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2806 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3210,12 +3724,12 @@ msgid "" "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2820 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -3223,77 +3737,127 @@ msgid "" "operate." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2835 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2831 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2841 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2849 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2865 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2872 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2857 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2884 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2888 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2876 msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2894 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2900 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2911 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2919 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3301,30 +3865,38 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2935 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2925 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3335,27 +3907,50 @@ msgid "" "add outweighs the value provided by you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2955 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2960 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2964 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2971 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3035 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2975 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3363,234 +3958,126 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 -msgid "" -"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " -"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 -msgid "" -"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " -"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " -"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " -"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " -"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 -msgid "" -"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " -"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2996 +msgid "Ibid., 154." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3008 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3019 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3012 msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3043 msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3052 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Зроблено з Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " "might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3072 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -3598,15 +4085,16 @@ msgid "" "Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3089 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3098 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3616,30 +4104,32 @@ msgid "" "also allow commercial use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3108 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3117 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " "credit to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3123 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3132 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -3647,30 +4137,32 @@ msgid "" "same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3139 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3148 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3164 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -3678,47 +4170,49 @@ msgid "" "change them or use them commercially." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3171 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " "existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3178 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3187 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3192 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3206 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -3727,13 +4221,13 @@ msgid "" "involvement with and commitment to sharing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3217 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -3742,8 +4236,8 @@ msgid "" "prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3231 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -3751,14 +4245,14 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -3766,8 +4260,8 @@ msgid "" "medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3251 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3780,107 +4274,104 @@ msgid "" "domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 msgid "Note" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3266 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3274 +msgid "The Case Studies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3277 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3295 +msgid "Arduino" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3298 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3303 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3310 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3313 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4589 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4830 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7395 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8143 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8919 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3321 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -3895,8 +4386,8 @@ msgid "" "General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -3906,19 +4397,19 @@ msgid "" "software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3345 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3353 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -3928,19 +4419,19 @@ msgid "" "lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a product.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3362 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3371 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -3949,23 +4440,23 @@ msgid "" "customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3379 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3393 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -3980,19 +4471,19 @@ msgid "" "helpful to novices and experts alike." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3407 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " "business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3415 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -4001,8 +4492,8 @@ msgid "" "source way can only help you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3423 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4015,8 +4506,8 @@ msgid "" "new version is equally free and open." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4028,21 +4519,27 @@ msgid "" "Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3446 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3458 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -4055,8 +4552,8 @@ msgid "" "solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from there." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4069,20 +4566,20 @@ msgid "" "low-quality copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3483 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" "generating model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3493 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4092,8 +4589,13 @@ msgid "" "critical tool for Arduino." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3502 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -4105,21 +4607,22 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3517 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3525 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4128,89 +4631,67 @@ msgid "" "says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3533 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " "manufacturing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3539 +msgid "Ártica" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3542 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " "culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3547 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3558 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3745 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3937 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4356 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7166 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7947 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8469 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8690 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9156 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -4218,13 +4699,13 @@ msgid "" "themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3568 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -4236,8 +4717,8 @@ msgid "" "and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3583 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4246,13 +4727,13 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4263,8 +4744,8 @@ msgid "" "provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3606 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -4274,8 +4755,8 @@ msgid "" "classes on more specialized topics." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3615 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4284,18 +4765,18 @@ msgid "" "commissioned by individual artists." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3623 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3631 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4305,14 +4786,14 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3647 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4321,8 +4802,8 @@ msgid "" "open up new opportunities for their business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3655 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -4333,8 +4814,8 @@ msgid "" "evolve to a more complex product in the future, like a course or a book.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3665 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4344,26 +4825,26 @@ msgid "" "ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3674 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3682 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " "and share their knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4377,29 +4858,29 @@ msgid "" "and culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " "efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3709 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3717 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4408,42 +4889,44 @@ msgid "" "what it looks like.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3725 +msgid "Blender Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3728 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3733 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3739 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4455,8 +4938,8 @@ msgid "" "concrete ways." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4467,21 +4950,21 @@ msgid "" "the creative and technical community working together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3770 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3777 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -4489,8 +4972,8 @@ msgid "" "Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3788 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4503,8 +4986,8 @@ msgid "" "the project could live.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3800 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4513,22 +4996,22 @@ msgid "" "Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3808 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3818 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -4536,8 +5019,8 @@ msgid "" "“They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3827 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4546,8 +5029,8 @@ msgid "" "and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3835 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -4556,40 +5039,40 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " "who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3857 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3865 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -4598,8 +5081,8 @@ msgid "" "assets used in various projects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3880 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -4607,10 +5090,10 @@ msgid "" "“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3887 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -4618,8 +5101,8 @@ msgid "" "DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3896 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -4627,8 +5110,8 @@ msgid "" "Selling a license has never been part of the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3903 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4639,65 +5122,67 @@ msgid "" "reproduce what you did,” Ton said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3913 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3917 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3920 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3925 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " "it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3947 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3957 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4706,8 +5191,8 @@ msgid "" "and international editions as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3965 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -4715,8 +5200,8 @@ msgid "" "the numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3971 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4725,16 +5210,16 @@ msgid "" "new game unto itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3979 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " "cult following." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4743,54 +5228,54 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " "it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4003 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4009 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4023 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " "People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4028 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -4798,44 +5283,43 @@ msgid "" "there is transparency about what you are doing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4035 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4043 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4064 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -4843,48 +5327,48 @@ msgid "" "world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4085 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4095 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4106 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -4893,19 +5377,18 @@ msgid "" "said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4121 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -4914,8 +5397,8 @@ msgid "" "opportunities to extract more money from customers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4129 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -4923,38 +5406,40 @@ msgid "" "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4137 +msgid "The Conversation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4140 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " "Founded in 2011 in Australia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4145 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4154 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4162 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -4964,8 +5449,8 @@ msgid "" "go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -4974,8 +5459,8 @@ msgid "" "focus on the sensational and sexy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -4995,23 +5480,23 @@ msgid "" "at presenting their expertise to the wider public." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4200 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " "whatever they want." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5024,8 +5509,8 @@ msgid "" "in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -5036,24 +5521,30 @@ msgid "" "readers with a reliable source of evidence-based information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4237 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -5066,18 +5557,18 @@ msgid "" "everything the Conversation does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4264 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4272 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5087,8 +5578,8 @@ msgid "" "this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5099,8 +5590,8 @@ msgid "" "working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4291 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5110,8 +5601,8 @@ msgid "" "improve coverage and features." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4300 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5120,11 +5611,11 @@ msgid "" "the editorial advisory board." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4307 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -5132,8 +5623,8 @@ msgid "" "and the number of readers per article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4317 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5142,16 +5633,16 @@ msgid "" "submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4325 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5160,50 +5651,39 @@ msgid "" "good and operational revenue at the same time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4339 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4342 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4345 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4348 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -5213,16 +5693,16 @@ msgid "" "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " "sharing it." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4374 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5233,16 +5713,16 @@ msgid "" "Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet age." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " "his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5250,7 +5730,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -5259,23 +5739,23 @@ msgid "" "people to like what I do would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4407 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5286,8 +5766,8 @@ msgid "" "symbolizes his worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4430 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5298,12 +5778,12 @@ msgid "" "thieves,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4440 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -5312,8 +5792,8 @@ msgid "" "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5322,18 +5802,18 @@ msgid "" "can only do it because he is an established author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4469 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5341,18 +5821,18 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -5364,8 +5844,8 @@ msgid "" "are fan translations already available for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4499 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5375,29 +5855,29 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4513 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4523 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -5405,8 +5885,8 @@ msgid "" "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4534 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5418,21 +5898,21 @@ msgid "" "soon." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5441,67 +5921,69 @@ msgid "" "into other people’s hands and minds.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4564 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4568 +msgid "Figshare" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4571 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4582 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4585 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4593 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4604 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " "trusted? Answers have evolved over time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4609 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5511,8 +5993,8 @@ msgid "" "complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4618 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -5520,16 +6002,16 @@ msgid "" "online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4625 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " "ensuring the research is citable for the long term." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5539,8 +6021,8 @@ msgid "" "for the provision of DOIs for research data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4640 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -5549,36 +6031,36 @@ msgid "" "(Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4648 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4654 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4662 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4669 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5590,8 +6072,8 @@ msgid "" "it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4680 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5602,8 +6084,8 @@ msgid "" "functionality for them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4690 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -5611,53 +6093,53 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4704 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4714 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4724 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5668,8 +6150,8 @@ msgid "" "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4747 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5679,21 +6161,36 @@ msgid "" "license of choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4763 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4755 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4766 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -5705,21 +6202,27 @@ msgid "" "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4781 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4777 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4788 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5728,8 +6231,8 @@ msgid "" "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4796 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -5743,66 +6246,49 @@ msgid "" "research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4811 +msgid "Figure.NZ" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4814 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4819 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " "she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" "not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " @@ -5816,8 +6302,8 @@ msgid "" "to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4854 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5829,13 +6315,13 @@ msgid "" "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4865 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -5844,8 +6330,8 @@ msgid "" "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4879 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -5856,37 +6342,45 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4905 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4896 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4912 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -5894,17 +6388,17 @@ msgid "" "wrangler and source." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4925 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -5914,17 +6408,17 @@ msgid "" "market, and brand itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4944 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4950 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -5933,15 +6427,15 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4966 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -5955,35 +6449,46 @@ msgid "" "never been done before." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4979 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4987 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4993 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -5996,20 +6501,20 @@ msgid "" "external relationships." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5021 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6023,8 +6528,8 @@ msgid "" "curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are interested in." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5035 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6034,28 +6539,28 @@ msgid "" "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5044 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5050 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -6063,8 +6568,8 @@ msgid "" "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5067 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -6072,19 +6577,19 @@ msgid "" "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5074 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5083 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -6093,64 +6598,44 @@ msgid "" "the network effect possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5100 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5105 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5108 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5116 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -6160,23 +6645,23 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5132 msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -6184,8 +6669,8 @@ msgid "" "up, not down." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5145 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -6195,26 +6680,26 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5162 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5171 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -6224,18 +6709,18 @@ msgid "" "book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5180 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5188 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6247,36 +6732,36 @@ msgid "" "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5199 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5206 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5212 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -6284,68 +6769,82 @@ msgid "" "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5233 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5243 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5240 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5259 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5258 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -6354,16 +6853,16 @@ msgid "" "libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5296 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5302 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6374,27 +6873,27 @@ msgid "" "more libraries involved." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5312 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5323 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " @@ -6402,11 +6901,11 @@ msgid "" "took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5333 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " @@ -6414,8 +6913,8 @@ msgid "" "their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5343 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6426,18 +6925,18 @@ msgid "" "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5354 msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5362 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6450,133 +6949,118 @@ msgid "" "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5378 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5389 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 +msgid "Lumen Learning" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5404 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5409 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5414 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5417 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5431 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5425 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5448 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5458 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6586,8 +7070,8 @@ msgid "" "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5467 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6596,8 +7080,8 @@ msgid "" "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5475 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -6605,40 +7089,40 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5491 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5497 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5510 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6647,18 +7131,18 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5524 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5532 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -6666,19 +7150,19 @@ msgid "" "need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5539 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5548 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6695,8 +7179,8 @@ msgid "" "goodwill in the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5565 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6708,21 +7192,21 @@ msgid "" "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5587 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6731,8 +7215,8 @@ msgid "" "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5595 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -6744,8 +7228,8 @@ msgid "" "each page." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5606 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -6754,22 +7238,22 @@ msgid "" "number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5614 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5627 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6780,8 +7264,8 @@ msgid "" "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5637 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -6792,21 +7276,21 @@ msgid "" "community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5647 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5656 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -6816,19 +7300,19 @@ msgid "" "using." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5667 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5676 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -6836,8 +7320,8 @@ msgid "" "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5682 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -6849,8 +7333,8 @@ msgid "" "Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -6861,43 +7345,40 @@ msgid "" "trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5705 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5708 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5711 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5714 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5727 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -6909,8 +7390,8 @@ msgid "" "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5738 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -6922,8 +7403,8 @@ msgid "" "magazine." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5749 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -6931,23 +7412,23 @@ msgid "" "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5756 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5766 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -6960,10 +7441,10 @@ msgid "" "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5782 msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " @@ -6971,29 +7452,29 @@ msgid "" "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5791 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5800 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5808 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -7004,8 +7485,8 @@ msgid "" "Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5818 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7014,8 +7495,8 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5825 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -7026,8 +7507,8 @@ msgid "" "clients." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5835 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -7035,17 +7516,17 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -7055,17 +7536,17 @@ msgid "" "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5869 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7078,19 +7559,19 @@ msgid "" "others." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5890 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7099,78 +7580,81 @@ msgid "" "might be better." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5897 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5905 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5911 +msgid "Noun Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5914 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5919 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5924 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5927 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5935 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5940 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5948 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7179,30 +7663,37 @@ msgid "" "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5956 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5973 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7211,8 +7702,8 @@ msgid "" "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5981 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -7222,8 +7713,8 @@ msgid "" "have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5990 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -7231,8 +7722,8 @@ msgid "" "business model around free content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5997 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7246,90 +7737,98 @@ msgid "" "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6011 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6028 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6042 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6056 msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6061 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6145 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6072 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6077 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -7337,23 +7836,23 @@ msgid "" "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6098 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7362,27 +7861,27 @@ msgid "" "visually." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6105 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6111 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6120 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -7390,8 +7889,8 @@ msgid "" "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6127 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7402,8 +7901,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6137 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -7411,20 +7910,20 @@ msgid "" "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6144 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6153 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7435,72 +7934,57 @@ msgid "" "been key to that goal." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6164 +msgid "Open Data Institute" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6167 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6172 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6177 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6180 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6188 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6198 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -7513,8 +7997,8 @@ msgid "" "happening around them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7523,30 +8007,39 @@ msgid "" "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6220 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6226 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6237 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6242 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7556,28 +8049,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6252 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6260 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7586,18 +8079,18 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6275 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -7608,8 +8101,8 @@ msgid "" "are listed on their website.)2" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7623,8 +8116,8 @@ msgid "" "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6307 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -7634,8 +8127,8 @@ msgid "" "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7644,8 +8137,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6324 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7655,22 +8148,22 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6333 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6339 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6347 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7679,8 +8172,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6356 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7688,8 +8181,8 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -7699,50 +8192,63 @@ msgid "" "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6392 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6401 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6409 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7750,8 +8256,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7759,8 +8265,8 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -7769,7 +8275,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -7778,16 +8284,16 @@ msgid "" "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6439 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7795,98 +8301,74 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6455 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6461 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6466 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6472 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6477 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6487 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6493 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8909 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6498 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6501 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6509 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -7894,8 +8376,8 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6515 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -7912,8 +8394,8 @@ msgid "" "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -7921,8 +8403,8 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6539 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -7934,8 +8416,8 @@ msgid "" "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6550 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -7944,16 +8426,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -7962,17 +8444,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6573 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6570 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6576 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -7980,20 +8467,25 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6583 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6600 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6593 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -8001,49 +8493,50 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6603 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6608 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6614 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6621 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6627 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6634 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -8051,15 +8544,15 @@ msgid "" "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6650 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8067,87 +8560,87 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6658 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6663 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6691 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6696 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6706 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6712 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6720 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6729 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8156,8 +8649,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6737 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8166,20 +8659,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6754 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8188,59 +8686,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6762 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6766 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6771 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6776 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6796 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6803 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8251,81 +8749,63 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6827 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6834 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " "Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6842 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6844 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6848 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6859 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -8338,21 +8818,21 @@ msgid "" "available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6882 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8365,20 +8845,28 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6900 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6894 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6904 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8388,8 +8876,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8398,8 +8886,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6921 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8407,17 +8895,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6932 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6928 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8425,8 +8919,8 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -8438,8 +8932,8 @@ msgid "" "investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6952 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8450,33 +8944,33 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6962 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6984 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8485,35 +8979,35 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6992 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7002 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -8523,8 +9017,8 @@ msgid "" "reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7023 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8537,27 +9031,27 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7054 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -8568,8 +9062,8 @@ msgid "" "they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7064 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -8579,47 +9073,47 @@ msgid "" "frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7073 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7083 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7090 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7095 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7100 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7105 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7111 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8627,8 +9121,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7120 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8636,8 +9130,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7127 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8646,8 +9140,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8659,75 +9153,65 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7155 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7157 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7162 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7182 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7191 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8741,8 +9225,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8753,21 +9237,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7216 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8779,8 +9263,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7239 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8794,22 +9278,21 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7257 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7265 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8819,8 +9302,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -8832,31 +9315,31 @@ msgid "" "“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7296 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7305 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -8867,8 +9350,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7315 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -8879,8 +9362,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7325 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -8889,8 +9372,8 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7333 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -8901,8 +9384,8 @@ msgid "" "you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7342 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -8916,8 +9399,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -8927,63 +9410,56 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7364 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7375 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7383 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7385 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7399 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -8998,22 +9474,22 @@ msgid "" "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7413 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7424 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9026,27 +9502,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7448 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -9054,35 +9530,35 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7460 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7469 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7475 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -9092,27 +9568,27 @@ msgid "" "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7492 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7500 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9122,8 +9598,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7514 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9131,8 +9607,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7520 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9142,8 +9618,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7529 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9152,8 +9628,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7537 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9161,12 +9637,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -9176,25 +9652,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7561 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7566 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7573 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9207,8 +9683,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9216,8 +9692,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7592 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9226,20 +9702,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7610 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -9247,101 +9722,103 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7624 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7628 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7620 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7643 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7653 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7659 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7683 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9357,24 +9834,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7699 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9384,24 +9861,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7724 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7722 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7736 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9414,8 +9896,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9425,12 +9907,12 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7763 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -9442,8 +9924,8 @@ msgid "" "the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7774 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -9458,19 +9940,19 @@ msgid "" "life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7789 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9484,32 +9966,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7817 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7831 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9517,8 +10004,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7838 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -9530,46 +10017,71 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7858 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7849 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7880 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9579,14 +10091,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7895 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -9594,91 +10106,63 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7937 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7951 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9690,10 +10174,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7962 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -9703,8 +10187,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7974 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9714,8 +10198,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7983 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -9727,11 +10211,11 @@ msgid "" "grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -9740,8 +10224,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8005 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -9753,15 +10237,15 @@ msgid "" "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8016 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -9769,8 +10253,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8030 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9784,8 +10268,8 @@ msgid "" "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9796,65 +10280,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8061 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8071 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8083 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8093 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8100 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -9871,60 +10355,62 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8117 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8125 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8133 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8135 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8140 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8155 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -9932,8 +10418,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8162 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -9942,29 +10428,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8170 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8187 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -9972,19 +10464,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8193 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8202 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -9993,15 +10491,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -10009,19 +10507,25 @@ msgid "" "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8229 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8225 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10029,29 +10533,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8240 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8248 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10061,22 +10566,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8265 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10084,41 +10589,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8284 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8293 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8311 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10126,8 +10631,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8317 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10137,21 +10642,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8326 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8337 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10161,40 +10666,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8346 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8354 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8361 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10204,8 +10714,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8379 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -10217,30 +10727,30 @@ msgid "" "government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8390 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10252,8 +10762,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8419 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -10261,20 +10771,20 @@ msgid "" "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8426 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8434 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -10287,60 +10797,43 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8450 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8459 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10349,8 +10842,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -10358,8 +10851,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10369,8 +10862,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8495 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10380,16 +10873,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " "It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10400,55 +10893,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8520 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8529 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8540 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8549 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8558 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -10457,29 +10950,29 @@ msgid "" "young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8566 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8572 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10490,8 +10983,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8594 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10505,20 +10998,20 @@ msgid "" "human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8608 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8618 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10527,24 +11020,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8625 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -10552,8 +11045,8 @@ msgid "" "source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10563,8 +11056,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8657 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10578,49 +11071,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8671 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8681 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8683 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8700 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10634,8 +11130,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -10655,8 +11151,8 @@ msgid "" "pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8733 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10669,20 +11165,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8745 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8751 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -10693,8 +11189,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8766 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -10704,8 +11200,8 @@ msgid "" "everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8774 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10715,8 +11211,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8783 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10731,8 +11227,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8798 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10748,15 +11244,15 @@ msgid "" "eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8814 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -10768,23 +11264,23 @@ msgid "" "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8833 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10796,20 +11292,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8857 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8867 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -10823,8 +11319,8 @@ msgid "" "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -10834,8 +11330,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8889 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -10845,47 +11341,49 @@ msgid "" "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8899 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8907 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8923 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -10896,8 +11394,8 @@ msgid "" "readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8942 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -10908,8 +11406,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8952 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -10918,57 +11416,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8959 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8967 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8998 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -10976,43 +11480,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9027 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9019 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9041 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11024,18 +11533,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9052 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9060 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11043,8 +11552,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9066 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -11053,8 +11562,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9074 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11066,8 +11575,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9085 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -11077,11 +11586,11 @@ msgid "" "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9095 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -11091,8 +11600,8 @@ msgid "" "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9107 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11109,8 +11618,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9124 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -11122,57 +11631,47 @@ msgid "" "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9136 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9144 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9146 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9148 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9160 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -11181,16 +11680,16 @@ msgid "" "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9171 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -11205,8 +11704,8 @@ msgid "" "organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9190 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11214,19 +11713,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9197 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9206 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11239,37 +11738,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9218 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9241 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -11278,11 +11777,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9256 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -11292,8 +11791,15 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9280 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9268 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11305,26 +11811,27 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9286 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9296 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -11335,11 +11842,11 @@ msgid "" "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9307 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -11347,8 +11854,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9316 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11356,8 +11863,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9322 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11365,8 +11872,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11374,553 +11881,556 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9338 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9340 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9346 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9358 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9362 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9369 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9381 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9395 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9399 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9403 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9430 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9435 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9440 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9444 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9456 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9460 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9465 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9471 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9475 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9480 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9485 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9489 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9497 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9518 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9522 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9529 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9533 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9537 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9560 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9566 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9572 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9576 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9584 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9590 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9601 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9606 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9610 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9618 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9622 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9626 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9630 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9634 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9638 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9667 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9678 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9683 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -11929,16 +12439,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9692 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -11947,8 +12457,8 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -11956,8 +12466,8 @@ msgid "" "Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9711 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -12005,10 +12515,10 @@ msgid "" "Yancey Strickler" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9762 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -12019,7 +12529,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -12032,7 +12542,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -12060,7 +12570,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -12090,7 +12600,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -12098,7 +12608,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -12122,7 +12632,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -12171,7 +12681,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -12242,7 +12752,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -12252,7 +12762,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -12262,7 +12772,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " -- 2.47.2