From: gfbdrgng Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 09:08:23 +0000 (+0100) Subject: Added translation using Weblate (Russian) X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/commitdiff_plain/e9a5af3ce4d2eabfcbe52351248f580fc3aa8940 Added translation using Weblate (Russian) --- diff --git a/po/ru/mwcc.po b/po/ru/mwcc.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecf1d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/po/ru/mwcc.po @@ -0,0 +1,12959 @@ +# MADE WITH CREATIVE COMMONS +# Copyright (C) 2017 by Creative Commons. +# This file is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), version 4.0 +# Authors: Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons 20170609-2\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-10-26 22:28+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n" +"Language-Team: none\n" +"Language: ru\n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:12 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:13 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><copyright> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "<year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:21 +msgid "<publishername>Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas</publishername>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address><city> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:23 +msgid "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:28 +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons by Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +msgid "" +"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " +"BY-SA), version 4.0." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:45 +msgid "" +"The license means that you can copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and " +"build upon the content for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you " +"give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if " +"changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you " +"must distribute your contributions under the same license as the " +"original. License details: <ulink " +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmmathers.com/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." +msgstr "" + +#. space for information about translators +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:56 +msgid " " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:58 +msgid "" +"Made With Creative Commons was originally published with the kind support of " +"Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the " +"Kickstarter.com platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 +msgid "" +"This edition of the book is maintained on <ulink " +"url=\"https://gitlab.com/gunnarwolf/madewithcc-es/\"/>, and the translations " +"are maintained on <ulink " +"url=\"https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/madewithcc/\"/>. If you find any " +"error in the book, please let us know." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:66 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 +msgid "<ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:72 +msgid "(Dewey) 346.048, 347.78" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:75 +msgid "(US Library of Congress) Z286 O63 S73 2017" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:78 +msgid "(Melvil) 025.523" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 +msgid "David Foster Wallace" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:85 +msgid "" +"I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:94 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:96 +msgid "" +"Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " +"with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " +"CC’s most well-known proponents—one who has also had a successful career as " +"a writer who shares his work using CC—I told him I thought CC had a role in " +"defining and advancing open business models. He kindly disagreed, and called " +"the pursuit of viable business models through CC <quote>a red " +"herring.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:105 +msgid "" +"He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " +"Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " +"<quote>Regardless of legal status, they all have a social mission. Their " +"primary reason for being is to make the world a better place, not to " +"profit. Money is a means to a social end, not the end itself.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:113 +msgid "" +"In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " +"words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: <quote>Entering the " +"arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery tickets because you " +"want to get rich. It might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of " +"course, someone always wins the lottery.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:121 +msgid "" +"Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " +"nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " +"pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " +"pursuing their passions and living their values." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:130 +msgid "" +"So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"Against Humanity says it best in their case study: <quote>We don’t make " +"jokes and games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and " +"games.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:137 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " +"collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " +"heart of our strategy. With that in mind, Creative Commons began this book " +"project. Led by Paul and Sarah, the project set out to define and advance " +"the best open business models. Paul and Sarah were the ideal authors to " +"write Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:146 +msgid "" +"Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " +"overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " +"capitalism. He is driven by the power of human connections between " +"communities of creators. He takes a longer view than most, and it’s made him " +"a better educator, an insightful researcher, and also a skilled gardener. He " +"has a calm, cool voice that conveys a passion that inspires his colleagues " +"and community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 +msgid "" +"Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " +"so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " +"she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " +"sleeve. I can always count on Sarah to push Creative Commons to focus on our " +"impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, " +"detail-oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating " +"more." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:167 +msgid "" +"As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " +"researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " +"sometimes independently. They dove into the research and writing with " +"passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " +"commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " +"including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:178 +msgid "" +"From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " +"and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " +"researched, and written in the open. It is being shared openly under a CC " +"BY-SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in " +"itself, an example of an open business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:186 +msgid "" +"For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " +"Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " +"remainder was provided by CC’s generous donors and supporters. In the end, " +"it became one of the most successful book projects on Kickstarter, smashing " +"through two stretch goals and engaging over 1,600 donors—the majority of " +"them new supporters of Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:195 +msgid "" +"Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " +"drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " +"communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " +"diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " +"Made with Creative Commons a better project." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:205 +msgid "" +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " +"profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:211 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " +"himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " +"agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " +"community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many to " +"share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:220 +msgid "" +"Sarah writes, <quote>Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive " +"when community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " +"collaborating together to create something new, or it may simply be a " +"collection of like-minded people who get to know each other and rally around " +"common interests or beliefs. To a certain extent, simply being Made with " +"Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community, by " +"helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the " +"values symbolized by using CC.</quote> Amanda Palmer, the other musician " +"profiled in the book, would surely add this from her case study: " +"<quote>There is no more satisfying end goal than having someone tell you " +"that what you do is genuinely of value to them.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:234 +msgid "" +"This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " +"roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " +"end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " +"and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " +"opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:244 +msgid "" +"In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article <quote>The Zones of " +"Cyberspace</quote>, CC founder Lawrence Lessig wrote, <quote>Cyberspace is a " +"place. People live there. They experience all the sorts of things that they " +"experience in real space, there. For some, they experience more. They " +"experience this not as isolated individuals, playing some high tech computer " +"game; they experience it in groups, in communities, among strangers, among " +"people they come to know, and sometimes like.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:254 +msgid "" +"I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"Johnathan Nightingale often says, <quote>It’s all made of people.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:262 +msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 +msgid "Ryan Merkley," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 +msgid "CEO, Creative Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:270 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:272 +msgid "" +"This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " +"twist." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:276 +msgid "" +"We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " +"businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " +"using Creative Commons licenses. Our goal was not to identify a formula for " +"business models that use Creative Commons but instead gather fresh ideas and " +"dynamic examples that spark new, innovative models and help others follow " +"suit by building on what already works. At the onset, we framed our " +"investigation in familiar business terms. We created a blank <quote>open " +"business model canvas,</quote> an interactive online tool that would help " +"people design and analyze their business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:288 +msgid "" +"Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " +"project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " +"organizations, and businesses who use Creative Commons in an integral " +"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and " +"wrote up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the " +"literature." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:296 +msgid "" +"But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " +"of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:301 +msgid "" +"Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " +"around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " +"growth but to sustain the operation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:309 +msgid "" +"They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something " +"different. Something that generates not just economic value but social and " +"cultural value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with " +"Creative Commons is not <quote>business as usual.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:317 +msgid "" +"We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " +"overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " +"blog posts on Medium and with regular updates to our Kickstarter backers. We " +"shared drafts of case studies and analysis with our Kickstarter cocreators, " +"who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed " +"dramatically over the course of a year and a half." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:326 +msgid "" +"Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " +"understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " +"has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " +"has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " +"approaches as you read through our different sections." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:336 +msgid "" +"While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " +"reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main " +"parts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:341 +msgid "" +"Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by " +"Paul. He provides some historical context for the digital commons, " +"describing the three ways society has managed resources and shared " +"wealth—the commons, the market, and the state. He advocates for thinking " +"beyond business and market terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing " +"and enlarging the digital commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:349 +msgid "" +"The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " +"to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " +"piece of the pie, there is also a set of public-minded values and the kind " +"of human connections that make sharing truly meaningful. This section " +"outlines the ways the creators, organizations, and businesses we interviewed " +"bring in revenue, how they further the public interest and live out their " +"values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they " +"share." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:359 +msgid "" +"And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " +"Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " +"restrictive licenses—the ones that are closest to the all-rights-reserved " +"model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 +msgid "" +"Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " +"businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " +"in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:372 +msgid "" +"Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " +"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " +"localize, and build upon this work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "" +"Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " +"and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " +"irrevocably changed. We hope this book inspires you and your enterprise to " +"use Creative Commons and in so doing contribute to the transformation of our " +"economy and world for the better." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 +msgid "Paul and Sarah" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:389 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:393 +msgid "Paul Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:404 +msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:397 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as <quote>the air and oceans, " +"the web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the " +"commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the " +"stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the " +"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are " +"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and " +"calligraphy.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:409 +msgid "" +"In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " +"commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " +"range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " +"global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " +"online over the Internet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:424 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:420 +msgid "" +"The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " +"social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " +"regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:439 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:445 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "" +"Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " +"wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " +"today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:454 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:449 +msgid "" +"The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " +"they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " +"state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or " +"state.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part " +"of the market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All " +"operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the " +"market or state." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:461 +msgid "" +"Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1\"/> is a depiction of " +"how an enterprise can have varying levels of engagement with commons, state, " +"and market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:465 +msgid "" +"Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " +"little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " +"would show the state sphere as tiny or even absent. Other case studies are " +"primarily market-based with only a small engagement with the commons. A " +"depiction of those case studies would show the market sphere as large and " +"the commons sphere as small. The extent to which an enterprise sees itself " +"as being primarily of one type or another affects the balance of norms by " +"which they operate." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:476 +msgid "" +"All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " +"sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " +"revenue while holding true to the core values of the commons (usually " +"expressed in mission statements) is challenging. To manage interaction and " +"engagement between the commons and the market requires a deft touch, a " +"strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +msgid "" +"The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " +"the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " +"build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, " +"copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:492 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:499 +msgid "Enterprise engagement with commons, state and market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:496 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:494 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:543 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:830 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:918 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:505 +msgid "" +"It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " +"resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " +"primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who " +"want to engage in and use the commons, knowing how the commons operates will " +"help them understand how best to do so. Participating in and using the " +"commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy for " +"success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:516 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:521 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, <quote>Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the " +"Natural Commons for the Knowledge Commons,</quote> in Governing Knowledge " +"Commons, eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. " +"Strandburg (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:518 +msgid "" +"As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and " +"outcomes. That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the " +"commons, the market, and the state for this chapter." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +msgid "" +"To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " +"work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " +"characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms and " +"rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with " +"outcomes of that use (see Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " +"linkend=\"fig-2\"/>)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:548 +msgid "Four aspects of resource management" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:545 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:554 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:556 +msgid "" +"Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " +"they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human " +"produced. And—significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or " +"digital, which affects a resource’s inherent potential." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:563 +msgid "" +"Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " +"competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " +"are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " +"resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a " +"physical good usually require them to engage with the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:574 +msgid "" +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " +"nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " +"resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " +"resources can be infinitely stored, copied, and distributed without becoming " +"depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an " +"inherent characteristic of digital resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:584 +msgid "" +"The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " +"always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially " +"scarce. Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and " +"abundant." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:592 +msgid "" +"Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " +"digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " +"digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " +"book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:603 +msgid "" +"Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " +"linkend=\"fig-3\"/>). The market sees resources as private goods—commodities " +"for sale—from which value is extracted. The state sees resources as public " +"goods that provide value to state citizens. The commons sees resources as " +"common goods, providing a common wealth extending beyond state boundaries, " +"to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to future generations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:613 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:615 +msgid "" +"In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " +"are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " +"and how a resource is managed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:620 +msgid "" +"In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " +"resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " +"resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:629 +msgid "" +"In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " +"consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " +"resources and those who consume or use them. Market processes seek to " +"extract as much monetary value from resources as possible. In the market, " +"resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to " +"consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:640 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:638 +msgid "" +"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:665 +msgid "How the market, commons and state concieve of resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:662 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:672 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 +msgid "" +"The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " +"market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " +"define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:680 +msgid "" +"State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " +"priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " +"parliamentary procedures. State rules are expressed through policies, " +"regulations, and laws. The state influences the norms and rules of the " +"market and commons through the rules it passes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:688 +msgid "" +"Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " +"resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " +"defined by the state." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 +msgid "" +"As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " +"regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " +"defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " +"the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and " +"sustainability.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:707 +msgid "" +"The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " +"inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " +"how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the " +"state, market, and commons have." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:719 +msgid "" +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, <quote>The Economics of Information in a " +"Post-Carbon Economy,</quote> in Free Knowledge: Confronting the " +"Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl " +"H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:714 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:729 +msgid "" +"The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " +"economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " +"education, jobs, the environment, transportation, security, heritage, and " +"justice are all facets of a healthy society, and the state applies its " +"resources toward these aims. State goals are reflected in quality of life " +"measures." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:738 +msgid "" +"In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " +"distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " +"and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " +"used in innovative ways for personal and social good." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:747 +msgid "" +"As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " +"and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " +"ability to strategically utilize and balance these different aspects of " +"managing resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:755 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:757 +msgid "" +"Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " +"continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " +"dominate the discourse on how resources are best managed. Rarely is the " +"commons even considered as an option. The commons has largely disappeared " +"from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches " +"about the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:766 +msgid "" +"But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " +"around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the " +"commons. The commons is making a resurgence. To understand the resilience of " +"the commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its " +"history." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:777 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:773 +msgid "" +"For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " +"resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " +"linkend=\"fig-4\"/> illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the " +"market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:787 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:793 +msgid "In preindustrialized society." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:790 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:802 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:806 +msgid "" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:799 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, " +"<quote>commoners</quote> were evicted from the land, fences and hedges " +"erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Gradually, resources became the property of the " +"state and the state became the primary means by which resources were " +"managed. (See Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-5\"/>)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 +msgid "" +"Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " +"political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to " +"cities. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources " +"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies " +"evolved into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money " +"operating the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws " +"were revised by governments to support markets, growth, and " +"productivity. Over time ready access to market produced goods resulted in a " +"rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-6\"/> shows how today the market is " +"the primary means by which resources are managed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:829 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:835 +msgid "The commons is gradually superseded by the state." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:841 +msgid "" +"However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " +"the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:846 +msgid "" +"Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay " +"<quote>The Tragedy of the Commons,</quote> published in Science in " +"1968. Hardin argues that everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal " +"gain and will continue to do so even when the limits of the commons are " +"reached. The commons is then tragically depleted to the point where it can " +"no longer support anyone. Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an " +"economic truism and a justification for private property and free markets." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:874 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"<quote>Governing Knowledge Commons,</quote> in Frischmann, Madison, and " +"Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:857 +msgid "" +"However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s <quote>The Tragedy of the " +"Commons</quote>—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons " +"work. Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Prize in economics for her work " +"studying different commons all around the world. Ostrom’s work shows that " +"natural resource commons can be successfully managed by local communities " +"without any regulation by central authorities or without privatization. " +"Government and privatization are not the only two choices. There is a third " +"way: management by the people, where those that are directly impacted are " +"directly involved. With natural resources, there is a regional locality. The " +"people in the region are the most familiar with the natural resource, have " +"the most direct relationship and history with it, and are therefore best " +"situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " +"resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " +"commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +msgid "" +"Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " +"model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure " +"self-interest, without interaction or consideration of others. But as Ostrom " +"found, in reality, managing common resources together forms a community and " +"encourages discourse. This naturally generates norms and rules that help " +"people work collectively and ensure a sustainable commons. Paradoxically, " +"while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more " +"accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:897 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, <quote>Economics of Information,</quote> in Elliott " +"and Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:893 +msgid "" +"Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and " +"distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a " +"theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the market to make " +"digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual " +"market norms and rules to be applied." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:909 +msgid "" +"When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " +"is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " +"funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to " +"the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:916 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:923 +msgid "How the market, the state and the commons look today." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:920 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:930 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:932 +msgid "" +"In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " +"other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " +"this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:940 +msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:946 +msgid "" +"The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " +"source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " +"as you wish." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:953 +msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:959 +msgid "" +"<quote>What Is Free Software?</quote> GNU Operating System, the Free " +"Software Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:958 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to " +"others.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:968 +msgid "" +"These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " +"typify a digital commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:983 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. <quote>Open-source software,</quote> last modified November " +"22, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 +msgid "" +"In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " +"appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " +"principles into licenses and standards for managing access to and " +"distribution of software. The benefits of open source—such as reliability, " +"scalability, and quality verified by independent peer review—became widely " +"recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " +"control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " +"open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:998 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, <quote>The Magic Cauldron,</quote> in The Cathedral and the " +"Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, " +"rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:990 +msgid "" +"While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " +"markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " +"standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " +"managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " +"Raymond’s essay <quote>The Magic Cauldron</quote> does a great job of " +"analyzing the economics and business models associated with open-source " +"software.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide " +"examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1007 +msgid "" +"It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " +"about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " +"information technology, and the Internet made it possible for mass " +"participation in producing creative works and distributing them. Photos, " +"books, music, and many other forms of digital content could now be readily " +"created and distributed by almost anyone. Despite this potential for " +"abundance, by default these digital works are governed by copyright " +"laws. Under copyright, a digital work is the property of the creator, and by " +"law others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s " +"permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1026 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1020 +msgid "" +"But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " +"valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " +"relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " +"others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1034 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1036 +msgid "" +"In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " +"who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " +"was modeled on those of open-source software but for use with digital " +"content rather than software code. The licenses give everyone from " +"individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, " +"standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1056 +msgid "" +"<quote>Licensing Considerations,</quote> Creative Commons, accessed December " +"30, 2016, <ulink " +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1045 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " +"each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by " +"lawyers. This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and " +"users are not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing the " +"permissions in plain language, which regular people can read and quickly " +"understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-code layer " +"beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " +"Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " +"a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1064 +msgid "" +"In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " +"journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1077 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1072 +msgid "" +"Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " +"Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " +"and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1085 +msgid "" +"Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " +"participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " +"movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative " +"works. The free-culture movement sees a commons as providing significant " +"benefits compared to restrictive copyright laws. This ethos of free exchange " +"in a commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source " +"software movement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1097 +msgid "" +"Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " +"open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " +"goal in every case has been to democratize participation and share digital " +"resources at no cost, with legal permissions for anyone to freely access, " +"use, and modify." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1110 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. <quote>Open Government Partnership,</quote> last modified " +"September 24, 2016, <ulink " +"url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1105 +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " +"platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " +"citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1121 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1129 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1137 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1123 +msgid "" +"Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " +"systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " +"growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " +"led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1147 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, <quote>Stockholm " +"Statement</quote> accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink " +"url=\"http://sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +msgid "" +"In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " +"should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " +"economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " +"not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1159 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1169 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink " +"url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/>; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1154 +msgid "" +"These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " +"means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " +"collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves <quote>sharing cities,</quote> looking " +"to make sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see " +"sharing as a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social " +"cohesion, and safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1186 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1176 +msgid "" +"The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " +"businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " +"market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " +"seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " +"or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our " +"lives.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1208 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1198 +msgid "" +"One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " +"sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " +"function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an " +"anomaly. Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly " +"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital " +"technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything " +"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to " +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1214 +msgid "" +"Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " +"inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " +"use of digital-rights-management technologies in the form of locks, " +"passwords, and controls to prevent digital goods from being accessed, " +"changed, replicated, and distributed is minimal or nonexistent. Instead, " +"Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " +"commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " +"digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"They aim for abundance over scarcity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1233 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1228 +msgid "" +"The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " +"next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " +"abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"each pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models " +"and practice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1241 +msgid "" +"Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " +"as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " +"within the existing rules and norms of the market. And still others are " +"looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1255 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1264 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), " +"8–9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1248 +msgid "" +"For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " +"is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " +"benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " +"benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " +"goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1269 +msgid "" +"<quote>A book on open business models</quote> is how we described it in this " +"book’s Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model " +"Generation as our reference for defining just what a business model " +"is. Developed over nine years using an <quote>open process</quote> involving " +"470 coauthors from forty-five countries, it is useful as a framework for " +"talking about business models.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1294 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the <quote>Open Business Model Canvas,</quote> designed by the " +"coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at <ulink " +"url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. " +"You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1283 +msgid "" +"It contains a <quote>business model canvas,</quote> which conceives of a " +"business model as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their " +"own business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open " +"business model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid " +"market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and " +"<quote>type of open environment that the business fits " +"in.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas " +"proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped start-ups plan their " +"economic model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1304 +msgid "" +"In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " +"themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the " +"commons-to-market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a " +"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources " +"and commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or " +"depicting what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with " +"Creative Commons use business speak; for some the process has been " +"experimental, emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a " +"predefined model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1326 +msgid "" +"A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this post I " +"wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. <quote>What Is an Open Business Model and " +"How Can You Generate Revenue?</quote>, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1317 +msgid "" +"The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " +"market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " +"widely. Donations, pay what you can, memberships, <quote>digital for free " +"but physical for a fee,</quote> crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add " +"services, patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how " +"to earn revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see " +"How to Bring In Money in the next section.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There is no single magic bullet, and each endeavor has devised " +"ways that work for them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying " +"revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1338 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1340 +msgid "" +"While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " +"engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " +"why the market would engage with the commons. The digital commons offers " +"many benefits." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1346 +msgid "" +"The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " +"offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " +"all those in the commons empowered to share the resources they have access " +"to. Those that are Made with Creative Commons have a reduced need for sales " +"or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1355 +msgid "" +"The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " +"putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before " +"access. The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front " +"without payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no " +"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM " +"frees them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to " +"engage in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way " +"the commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and " +"promotes inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1368 +msgid "" +"The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " +"and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " +"your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1390 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), " +"31–44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1381 +msgid "" +"The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " +"use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " +"customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " +"original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " +"deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an " +"organization or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new " +"ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the " +"resources and the relationship with the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1399 +msgid "" +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is " +"global. Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go " +"far and wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no " +"borders between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are " +"often local and global at the same time: Digital designs being globally " +"distributed but made and manufactured locally. Digital books or music being " +"globally distributed but readings and concerts performed locally. The " +"digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and " +"build on their work both locally and globally." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1412 +msgid "" +"The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " +"value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " +"use are improved, personalized, and localized. Each use adds value. The " +"market focuses on generating value for the business and the customer. The " +"commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " +"business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " +"generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " +"the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1426 +msgid "" +"The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " +"people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " +"common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " +"acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " +"Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " +"contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " +"contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1441 +msgid "" +"The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " +"goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " +"enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the " +"option of choice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1448 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1450 +msgid "" +"The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1462 +msgid "" +"The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " +"staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " +"sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 +msgid "" +"Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " +"manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " +"case studies produce digital resources. Those resources exist in many forms " +"including books, designs, songs, research, data, cultural works, education " +"materials, graphic icons, and video. Some are digital representations of " +"physical resources. Others are born digital but can be made into physical " +"resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1480 +msgid "" +"They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " +"existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " +"all play a direct, participatory role in managing those resources, including " +"their preservation, curation, distribution, and enhancement. Access and " +"participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1488 +msgid "" +"And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " +"global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " +"from nearly every continent in the world. To build and interact within this " +"global community is conducive to success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1495 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " +"resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " +"following the letter of the law and acquiring financial means. Over and over " +"we heard in our interviews how success and sustainability are tied to a set " +"of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " +"than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " +"using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are " +"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop " +"trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be " +"transparent. Defend the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 +msgid "" +"The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " +"studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " +"market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " +"balanced alternative is possible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1517 +msgid "" +"Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " +"this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " +"time. Many more are joining and inventing new models. This overview aims to " +"provide a framework and language for thinking and talking about the new " +"digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing further guidance " +"and insights on how it works." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1528 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1530 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 +msgid "" +"When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " +"business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " +"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. With the help of our " +"Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " +"world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " +"individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " +"others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " +"work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " +"endeavors share their work—whether it’s open data or furniture designs—in a " +"way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of " +"it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1550 +msgid "" +"We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " +"each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " +"Creative Commons licenses helped boost sales or increase reach. Using " +"traditional measures of economic success, we tried to map these business " +"models in a way that meaningfully incorporated the impact of Creative " +"Commons. In our interviews, we dug into the motivations, the role of CC " +"licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1560 +msgid "" +"In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " +"different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " +"research." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1565 +msgid "" +"It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " +"Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " +"were we wrong that there are business models out there that others who want " +"to use CC licensing as part of their livelihood or business could " +"replicate. What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to " +"write a book about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business " +"lens." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1578 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1574 +msgid "" +"According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " +"model <quote>describes the rationale of how an organization creates, " +"delivers, and captures value.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing value " +"always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something we " +"heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in " +"our interview with him, <quote>Business model can mean anything you want it " +"to mean.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1590 +msgid "" +"Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " +"business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " +"piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped " +"that as our guiding rubric for the book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1597 +msgid "" +"Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " +"our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " +"everything we learned from the case studies and write up the practical " +"lessons and takeaways. I spent months trying to jam what we learned into the " +"business-model box, convinced there must be some formula for the way things " +"interacted. But there is no formula. You’ll probably have to discard that " +"way of thinking before you read any further." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1607 +msgid "" +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " +"there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " +"business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " +"is, at its core, a moral decision. The commercial and other self-interested " +"benefits are secondary. Most decided to use CC licenses first and found a " +"revenue model later. This was our first hint that writing a book solely " +"about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1619 +msgid "" +"But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " +"Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " +"it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"that symbolism has many layers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1627 +msgid "" +"At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " +"value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " +"licenses and nearly infinite ways to be Made with Creative Commons, the " +"basic value system is rooted in a fundamental belief that knowledge and " +"creativity are building blocks of our culture rather than just commodities " +"from which to extract market value. These values reflect a belief that the " +"common good should always be part of the equation when we determine how to " +"regulate our cultural outputs. They reflect a belief that everyone has " +"something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They " +"reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1641 +msgid "" +"Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " +"sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"something, <quote>all rights reserved</quote> under copyright is automatic, " +"so the copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as " +"a marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can " +"be a symbol of the opposite—of wanting a real human relationship, rather " +"than an impersonal market transaction. It leaves open the possibility of " +"connection." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1653 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " +"CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " +"what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"purpose and a different vision of success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1666 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1661 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " +"ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, <quote>Creators usually " +"start doing what they do for love.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> But when you share your creative work under a CC license, that " +"dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it " +"is often less about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich " +"and more about solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino " +"told us that the key question when creating something is <quote>Do you as " +"the creator want to use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1678 +msgid "" +"Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " +"underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " +"expressly advances that social mission, and using the licenses can be the " +"difference between legitimacy and hypocrisy. Noun Project co-founder Edward " +"Boatman told us they could not have stated their social mission of sharing " +"with a straight face if they weren’t willing to show the world that it was " +"OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1688 +msgid "" +"This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " +"of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " +"love or a tool to drive social change, and money is like gas in the car, " +"something that you need to keep going but not an end in itself. Being Made " +"with Creative Commons is a different vision of a business or livelihood, " +"where profit is not paramount, and producing social good and human " +"connection are integral to success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1698 +msgid "" +"Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " +"successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " +"enough money to keep the lights on." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " +"generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " +"for any creative endeavor. Digital technology has made it easier than ever " +"to create, and easier than ever to distribute. As Doctorow put it in his " +"book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, <quote>If analog dollars have " +"turned into digital dimes (as the critics of ad-supported media have it), " +"there is the fact that it’s possible to run a business that gets the same " +"amount of advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1720 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 +msgid "" +"Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " +"amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " +"painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " +"reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1729 +msgid "" +"Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially " +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute " +"physical copies are still significant, but lower than they have been " +"historically. And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical " +"copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there " +"can be a whole host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, " +"and even expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like " +"touring or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1754 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1744 +msgid "" +"It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " +"creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " +"distribution themselves. People now often have a direct route to their " +"potential public without necessarily needing intermediaries like record " +"labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, <quote>If you’re a creator who " +"never got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is " +"your time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " +"assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " +"of ways to do it without them.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs " +"associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work " +"themselves. That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a " +"lot more modest." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1761 +msgid "" +"Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " +"Made with Creative Commons, the definition of <quote>enough money</quote> " +"looks a lot different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock " +"options. It is more about sustainability and less about unlimited growth and " +"profit. SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle told us, <quote>Business model is a " +"really grandiose word for it. It is really just about keeping the operation " +"going day to day.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1774 +msgid "" +"This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " +"while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " +"at an experimental stage. The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile in this book are blazing the trail and adapting in real time as they " +"pursue this new way of operating." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1782 +msgid "" +"There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " +"business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " +"<quote>problem zero.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1787 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1794 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1809 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1789 +msgid "" +"Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " +"customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, " +"<quote>It has to start with the art. The songs had to touch people " +"initially, and mean something, for anything to work at " +"all.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic " +"to finding your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to " +"connect with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian " +"value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by " +"shelf space, so there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need " +"imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where " +"consumption becomes less about mainstream mass <quote>hits</quote> and more " +"about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, <quote>We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer " +"limited to what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1823 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1835 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1815 +msgid "" +"While finding <quote>your people</quote> online is theoretically easier than " +"in the analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to " +"actually get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only " +"grows larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you " +"competing for attention against more content creators than ever before, you " +"are competing against creativity generated outside the market as " +"well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, <quote>The " +"greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people spend " +"consuming amateur content instead of professional " +"content.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> To top it all off, " +"you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—<quote>friends, " +"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, " +"you have to get noticed by the right people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1849 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1841 +msgid "" +"When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " +"from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " +"is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " +"part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find <quote>your people,</quote> prohibiting people from " +"copying your work and sharing it with others is counterproductive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1863 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1859 +msgid "" +"Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " +"make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, <quote>Recognition is " +"one of many necessary preconditions for artistic " +"success.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1867 +msgid "" +"Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " +"policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " +"company that publishes online educational materials, made an early decision " +"not to prevent students from accessing their content, even in the form of a " +"tiny paywall, because it would negatively impact student success in a way " +"that would undermine the social mission behind what they do. They believe " +"this decision has generated an immense amount of goodwill within the " +"community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1885 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1878 +msgid "" +"It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " +"social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " +"work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " +"with others. But as David Bollier wrote, <quote>Our natural human impulses " +"to imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1889 +msgid "" +"The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " +"copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " +"convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " +"persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1898 +msgid "" +"If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " +"invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " +"playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " +"work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, <quote>We could spend a lot of " +"money trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And " +"they will use bad-quality versions.</quote> Instead, they started releasing " +"high-resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain " +"and making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " +"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " +"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " +"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " +"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1918 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1914 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " +"artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you " +"start thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to " +"your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, " +"<quote>Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1929 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1926 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in " +"return.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of " +"the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +msgid "" +"There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " +"your benefit. Here are a few." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1943 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1945 +msgid "" +"Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " +"automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " +"certainly can’t hurt the chances that your work will be shared. The CC " +"license symbolizes that sharing is welcome. It can act as a little tap on " +"the shoulder to those who come across the work—a nudge to copy the work if " +"they have any inkling of doing so. All things being equal, if one piece of " +"content has a sign that says Share and the other says Don’t Share (which is " +"what <quote>©</quote> means), which do you think people are more likely to " +"share?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1957 +msgid "" +"The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " +"academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are " +"CC-licensed, and they are copied and reshared on other sites by design. This " +"proliferating effect, which they track, is a central part of the value to " +"their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1974 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1966 +msgid "" +"The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: <quote>Take whatever it is you " +"are doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of " +"saying this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might " +"as well put things everywhere.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> This strategy is what often motivates companies to make their " +"products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to " +"making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in " +"cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible " +"and likely to spread." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1993 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1983 +msgid "" +"If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " +"consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " +"effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following " +"your work spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in " +"herd behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a " +"partial indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1998 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2012 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), " +"124. Surowiecki says, <quote>The measure of success of laws and contracts is " +"how rarely they are invoked.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2000 +msgid "" +"Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " +"and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the " +"material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public " +"domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many communities " +"still give credit as a matter of best practices and social norms. In fact, " +"it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most " +"often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the " +"CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, " +"within both the marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part " +"of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally " +"inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case for something " +"as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of fairness as " +"providing credit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2023 +msgid "" +"The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " +"licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " +"a brand. The drive to associate your name with your work is not just based " +"on commercial motivations, it is fundamental to authorship. Knowledge " +"Unlatched is a nonprofit that helps to subsidize the print production of " +"CC-licensed academic texts by pooling contributions from libraries around " +"the United States. The CEO, Frances Pinter, says that the Creative Commons " +"license on the works has a huge value to authors because reputation is the " +"most important currency for academics. Sharing with CC is a way of having " +"the most people see and cite your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2037 +msgid "" +"Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " +"about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " +"came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " +"itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " +"sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " +"a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " +"transform the design into something tangible is part of the power of their " +"platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2052 +msgid "" +"Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its " +"credibility. Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to " +"identify the source and quality of a particular good and service, knowing " +"the author of a work gives the public a way to assess its credibility. In a " +"time when online discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted " +"information source is more valuable than ever." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2062 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2064 +msgid "" +"As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " +"Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " +"CC-licensed work. Sometimes that other product or service is completely " +"unrelated to the CC content. Other times it’s a physical copy or live " +"performance of the CC content. In all cases, the CC content can attract " +"people to your other product or service." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2086 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2073 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " +"offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " +"sales of the printed goods because it functions as a marketing tool. We see " +"this phenomenon regularly with famous artwork. The Mona Lisa is likely the " +"most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " +"catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " +"goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the " +"radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), " +"free music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version " +"people bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free " +"can be a form of promotion." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2090 +msgid "" +"In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " +"need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " +"is a CC-licensed card game available as a free download. And because of this " +"(thanks to the CC license on the game), the creators say it is one of the " +"best-marketed games in the world, and they have never spent a dime on " +"marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " +"marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " +"physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " +"and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " +"textbooks)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +msgid "" +"The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " +"embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " +"technology. The Internet opened up a whole new world of possibilities for " +"public participation in creative work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2124 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2117 +msgid "" +"Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " +"otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " +"wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " +"transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " +"public.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game " +"changing in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the " +"ability to customize and update the content is critically important for its " +"usefulness. For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2137 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2142 +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2145 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2150 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2132 +msgid "" +"This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " +"and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, <quote>People " +"often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result " +"they don’t think as much about how they consume them.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one " +"penny for something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the " +"act of remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products " +"they had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we " +"know that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type " +"of creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2163 +msgid "Ibid., 21." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2156 +msgid "" +"Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " +"consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " +"social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " +"Surplus, Clay Shirky says, <quote>To participate is to act as if your " +"presence matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your " +"response is part of the event.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " +"to your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2169 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2171 +msgid "" +"Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " +"the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " +"are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " +"management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers " +"cannot. <quote>Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent " +"rules,</quote> David said. <quote>Change the rules of engagement.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2200 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, <quote>Ten " +"Nonprofit Funding Models,</quote> Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +"2009, <ulink " +"url=\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2192 +msgid "" +"Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or " +"customers. Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not " +"actually beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic " +"institutions, governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the " +"organization out of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional " +"nonprofit funding operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in " +"many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with " +"Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, where the " +"recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard market " +"transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of " +"money for value that typically drives market transactions, the recipient " +"gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2221 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2213 +msgid "" +"Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " +"revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " +"funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " +"particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " +"for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, <quote>The trick is in knowing when " +"markets are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2225 +msgid "" +"Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " +"mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " +"makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"abstraction can be instructive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2234 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2239 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 +msgid "" +"In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you " +"provide.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2262 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2252 +msgid "" +"In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " +"endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " +"Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, it is " +"difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling newspaper " +"industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " +"least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " +"up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, <quote>Copyright protection schemes, " +"whether coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price " +"against the force of gravity.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2281 +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2271 +msgid "" +"Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " +"the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " +"or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. <quote>Every abundance " +"creates a new scarcity,</quote> he wrote. You just have to find some way " +"other than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As " +"Anderson says, <quote>It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something " +"better or at least different from the free version.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2285 +msgid "" +"In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " +"Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " +"digital age. In fact, they may even have an advantage because they can use " +"the abundance of content to derive revenue from something scarce. They can " +"also benefit from the goodwill that stems from the values behind being Made " +"with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2294 +msgid "" +"For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " +"provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " +"lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content " +"functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2301 +msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2305 +msgid "" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work " +"<emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2315 +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2308 +msgid "" +"In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " +"is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, <quote>Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be " +"anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by " +"Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan <quote>Song-A-Day</quote> " +"Mann." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2323 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 107." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2326 +msgid "" +"In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " +"away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " +"and atoms refer to a physical object).<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> This is particularly successful in domains where the digital " +"version of the content isn’t as valuable as the analog version, like book " +"publishing where a significant subset of people still prefer reading " +"something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains where the content " +"isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture designs. In those " +"situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay for the convenience " +"of having someone else put the physical version together for them. Some " +"endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative " +"Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else " +"can sell physical copies of their work in competition with them. This " +"strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly important for " +"items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be " +"the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service " +"from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, " +"the provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the " +"same works based on quality, service, or other traditional business " +"principles." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2354 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357 +msgid "" +"As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " +"creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " +"digital copy on your own. Far from acting as a substitute for face-to-face " +"interaction, CC-licensed content can actually create demand for the " +"in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view " +"original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2368 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2371 +msgid "" +"In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " +"a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " +"to the power of a good concert T-shirt. This can also be an important " +"revenue stream for museums and galleries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2388 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "" +"Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " +"different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " +"businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " +"content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " +"offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided " +"platforms.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience " +"isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services " +"you can provide as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2403 +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2407 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398 +msgid "" +"The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " +"version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " +"reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream " +"for many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative " +"Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser " +"pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the " +"overall endeavor." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2416 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2419 +msgid "" +"Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by " +"others. The most well-known version of this model is the " +"<quote>author-processing charge</quote> of open-access journals like those " +"published by the Public Library of Science, but there are other " +"variations. The Conversation is primarily funded by a university-membership " +"model, where universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers " +"of the content on the Conversation website." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2433 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2438 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2436 +msgid "" +"This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a " +"high-quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2450 +msgid "Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2453 +msgid "" +"As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " +"services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " +"model directed at the creators that provide the content they feature. The " +"data platforms Figure.NZ and Figshare both capitalize on this model by " +"providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to " +"the platform more discoverable and reusable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2463 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2466 +msgid "" +"Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " +"of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " +"quality, credibility, or even an ethos can license that trademark to " +"companies that want to take advantage of that goodwill. By definition, " +"trademarks are scarce because they represent a particular source of a good " +"or service. Charging for the ability to use that trademark is a way of " +"deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the " +"abundance of CC content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2478 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2480 +msgid "" +"Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " +"framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " +"endeavors we analyzed were making money. It was not simply about monetizing " +"scarcity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2487 +msgid "" +"Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " +"some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " +"about providing value, building a relationship, and then eventually finding " +"some money that flows back out of a sense of reciprocity. While some look " +"like traditional nonprofit funding models, they aren’t charity. The endeavor " +"exchange value with people, just not necessarily synchronously or in a way " +"that requires that those values be equal. As David Bollier wrote in Think " +"Like a Commoner, <quote>There is no self-serving calculation of whether the " +"value given and received is strictly equal.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500 +msgid "" +"This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " +"and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " +"Bollier wrote, <quote>Reciprocal social exchange lies at the heart of human " +"identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the " +"human species survive and evolve.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2510 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2514 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2508 +msgid "" +"What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations " +"<emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2522 +msgid "" +"While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " +"the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " +"reciprocal relationship that is cultivated with the beneficiaries of their " +"work. The bigger the pool of those receiving value from the content, the " +"more likely this strategy will work, given that only a small percentage of " +"people are likely to contribute. Since using CC licenses can grease the " +"wheels for content to reach more people, this strategy can be more effective " +"for endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons. The greater the argument " +"that the content is a public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering " +"a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2538 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2541 +msgid "" +"In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " +"is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " +"the public and personal value they feel is generated by the open " +"content. Critically, these models are not touted as <quote>buying</quote> " +"something free. They are similar to a tip jar. People make financial " +"contributions as an act of gratitude. These models capitalize on the fact " +"that we are naturally inclined to give money for things we value in the " +"marketplace, even in situations where we could find a way to get it for " +"free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2554 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2557 +msgid "" +"Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " +"distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " +"with Creative Commons, anyone who wants the work in question could simply " +"wait until it’s created and then access it for free. That means, for this " +"model to work, people have to care about more than just receiving the " +"work. They have to want you to succeed. Amanda Palmer credits the success of " +"her crowdfunding on Kickstarter and Patreon to the years she spent building " +"her community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art " +"of Asking, <quote>Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, " +"ears are bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection " +"is sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks " +"for something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience " +"says, without hesitation: of course.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2575 +msgid "" +"Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " +"particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major " +"U.S. libraries to subsidize CC-licensed academic work that will be, by " +"definition, available to everyone for free. Libraries with bigger budgets " +"tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library community and " +"to the idea of open access generally." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2586 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2588 +msgid "" +"Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " +"language like <quote>persuading people to buy</quote> and <quote>inviting " +"people to pay.</quote> We heard it even in connection with revenue streams " +"that sit squarely within the market. Cory Doctorow told us, <quote>I have to " +"convince my readers that the right thing to do is to pay me.</quote> The " +"founders of the for-profit company Lumen Learning showed us the letter they " +"send to those who opt not to pay for the services they provide in connection " +"with their CC-licensed educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist " +"letter; it’s an invitation to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This " +"sort of behavior toward what could be considered nonpaying customers is " +"largely unheard of in the traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part " +"of the fabric of being Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2605 +msgid "" +"Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " +"invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " +"being <quote>the product,</quote> the more pronounced this dynamic has to " +"be. Rather than simply selling a product or service, they are making " +"ideological, personal, and creative connections with the people who value " +"what they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2613 +msgid "" +"It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " +"they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " +"Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 +msgid "" +"I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " +"is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " +"wrong on so many counts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2623 +msgid "" +"Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " +"licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " +"more than copyright permissions when they explained how sharing fit into " +"what they do. I was thinking about sharing too narrowly, and as a result, I " +"was missing vast swaths of the meaning packed within Creative " +"Commons. Rather than parsing the specific and narrow role of the copyright " +"license in the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of " +"what comes with sharing. You have to widen the lens." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2634 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " +"licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " +"about community, social good, contributing ideas, expressing a value system, " +"working together. These components of sharing are hard to cultivate if you " +"think about what you do in purely market terms. Decent social behavior isn’t " +"as intuitive when we are doing something that involves monetary exchange. It " +"takes a conscious effort to foster the context for real sharing, based not " +"strictly on impersonal market exchange, but on connections with the people " +"with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, " +"with each other." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2648 +msgid "" +"The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " +"creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2655 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2659 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2657 +msgid "" +"Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2683 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670 +msgid "" +"To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " +"online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " +"licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring " +"their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative " +"process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin " +"Kleon wrote, <quote>Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to " +"know where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The " +"stories you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel " +"and what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " +"understand about your work affects how they value it.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2689 +msgid "" +"A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " +"<quote>brand.</quote> That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda " +"Palmer says, <quote>When you’re afraid of someone’s judgment, you can’t " +"connect with them. You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing " +"them.</quote> Not everyone is suited to live life as an open book like " +"Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a lot of ways to be human. The trick is " +"just avoiding pretense and the temptation to artificially craft an " +"image. People don’t just want the glossy version of you. They can’t relate " +"to it, at least not in a meaningful way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2710 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2702 +msgid "" +"This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " +"because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " +"States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " +"the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " +"dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In " +"business-speak, this is about <quote>humanizing your interactions</quote> " +"with the public.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a " +"gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2725 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2730 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +msgid "" +"Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " +"but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " +"<quote>One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " +"honest with people.</quote> That means sharing the good and the bad. As " +"Amanda Palmer wrote, <quote>You can fix almost anything by authentically " +"communicating.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t " +"about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad " +"news, but instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to " +"defend it when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2739 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2746 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2734 +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to " +"lowest-common-denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of " +"ideas that cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving " +"context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting " +"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through " +"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse " +"than not inviting input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity " +"of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people " +"involved and invested in what you do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2754 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763 +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2756 +msgid "" +"Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and " +"motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure " +"fairness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative " +"Commons requires an assumption that people will largely act on those social " +"motivations, motivations that would be considered <quote>irrational</quote> " +"in an economic sense. As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, <quote>It is " +"best to ignore people who try to scare you about free riding. That fear is " +"based on a very shallow view of what motivates human behavior.</quote> There " +"will always be people who will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors " +"that are Made with Creative Commons design for the good actors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2782 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "" +"The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a " +"self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, <quote>Systems " +"that assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give " +"them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together " +"better than neoclassical economics would predict.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often " +"motivated by something other than financial self-interest, we design our " +"endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social instincts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2800 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2789 +msgid "" +"Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " +"operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " +"our daily lives are already built on trust. As Surowiecki wrote in The " +"Wisdom of Crowds, <quote>It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone " +"to make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for " +"any organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers " +"and workers live up to their obligation.</quote> Instead, we largely trust " +"that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to " +"do.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2805 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2810 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2818 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2807 +msgid "" +"For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " +"fans. As Kleon says, <quote>If you want fans, you have to be a fan " +"first.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen " +"to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off " +"remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. Cory " +"Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " +"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " +"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she " +"talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2822 +msgid "" +"The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " +"its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " +"ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2833 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2828 +msgid "" +"When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in " +"kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " +"easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or " +"contributions. As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least " +"when it takes a form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it " +"can dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2848 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2850 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " +"what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " +"demonstrates adherence to a particular belief system, which generates " +"goodwill and connects like-minded people to your work. Sometimes people will " +"be drawn to endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons as a way of " +"demonstrating their own commitment to the Creative Commons value system, " +"akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel " +"connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2862 +msgid "" +"The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " +"the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " +"what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " +"to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " +"credibility in the OER (open educational resources) community in which they " +"operate." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2877 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2873 +msgid "" +"When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " +"aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own " +"self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts " +"committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2883 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2891 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2885 +msgid "" +"Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " +"around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " +"create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or " +"beliefs.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, " +"simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some " +"element of community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who " +"recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2907 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2914 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2899 +msgid "" +"To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " +"have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " +"fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " +"Community, <quote>If there is no belonging, there is no community.</quote> " +"For Amanda Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and " +"inclusive environment where people felt a part of their <quote>weird little " +"family.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations " +"like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the " +"CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, <quote>Tapping into " +"passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " +"communities that drive open organizations.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2926 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2930 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2918 +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, <quote>It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s " +"difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not " +"in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the " +"group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), " +"considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona " +"fides.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true " +"community requires giving people within the community the power to create or " +"influence the rules that govern the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, people " +"feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2936 +msgid "" +"Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " +"around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2942 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2953 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, <quote>The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +"Sharing at All,</quote> Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2961 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944 +msgid "" +"Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " +"extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " +"defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on the " +"Harvard Business Review website called <quote>The Sharing Economy Isn’t " +"about Sharing at All,</quote> authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi " +"explained how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most " +"sharing-economy businesses are purely about monetizing access.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the " +"primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same product multiple " +"times, by selling access rather than ownership.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2977 +msgid "" +"David Lee, <quote>Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the " +"Internet,</quote> BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2967 +msgid "" +"Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " +"take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " +"which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " +"content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " +"incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited " +"trolling.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to " +"its community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2986 +msgid "" +"In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " +"add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " +"transparent about this builds credibility and shows you are a contributing " +"player in the commons. When your endeavor is making money, that also means " +"apportioning financial compensation in a way that reflects the value " +"contributed by others, providing more to contributors when the value they " +"add outweighs the value provided by you." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2997 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3002 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3006 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3013 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3077 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2999 +msgid "" +"Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of " +"talent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration " +"work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people " +"within the group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3017 +msgid "" +"As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " +"exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " +"small, incremental edits made by a diverse range of people acting on their " +"own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " +"contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " +"and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><quote><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3038 +msgid "Ibid., 154." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3050 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3030 +msgid "" +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of " +"circumstances—perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part " +"of the equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"<quote>Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said,</quote>The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the " +"writing, the music itself.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3061 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068 +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 +msgid "" +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"<quote>making in public</quote> opens the door to letting people feel more " +"invested in your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And " +"it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey " +"(of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance " +"mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an " +"environment where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3085 +msgid "" +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3074 +msgid "" +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3094 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3096 +msgid "" +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the " +"creator. There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that " +"basic set of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only " +"those basic permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial " +"purposes) to the most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with " +"the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator " +"credit). The licenses are built on copyright and do not cover other types of " +"rights that creators might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3110 +msgid "Here are the six licenses:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3115 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3113 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3127 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3143 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3168 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3181 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3213 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3120 +msgid "" +"The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " +"build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " +"original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses " +"offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed " +"materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3129 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3134 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " +"build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " +"you and license their new creations under identical terms. This license is " +"often compared to <quote>copyleft</quote> free and open source software " +"licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any " +"derivatives will also allow commercial use." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3145 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3150 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " +"commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " +"credit to you." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3157 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3162 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " +"and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " +"acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the " +"same terms." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3170 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3175 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " +"credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3183 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3188 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " +"restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " +"works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t " +"change them or use them commercially." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3195 +msgid "" +"In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " +"tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " +"existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3203 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3208 +msgid "" +"CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " +"worldwide public domain (<quote>no rights reserved</quote>)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3215 +msgid "Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3220 +msgid "" +"The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " +"discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3225 +msgid "" +"In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and " +"Attribution-ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with " +"the other licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the " +"public-domain tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both " +"digital content and software: by using open-source-software licenses for the " +"software code and Creative Commons licenses for digital content, they " +"amplify their involvement with and commitment to sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3236 +msgid "" +"There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " +"offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " +"their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " +"license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC " +"BY-SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you " +"apply an Attribution (CC BY) license to your book, you can’t force a film " +"company to pay you royalties if they turn your book into a feature-length " +"film, or prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3250 +msgid "" +"The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " +"how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " +"NonCommercial and NoDerivs licenses are ways of reserving some significant " +"portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to " +"creators. In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you " +"bring in revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs " +"license because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative " +"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial " +"licenses were popular among their users because people still held out the " +"dream of having a major record label discover their work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263 +msgid "" +"Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " +"concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " +"TeachAIDS uses a NoDerivs license for its educational materials because the " +"medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3270 +msgid "" +"There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " +"reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " +"should be reused, just as the ShareAlike license reflects a different set of " +"values, one that is less about controlling access to their own work and more " +"about ensuring that whatever gets created with their work is available to " +"all on the same terms. Since the beginning of the commons, people have been " +"setting up structures that helped regulate the way in which shared resources " +"were used. The CC licenses are an attempt to standardize norms across all " +"domains." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3282 +msgid "Note" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3285 +msgid "" +"For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " +"in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called " +"<quote>Share Your Work</quote> at <ulink " +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3293 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3296 +msgid "" +"The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " +"nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " +"the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " +"candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " +"twelve were selected by us." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3306 +msgid "" +"We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " +"plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " +"interviewed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3314 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4169 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4605 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4849 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5131 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5441 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5954 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6208 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6529 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6881 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7426 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7710 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8182 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8961 +msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3320 +msgid "" +"Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " +"hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3325 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3327 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3332 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4183 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3340 +msgid "" +"In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " +"teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " +"to quickly prototype design ideas. As musicians, artists, and designers, " +"they needed a platform that didn’t require engineering expertise. A group of " +"teachers and students, including Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, " +"Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, built a platform that combined different " +"open technologies. They called it Arduino. The platform integrated software, " +"hardware, microcontrollers, and electronics. All aspects of the platform " +"were openly licensed: hardware designs and documentation with the " +"Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA), and software with the GNU " +"General Public License." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3354 +msgid "" +"Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " +"button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " +"turning on an LED, publishing something online. You send a set of " +"instructions to the microcontroller on the board by using the Arduino " +"programming language and Arduino software (based on a piece of open-source " +"software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3363 +msgid "" +"<quote>The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,</quote> " +"Tom says. Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature " +"of Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"<quote>ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even " +"thought of building.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3372 +msgid "" +"For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design " +"school. He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work " +"and research just disappear. Open-sourcing ensured that Arduino would " +"outlive the Ivrea closure. Persistence is one thing Tom really likes about " +"open source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down, an open-source " +"product lives on. In Tom’s view, <quote>Open sourcing makes it easier to " +"trust a product.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3382 +msgid "" +"With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " +"started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " +"Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " +"digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"enhancing Arduino." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3391 +msgid "" +"For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " +"the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " +"personally wanted. It was a matter of <quote>I need this thing,</quote> not " +"<quote>If we make this, we’ll make a lot of money.</quote> Tom notes that " +"being your own first customer makes you more confident and convincing at " +"selling your product." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3399 +msgid "" +"Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " +"grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " +"get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " +"them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " +"to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " +"Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3413 +msgid "" +"Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " +"artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " +"Playground (a wiki is where all users can edit and add pages, contributing " +"to and benefiting from collective research). People share code, circuit " +"diagrams, tutorials, DIY instructions, and tips and tricks, and show off " +"their projects. In addition, there’s a multilanguage discussion forum where " +"users can get help using Arduino, discuss topics like robotics, and make " +"suggestions for new Arduino product designs. As of January 2017, 324,928 " +"members had made 2,989,489 posts on 379,044 topics. The worldwide community " +"of makers has contributed an incredible amount of accessible knowledge " +"helpful to novices and experts alike." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3427 +msgid "" +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " +"of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " +"that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " +"business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435 +msgid "" +"For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " +"success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " +"business, and all the things needed to successfully run one still " +"apply. David says, <quote>If you do those other things well, sharing things " +"in an open-source way can only help you.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3443 +msgid "" +"While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " +"longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " +"knockoffs, clones, and copies. The CC BY-SA license means anyone can produce " +"copies of their boards, redesign them, and even sell boards that copy the " +"design. They don’t have to pay a license fee to Arduino or even ask " +"permission. However, if they republish the design of the board, they have to " +"give attribution to Arduino. If they change the design, they must release " +"the new design using the same Creative Commons license to ensure that the " +"new version is equally free and open." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455 +msgid "" +"Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " +"with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " +"business models that can wring money out of the system over many years " +"because there is no competition, Arduino founders saw competition as keeping " +"them honest, and aimed for an environment of collaboration. A benefit of " +"open over closed is the many new ideas and designs others have contributed " +"back to the Arduino ecosystem, ideas and designs that Arduino and the " +"Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3475 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3466 +msgid "" +"Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " +"adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " +"boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " +"provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " +"form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3478 +msgid "" +"Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " +"and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " +"success. And being open lets you build a real community. David says " +"Arduino’s community is a big strength and something that really does " +"matter—in his words, <quote>It’s good business.</quote> When they started, " +"the Arduino team had almost entirely no idea how to build a community. They " +"started by conducting numerous workshops, working directly with people using " +"the platform to make sure the hardware and software worked the way it was " +"meant to work and solved people’s problems. The community grew organically " +"from there." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3491 +msgid "" +"A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " +"way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " +"company committed to open-source values and knowledge sharing. Trademarking " +"the Arduino name and logo expresses that guarantee and helps customers " +"easily identify their products, and the products sanctioned by them. If " +"others want to sell boards using the Arduino name and logo, they have to pay " +"a small fee to Arduino. This allows Arduino to scale up manufacturing and " +"distribution while at the same time ensuring the Arduino brand isn’t hurt by " +"low-quality copies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3503 +msgid "" +"Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their " +"boards. Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " +"Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial " +"development. The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s " +"revenue-generating model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3513 +msgid "" +"How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " +"agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " +"had some fears about protecting the Arduino name, thinking people would be " +"mad if they policed their brand. There was some early backlash with a " +"project called Freeduino, but overall, trademarking and branding has been a " +"critical tool for Arduino." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3534 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3522 +msgid "" +"David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " +"default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " +"needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to not open up " +"certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is certainly the " +"complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where nothing is " +"shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are based on open " +"sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from 2013 entitled " +"<quote>Send In the Clones,</quote> by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, " +"does a great job of explaining the full complexities of how trademarking " +"their brand has played out, distinguishing between official boards and those " +"that are clones, derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3537 +msgid "" +"For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " +"it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " +"more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is <quote>making " +"things that help other people make things.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3545 +msgid "" +"Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " +"reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about <quote>the " +"democratization of technology.</quote> Tom sees Arduino’s open-source " +"strategy as helping the world get over the idea that technology has to be " +"protected. Tom says, <quote>Technology is a literacy everyone should " +"learn.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3553 +msgid "" +"Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " +"development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " +"manufacturing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3559 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3752 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3948 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4372 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5745 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7196 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7979 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8507 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8729 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9199 +msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3565 +msgid "" +"Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " +"digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " +"culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3570 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3572 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3575 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3577 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3582 +msgid "" +"The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " +"ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " +"niche in which their small business operates is essentially one they built " +"themselves." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3588 +msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3591 +msgid "" +"In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " +"to develop research and online education about rural-development " +"issues. Jorge was a psychologist, also working in online education. Both " +"were bloggers and heavy users of social media, and both had a passion for " +"arts and culture. They decided to take their skills in digital technology " +"and online learning and apply them to a topic area they loved. They launched " +"Ártica, an online business that provides education and consulting for people " +"and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3603 +msgid "" +"Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " +"company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " +"Mariana live in Uruguay, and the other two full-time employees, who Jorge " +"and Mariana have never actually met in person, live in Spain. They started " +"by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " +"collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " +"international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " +"intermediaries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3616 +msgid "" +"Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " +"clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " +"it an <quote>artisan</quote> process because of the time and effort it takes " +"to adapt their work for the particular needs of students and " +"clients. <quote>Each student or client is paying for a specific solution to " +"his or her problems and questions,</quote> Mariana said. Rather than sell " +"access to their content, they provide it for free and charge for the " +"personalized services." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3627 +msgid "" +"When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " +"attract large audiences. <quote>Over the years, we realized that online " +"communities are more specific than we thought,</quote> Mariana said. Ártica " +"now provides more options for classes and has lower enrollment in each " +"course. This means they can provide more attention to individual students " +"and offer classes on more specialized topics." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3636 +msgid "" +"Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " +"a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " +"planning to marketing campaigns. Some are significant in scope, particularly " +"when they work with cultural institutions, and some are smaller projects " +"commissioned by individual artists." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3644 +msgid "" +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific " +"projects. Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project " +"like a new course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in " +"it. They take the stance that every new project leads them to something new, " +"every new resource they create opens new doors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3652 +msgid "" +"Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " +"attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " +"blog posts, videos—is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " +"BY-SA). <quote>We use a ShareAlike license because we want to give the " +"greatest freedom to our students and readers, and we also want that freedom " +"to be viral,</quote> Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse " +"and remix their content is a fundamental value. <quote>How can you offer an " +"online educational service without giving permission to download, make and " +"keep copies, or print the educational resources?</quote> Jorge " +"said. <quote>If we want to do the best for our students—those who trust in " +"us to the point that they are willing to pay online without face-to-face " +"contact—we have to offer them a fair and ethical agreement.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3668 +msgid "" +"They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " +"their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " +"few years ago, a publisher even picked up one of their e-books and " +"distributed printed copies. Ártica views reuse of their work as a way to " +"open up new opportunities for their business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3676 +msgid "" +"This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another " +"belief—in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, " +"they spoke of all of the spontaneous and organic ways they find " +"inspiration. <quote>Sometimes, the collaborative process starts with a " +"conversation between us, or with friends from other projects,</quote> Jorge " +"said. <quote>That can be the first step for a new blog post or another " +"simple piece of content, which can evolve to a more complex product in the " +"future, like a course or a book.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 +msgid "" +"Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " +"be dynamic. <quote>This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in " +"order to get good professional results, but the design process is more " +"flexible,</quote> Jorge said. They share early and often, and they adjust " +"based on what they learn, always exploring and testing new ideas and ways of " +"operating. In many ways, for them, the process is just as important as the " +"final product." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3697 +msgid "" +"People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes " +"more. <quote>In the educational and cultural business, it is more important " +"to pay attention to people and process, rather than content or specific " +"formats or materials,</quote> Mariana said. <quote>Materials and content " +"are fluid. The important thing is the relationships.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3705 +msgid "" +"Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " +"with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " +"and share their knowledge." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3710 +msgid "" +"At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. <quote>Good " +"content is not enough,</quote> Jorge said. <quote>We also think that it is " +"very important to take a stand for some things in the cultural " +"sector.</quote> Mariana and Jorge are activists. They defend free culture " +"(the movement promoting the freedom to modify and distribute creative work) " +"and work to demonstrate the intersection between free culture and other " +"social-justice movements. Their efforts to involve people in their work and " +"enable artists and cultural institutions to better use technology are all " +"tied closely to their belief system. Ultimately, what drives their work is " +"a mission to democratize art and culture." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3724 +msgid "" +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " +"projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " +"in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " +"efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3732 +msgid "" +"<quote>There are lots of people offering online courses,</quote> Jorge " +"said. <quote>But it is easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is " +"very specific and personal.</quote> Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal " +"at every level. For Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them " +"personal meaning and purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3740 +msgid "" +"In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " +"this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " +"from the media. <quote>If they seek only the traditional type of success, " +"they will get frustrated,</quote> Mariana said. <quote>We try to show them " +"another image of what it looks like.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3755 +msgid "" +"The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " +"Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3762 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3766 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3768 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3773 +msgid "" +"For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " +"entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " +"available under a free software license has been integral to its development " +"and popularity. Using that software to make movies that were licensed with " +"Creative Commons pushed that development even further. Sharing enables " +"people to participate and to interact with and build upon the technology and " +"content they create in a way that benefits Blender and its community in " +"concrete ways." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3784 +msgid "" +"Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " +"outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " +"well. The creative process also enhances the development of the Blender " +"software because the technical team responds directly to the needs of the " +"film production team, creating tools and features that make their lives " +"easier. And, of course, each project involves a long, rewarding process for " +"the creative and technical community working together." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3794 +msgid "" +"Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, <quote>Ton believes if you " +"don’t make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3801 +msgid "" +"Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " +"software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " +"free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " +"his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " +"with investors—if he could raise enough money, he could then make the " +"Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3812 +msgid "" +"This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " +"existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " +"raised the money he needed. The Blender software became freely available for " +"anyone to use. Simply applying the General Public License to the software, " +"however, was not enough to create a thriving community around it. Francesco " +"told us, <quote>Software of this complexity relies on people and their " +"vision of how people work together. Ton is a fantastic community builder and " +"manager, and he put a lot of work into fostering a community of developers " +"so that the project could live.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3825 +msgid "" +"Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " +"quickly because the community could make fixes and " +"improvements. <quote>Software should be free and open to hack,</quote> " +"Francesco said. <quote>Otherwise, everyone is doing the same thing in the " +"dark for ten years.</quote> Ton set up the Blender Foundation to oversee and " +"steward the software development and maintenance." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3834 +msgid "" +"After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " +"software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " +"Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " +"artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " +"them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"they would improve the Blender software in the process." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3844 +msgid "" +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " +"were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " +"succeeded, people were astounded. <quote>The idea that making money was " +"possible by producing CC-licensed material was mind-blowing to " +"people,</quote> he said. <quote>They were like, <quote>I have to see it to " +"believe it.</quote></quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3854 +msgid "" +"The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " +"successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " +"dedicated to hosting open-movie projects. The Blender Institute’s next " +"project was an even bigger success. The film, Big Buck Bunny, went viral, " +"and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3862 +msgid "" +"Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " +"bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " +"complex, combining technical experts and artists who focus on " +"storytelling. Francesco says the process is almost on an industrial scale " +"because of the number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized " +"assistance, but the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it " +"needs to help on projects. <quote>Blender hardly does any recruiting for " +"film projects because the talent emerges naturally,</quote> Francesco " +"said. <quote>So many people want to work with us, and we can’t always hire " +"them because of budget constraints.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3875 +msgid "" +"Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " +"Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " +"community leader and visionary for their work. <quote>There is a whole " +"community who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,</quote> " +"Francesco said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3884 +msgid "" +"While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " +"crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " +"some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " +"specific project and ask for funding. <quote>Once a project is over, " +"everyone goes home,</quote> he said. <quote>It is great fun, but then it " +"ends. That is a problem.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3893 +msgid "" +"To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " +"support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " +"Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " +"crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " +"get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " +"are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " +"subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " +"detailed information and content used in the creative process. Blender Cloud " +"also has extensive training materials and libraries of characters and other " +"assets used in various projects." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3908 +msgid "" +"The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " +"to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " +"goal is to grow their subscriber base. <quote>This is our freedom,</quote> " +"he told us, <quote>and for artists, freedom is everything.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3915 +msgid "" +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " +"toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " +"Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " +"other revenue streams, such as the Blender Store, where people can purchase " +"DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3924 +msgid "" +"Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " +"twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " +"the software and the content produced with the software free and " +"open. Selling a license has never been part of the business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3931 +msgid "" +"Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " +"source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " +"Blender’s shoes and trying to make money off of their content. Ton believes " +"this is because the true value of what they do is in the creative and " +"production process. <quote>Even when you share everything, all your original " +"sources, it still takes a lot of talent, skills, time, and budget to " +"reproduce what you did,</quote> Ton said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941 +msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3945 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3951 +msgid "" +"Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " +"party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3956 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3958 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3961 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3964 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3969 +msgid "" +"If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " +"about the Cards Against Humanity business model. <quote>We make a " +"product. We sell it for money. Then we spend less money than we " +"make,</quote> Max said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3975 +msgid "" +"He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " +"the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or " +"fill-in-the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit " +"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards " +"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right " +"kind of people (<quote>horrible people,</quote> according to Cards Against " +"Humanity advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3985 +msgid "" +"The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " +"profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " +"the number-one best-selling item out of all toys and games on Amazon. There " +"are official expansion packs available, and several official themed packs " +"and international editions as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3993 +msgid "" +"But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " +"digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " +"one million people have downloaded the game since the company began tracking " +"the numbers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3999 +msgid "" +"The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " +"(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " +"create new versions of the game as long as they make it available under the " +"same noncommercial terms. The ability to adapt the game is like an entire " +"new game unto itself." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4007 +msgid "" +"All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " +"download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " +"cult following." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4012 +msgid "" +"Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " +"Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " +"Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max tells " +"the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on New Year’s " +"Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " +"a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " +"asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " +"released in May 2011." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4025 +msgid "" +"The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over " +"time. Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to " +"make it an ongoing business. <quote>It kind of just happened,</quote> he " +"said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4031 +msgid "" +"But this tale of a <quote>happy accident</quote> belies marketing " +"genius. Just like the game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent " +"and memorable. It is hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their " +"website <quote>Your dumb questions.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4037 +msgid "" +"Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " +"and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " +"illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " +"Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " +"biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " +"support what he called the <quote>orgy of consumerism</quote> the day has " +"become, particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for " +"what you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an " +"Everything Costs $5 More sale." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4050 +msgid "" +"<quote>We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our " +"fans were going to hate us for it,</quote> he said. <quote>But it made us " +"laugh so we went with it. People totally caught the joke.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 +msgid "" +"This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " +"engages their fans. <quote>One of the most surprising things you can do in " +"capitalism is just be honest with people,</quote> Max said. <quote>It shocks " +"people that there is transparency about what you are doing.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4063 +msgid "" +"Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. <quote>If we do something a " +"little subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the " +"joke.</quote> One year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, " +"where people literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans " +"wanted to make the joke funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 " +"in a single day." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071 +msgid "" +"This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " +"decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " +"are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " +"said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " +"jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that " +"line. <quote>It happened, and the world didn’t end,</quote> Max " +"said. <quote>If that is the worst cost of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred " +"times over because there are so many benefits.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4084 +msgid "" +"Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " +"run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " +"there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4092 +msgid "" +"Max said, <quote>CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " +"involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " +"unbelievable situation where we are one of the best-marketed games in the " +"world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4099 +msgid "" +"Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " +"with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " +"licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " +"polices its brand. <quote>We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our " +"brand and our game and make money off of it,</quote> Max said. About 99.9 " +"percent of the time, they just send an email to those making commercial use " +"of the game, and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of " +"instances where they had to get a lawyer involved." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113 +msgid "" +"Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " +"eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " +"for the game. <quote>We have daylong arguments about commas,</quote> Max " +"said. <quote>The slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that " +"it is easy to write them, but it is actually a lot of work and " +"quibbling.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4124 +msgid "" +"That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " +"submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"original work is created and published when people make their own " +"adaptations of the game." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4135 +msgid "" +"For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " +"partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " +"the Walt Disney philosophy of financial success. <quote>We don’t make jokes " +"and games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and " +"games,</quote> he said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4142 +msgid "" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. <quote>Cards is not our life plan,</quote> Max said. <quote>We all " +"have other interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going " +"on in our lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking " +"things from the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from " +"the game into it.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151 +msgid "" +"Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " +"to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " +"ended up being a savvy marketing move for the company, but nonetheless, " +"giving up exclusive control of your work necessarily means giving up some " +"opportunities to extract more money from customers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +msgid "" +"<quote>It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC " +"licensing,</quote> Max said. <quote>If your only goal is to make a lot of " +"money, then CC is not best strategy. This kind of business model, though, " +"speaks to your values, and who you are and why you’re making things.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4166 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172 +msgid "" +"The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " +"and research community and delivered direct to the public over the " +"Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4177 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4186 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4191 +msgid "" +"Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " +"Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " +"Australia. He experienced firsthand the decline of newspapers, including the " +"collapse of revenues, layoffs, and the constant pressure to reduce " +"costs. After he left the Age in 2005, his concern for the future journalism " +"didn’t go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative " +"model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4201 +msgid "" +"Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " +"wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " +"than opinion or ideology. He believed there was still an appetite for " +"journalism with depth and substance but was concerned about the increasing " +"focus on the sensational and sexy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4208 +msgid "" +"While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " +"in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " +"astrophysicist, a Nobel laureate, earth scientists, economists . . . These " +"were the kind of smart people he wished were more involved in informing the " +"world about what is going on and correcting the errors that appear in " +"media. However, they were reluctant to engage with mass media. Often, " +"journalists didn’t understand what they said, or unilaterally chose what " +"aspect of a story to tell, putting out a version that these people felt was " +"wrong or mischaracterized. Newspapers want to attract a mass " +"audience. Scholars want to communicate serious news, findings, and " +"insights. It’s not a perfect match. Universities are massive repositories of " +"knowledge, research, wisdom, and expertise. But a lot of that stays behind a " +"wall of their own making—there are the walled garden and ivory tower " +"metaphors, and in more literal terms, the paywall. Broadly speaking, " +"universities are part of society but disconnected from it. They are an " +"enormous public resource but not that good at presenting their expertise to " +"the wider public." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4229 +msgid "" +"Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " +"arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " +"about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " +"working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " +"chance to check the article and give final approval before it is " +"published. Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes " +"and writing whatever they want." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4242 +msgid "" +"The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " +"and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " +"Research Organisation (CSIRO), the University of Melbourne, Monash " +"University, the University of Technology Sydney, and the University of " +"Western Australia. These founding partners saw the value of an independent " +"information channel that would also showcase the talent and knowledge of the " +"university and research sector. With their help, in 2011, the Conversation, " +"was launched as an independent news site in Australia. Everything published " +"in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4255 +msgid "" +"The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " +"democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative " +"journalism. The Conversation’s aim is for people to have a better " +"understanding of current affairs and complex issues—and hopefully a better " +"quality of public discourse. The Conversation sees itself as a source of " +"trusted information dedicated to the public good. Their core mission is " +"simple: to provide readers with a reliable source of evidence-based " +"information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4268 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4266 +msgid "" +"Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " +"content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " +"Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " +"others to republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the " +"content is not edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites " +"have republished their content. The Conversation website gets about 2.9 " +"million unique views per month, but through republication they have " +"thirty-five million readers. This couldn’t have been done without the " +"Creative Commons license, and in Andrew’s view, Creative Commons is central " +"to everything the Conversation does." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4293 +msgid "" +"When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4301 +msgid "" +"It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " +"company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " +"Conversation that they wanted to create a public good rather than make money " +"off of information. Most media companies are working to aggregate as many " +"eyeballs as possible and sell ads. The Conversation founders didn’t want " +"this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4310 +msgid "" +"There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " +"Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " +"Australia. All five editions have their own editorial mastheads, advisory " +"boards, and content. The Conversation’s global virtual newsroom has roughly " +"ninety staff working with thirty-five thousand academics from over sixteen " +"hundred universities around the world. The Conversation would like to be " +"working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4320 +msgid "" +"Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " +"partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " +"corporates, institutions, and individual donations, but the Conversation is " +"shifting toward paid memberships by universities and research institutions " +"to sustain operations. This would safeguard the current service and help " +"improve coverage and features." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4329 +msgid "" +"When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " +"branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " +"website, paying university members are listed as <quote>members and " +"funders.</quote> Early participants may be designated as <quote>founding " +"members,</quote> with seats on the editorial advisory board." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4337 +msgid "" +"Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " +"access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " +"article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " +"countries the readership represents, where the article is being republished, " +"and the number of readers per article." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4347 +msgid "" +"The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " +"impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " +"result of publication, including things like a scholar being asked to go on " +"a show to discuss their piece, give a talk at a conference, collaborate, " +"submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4355 +msgid "" +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " +"of value." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360 +msgid "" +"With its tagline, <quote>Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,</quote> the " +"Conversation represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more " +"informed citizenry and improved democracy around the world. Its open " +"business model and use of Creative Commons show how it’s possible to " +"generate both a public good and operational revenue at the same time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4375 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " +"journalist. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4378 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink " +"url=\"http://boingboing.net\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4381 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow hates the term <quote>business model,</quote> and he is " +"adamant that he is not a brand. <quote>To me, branding is the idea that you " +"can take a thing that has certain qualities, remove the qualities, and go on " +"selling it,</quote> he said. <quote>I’m not out there trying to figure out " +"how to be a brand. I’m doing this thing that animates me to work crazy " +"insane hours because it’s the most important thing I know how to do.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4399 +msgid "" +"Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " +"making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " +"sharing it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4404 +msgid "" +"He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " +"Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " +"his work has been published under a Creative Commons license. Cory is " +"coeditor of the popular CC-licensed site Boing Boing, where he writes about " +"technology, politics, and intellectual property. He has also written several " +"nonfiction books, including the most recent Information Doesn’t Want to Be " +"Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet " +"age." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4415 +msgid "" +"Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " +"paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " +"his work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 +msgid "" +"While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " +"just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " +"restrictive copyright and digital-rights-management (DRM) technology used to " +"lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " +"interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " +"Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " +"importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. <quote>My political " +"work is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,</quote> " +"he said. <quote>I have this suspicion that if I gave up the things that " +"didn’t make me money, the genuineness would leach out of what I do, and the " +"quality that causes people to like what I do would be gone.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4437 +msgid "" +"Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " +"motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " +"stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " +"rich. <quote>Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying " +"lottery tickets because you want to get rich,</quote> he wrote. <quote>It " +"might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always " +"wins the lottery.</quote> He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to " +"<quote>make it,</quote> but he says he would be writing no matter " +"what. <quote>I am compelled to write,</quote> he wrote. <quote>Long before " +"I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep myself " +"sane.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4451 +msgid "" +"Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " +"primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " +"Commons is a moral imperative. <quote>It felt morally right,</quote> he said " +"of his decision to adopt Creative Commons licenses. <quote>I felt like I " +"wasn’t contributing to the culture of surveillance and censorship that has " +"been created to try to stop copying.</quote> In other words, using CC " +"licenses symbolizes his worldview." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461 +msgid "" +"He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " +"with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " +"controlled experiment to compare the commercial benefits of licensing with " +"CC against reserving all rights, he thinks he has sold more books using a CC " +"license than he would have without it. Cory says his goal is to convince " +"people they should pay him for his work. <quote>I started by not calling " +"them thieves,</quote> he said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4471 +msgid "" +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " +"they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. <quote>I knew there was a " +"relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " +"career as a writer,</quote> he said. <quote>At the time, it took eighty " +"hours to OCR a book, which is a big effort. I decided to spare them the time " +"and energy, and give them the book for free in a format destined to " +"spread.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484 +msgid "" +"Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " +"Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " +"book to break even. People often said he was only able to use CC licenses " +"successfully at that time because he was just starting out. Now they say he " +"can only do it because he is an established author." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4492 +msgid "" +"The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " +"from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " +"his work intrinsically shareable. <quote>Getting the hell out of the way " +"for people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds " +"obvious, but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,</quote> he said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4500 +msgid "" +"Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " +"view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. <quote>Being open to fan activity " +"makes you part of the conversation about what fans do with your work and how " +"they interact with it,</quote> he said. Cory’s own website routinely " +"highlights cool things his audience has done with his work. Unlike " +"corporations like Disney that tend to have a hands-off relationship with " +"their fan activity, he has a symbiotic relationship with his " +"audience. <quote>Engaging with your audience can’t guarantee you " +"success,</quote> he said. <quote>And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4515 +msgid "" +"His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " +"under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " +"gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " +"if they share it back under the same license terms. Before releasing his " +"work under a CC license that allows adaptations, he always sells the right " +"to translate the book to other languages to a commercial publisher first. He " +"wants to reach new potential buyers in other parts of the world, and he " +"thinks it is more difficult to get people to pay for translations if there " +"are fan translations already available for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4530 +msgid "" +"In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " +"to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " +"spring, and they are blown into the air going in every direction. The " +"strategy is to maximize the number of blind chances the dandelion has for " +"continuing its genetic line. Similarly, he says there are lots of people out " +"there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " +"other way. <quote>The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " +"likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,</quote> he wrote. <quote>The " +"copies that others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the " +"possibility that I’ll get something.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545 +msgid "" +"Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " +"more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the " +"practice—for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a " +"particular platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of " +"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He " +"calls it Cory’s First Law: <quote>Anytime someone puts a lock on something " +"that belongs to you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for " +"your benefit.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556 +msgid "" +"Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " +"rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. <quote>On " +"the one hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " +"audience,</quote> he said. <quote>On the other hand, the intermediaries we " +"historically sold to are making it harder to go around them.</quote> Cory " +"continually looks for ways to reach his audience without relying upon major " +"platforms that will try to take control over his work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4567 +msgid "" +"Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " +"and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " +"for free. But he believes people are willing to pay for content they like, " +"even when it is available for free, as long as it is easy to do. He was " +"extremely successful using Humble Bundle, a platform that allows people to " +"pay what they want for DRM-free versions of a bundle of a particular " +"creator’s work. He is planning to try his own pay-what-you-want experiment " +"soon." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4578 +msgid "" +"Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " +"the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. <quote>If " +"you look at the history of artists, most die in penury,</quote> he " +"said. <quote>That reality means that for artists, we have to find ways to " +"support ourselves when public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. " +"Future-proofing your artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to " +"stay connected to those people who have been touched by your work.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4590 +msgid "" +"Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " +"reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " +"is hard to make a living as an artist is nothing new. What is new, he writes " +"in his book, <quote>is how many ways there are to make things, and to get " +"them into other people’s hands and minds.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4598 +msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4602 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4608 +msgid "" +"Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " +"researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4614 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4616 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4619 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4622 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4627 +msgid "" +"Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " +"improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " +"research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " +"their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and " +"code—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " +"not allow." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4638 +msgid "" +"Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " +"we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " +"trusted? Answers have evolved over time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4643 +msgid "" +"Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " +"getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " +"videos of stem cells in motion. However, when he went to publish his " +"research, there was no way for him to also publish the videos, figures, " +"graphs, and data sets. This was frustrating. Mark believed publishing his " +"complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4652 +msgid "" +"Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " +"Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " +"mainstream, and he believed it ought to be possible to put all his research " +"online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4659 +msgid "" +"There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " +"identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " +"ensuring the research is citable for the long term." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4665 +msgid "" +"Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " +"persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " +"a series of numbers in the DOI name. Referring to an object by its DOI is " +"more stable than referring to it by its URL, because the location of an " +"object (the web page or URL) can often change. Mark partnered with DataCite " +"for the provision of DOIs for research data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4674 +msgid "" +"As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and " +"open-science communities were already using and recommending Creative " +"Commons. Based on what was happening in those communities and Mark’s " +"dialogue with peers, he went with CC0 (in the public domain) for data sets " +"and CC BY (Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4682 +msgid "" +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data " +"open. People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the " +"same. So he opened it up for them to use, too." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4688 +msgid "" +"People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " +"for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " +"license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4696 +msgid "" +"Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " +"unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4703 +msgid "" +"Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " +"storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " +"Commons and receives a DOI link. The premium option charges researchers a " +"fee for gigabytes of private storage space, and for private online space " +"designed for a set number of research collaborators, which is ideal for " +"larger teams and geographically dispersed research groups. Figshare sums up " +"its value proposition to researchers as <quote>You retain ownership. You " +"license it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4715 +msgid "" +"In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " +"figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " +"Figshare. For example, researchers could quickly preview their research " +"files within a browser without having to download them first or require " +"third-party software. Journals who were still largely publishing articles as " +"static noninteractive PDFs became interested in having Figshare provide that " +"functionality for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4725 +msgid "" +"Figshare diversified its business model to include services for " +"journals. Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ " +"online articles. This additional data improved the quality of the " +"articles. Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having " +"to develop this functionality as part of their own " +"infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the " +"article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to " +"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides " +"research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including " +"Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has " +"convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4739 +msgid "" +"Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " +"the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " +"outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " +"interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " +"adding services for institutions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4749 +msgid "" +"Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " +"their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " +"securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " +"not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " +"as well as of the researchers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4759 +msgid "" +"As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " +"share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " +"the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " +"open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " +"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4772 +msgid "" +"For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " +"benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " +"BY is the best license for this. On the other hand, institutions were saying " +"they wouldn’t use Figshare unless it offered a choice in licenses. He " +"initially refused to offer anything beyond CC0 and CC BY, but after seeing " +"an open-source CERN project offer all Creative Commons licenses without any " +"negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4782 +msgid "" +"Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " +"dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " +"on views, citations, and downloads. You could see which license generates " +"the biggest impact. If the data showed that CC BY is more impactful, Mark " +"believes more and more researchers and institutions will make it their " +"license of choice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4795 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4798 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4790 +msgid "" +"Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +"possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " +"applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " +"journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " +"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into an app " +"developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data into a " +"visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of " +"the variables.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4801 +msgid "" +"The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " +"word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " +"Figshare. To amplify and reward the community, Figshare established an " +"Advisor program, providing those who promoted Figshare with hoodies and " +"T-shirts, early access to new features, and travel expenses when they gave " +"presentations outside of their area. These Advisors also helped Mark on what " +"license to use for software code and whether to offer universities an option " +"of using Creative Commons licenses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4816 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4812 +msgid "" +"Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " +"time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " +"time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career " +"academics. It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that " +"Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4823 +msgid "" +"Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " +"800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " +"collections, and 5,000–plus projects. Sixty percent of their traffic comes " +"from Google. A sister company called Altmetric tracks the use of Figshare by " +"others, including Wikipedia and news sources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4831 +msgid "" +"Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " +"publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " +"researchers for free. Figshare has publicly stuck to its principles—keeping " +"the free service free and requiring the use of CC BY and CC0 from the " +"start—and from Mark’s perspective, this is why people trust Figshare. Mark " +"sees new competitors coming forward who are just in it for money. If " +"Figshare was only in it for the money, they wouldn’t care about offering a " +"free version. Figshare’s principles and advocacy for openness are a key " +"differentiator. Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting " +"open access to research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new " +"discoveries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4846 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4852 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4857 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4859 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4862 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4864 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4870 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF_harness-the-power.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4869 +msgid "" +"In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " +"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace said there are thousands of " +"valuable and relevant data sets freely available to us right now, but most " +"people don’t use them. She used to think this meant people didn’t care about " +"being informed, but she’s come to see that she was wrong. Almost everyone " +"wants to be informed about issues that matter—not only to them, but also to " +"their families, their communities, their businesses, and their country. But " +"there’s a big difference between availability and accessibility of " +"information. Data is spread across thousands of sites and is held within " +"databases and spreadsheets that require both time and skill to engage " +"with. To use data when making a decision, you have to know what specific " +"question to ask, identify a source that has collected the data, and " +"manipulate complex tools to extract and visualize the information within the " +"data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ to make data truly accessible to " +"all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4888 +msgid "" +"Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " +"New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " +"prosperity, social well-being, environmental quality, and environmental " +"productivity for New Zealand and New Zealanders. While giving talks to " +"community and business groups, Lillian realized <quote>every single issue we " +"addressed would have been easier to deal with if more people understood the " +"basic facts.</quote> But understanding the basic facts sometimes requires " +"data and research that you often have to pay for." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4899 +msgid "" +"Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " +"the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " +"process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " +"invested in the technology to help automate some of it. Wiki New Zealand " +"became Figure.NZ, and efforts were reoriented toward providing services to " +"those wanting to open their data and present it visually." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4913 +msgid "" +"Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " +"including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " +"academics. Figure.NZ imports and extracts that data, and then validates and " +"standardizes it—all with a strong eye on what will be best for users. They " +"then make the data available in a series of standardized forms, both human- " +"and machine-readable, with rich metadata about the sources, the licenses, " +"and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " +"line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " +"Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " +"to the original source and to Figure.NZ." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4939 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4930 +msgid "" +"Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " +"good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " +"others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " +"and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " +"an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " +"guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4946 +msgid "" +"Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " +"a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " +"Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " +"nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " +"that they can rely on Figure.NZ’s motives. People see them as a trusted " +"wrangler and source." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4959 +msgid "" +"Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " +"and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " +"perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " +"of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " +"collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " +"collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " +"value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " +"are being made and to be more aware about what the government is doing, why " +"not transform the data it collects into easily understood visuals? It could " +"even become a way for a government or any organization to differentiate, " +"market, and brand itself." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4978 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " +"from the data and visuals." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " +"to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " +"Figure.NZ as their publishing platform. People who want to publish open data " +"appreciate Figure.NZ’s ability to do it faster, more easily, and better than " +"they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " +"things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " +"control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " +"or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " +"available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " +"truly democratize data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5000 +msgid "" +"Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " +"well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " +"for customers and Figure.NZ to figure out what it would cost to import, " +"standardize, and display that data in a useful way. To deal with this, " +"Figure.NZ uses <quote>high-trust contracts,</quote> where customers allocate " +"a certain budget to the task that Figure.NZ is then free to draw from, as " +"long as Figure.NZ frequently reports on what they’ve produced so the " +"customer can determine the value for money. This strategy has helped build " +"trust and transparency about the level of effort associated with doing work " +"that has never been done before." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5019 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5014 +msgid "" +"A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " +"Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " +"example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " +"Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5022 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5022 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5028 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " +"more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"are tax deductible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5034 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " +"and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " +"expertise in taking random styles of data, standardizing it, and making it " +"useful. Lillian realized that Figure.NZ could easily become a warehouse of " +"seventy people doing data. But for Lillian, growth isn’t always good. In her " +"view, bigger often means less effective. Lillian set artificial constraints " +"on growth, forcing the organization to think differently and be more " +"efficient. Rather than in-house growth, they are growing and building " +"external relationships." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5046 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " +"of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " +"environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " +"tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " +"graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " +"customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " +"and how to use it. They’ve begun putting more emphasis on tracking what " +"users of their website want. They also get requests from social media and " +"through email for them to share data for a specific topic—for example, can " +"you share data for water quality? If they have the data, they respond " +"quickly; if they don’t, they try and identify the organizations that would " +"have that data and forge a relationship so they can be included on " +"Figure.NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for " +"people to be curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are " +"interested in." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5070 +msgid "" +"Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " +"simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. \"We " +"used to live in a world where it was really hard to share information " +"widely. And in that world, the best future was created by having a few great " +"leaders who essentially had access to the information and made decisions on " +"behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5080 +msgid "" +"\"But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " +"widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " +"future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5086 +msgid "" +"\"The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " +"one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " +"numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092 +msgid "" +"\"Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " +"we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " +"something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " +"numbers and data literacy. We largely still believe that only a few " +"specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5103 +msgid "" +"\"Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " +"numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " +"with trust and a network of relationships to make that possible. What you " +"can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5110 +msgid "" +"<quote>Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people " +"analyze what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " +"society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " +"understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the " +"future.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5119 +msgid "" +"Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " +"their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " +"the <quote>network effect</quote>— users dramatically increasing value for " +"themselves and for others through use of their service. Creative Commons is " +"core to making the network effect possible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5128 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5134 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access " +"books. Founded in 2012 in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5141 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5144 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5147 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5152 +msgid "" +"The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " +"innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " +"the UK-based Knowledge Unlatched with a mission to enable open access to " +"scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly- book-publishing system " +"is not working for anyone, and especially not for monographs in the " +"humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " +"this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " +"model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " +"including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " +"Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5168 +msgid "" +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " +"Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " +"content online and distributing it free to users." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5175 +msgid "" +"Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " +"and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " +"Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went " +"up, not down." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5181 +msgid "" +"In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " +"United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " +"the launch, Frances convinced Bloomsbury to differentiate themselves by " +"putting out monographs for free online under a Creative Commons license " +"(BY-NC or BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial or " +"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest " +"cost for publishers is getting a book to the stage where it can be " +"printed. If everyone read the online book for free, there would be no " +"print-book sales at all, and the costs associated with getting the book to " +"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print " +"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances " +"found it intriguing that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts " +"as a marketing vehicle for the print format." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5198 +msgid "" +"Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " +"with enhanced features. She thought of this as the <quote>ice cream " +"model</quote>: the free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an " +"ice cream cone, and the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5207 +msgid "" +"After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " +"libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " +"ready be printed, in other words, cover the fixed costs of getting to the " +"first digital copy? Then you could either bring down the cost of the printed " +"book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and " +"e-book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5216 +msgid "" +"This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a " +"<quote>book-processing charge</quote>—and providing everyone in the world " +"with an open-access version of the books released under a Creative Commons " +"license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 +msgid "" +"This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " +"but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " +"interest. The more she talked about it, the more people agreed it had " +"appeal. She offered a bottle of champagne to anyone who could come up with a " +"good name for the idea. Her husband came up with Knowledge Unlatched, and " +"after two years of generating interest, she decided to move forward and " +"launch a community interest company (a UK term for not-for-profit social " +"enterprises) in 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5235 +msgid "" +"She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " +"Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5242 +msgid "" +"Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " +"Knowledge Unlatched." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248 +msgid "" +"Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " +"collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5254 +msgid "" +"Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " +"purchased at the stated price(s)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5260 +msgid "" +"The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " +"Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " +"each of the titles that were selected by a minimum number of libraries to " +"cover the Title Fee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269 +msgid "" +"Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " +"Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " +"the total collected from the libraries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5279 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5276 +msgid "" +"Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " +"titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5284 +msgid "" +"The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " +"current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " +"unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " +"price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " +"hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " +"under forty-three dollars." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5295 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5294 +msgid "" +"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5305 +msgid "" +"There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " +"incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " +"books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " +"title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " +"participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " +"then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317 +msgid "" +"The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " +"twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " +"size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " +"packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " +"the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " +"under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " +"started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having a library " +"task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, getting the " +"libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5332 +msgid "" +"The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " +"commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " +"within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5338 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " +"mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " +"libraries that participated in the first round, 80 percent are also " +"participating in the second round, and there are an additional eighty new " +"libraries taking part. Knowledge Unlatched is also working not just with " +"individual libraries but also library consortia, which has been getting even " +"more libraries involved." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5348 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " +"half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " +"make journals open access too." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5353 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " +"book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " +"problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5359 +msgid "" +"The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 " +"range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in " +"the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three " +"hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the " +"first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second " +"round, it took one month to get twenty-six." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5376 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5369 +msgid "" +"Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " +"increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " +"more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " +"you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing " +"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5379 +msgid "" +"Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " +"of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " +"libraries are moving away from buying physical copies. An academic library " +"catalog entry is typically a URL to wherever the book is hosted. Or if they " +"have enough electronic storage space, they may download the digital file " +"into their digital repository. Only secondarily do they consider getting a " +"print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5390 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5398 +msgid "" +"Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " +"with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " +"have in the closed model, and the open-access book is available to all " +"libraries. While this means nonparticipating libraries could be seen as free " +"riders, in the library world, wealthy libraries are used to paying more than " +"poor libraries and accept that part of their money should be spent to " +"support open access. <quote>Free ride</quote> is more like community " +"responsibility. By the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been " +"downloaded nearly eighty thousand times in 175 countries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "" +"For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " +"monographs is a win-win-win." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5415 +msgid "" +"In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by " +"grants. In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is " +"sustainable. Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service " +"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans " +"to scale up in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs " +"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, " +"Knowledge Unlatched is making investments in technology and " +"processes. Future plans include unlatching journals and older books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5426 +msgid "" +"Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " +"valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " +"access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " +"into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " +"Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " +"evolution rather than a revolution." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5438 +msgid "Lumen Learning" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5444 +msgid "" +"Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " +"open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5449 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5451 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5454 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5457 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5468 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5462 +msgid "" +"Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and " +"education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to " +"improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making " +"education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational " +"resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called " +"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> It involved a set of fully open general-education courses across " +"eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to " +"dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to " +"help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the " +"required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and " +"average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with " +"previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of more than " +"twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It " +"was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had " +"on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill " +"and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5485 +msgid "" +"David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " +"for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " +"education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " +"a lot of flexibility to do so." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5495 +msgid "" +"But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " +"for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " +"over what to do with the revenue and investment money; they could make " +"decisions to invest the funds or use them differently based on the situation " +"and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, " +"with its different model for and approach to sustainability." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504 +msgid "" +"Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " +"help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " +"teaching, learning, and research materials, in all different media, that " +"reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that " +"permits free use and repurposing by others." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5512 +msgid "" +"Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " +"complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " +"patterns emerged which allowed them to generalize a set of approaches and " +"offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " +"they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf " +"options. Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good " +"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving " +"disadvantaged learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they " +"describe what they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in " +"a way that is very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and " +"universities—" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5528 +msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5534 +msgid "" +"provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " +"course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5541 +msgid "" +"measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " +"persistence, and course completion; and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5547 +msgid "" +"collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " +"student success research." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5553 +msgid "" +"Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " +"more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " +"right off their website. They can be copied and used by others as long as " +"they provide attribution to Lumen Learning following the terms of the " +"Creative Commons license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5561 +msgid "" +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " +"institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"dollars per enrolled student." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5569 +msgid "" +"A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " +"personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " +"and assessments, and helps instructors find and support the students who " +"need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled " +"student." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576 +msgid "" +"The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " +"support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " +"of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " +"textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5585 +msgid "" +"Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " +"on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " +"tools and services that help people use a free resource—sunlight. And " +"Lumen’s business model focuses on getting the institutions to pay, not the " +"students. With projects they did prior to Lumen, David and Kim learned that " +"students who have access to all course materials from day one have greater " +"success. If students had to pay, Lumen would have to restrict access to " +"those who paid. Right from the start, their stance was that they would not " +"put their content behind a paywall. Lumen invests zero dollars in " +"technologies and processes for restricting access—no digital rights " +"management, no time bombs. While this has been a challenge from a " +"business-model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has " +"generated immense goodwill in the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5602 +msgid "" +"In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " +"Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " +"with the faculty who are teaching the new course. They’re often part of the " +"institution paying Lumen, but sometimes Lumen has to expand the team and " +"contract faculty from other institutions. First, the faculty identifies all " +"of the course’s learning outcomes. Lumen then searches for, aggregates, and " +"curates the best OER they can find that addresses those learning needs, " +"which the faculty reviews." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5613 +msgid "" +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5624 +msgid "" +"Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " +"differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " +"the Creative Commons license and attribution information in the website’s " +"footer, which stays the same for all pages. This doesn’t quite work, " +"however, when mixing different OER together." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5632 +msgid "" +"Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " +"course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " +"another. Some are licensed as Attribution (CC BY), others as " +"Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). If this information is put within the " +"text of the course, faculty members sometimes try to edit it and students " +"find it a distraction. Lumen dealt with this challenge by capturing the " +"license and attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up " +"at the end of each page." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5643 +msgid "" +"Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " +"to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " +"grant funders. People in their network generously increase the visibility of " +"Lumen through presentations, word of mouth, and referrals. Sometimes the " +"number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5651 +msgid "" +"To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " +"proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " +"regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"the Virginia community college system, which is building out " +"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar " +"system-level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its " +"efforts. Where there are projects that would require a lot of resources on " +"Lumen’s part, they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number " +"of students." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5664 +msgid "" +"As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " +"nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " +"Commons licenses, for all the materials it creates; and day-one access for " +"students. Having clear nonnegotiables allows them to then engage with the " +"education community to solve for other challenges and work with institutions " +"to identify new business models that achieve institution goals, while " +"keeping Lumen healthy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5674 +msgid "" +"Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " +"nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " +"Why should you invest in creating something that people will be reluctant to " +"pay for? How do you ensure that the investment the diverse education " +"community makes in OER is not exploited? Lumen thinks we all need to be " +"clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open " +"community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5684 +msgid "" +"In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " +"institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " +"back something that is generous." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5693 +msgid "" +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " +"students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " +"explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " +"with Lumen; integration with the institution’s learning-management system; a " +"guarantee of support for faculty and students; and future sustainability " +"with funding supporting the evolution and improvement of the OER they are " +"using." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5704 +msgid "" +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " +"unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " +"for a correct balance of all these factors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5713 +msgid "" +"Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " +"more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " +"structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is " +"understandable and repeatable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719 +msgid "" +"As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " +"working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than " +"seventy-five thousand student enrollments. Lumen received early start-up " +"funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, " +"and the Shuttleworth Foundation. Since then, Lumen has also attracted " +"investment funding. Over the last three years, Lumen has been roughly 60 " +"percent grant funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with " +"angel capital. Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding " +"with revenue." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5731 +msgid "" +"In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " +"they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " +"them, open business models are an emerging field where we are all learning " +"through sharing. Their biggest recommendations for others wanting to pursue " +"the open model are to make your commitment to open resources public, let " +"people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about " +"trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5742 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5748 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the " +"<quote>Song A Day</quote> guy. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5751 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink " +"url=\"http://jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5754 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5759 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5764 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as " +"<quote>hustling</quote>—seizing nearly every opportunity he sees to make " +"money. The bulk of his income comes from writing songs under commission for " +"people and companies, but he has a wide variety of income sources. He has " +"supporters on the crowdfunding site Patreon. He gets advertising revenue " +"from YouTube and Bandcamp, where he posts all of his music. He gives paid " +"speaking engagements about creativity and motivation. He has been hired by " +"major conferences to write songs summarizing what speakers have said in the " +"conference sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5776 +msgid "" +"His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " +"quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " +"when he read that Apple was having a conference the following day to address " +"a snafu related to the iPhone 4. He decided to write and post a song about " +"the iPhone 4 that day, and the next day he got a call from the public " +"relations people at Apple wanting to use and promote his video at the Apple " +"conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time " +"magazine." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5787 +msgid "" +"Jonathan’s successful <quote>hustling</quote> is also about old-fashioned " +"persistence. He is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song " +"each day. He holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily " +"songwriting, and he is widely known as the <quote>song-a-day guy.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5794 +msgid "" +"He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " +"alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " +"supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " +"was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " +"audio files." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5804 +msgid "" +"He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " +"he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " +"to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that " +"day. His songs are catchy and mostly lighthearted, but they often contain at " +"least an undercurrent of a deeper theme or meaning. Occasionally, they are " +"extremely personal, like the song he cowrote with his exgirlfriend " +"announcing their breakup. Rain or shine, in sickness or health, Jonathan " +"posts and writes a song every day. If he is on a flight or otherwise " +"incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will " +"prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5820 +msgid "" +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " +"variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " +"occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " +"more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write " +"songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5829 +msgid "" +"His website explains his gig as <quote>taking any message, from the super " +"simple to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a " +"heartfelt, fun and quirky song.</quote> He charges $500 to create a produced " +"song and $300 for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, " +"weddings, conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that " +"funded the production of this book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5838 +msgid "" +"Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " +"but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " +"discovered the option. <quote>CC seems like such a no-brainer,</quote> " +"Jonathan said. <quote>I don’t understand how anything else would make " +"sense. It seems like such an obvious thing that you would want your work to " +"be able to be shared.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 +msgid "" +"His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " +"further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " +"wheels, letting people know that Jonathan allows and encourages them to " +"copy, interact with, and remix his music. <quote>If you let someone cover " +"your song or remix it or use parts of it, that’s how music is supposed to " +"work,</quote> Jonathan said. <quote>That is how music has worked since the " +"beginning of time. Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5857 +msgid "" +"There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " +"never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " +"build community. <quote>There is all of this conventional wisdom about how " +"to build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of " +"that,</quote> Jonathan said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5864 +msgid "" +"He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " +"major focus. <quote>I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a " +"really long time, some even longer than I’ve been doing song-a-day,</quote> " +"he said. <quote>There is also a transitional aspect that drop in and get " +"what they need and then move on.</quote> Focusing less on community building " +"than other artists makes sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of " +"writing custom songs for clients." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5874 +msgid "" +"Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those " +"skills. Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift " +"for distilling complicated subjects into simple concepts and putting them to " +"music. In his song <quote>How to Choose a Master Password,</quote> Jonathan " +"explained the process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple " +"song. He was hired to write the song by a client who handed him a long " +"technical blog post from which to draw the information. Like a good (and " +"rare) journalist, he translated the technical concepts into something " +"understandable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5886 +msgid "" +"When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " +"list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " +"song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " +"he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " +"really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " +"work is a song rather than news. <quote>There is something about being " +"challenged and forced to take information that doesn’t seem like it should " +"be sung about or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,</quote> he " +"said. <quote>I find that creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy " +"getting lost in that process.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5902 +msgid "" +"Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " +"he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5909 +msgid "" +"Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " +"does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " +"fundamentally does not believe in, and there are times he has turned down " +"jobs on principle. He also won’t stray too much from his natural " +"style. <quote>My style is silly, so I can’t really accommodate people who " +"want something super serious,</quote> Jonathan said. <quote>I do what I do " +"very easily, and it’s part of who I am.</quote> Jonathan hasn’t gotten into " +"writing commercials for the same reasons; he is best at using his own unique " +"style rather than mimicking others." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "" +"Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and " +"grit. Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in " +"books like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely " +"emphasizes the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can " +"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is " +"a living embodiment of these principles." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5930 +msgid "" +"When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " +"process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " +"precious and getting stuck on trying to make it perfect, he has become " +"comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song " +"might be better." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5937 +msgid "" +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " +"having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5944 +msgid "" +"<quote>Success feels like it’s over,</quote> he said. <quote>To a certain " +"extent, a creative person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied " +"because then so much of what drives you would be gone.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5951 +msgid "Noun Project" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5957 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " +"display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " +"the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5962 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5970 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5975 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " +"use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " +"languages, and cultures." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5980 +msgid "" +"The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " +"while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " +"of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5988 +msgid "" +"When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " +"presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " +"symbols and icons was difficult. He couldn’t find any website that could " +"provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could " +"actually help people in similar situations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5996 +msgid "" +"With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " +"and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " +"the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"symbols from volunteer designers around the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6007 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6004 +msgid "" +"Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " +"catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " +"launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their " +"idea. Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over " +"$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to be something much " +"bigger." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6013 +msgid "" +"They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " +"Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " +"process he describes as a relatively easy sell. Lots of designers have old " +"drawings just gathering <quote>digital dust</quote> on their hard " +"drives. It’s easy to convince them to finally share them with the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " +"the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s " +"quality-review process means that only the best works become part of its " +"collection. They make sure to provide encouraging, constructive feedback " +"whenever they reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the " +"relationship they have with their global community of designers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6030 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " +"this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " +"Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a " +"business model around free content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6037 +msgid "" +"Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " +"some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " +"those two goals, but for Edward, Creative Commons licenses bring this " +"idealism and business opportunity together elegantly. He chose the " +"Attribution (CC BY) license, which means people can download the icons for " +"free and modify them and even use them commercially. The requirement to give " +"attribution to the original creator ensures that the creator can build a " +"reputation and get global recognition for their work. And if they simply " +"want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, " +"they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6051 +msgid "" +"Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " +"significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " +"icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " +"get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " +"of attribution statements. For Edward, <quote>That’s when our lightbulb went " +"off.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6062 +msgid "" +"They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " +"global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " +"designers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6069 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " +"users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " +"similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " +"they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " +"users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly " +"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says " +"this model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good " +"for the platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6083 +msgid "" +"Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " +"which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " +"from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " +"be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the <quote>Playground API</quote> for " +"free to test how it integrates with your application, but full " +"implementation will require you to purchase the API Pro version." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6097 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For " +"one-off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " +"percent to Noun Project." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6102 +msgid "" +"The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " +"split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " +"subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6114 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6186 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6113 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6118 +msgid "" +"For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " +"but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " +"creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to " +"pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6125 +msgid "" +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " +"visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " +"people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6139 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " +"of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " +"still lots of paid accounts coming from digital designers, advertising and " +"design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas " +"visually." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6146 +msgid "" +"For Edward, <quote>creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual " +"language</quote> is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their " +"stated mission. It differentiates them from others who offer graphics, " +"icons, or clip art." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6152 +msgid "" +"Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " +"generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " +"first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " +"important to have a mission beyond making money." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6161 +msgid "" +"In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " +"and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " +"genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and " +"credibility. CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6168 +msgid "" +"Edward told us, <quote>Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate " +"community around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat " +"for you when you’re getting ripped in the media. If you go down the road of " +"choosing to work with Creative Commons, you’re taking the first step to " +"building a great community and tapping into a really awesome community that " +"comes with it. But you need to continue to foster that community through " +"other initiatives and continue to nurture it.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6178 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " +"personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " +"profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also " +"search the icons by the creator’s name." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6185 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6194 +msgid "" +"Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " +"customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " +"version, using a service-oriented model. The Noun Project’s success lies in " +"creating services and content that are a strategic mix of free and paid " +"while staying true to their mission—creating, sharing, and celebrating the " +"world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has " +"been key to that goal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6205 +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6211 +msgid "" +"The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6216 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6218 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6221 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6224 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6229 +msgid "" +"Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the " +"London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " +"consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " +"central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " +"(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"around the world innovate with data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6239 +msgid "" +"Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of " +"society. Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight " +"time data from airplane companies helps us plan our travel, data on local " +"housing informs city planning. When this data is not only accurate and " +"timely, but open and accessible, it opens up new possibilities. Open data " +"can be a resource businesses use to build new products and services. It can " +"help governments measure progress, improve efficiency, and target " +"investments. It can help citizens improve their lives by better " +"understanding what is happening around them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6251 +msgid "" +"The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " +"vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " +"innovative with the opportunities created by the UK government’s open data " +"policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data " +"initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6261 +msgid "" +"demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " +"policies affect this;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267 +msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6273 +msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6278 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6278 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6283 +msgid "" +"ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " +"defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " +"this way: <quote>There is a whole ecosystem of open—open-source software, " +"open government, open-access research—and a whole ecosystem of data. ODI’s " +"work cuts across both, with an emphasis on where they overlap—with open " +"data.</quote> ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for " +"revenue." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293 +msgid "" +"As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " +"the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " +"science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " +"investment from the Omidyar Network." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6301 +msgid "" +"Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " +"when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " +"about sixty." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6308 +msgid "" +"ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " +"and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " +"commercial work. In Jeni’s view, having this balance of revenue sources " +"establishes some stability, but also keeps them motivated to go out and " +"generate these matching funds in response to market needs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316 +msgid "" +"On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " +"and advisory services." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6331 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6320 +msgid "" +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to " +"£100. Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount " +"on ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an " +"ODI-supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into " +"two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, " +"and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " +"members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the " +"benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members " +"are listed on their website.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6334 +msgid "" +"ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " +"enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " +"diploma in open data, but it quickly became clear there was no market for " +"that. Instead, they offered a five-day-long public training course, which " +"has subsequently been reduced to three days; now the most popular course is " +"one day long. The fee, in addition to the time commitment, can be a barrier " +"for participation. Jeni says, <quote>Most of the people who would be able to " +"pay don’t know they need it. Most who know they need it can’t pay.</quote> " +"Public-sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so " +"they can attend as a form of professional development." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6348 +msgid "" +"ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more " +"demand. Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship " +"with an organization. The training program is based on a definition of " +"open-data knowledge as applicable to the organization and on the skills " +"needed by their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The " +"training tends to generate high interest and commitment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6357 +msgid "" +"Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " +"curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " +"across the entire ecosystem. Tickets to the summit are available to the " +"public, and hundreds of people and organizations attend and participate. In " +"2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365 +msgid "" +"In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " +"help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " +"policies, and other areas. ODI has advised large commercial organizations, " +"small businesses, and international governments; the focus at the moment is " +"on government, but ODI is working to shift more toward commercial " +"organizations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374 +msgid "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6380 +msgid "" +"Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " +"get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " +"their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 +msgid "" +"Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " +"very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " +"encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and challenges. The key " +"is to invite other people to help while still maintaining organizational " +"autonomy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6397 +msgid "" +"Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " +"cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " +"business is just thinking about open data as a way to be transparent and " +"accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406 +msgid "" +"During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United " +"Kingdom. But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors " +"from over fifty countries wanted to learn more about the UK government’s " +"open-data practices and how ODI saw that translating into economic " +"value. They were contracted as a service provider to international " +"governments, which prompted a need to set up international ODI " +"<quote>nodes.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415 +msgid "" +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " +"but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " +"events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the " +"world. There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI " +"nodes are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the " +"brand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6429 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink " +"url=\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6427 +msgid "" +"ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " +"a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6433 +msgid "" +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community " +"building. Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and " +"start-up programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and " +"leaders. (In fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders " +"Network.) For ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time " +"and effort to build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6442 +msgid "" +"ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " +"legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " +"of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " +"globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6450 +msgid "" +"Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " +"research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " +"data, development of open-data tools and standards, and how to deploy open " +"data at scale." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6456 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " +"BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " +"to use Creative Commons licenses rather than creating new <quote>open " +"licenses</quote> of their own." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6463 +msgid "" +"For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " +"software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " +"publications and reports under CC BY or CC BY-SA licenses. ODI’s mission is " +"to connect and equip people around the world so they can innovate with " +"data. Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open " +"license is essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that " +"it is perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not " +"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have " +"ODI experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " +"people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " +"use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " +"credibility and creates leads for the paid services that they " +"offer. According to Jeni, <quote>The biggest lesson we have learned is that " +"it is completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6481 +msgid "" +"To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6489 +msgid "" +"Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " +"competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " +"nodes and ODI start-ups have generated since joining the ODI program: £44.5 " +"million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6497 +msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6503 +msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6508 +msgid "" +"Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " +"2.2 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6514 +msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6520 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6519 +msgid "" +"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: " +"5,080<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6526 +msgid "OpenDesk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532 +msgid "" +"Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " +"furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6538 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6540 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8971 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6543 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6546 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6551 +msgid "" +"Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " +"world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " +"bring the designs to life. Opendesk and the designer receive a portion of " +"every sale that is made by a maker." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557 +msgid "" +"Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " +"architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " +"Digital, who had an interest in open licensing. Nick and Joni were exploring " +"digital fabrication, and Mint’s interest in open licensing got them to " +"thinking how the open-source world may interact and apply to physical " +"goods. They sought to design something for their client that was also " +"reproducible. As they put it, they decided to <quote>ship the recipe, but " +"not the goods.</quote> They created the design using software, put it under " +"an open license, and had it manufactured locally near the client. This was " +"the start of the idea for Opendesk. The idea for Wikihouse—another open " +"project dedicated to accessible housing for all—started as discussions " +"around the same table. The two projects ultimately went on separate paths, " +"with Wikihouse becoming a nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit " +"company." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6574 +msgid "" +"When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " +"about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " +"way that was even close to realistic or competitive. The design community " +"had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6581 +msgid "" +"And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " +"the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " +"model, they began investigating intellectual property and licensing " +"options. It was a thorny space, especially for designs. Just what aspect of " +"a design is copyrightable? What is patentable? How can allowing for digital " +"sharing and distribution be balanced against the designer’s desire to still " +"hold ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the " +"wheel and settled on using Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6592 +msgid "" +"When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " +"anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " +"made locally, and they wanted a viable model that benefited designers when " +"their designs were sold. Coming up with a business model was going to be " +"complex." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6599 +msgid "" +"They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " +"allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " +"would have on the business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6604 +msgid "" +"In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " +"demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " +"Commons license is used; it’s up to the designer. They can be proprietary or " +"choose from the full suite of Creative Commons licenses, deciding for " +"themselves how open or closed they want to be." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6616 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6612 +msgid "" +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " +"and Joni called <quote>reputational glow.</quote> And Opendesk does an " +"awesome job profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6619 +msgid "" +"While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " +"that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " +"with the designer not getting any benefits. So most Opendesk designers " +"choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6626 +msgid "" +"Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a " +"computer-controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that " +"cuts shapes out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the " +"design file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6636 +msgid "" +"Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " +"local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " +"said, <quote>Finding a whole network and community of makers was pretty easy " +"because we built a site where people could write in about their " +"capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " +"how we have moved forward.</quote> Opendesk now has relationships with " +"hundreds of makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6646 +msgid "" +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " +"website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6651 +msgid "" +"When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " +"they pay:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6657 +msgid "" +"the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " +"costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " +"charged by the maker)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6664 +msgid "" +"a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " +"every time their design is used)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6670 +msgid "" +"a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " +"and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " +"marketplace)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6677 +msgid "" +"a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " +"moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to " +"third-party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own " +"channels—this covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686 +msgid "" +"a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " +"maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6693 +msgid "" +"charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " +"assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " +"happy to quote for assembly on-site and designers may offer bespoke design " +"options)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6702 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701 +msgid "" +"local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6707 +msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6710 +msgid "" +"When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " +"transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " +"Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " +"in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " +"file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6723 +msgid "" +"manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " +"maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6730 +msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6735 +msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6740 +msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745 +msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 +msgid "" +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6756 +msgid "" +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " +"designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " +"countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " +"United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6764 +msgid "" +"To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " +"very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " +"which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " +"allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6773 +msgid "" +"On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as <quote>open " +"making</quote>: <quote>Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers " +"get profitable jobs and new customers. You get designer products without the " +"designer price tag, a more social, eco-friendly alternative to " +"mass-production and an affordable way to buy custom-made products.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781 +msgid "" +"Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " +"known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " +"certain international designer but was made by a maker in their local " +"community; it’s a great story to tell. It certainly sets apart Opendesk " +"furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6794 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 +msgid "" +"Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " +"Opendesk and the <quote>open making</quote> business model. They’re " +"engaging thought leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They " +"have a separate Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, " +"and an invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the " +"principles and business practices they’d like to see used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6798 +msgid "" +"Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " +"commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " +"take one of their design files and make and sell infinite number of pieces " +"of furniture with it. As a consequence, most Opendesk designers choose the " +"Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6806 +msgid "" +"Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " +"commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6810 +msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6815 +msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820 +msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6825 +msgid "" +"It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " +"yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " +"compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6833 +msgid "" +"you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " +"machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6840 +msgid "" +"you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " +"purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6847 +msgid "" +"you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " +"at a fab lab or maker space" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6853 +msgid "" +"Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " +"and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " +"out of a sense of fairness. They have found that behavioral economics can " +"replace some of the thorny legal issues. In their business model, Nick and " +"Joni are trying to suspend the focus on IP and build an open business model " +"that works for all stakeholders—designers, channels, manufacturers, and " +"customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off " +"<quote>open,</quote> not IP." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6864 +msgid "" +"The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " +"many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " +"work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871 +msgid "" +"As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " +"built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " +"it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in " +"people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6878 +msgid "OpenStax" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6884 +msgid "" +"OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " +"high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement " +"courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6889 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6891 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6895 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6898 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, " +"editor-in-chief" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6903 +msgid "" +"OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " +"in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " +"Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, " +"Texas. Frustrated by the limitations of traditional textbooks and courses, " +"Dr. Baraniuk wanted to provide authors and learners a way to share and " +"freely adapt educational materials such as courses, books, and " +"reports. Today, Connexions (now called OpenStax CNX) is one of the world’s " +"best libraries of customizable educational materials, all licensed with " +"Creative Commons and available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6915 +msgid "" +"In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " +"to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " +"investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " +"year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " +"OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " +"now simply called OpenStax." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6926 +msgid "" +"David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " +"publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " +"peer review and high standards for quality are critically important if you " +"want to scale easily. Books have to have logical scope and sequence, they " +"have to exist as a whole and not in pieces, and they have to be easy to " +"find. The working hypothesis for the launch of OpenStax was to " +"professionally produce a turnkey textbook by investing effort up front, with " +"the expectation that this would lead to rapid growth through easy downstream " +"adoptions by faculty and students." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6944 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6938 +msgid "" +"In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " +"high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " +"free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales " +"rapidly. All with no sales force!" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6948 +msgid "" +"OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " +"is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " +"copy can buy one for an affordable price. Given the cost of education and " +"student debt in North America, free or very low-cost textbooks are very " +"appealing. OpenStax encourages students to talk to their professor and " +"librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6957 +msgid "" +"Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " +"with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " +"book. They can simply paste a URL into their course syllabus, for free and " +"unlimited access. And with the CC BY license, teachers are free to delete " +"chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6965 +msgid "" +"Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " +"or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " +"material to accompany a textbook, OpenStax also provides slide " +"presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6976 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972 +msgid "" +"Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " +"through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " +"calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their " +"textbooks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6979 +msgid "" +"Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " +"intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " +"adopted a model that embraces open licensing and relies on an extensive " +"network of partners." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6985 +msgid "" +"Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " +"expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on " +"philanthropy. They have initially been funded by the William and Flora " +"Hewlett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, the 20 Million Minds Foundation, the Maxfield " +"Foundation, the Calvin K. Kazanjian Foundation, and Rice University. To " +"develop additional titles and supporting technology is probably still going " +"to require philanthropic investment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6996 +msgid "" +"However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " +"on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " +"partner takes core content from OpenStax and adds features that it can " +"create revenue from. For example, WebAssign, an online homework and " +"assessment tool, takes the physics book and adds algorithmically generated " +"physics problems, with problem-specific feedback, detailed solutions, and " +"tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7006 +msgid "" +"Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " +"learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " +"student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to " +"institutions. Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the " +"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has " +"already published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to " +"Sociology 2e, using these funds." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7016 +msgid "" +"In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak " +"efficiency. OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing " +"textbook content, freeing them up from those development costs and letting " +"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no " +"cost, they can provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still " +"saving students money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving " +"mission-support fees but through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax " +"doesn’t have a sales force; partners are out there showcasing their " +"materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7028 +msgid "" +"OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " +"is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " +"Tyton Partners is actually evaluating the costs of sales for an OER effort " +"like OpenStax in comparison with incumbents. David looks forward to sharing " +"these findings with the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 +msgid "" +"While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " +"a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " +"about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " +"cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " +"each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7046 +msgid "" +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the " +"stores. While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7059 +msgid "" +"David thinks of the OpenStax model as <quote>OER 2.0.</quote> So what is OER " +"1.0? Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally " +"funded by institutions or government ministries. In David’s view, this " +"results in content that has high local value but is infrequently adopted " +"nationally. It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that " +"is reasonable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7067 +msgid "" +"OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " +"right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " +"off through wide geographic adoption. The OER 2.0 process for OpenStax " +"involves two development models. The first is what David calls the " +"acquisition model, where OpenStax purchases the rights from a publisher or " +"author for an already published book and then extensively revises it. The " +"OpenStax physics textbook, for example, was licensed from an author after " +"the publisher released the rights back to the authors. The second model is " +"to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7080 +msgid "" +"The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " +"sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " +"customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " +"potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " +"first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " +"books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " +"longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " +"reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " +"it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " +"very time-consuming." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7098 +msgid "" +"All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " +"volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an " +"up-front fee—OpenStax does not use a royalty model. A best-selling author " +"might make more money under the traditional publishing model, but that is " +"only maybe 5 percent of all authors. From David’s perspective, 95 percent of " +"all authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them " +"and they earn all the money up front." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7108 +msgid "" +"David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the <quote>innovation " +"license.</quote> It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use " +"their textbooks in innovative ways without having to ask for permission. It " +"frees up the whole market and has been central to OpenStax being able to " +"bring on partners. OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their " +"materials. By enabling frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control " +"and academic freedom." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7118 +msgid "" +"Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " +"publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " +"from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " +"takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7128 +msgid "" +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive " +"results. From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press " +"kit:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135 +msgid "Books published: 23" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7140 +msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7145 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7150 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7156 +msgid "" +"Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " +"institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " +"are two-year colleges, 835 four-year colleges and universities, and 344 " +"colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7165 +msgid "" +"While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " +"overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " +"math (STEM) fields. Large scale adoption in the United States is seen as a " +"necessary precursor to international interest." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7172 +msgid "" +"OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " +"there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " +"broad offering for a specific group or need. David thinks it would be " +"terrific if OpenStax could provide access to free textbooks through the " +"entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7180 +msgid "" +"Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " +"textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " +"hard to quantify but incredibly important. They get emails from students " +"saying how OpenStax saved them from making difficult choices like buying " +"food or a textbook. OpenStax would also like to assess the impact their " +"books have on learning efficiency, persistence, and completion. By building " +"an open business model based on Creative Commons, OpenStax is making it " +"possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7193 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7199 +msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7203 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7210 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7218 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/#44e20ce46d67\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7215 +msgid "" +"Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " +"a <quote>journey with no roadmap,</quote> continually experimenting to find " +"new ways to sustain her creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7221 +msgid "" +"In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " +"she has been and continues to strive for—<quote>the ideal sweet spot " +". . . in which the artist can share freely and directly feel the " +"reverberations of their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living " +"doing that.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228 +msgid "" +"While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " +"Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. <quote>On " +"the one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,</quote> Amanda " +"said. <quote>On the other, you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering " +"how to make money to buy food so we can make more art.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7237 +msgid "" +"Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " +"in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " +"crates, and hand out flowers to strangers as part of a silent dramatic " +"performance. She collected money in a hat. Most people walked by her without " +"stopping, but an essential few stopped to watch and drop some money into her " +"hat to show their appreciation. Rather than dwelling on the majority of " +"people who ignored her, she felt thankful for those who stopped. <quote>All " +"I needed was . . . some people,</quote> she wrote in her book. <quote>Enough " +"people. Enough to make it worth coming back the next day, enough people to " +"help me make rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making " +"art.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7251 +msgid "" +"Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " +"remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach <quote>her " +"crowd</quote> and feeling gratitude when she does. With her band the Dresden " +"Dolls, Amanda tried the traditional path of signing with a record label. It " +"didn’t take for a variety of reasons, but one of them was that the label had " +"absolutely no interest in Amanda’s view of success. They wanted hits, but " +"making music for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set " +"out to do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7262 +msgid "" +"After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " +"different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " +"without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a <quote>pay what " +"you want</quote> basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from " +"live performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to " +"try her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her " +"Kickstarter project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 " +"million. It remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all " +"time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274 +msgid "" +"Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " +"projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " +"on Patreon, a crowdfunding site that allows artists to get recurring " +"donations from fans. More than eight thousand people have signed up to " +"support her so she can create music, art, and any other creative " +"<quote>thing</quote> that she is inspired to make. The recurring pledges are " +"made on a <quote>per thing</quote> basis. All of the content she makes is " +"made freely available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " +"(CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286 +msgid "" +"Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " +"undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " +"work has been part of her model since the beginning of her career, even " +"before she discovered Creative Commons. Amanda says the Dresden Dolls used " +"to get ten emails per week from fans asking if they could use their music " +"for different projects. They said yes to all of the requests, as long as it " +"wasn’t for a completely for-profit venture. At the time, they used a " +"short-form agreement written by Amanda herself. <quote>I made everyone sign " +"that contract so at least I wouldn’t be leaving the band vulnerable to " +"someone later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette " +"ad,</quote> Amanda said. Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the " +"licenses was an easy decision because it gave them a more formal, " +"standardized way of doing what they had been doing all along. The " +"NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7304 +msgid "" +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. <quote>We " +"got into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,</quote> she said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7312 +msgid "" +"This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " +"motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " +"she and the band would throw concerts at house parties. As the gatherings " +"grew, the line between fans and friends was completely blurred. <quote>Not " +"only did most our early fans know where I lived and where we practiced, but " +"most of them had also been in my kitchen,</quote> Amanda wrote in The Art of " +"Asking." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7322 +msgid "" +"Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " +"sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " +"with her fans every chance she can get. Her hugely successful Kickstarter " +"featured fifty concerts at house parties for backers. She spends hours in " +"the signing line after shows. It helps that Amanda has the kind of dynamic, " +"engaging personality that instantly draws people to her, but a big component " +"of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to " +"listen. <quote>Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto " +"itself,</quote> Amanda wrote." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7334 +msgid "" +"Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " +"about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " +"vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " +"truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " +"the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7343 +msgid "" +"<quote>With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking " +"palatable and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the " +"flaws and exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection " +"than just looking fantastic,</quote> Amanda said. <quote>Everything in our " +"culture is telling us otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the " +"risk of making yourself vulnerable is almost always worth it.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7352 +msgid "" +"Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " +"on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " +"treats her fans like friends in nearly every possible way, even when they " +"are complete strangers. This mentality—that fans are friends—is completely " +"intertwined with Amanda’s success as an artist. It is also intertwined with " +"her use of Creative Commons licenses. Because that is what you do with your " +"friends—you share." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7362 +msgid "" +"After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " +"she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " +"pay-what-you-want donations, Kickstarter, Patreon, or even asking them to " +"lend a hand at a concert. As Amanda explains it, crowdfunding (which is " +"really what all of these different things are) is about asking for support " +"from people who know and trust you. People who feel personally invested in " +"your success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7371 +msgid "" +"<quote>When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of " +"you, they become your allies, your family,</quote> she wrote. There really " +"is a feeling of solidarity within her core fan base. From the beginning, " +"Amanda and her band encouraged people to dress up for their shows. They " +"consciously cultivated a feeling of belonging to their <quote>weird little " +"family.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7379 +msgid "" +"This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " +"creator. <quote>I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of " +"person who loves cavorting with strangers,</quote> Amanda said. <quote>I " +"recognize that it’s not necessarily everyone’s idea of a good time. Everyone " +"does it differently. Replicating what I have done won’t work for others if " +"it isn’t joyful to them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way " +"that is joyful to you.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389 +msgid "" +"Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " +"work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " +"the music. She loves the creativity with which her fans use and adapt her " +"work, but she intentionally does not involve them at the first stage of " +"creating her artistic work. And, of course, the songs and music are what " +"initially draw people to Amanda Palmer. It is only once she has connected to " +"people through her music that she can then begin to build ties with them on " +"a more personal level, both in person and online. In her book, Amanda " +"describes it as casting a net. It starts with the art and then the bond " +"strengthens with human connection." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7402 +msgid "" +"For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " +"this connection. <quote>It sounds so corny,</quote> she said, <quote>but my " +"experience in forty years on this planet has pointed me to an obvious " +"truth—that connection with human beings feels so much better and more " +"fulfilling than approaching art through a capitalist lens. There is no more " +"satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that what you do is " +"genuinely of value to them.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7412 +msgid "" +"As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " +"they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " +"provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a " +"relationship. Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that " +"different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her " +"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than " +"forcing people to help her, she lets them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7423 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7429 +msgid "" +"PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the " +"U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7434 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7440 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7442 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7447 +msgid "" +"The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " +"scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " +"online petition. They were calling for scientists to stop submitting papers " +"to journals that didn’t make the full text of their papers freely available " +"immediately or within six months. Although tens of thousands signed the " +"petition, most did not follow through. In August 2001, Patrick and Michael " +"announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation to " +"do just what the petition promised. With start-up grant support from the " +"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS was launched to provide new " +"open-access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released " +"under Attribution (CC BY) licenses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7461 +msgid "" +"Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " +"manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " +"considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " +"fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " +"article." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7472 +msgid "" +"For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " +"results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " +"research is funded through government-appointed agencies, that is, with " +"public funds. It’s unjust that the public who funded the research would be " +"required to pay again to access the results. Not everyone can afford the " +"ever-escalating subscription fees publishers charge, especially when library " +"budgets are being reduced. Restricting access to the results of scientific " +"research slows the dissemination of this research and advancement of the " +"field. It was time for a new model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7484 +msgid "" +"That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " +"availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " +"paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " +"allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " +"policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " +"world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " +"publication." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7496 +msgid "" +"However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " +"publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " +"PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " +"such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " +"online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " +"billed upon acceptance for publishing. There are no additional charges based " +"on word length, figures, or other elements." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7508 +msgid "" +"Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " +"associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " +"that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " +"genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to " +"$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, " +"are just under $1,500." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7517 +msgid "" +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to " +"publication. Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for " +"individuals and institutions to help authors who can’t afford the " +"article-processing charges." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7523 +msgid "" +"Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " +"traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " +"in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " +"articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon " +"publication. Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on " +"marketing to libraries, who ultimately pay the subscription fees. PLOS " +"provides a better service for authors by promoting their research directly " +"to the research community and giving the authors exposure. And this " +"encourages other authors to submit their work for publication." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7540 +msgid "" +"For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC " +"BY). This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content " +"and provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " +"disseminated." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7548 +msgid "" +"PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " +"published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " +"repository and provide a data-availability statement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7553 +msgid "" +"Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " +"follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " +"editorial, peer-review, production, typesetting, and publishing stages are " +"all the same as for a traditional publisher. The editorial teams must be top " +"notch. PLOS has to function as well as or better than other premier " +"journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7562 +msgid "" +"Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " +"journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " +"journal, and the prestige associated with it. PLOS journals rank high, even " +"though they are relatively new." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7568 +msgid "" +"The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " +"other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " +"discover and read the work of others in their field, they go to an online " +"aggregator or search engine, and not typically to a particular journal. The " +"CC BY licensing of PLOS research articles ensures easy access for readers " +"and generates more discovery and citations for authors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7577 +msgid "" +"Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " +"movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " +"widespread and used in some form by every journal publisher. PLOS has had a " +"big impact. In 2012 to 2014, they published more open-access articles than " +"BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585 +msgid "" +"PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " +"pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " +"in 2006, is an open-access peer-reviewed academic journal that is much " +"larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " +"and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " +"science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " +"perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " +"debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " +"or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " +"through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " +"article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " +"is the biggest journal in the world and has really set the bar for " +"publishing academic journal articles on a large scale. Other publishers see " +"the value of the PLOS ONE model and are now offering their own " +"multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7609 +msgid "" +"Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " +"PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " +"be adjusted to change current practice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7614 +msgid "" +"One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " +"articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7621 +msgid "" +"Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " +"to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " +"constitutes the final article for publication. Louise talked about the " +"potential to shift to an open-review process, placing the emphasis on " +"transparency rather than double-blind reviews. Louise thinks we’re moving " +"into a direction where it’s actually beneficial for an author to know who is " +"reviewing their paper and for the reviewer to know their review will be " +"public. An open-review process can also ensure everyone gets credit; right " +"now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 +msgid "" +"Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " +"positive results. If journals published more research with negative " +"outcomes, we’d learn from what didn’t work. It could also reduce how much " +"the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7640 +msgid "" +"Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " +"stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " +"time because articles must undergo extensive peer review. The need to " +"quickly circulate current results within a scientific community has led to a " +"practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " +"peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " +"receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7658 +msgid "" +"What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " +"time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " +"recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " +"these changes the current form factor for what constitutes a research " +"article would undergo transformation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7676 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668 +msgid "" +"As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " +"information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " +"drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and " +"ratings.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the " +"journal model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7681 +msgid "" +"The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " +"experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " +"dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " +"and readers who are open to experimentation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7691 +msgid "" +"For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " +"scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " +"more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7701 +msgid "" +"Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " +"research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " +"science." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7707 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and " +"history. Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7717 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7719 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7723 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7726 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7731 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " +"history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " +"building enjoyed more than 125 years of intensive use before needing a " +"thorough overhaul. In 2003, the museum was closed for renovations. Asbestos " +"was found in the roof, and although the museum was scheduled to be closed " +"for only three to four years, renovations ended up taking ten years. During " +"this time, the collection was moved to a different part of Amsterdam, which " +"created a physical distance with the curators. Out of necessity, they " +"started digitally photographing the collection and creating metadata " +"(information about each object to put into a database). With the renovations " +"going on for so long, the museum became largely forgotten by the public. Out " +"of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7747 +msgid "" +"By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " +"very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " +"representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " +"themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " +"began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " +"technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " +"collection online." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7761 +msgid "" +"It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " +"invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " +"potential. They liked the idea of inviting people to do cool stuff with " +"their collection. What about giving online access to digital representations " +"of the one hundred most important pieces in the Rijksmuseum collection? That " +"eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7772 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7770 +msgid "" +"Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all " +"across Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October " +"2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools " +"people could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was " +"the first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their " +"collection and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7784 +msgid "" +"They realized that they don’t <quote>own</quote> the collection and couldn’t " +"realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " +"terms they currently had in place. For example, many copies and versions of " +"Vermeer’s Milkmaid (part of their collection) were already online, many of " +"them of very poor quality. They could spend time and money policing its use, " +"but it would probably be futile and wouldn’t make people stop using their " +"images online. They ended up thinking it’s an utter waste of time to hunt " +"down people who use the Rijksmuseum collection. And anyway, restricting " +"access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797 +msgid "" +"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " +"be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " +"works in the public domain. A medium-resolution image was offered for free, " +"but a high-resolution version cost forty euros. People started paying, but " +"Lizzy says getting the money was frequently a nightmare, especially from " +"overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " +"income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " +"image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811 +msgid "" +"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " +"licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for " +"free. Digitization still cost money, however; they decided to define " +"discrete digitization projects and find sponsors willing to fund each " +"project. This turned out to be a successful strategy, generating high " +"interest from sponsors and lower administrative effort for the " +"Rijksmuseum. They started out making 150,000 high-quality images of their " +"collection available, with the goal to eventually have the entire collection " +"online." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7822 +msgid "" +"Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of " +"poor-quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of " +"Vermeer’s Milkmaid, for example, is downloaded two to three thousand times a " +"month. On the Internet, images from a source like the Rijksmuseum are more " +"trusted, and releasing them with a Creative Commons CC0 means they can " +"easily be found in other platforms. For example, Rijksmuseum images are now " +"used in thousands of Wikipedia articles, receiving ten to eleven million " +"views per month. This extends Rijksmuseum’s reach far beyond the scope of " +"its website. Sharing these images online creates what Lizzy calls the " +"<quote>Mona Lisa effect,</quote> where a work of art becomes so famous that " +"people want to see it in real life by visiting the actual museum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7837 +msgid "" +"Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " +"Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " +"long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " +"Rijksmuseum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7845 +msgid "" +"As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " +"representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " +"it will lead to a drop in actual physical visits. For the Rijksmuseum, this " +"has not turned out to be the case. Lizzy told us the Rijksmuseum used to get " +"about one million visitors a year before closing and now gets more than two " +"million a year. Making the collection available online has generated " +"publicity and acts as a form of marketing. The Creative Commons mark " +"encourages reuse as well. When the image is found on protest leaflets, milk " +"cartons, and children’s toys, people also see what museum the image comes " +"from and this increases the museum’s visibility." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7865 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7859 +msgid "" +"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " +"a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " +"addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " +"responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " +"Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7868 +msgid "" +"The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can <quote>like</quote> works and compile your " +"personal favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them " +"free of charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty " +"free, and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " +"commercial purposes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7879 +msgid "" +"Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " +"virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " +"ugly babies and birds. Sets of images have also been created for educational " +"purposes including use for school exams." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886 +msgid "" +"Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " +"contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the " +"Rijksstudio. The answer was that contemporary artists’ works are still bound " +"by copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists to use a " +"Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA license " +"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or a CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial) if they " +"want to preclude commercial use. That way, their works can be made available " +"to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7906 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7897 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his " +"paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the " +"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy " +"to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7910 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7922 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7909 +msgid "" +"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of " +"€10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class " +"entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through the " +"Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " +"specific color scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries " +"range from the fun to the weird to the inspirational. The third " +"international edition of the Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928 +msgid "" +"For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " +"upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " +"social elements so users can interact with each other more." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7934 +msgid "" +"Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " +"Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " +"(that is, give free access) with high-quality images. This strategy, along " +"with the many improvements to the Rijksmuseum’s website, dramatically " +"increased visits to their website from thirty-five thousand visits per month " +"to three hundred thousand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " +"to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " +"celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " +"together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " +"about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " +"hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " +"crane bird that was unknown to the scientific community at the time of the " +"painting." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7956 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because <quote>ninety-nine percent of people have respect for " +"great art.</quote> Many museums think they can make a lot of money by " +"selling things related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, " +"museums are usually bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate " +"a small amount of money block something much bigger—the real value that the " +"collection has. For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being " +"penny-wise but pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to " +"never lose sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and " +"use of their collection has generated great promotional value—far more than " +"the previous practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up " +"their experience: <quote>Give away; get something in return. Generosity " +"makes people happy to join you and help out.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7976 +msgid "Shareable" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7982 +msgid "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7986 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7988 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7991 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7999 +msgid "" +"In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " +"helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " +"watched one part of the movement stray from its ideals. As giants like Uber " +"and Airbnb gained ground, attention began to center on the <quote>sharing " +"economy</quote> we know now—profit-driven, transactional, and loaded with " +"venture-capital money. Leaders of corporate start-ups in this domain invited " +"Shareable to advocate for them. The magazine faced a choice: ride the wave " +"or stand on principle." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8010 +msgid "" +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " +"the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " +"Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " +"the real sharing economy like open-source software, participatory budgeting " +"(where citizens decide how a public budget is spent), cooperatives, and " +"more. He wrote, <quote>It’s not so much that collaborative consumption is " +"dead, it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the " +"<quote>Borg.</quote></quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8022 +msgid "" +"Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " +"what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " +"around had they chosen differently. <quote>We would have gotten another type " +"of audience, but it would have spelled the end of us,</quote> he " +"said. <quote>We are a small, mission-driven organization. We would never " +"have been able to weather the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting " +"now.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8032 +msgid "" +"Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " +"total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " +"because it happens to align with a project or interest they have. But " +"choosing principles over the possibility of riding the coattails of the " +"major corporate players in the sharing space saved Shareable’s " +"credibility. Although they became detached from the corporate sharing " +"economy, the online magazine became the voice of the <quote>real sharing " +"economy</quote> and continued to grow their audience." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8043 +msgid "" +"Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"became a leader in the movement in 2009. <quote>At that time, there was a " +"sharing movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the " +"dots,</quote> Neal said. <quote>We decided to step into that space and take " +"on that role.</quote> The small team behind the nonprofit publication truly " +"believed sharing could be central to solving some of the major problems " +"human beings face—resource inequality, social isolation, and global warming." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8055 +msgid "" +"They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " +"metrics for success. <quote>We wanted to change the notion of what " +"constitutes the good life,</quote> Neal said. While they started out with a " +"very broad focus on sharing generally, today they emphasize stories about " +"the physical commons like <quote>sharing cities</quote> (i.e., urban areas " +"managed in a sustainable, cooperative way), as well as digital platforms " +"that are run democratically. They particularly focus on how-to content that " +"help their readers make changes in their own lives and communities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8067 +msgid "" +"More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " +"are contracted by the magazine. <quote>Particularly in content areas that " +"are a priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the " +"quality,</quote> Neal said. The rest of the content is either contributed by " +"guest writers, often for free, or written by other publications from their " +"network of content publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth " +"Alliance, which facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a " +"large and growing group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a " +"chance to present stories to the group, and the organizations can use and " +"promote each other’s stories. Much of the content created by the network is " +"licensed with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8082 +msgid "" +"All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " +"license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " +"given to Shareable. Creative Commons licensing is aligned with Shareable’s " +"vision, mission, and identity. That alone explains the organization’s " +"embrace of the licenses for their content, but Neal also believes CC " +"licensing helps them increase their reach. <quote>By using CC " +"licensing,</quote> he said, <quote>we realized we could reach far more " +"people through a formal and informal network of republishers or " +"affiliates. That has definitely been the case. It’s hard for us to measure " +"the reach of other media properties, but most of the outlets who republish " +"our work have much bigger audiences than we do.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8097 +msgid "" +"In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " +"experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " +"publisher to release Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in an " +"Age of Crisis. The CC-licensed book was available in print form for purchase " +"or online for free. To this day, the book—along with their CC-licensed guide " +"Policies for Shareable Cities—are two of the biggest generators of traffic " +"on their website." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8107 +msgid "" +"In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " +"How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8114 +msgid "" +"This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " +"conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " +"grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " +"diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " +"community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8124 +msgid "" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. <quote>We " +"attract passionate people,</quote> Neal said. At times, that means " +"employees work so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable " +"team that another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself " +"while you do something you love. <quote>A central part of human beings is " +"that we long to be on a great adventure with people we love,</quote> he " +"said. <quote>We are a species who look over the horizon and imagine and " +"create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of hearth and home.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8137 +msgid "" +"In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " +"Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " +"spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for " +"help. The advice they received was simple—<quote>Sit your ass in a chair and " +"start making calls.</quote> That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up " +"reaching their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new " +"people, but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147 +msgid "" +"For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " +"relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " +"and supporters." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8154 +msgid "" +"Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " +"the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " +"far more people if they helped their readers to host their own " +"events. <quote>If we wanted to go big on a conference, there was a huge risk " +"and huge staffing needs, plus only a fraction of our community could travel " +"to the event,</quote> Neal said. Enabling others to create their own events " +"around the globe allowed them to scale up their work more effectively and " +"reach far more people. Shareable has catalyzed three hundred different " +"events reaching over twenty thousand people since implementing this strategy " +"three years ago. Going forward, Shareable is focusing the network on " +"creating and distributing content meant to spur local action. For instance, " +"Shareable will publish a new CC-licensed book in 2017 filled with ideas for " +"their network to implement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8171 +msgid "" +"Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a " +"one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people " +"take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179 +msgid "Siyavula" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8185 +msgid "" +"Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " +"textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " +"Africa." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8190 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8192 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8195 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8201 +msgid "" +"Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " +"and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8209 +msgid "" +"In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " +"Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " +"times. Siyavula has significantly shifted directions and strategies to " +"survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8216 +msgid "" +"It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " +"University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " +"Texts project. Most students in South Africa high schools didn’t have access " +"to high-quality, comprehensive science and math textbooks, so Mark and his " +"colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8227 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8224 +msgid "" +"As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " +"software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233 +msgid "" +"In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " +"the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " +"Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8241 +msgid "" +"But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " +"focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " +"the printing and distribution options. A few sponsors came on board but not " +"enough to meet the need." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8251 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8247 +msgid "" +"In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " +"principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256 +msgid "" +"They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " +"Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " +"every subject in South African schools in both English and Afrikaans. A deal " +"was struck, and all the acquired content was licensed with Creative Commons, " +"significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8264 +msgid "" +"Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " +"opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a " +"team-based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based " +"entirely on resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they " +"were safe to share and free from legal repercussions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8283 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8279 +msgid "" +"Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " +"to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8287 +msgid "" +"Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " +"as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " +"Siyavula). As part of that transition in 2009–10, Mark inherited Siyavula as " +"an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8294 +msgid "" +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " +"Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " +"aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " +"panned out." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302 +msgid "" +"Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " +"printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8310 +msgid "" +"They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " +"potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " +"Africa would give their brand huge exposure and could drive vast amounts of " +"traffic to their website. In addition to print books, Siyavula could also " +"make the books available on their website, making it possible for learners " +"to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8319 +msgid "" +"Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " +"the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " +"in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " +"is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " +"learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " +"individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " +"Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8332 +msgid "" +"The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " +"accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " +"for large volumes and wide-scale use rather than an expensive product " +"targeting only the high end of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8338 +msgid "" +"The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " +"Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " +"using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " +"Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8347 +msgid "" +"Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " +"hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " +"to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a " +"<quote>feature phone</quote> (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic " +"phones were reading math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of " +"the day. To Mark, it was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were " +"servicing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8356 +msgid "" +"At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " +"credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " +"about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " +"and what the barriers to entry are." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8365 +msgid "" +"Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " +"textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " +"where you can offer a related service and convert some people into a paid " +"customer." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371 +msgid "" +"For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " +"add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " +"adding unique value. The actual content of the textbook isn’t unique at all, " +"so Siyavula sees no value in locking it down and charging for it. Mark " +"contrasts this with traditional publishers who charge over and over again " +"for the same content without adding value." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8380 +msgid "" +"Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale " +"up. They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " +"directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " +"single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " +"and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " +"schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8391 +msgid "" +"Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " +"entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " +"questions that learners are working on, identify areas of difficulty, and be " +"more strategic in their teaching. Students also have their own personalized " +"dashboard, where they can view the sections they’ve practiced, how many " +"points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400 +msgid "" +"Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " +"increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8411 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408 +msgid "" +"In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " +"produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8415 +msgid "" +"Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " +"fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " +"two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " +"unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"distributed to over one million students." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8425 +msgid "" +"The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " +"government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " +"Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) —NoDerivs means that these books " +"cannot be modified. Non-government-branded books are available under an " +"Attribution license (CC BY), allowing others to modify and redistribute the " +"books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8433 +msgid "" +"Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " +"copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " +"the government. Siyavula initially tried to convince the government to " +"provide them with five rand per book (about US35¢). With those funds, Mark " +"says that Siyavula could have run its entire operation, built a " +"community-based model for producing more books, and provide Intelligent " +"Practice for free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy " +"negotiation, the government said no." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8444 +msgid "" +"Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " +"students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " +"Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " +"remain independent from the government." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8454 +msgid "" +"Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " +"even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " +"costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " +"for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +msgid "" +"Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " +"Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " +"version three of Siyavula’s business model—focusing on the technology that " +"provides the revenue-generating service and generating more users of this " +"service. Version three got a significant boost in 2014 with an investment by " +"the Omidyar Network (the philanthropic venture started by eBay founder " +"Pierre Omidyar and his spouse), and continues to be the model Siyavula uses " +"today." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473 +msgid "" +"Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " +"Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The " +"government-announced policy that there would be only one textbook per " +"subject turned out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480 +msgid "" +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " +"all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8488 +msgid "" +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " +"Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " +"license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " +"do for them. They believe each individual should have access to the " +"resources and support they need to achieve the education they " +"deserve. Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons " +"means they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build " +"revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In " +"terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the " +"block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504 +msgid "SparkFun" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510 +msgid "" +"SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open " +"hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8514 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8516 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8519 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8522 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8527 +msgid "" +"SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " +"holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " +"with a huge grin on his face. He was traveling in China when he came across " +"their LilyPad wearable technology being made by someone else. His reaction " +"was glee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8533 +msgid "" +"<quote>Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,</quote> " +"Nathan said. <quote>I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a " +"market we were never going to get access to otherwise. It was evidence of " +"our impact on the world.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8539 +msgid "" +"This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " +"electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " +"public online, and it bundles them with educational tools to sell to schools " +"and teachers. SparkFun applies Creative Commons licenses to all of its " +"schematics, images, tutorial content, and curricula, so anyone can make " +"their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8548 +msgid "" +"Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. <quote>It touches on " +"our natural human instinct to share,</quote> he said. But he also strongly " +"believes it makes SparkFun better at what they do. They encourage copying, " +"and their products are copied at a very fast rate, often within ten to " +"twelve weeks of release. This forces the company to compete on something " +"other than product design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual " +"property." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8557 +msgid "" +"<quote>We compete on business principles,</quote> Nathan said. " +"<quote>Claiming your territory with intellectual property allows you to get " +"comfy and rest on your laurels. It gives you a safety net. We took away that " +"safety net.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8563 +msgid "" +"The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " +"improvement. <quote>Our products are so much better than they were five " +"years ago,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>We used to just sell products. Now " +"it’s a product plus a video, a seventeen-page hookup guide, and example " +"firmware on three different platforms to get you up and running faster. We " +"have gotten better because we had to in order to compete. As painful as it " +"is for us, it’s better for the customers.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8573 +msgid "" +"SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " +"directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " +"code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " +"the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and " +"support. <quote>I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP " +"[intellectual property] barriers,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>This is the " +"stuff they should be competing on.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583 +msgid "" +"SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " +"lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " +"there was a void in the market. <quote>If you wanted to place an order for " +"something,</quote> he said, <quote>you first had to search far and wide to " +"find it, and then you had to call or fax someone.</quote> In 2003, during " +"his third year of college, he registered <ulink " +"url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started reselling products out of his " +"bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own products." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8595 +msgid "" +"Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " +"was drawn to the <quote>human-readable deeds</quote> that explain the " +"licensing terms in simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of " +"the schematics and firmware for the products they create." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8604 +msgid "" +"The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " +"components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " +"major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " +"also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " +"boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8613 +msgid "" +"SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " +"curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping " +"parts. Because SparkFun has always been dedicated to enabling others to " +"re-create and fix their products on their own, the more recent focus on " +"introducing young people to technology is a natural extension of their core " +"business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8620 +msgid "" +"<quote>We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " +"technical citizens,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>Our goal is to affect the " +"lives of three hundred and fifty thousand high school students by " +"2020.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8626 +msgid "" +"The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " +"central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " +"share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a " +"<quote>copyleft</quote> license that allows people to do anything with the " +"content as long as they provide credit and make any adaptations available " +"under the same licensing terms." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637 +msgid "" +"From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " +"SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " +"to be a pretty fun workplace. The U.S. company is based in Boulder, " +"Colorado. They have an eighty-thousand-square-foot facility (approximately " +"seventy-four-hundred square meters), where they design and manufacture their " +"products. They offer public tours of the space several times a week, and " +"they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648 +msgid "" +"The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " +"thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " +"around the area to race their own self-created bots against each other, " +"participate in training workshops, and socialize. From a business " +"perspective, Nathan says it’s a terrible idea. But they don’t hold the event " +"for business reasons. <quote>The reason we do it is because I get to travel " +"and have interactions with our customers all the time, but most of our " +"employees don’t,</quote> he said. <quote>This event gives our employees the " +"opportunity to get face-to-face contact with our customers.</quote> The " +"event infuses their work with a human element, which makes it more " +"meaningful." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8662 +msgid "" +"Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " +"does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " +"they are ultimately driven by something other than money. <quote>Profit is " +"not the goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,</quote> Nathan " +"said. <quote>We focus on having a bigger impact on the world.</quote> Nathan " +"believes they get some of the brightest and most amazing employees because " +"they aren’t singularly focused on the bottom line." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8672 +msgid "" +"The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " +"with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " +"soulless corporation. They actively try to reveal the humans behind the " +"company, and they work to ensure people coming to their site don’t find only " +"unchanging content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679 +msgid "" +"SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " +"enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " +"customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. <quote>From the beginning, we have " +"been listening to the community,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>Customers " +"would identify a pain point, and we would design something to address " +"it.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8691 +msgid "" +"However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " +"particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " +"contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " +"relatively untouched by the public. <quote>There is a theory that if you " +"open-source it, they will come,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>That’s not " +"really true.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8702 +msgid "" +"Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " +"focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " +"own. They heavily invest in tutorials and other material designed to help " +"people understand how the products work so they can fix and improve things " +"independently. <quote>What gives me joy is when people take open-source " +"layouts and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,</quote> " +"Nathan said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8712 +msgid "" +"Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " +"their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " +"them more money because it requires them to focus on how to provide maximum " +"value. Rather than designing a new product and protecting it in order to " +"extract as much money as possible from it, they release the keys necessary " +"for others to build it themselves and then spend company time and resources " +"on innovation and service. From a short-term perspective, SparkFun may lose " +"a few dollars when others copy their products. But in the long run, it makes " +"them a more nimble, innovative business. In other words, it makes them the " +"kind of company they set out to be." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8726 +msgid "TeachAIDS" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8732 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the " +"U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8737 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8739 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8741 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8744 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8749 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by " +"advertising. Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational " +"materials TeachAIDS distributes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8755 +msgid "" +"But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " +"a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " +"population about HIV and AIDS, particularly in parts of the world where " +"education efforts have been historically unsuccessful. Their educational " +"content is conveyed through interactive software, using methods based on the " +"latest research about how people learn. TeachAIDS serves content in more " +"than eighty countries around the world. In each instance, the content is " +"translated to the local language and adjusted to conform to local norms and " +"customs. All content is free and made available under a Creative Commons " +"license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8768 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " +"salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " +"research she was doing while pursuing her doctorate at Stanford " +"University. She was reading reports about India, noting it would be the next " +"hot zone of people living with HIV. Despite international and national " +"entities pouring in hundreds of millions of dollars on HIV-prevention " +"efforts, the reports showed knowledge levels were still low. People were " +"unaware of whether the virus could be transmitted through coughing and " +"sneezing, for instance. Supported by an interdisciplinary team of experts at " +"Stanford, Piya conducted similar studies, which corroborated the previous " +"research. They found that the primary cause of the limited understanding was " +"that HIV, and issues relating to it, were often considered too taboo to " +"discuss comprehensively. The other major problem was that most of the " +"education on this topic was being taught through television advertising, " +"billboards, and other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only " +"receiving bits and pieces of information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8788 +msgid "" +"In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " +"educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " +"distribute them. As soon as the animated software was posted online, Piya’s " +"team started receiving requests from individuals and governments who were " +"interested in bringing this model to more countries. <quote>We realized " +"fairly quickly that educating large populations about a topic that was " +"considered taboo would be challenging. We began by identifying optimal local " +"partners and worked toward creating an effective, culturally appropriate " +"education,</quote> Piya said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8800 +msgid "" +"Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " +"endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " +"decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8806 +msgid "" +"Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " +"the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " +"gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " +"content, and for noncommercial purposes. <quote>We wanted attribution for " +"TeachAIDS, and we couldn’t stand by derivatives without vetting " +"them,</quote> the cofounder and chair Shuman Ghosemajumder said. <quote>It " +"was almost a no-brainer to go with a CC license because it was a " +"plug-and-play solution to this exact problem. It has allowed us to scale our " +"materials safely and quickly worldwide while preserving our content and " +"protecting us at the same time.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8822 +msgid "" +"Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " +"outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " +"content. The organization invests heavily in research and testing to " +"determine the best method of conveying the information. <quote>Creating " +"high-quality content is what matters most to us,</quote> Piya " +"said. <quote>Research drives everything we do.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8831 +msgid "" +"One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " +"from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " +"researches cultural icons that would best resonate with their target " +"audiences and recruits them to donate their likenesses and voices for use in " +"the animated software. The celebrities involved vary for each localized " +"version of the materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8840 +msgid "" +"Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " +"TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " +"same core scientific materials, they pour a lot of resources into " +"customizing the content for a particular population. Because they use a CC " +"license that does not allow the public to adapt the content, TeachAIDS " +"retains careful control over the localization process. The content is " +"translated into the local language, but there are also changes in substance " +"and format to reflect cultural differences. This process results in minor " +"changes, like choosing different idioms based on the local language, and " +"significant changes, like creating gendered versions for places where people " +"are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8855 +msgid "" +"The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " +"is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " +"controlling the quality of the materials when they tap volunteers instead of " +"using paid translators. For quality control, TeachAIDS has three separate " +"volunteer teams translate the materials from English to the local language " +"and customize the content based on local customs and norms. Those three " +"versions are then analyzed and combined into a single master " +"translation. TeachAIDS has additional teams of volunteers then translate " +"that version back into English to see how well it lines up with the original " +"materials. They repeat this process until they reach a translated version " +"that meets their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this " +"cycle eleven times." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8871 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " +"different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " +"use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " +"teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " +"working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " +"help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " +"but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " +"are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, rather than " +"ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to require zero " +"training for people to implement in practice. <quote>In our research, we " +"found we can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, even " +"if they have the best of intentions,</quote> Piya said. <quote>We need " +"materials where you can push play and they will work.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8891 +msgid "" +"Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " +"with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " +"organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and " +"in-kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " +"model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an " +"option. <quote>Educators from various nonprofits around the world were just " +"creating their own materials using whatever they could find for free " +"online,</quote> Shuman said. <quote>The only way to persuade them to use our " +"highly effective model was to make it completely free.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8904 +msgid "" +"Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " +"advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " +"the advertising compromise their credibility or undermine the heavy " +"investment they put into creating quality content. Sponsors of the content " +"have no ability to influence the substance of the content, and they cannot " +"even create advertising content. Sponsors only get the right to have their " +"logo appear before and after the educational content. All of the content " +"remains branded as TeachAIDS." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " +"project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " +"the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " +"importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " +"area with no sponsors. <quote>If we just created versions based on where we " +"could get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier " +"countries,</quote> Shuman said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8925 +msgid "" +"As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. <quote>When we go into a new " +"country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,</quote> Piya " +"said. <quote>We don’t have to do much to find or attract them.</quote> They " +"believe the sponsorships are easy to sell because they offer so much value " +"to sponsors. TeachAIDS sponsorships give corporations the chance to reach " +"new eyeballs with their brand, but at a much lower cost than other " +"advertising channels. The audience for TeachAIDS content also tends to skew " +"young, which is often a desirable demographic for brands. Unlike traditional " +"advertising, the content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a " +"sponsorship can benefit a brand for many years to come." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8939 +msgid "" +"Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " +"considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " +"corporate sponsorships are donations to a cause. <quote>This is something " +"companies can be proud of internally,</quote> Shuman said. Some companies " +"have even built publicity campaigns around the fact that they have sponsored " +"these initiatives." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8948 +msgid "" +"The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving " +"education—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins " +"the work; it motivates the funders. The CC license on the materials they " +"create furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and quickly scale " +"their materials worldwide. <quote>The Creative Commons license has been a " +"game changer for TeachAIDS,</quote> Piya said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8958 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8964 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " +"video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " +"Netherlands." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8969 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8982 +msgid "" +"In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " +"business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " +"online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the " +"Web. Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of " +"open licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative " +"Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8991 +msgid "" +"In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " +"initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " +"licensing music tracks. All they could find was standard, cold " +"stock-music. They thought of looking up websites where you could license " +"music directly from the musician without going through record labels or " +"agents. But in 2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights " +"holder was not readily available." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9001 +msgid "" +"They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " +"or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " +"expressed interest in being their legal team should they decide to pursue " +"this as an entrepreneurial opportunity. Hessel says, <quote>When lawyers are " +"interested in a venture like this, you might have something special.</quote> " +"So after some more research, in early 2008, Hessel and Sandra decided to " +"build a platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 +msgid "" +"Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " +"to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " +"provide the community with information and ideas about how the new economy " +"works. Community willingness to try new music business models requires a " +"trust relationship." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9018 +msgid "" +"In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " +"musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " +"problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9033 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9026 +msgid "" +"As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " +"that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, " +"good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show " +"without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They " +"started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) " +"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9036 +msgid "" +"In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " +"respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, <quote>We are " +"still fighting for a good cause every single day.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9057 +msgid "" +"Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " +"organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " +"Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " +"sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " +"restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to <quote>copy and paste</quote> " +"this service into other countries where collecting societies understand what " +"you can do with Creative Commons. Outside of the Netherlands, early " +"adoptions have happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9071 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " +"music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " +"share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " +"artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their " +"website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9087 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9079 +msgid "" +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per " +"month.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9090 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " +"Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " +"remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC " +"BY-SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9101 +msgid "" +"Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " +"separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " +"Tribe of Noise Pro aren’t Creative Commons licensed; Tribe of Noise has " +"instead created a <quote>nonexclusive exploitation</quote> contract, similar " +"to a Creative Commons license but allowing musicians to opt out whenever " +"they want. When you opt out, Tribe of Noise agrees to take your music off " +"the Tribe of Noise platform within one to two months. This lets the musician " +"reuse their song for a better deal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9112 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " +"for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " +"the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific " +"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9120 +msgid "" +"Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " +"the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " +"upload only to Tribe of Noise Pro, which has a smaller repertoire of music " +"than the community area." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9126 +msgid "" +"Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to " +"work. With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing " +"economy, the community area of Tribe of Noise is where they can build trust, " +"create exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become " +"more interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9134 +msgid "" +"Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " +"unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " +"of Noise is also a social network; fellow musicians and professionals can " +"vote for, comment on, and like your music. Community managers interact with " +"and support members, and music supervisors pick and choose from the uploaded " +"songs for in-store play or to promote them to media producers. Members " +"really like having people working for the platform who truly engage with " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9145 +msgid "" +"Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " +"which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " +"specifies what they want, and any member can submit a song. Contests usually " +"involve prizes, exposure, and money. In addition to building member " +"engagement, contests help members learn how to work with clients: listening " +"to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that " +"need." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9155 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " +"music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for " +"them. Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see " +"little reason to sign with a third party or hand over some of the " +"control. Still a small but growing group of Tribe members are pursuing a " +"hybrid model by licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in " +"others with collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9167 +msgid "" +"It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " +"music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " +"an arrangement prevents those musicians from uploading their music to Tribe " +"of Noise. In the United States, you can have a collecting society handle " +"only some of your tracks, whereas in many countries in Europe, a collecting " +"society prefers to represent your entire repertoire (although the European " +"Commission is making some changes). Tribe of Noise deals with this issue all " +"the time and gives you a warning whenever you upload a song. If collecting " +"societies are willing to be open and flexible and do the most they can for " +"their members, then they can consider organizations like Tribe of Noise as a " +"nice add-on, generating more exposure and revenue for the musicians they " +"represent. So far, Tribe of Noise has been able to make all this work " +"without litigation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9184 +msgid "" +"For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " +"Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " +"translated into all languages really helps build that trust. Tribe of Noise " +"believes in creating a model where they work together with musicians. They " +"can only do that if they have a live and kicking community, with people who " +"think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in " +"mind. Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for " +"music, a model that’s based on trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9196 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9202 +msgid "" +"The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " +"and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9207 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9209 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9211 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9214 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9220 +msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9223 +msgid "" +"In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " +"created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the " +"articles. All of the content is available for free to anyone online. All of " +"the content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people " +"to reuse and adapt it for any purpose." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9231 +msgid "" +"As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " +"295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what " +"else?—the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9236 +msgid "" +"The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " +"the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " +"sites like Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The foundation employs about two " +"hundred and eighty people, who all work to support the projects it " +"hosts. But the true heart of Wikipedia and its sister projects is its " +"community. The numbers of people in the community are variable, but about " +"seventy-five thousand volunteers edit and improve Wikipedia articles every " +"month. Volunteers are organized in a variety of ways across the globe, " +"including formal Wikimedia chapters (mostly national), groups focused on a " +"particular theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a " +"particular organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9250 +msgid "" +"As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, <quote>There is a common " +"saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.</quote> While it " +"undoubtedly has its challenges and flaws, Wikipedia and its sister projects " +"are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9257 +msgid "" +"Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " +"trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " +"Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " +"an unprecedented scale." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9266 +msgid "" +"The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " +"enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " +"the crazy notion that perhaps a truly open, collaborative project could " +"create something meaningful. At this point, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous and " +"ingrained in our digital lives that the fact of its existence seems less " +"remarkable. But outside of software, Wikipedia is perhaps the single most " +"stunning example of successful community cocreation. Every day, seven " +"thousand new articles are created on Wikipedia, and nearly fifteen thousand " +"edits are made every hour." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9278 +msgid "" +"The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " +"cocreation. <quote>An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " +"improvement really works,</quote> Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of " +"Community Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern " +"cocreation on Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and " +"vary by language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies " +"of their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to " +"the rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " +"is very deliberate. <quote>We look at the things that the community can do " +"well, and we want to let them do those things,</quote> Stephen told " +"us. Instead, the foundation focuses its time and resources on what the " +"community cannot do as effectively, like the software engineering that " +"supports the technical infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half " +"of the foundation’s budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9302 +msgid "" +"Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " +"foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. <quote>There is a " +"constantly evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia " +"becoming the world’s biggest graffiti wall,</quote> Luis said. Depending on " +"how you measure it, somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia " +"are positive. Some portion of that success is attributable to the tools " +"Wikimedia has in place to try to incentivize good actors. <quote>The secret " +"to having any healthy community is bringing back the right people,</quote> " +"Luis said. <quote>Vandals tend to get bored and go away. That is partially " +"our model working, and partially just human nature.</quote> Most of the " +"time, people want to do the right thing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9318 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " +"(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " +"as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " +"same license. In theory, that means anyone can copy the content and start a " +"new Wikipedia. But as Stephen explained, <quote>Being open has only made " +"Wikipedia bigger and stronger. The desire to protect is not always what is " +"best for everyone.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9342 +msgid "" +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9330 +msgid "" +"Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " +"that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " +"they do. Wikipedia is not simply a source of up-to-the-minute content on " +"every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans working together " +"in a million different ways, in a million different capacities, for a " +"million different reasons. While many have tried to guess what makes " +"Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no single " +"explanation. <quote>In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible " +"diversity of motivations,</quote> Stephen said. For example, there is one " +"editor of the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single " +"grammatical error in articles more than forty-eight thousand " +"times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Only a fraction of Wikipedia " +"users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " +"Wikipedia. <quote>Some donate text, some donate images, some donate " +"financially,</quote> Stephen told us. <quote>They are all " +"contributors.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9349 +msgid "" +"But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " +"passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " +"small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9359 +msgid "" +"The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " +"but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " +"Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United " +"States. They engage in extensive user testing and research to maximize the " +"reach of their fund-raising campaigns. Their basic fund-raising message is " +"simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give " +"back. Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9370 +msgid "" +"The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " +"educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " +"public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " +"same philosophy behind Creative Commons, drives everything the foundation " +"does." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9379 +msgid "" +"The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " +"financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " +"critical for a revenue strategy that relies on reader donations. It also " +"instills trust in their community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385 +msgid "" +"Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " +"of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " +"community together. <quote>Wikipedia is an example of how a mission can " +"motivate an entire movement,</quote> Stephen told us." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9392 +msgid "" +"Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " +"public resources. <quote>The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, " +"but it is missing the digital equivalent of parks and open public " +"spaces,</quote> Stephen said. <quote>Wikipedia has found a way to be that " +"open public space.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9402 +msgid "Bibliography" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9404 +msgid "" +"Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410 +msgid "" +"Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415 +msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9418 +msgid "" +"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9422 +msgid "" +"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9426 +msgid "" +"Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9433 +msgid "" +"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open " +"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9439 +msgid "" +"Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " +"commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9445 +msgid "" +"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the " +"Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449 +msgid "" +"Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " +"Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through " +"Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop " +"in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " +"<ulink " +"url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf\"/>. " +"For more information, see <ulink " +"url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9459 +msgid "" +"Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " +"Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9463 +msgid "" +"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9467 +msgid "" +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9470 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9474 +msgid "" +"Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9479 +msgid "" +"Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " +"Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9483 +msgid "" +"———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " +"Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9487 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " +"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " +"2014). <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9494 +msgid "" +"Cole, Daniel H. <quote>Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the " +"Natural Commons for the Knowledge Commons.</quote> Chap. 2 in Frischmann, " +"Madison, and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9499 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9504 +msgid "" +"Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9508 +msgid "" +"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. <quote>The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +"Sharing at All.</quote> Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink " +"url=\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514 +msgid "" +"Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"of Regina Press, 2015. <ulink " +"url=\"http://uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9521 +msgid "" +"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan " +"Hoover. New York: Portfolio, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 +msgid "" +"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. <quote>The Economics of Information in " +"a Post-Carbon Economy.</quote> Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free " +"Knowledge." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9530 +msgid "" +"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. <quote>Ten " +"Nonprofit Funding Models.</quote> Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +"2009. <ulink " +"url=\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9536 +msgid "" +"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared " +"Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9540 +msgid "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"eds. Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9545 +msgid "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. " +"Strandburg. <quote>Governing Knowledge Commons.</quote> Chap. 1 in " +"Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 +msgid "" +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554 +msgid "" +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9558 +msgid "" +"Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9562 +msgid "" +"Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " +"Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9567 +msgid "" +"Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " +"Doubleday Canada, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9571 +msgid "" +"Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " +"Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9575 +msgid "" +"———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " +"Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9579 +msgid "" +"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9583 +msgid "" +"Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9588 +msgid "" +"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9592 +msgid "" +"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being " +"Creative. New York: Workman, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596 +msgid "" +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9600 +msgid "" +"Lee, David. <quote>Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the " +"Internet.</quote> BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9605 +msgid "" +"Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " +"Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9609 +msgid "" +"Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " +"Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9613 +msgid "" +"Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " +"and Giroux, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9617 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9623 +msgid "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9629 +msgid "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " +"book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9635 +msgid "" +"Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9639 +msgid "" +"Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " +"Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink " +"url=\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9647 +msgid "" +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9653 +msgid "" +"Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +"Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +"Media, 2001. See esp. <quote>The Magic Cauldron.</quote> <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 +msgid "" +"Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " +"Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " +"Business, 2011." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9664 +msgid "" +"Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9669 +msgid "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673 +msgid "" +"Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " +"Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9677 +msgid "" +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9681 +msgid "" +"Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685 +msgid "" +"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " +"Books, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9689 +msgid "" +"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing " +"Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9693 +msgid "" +"Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " +"Ikigai Press, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697 +msgid "" +"Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " +"Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9701 +msgid "" +"Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " +"of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 +msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9709 +msgid "" +"Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Portfolio, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9714 +msgid "" +"Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " +"Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9718 +msgid "" +"Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " +"University of Chicago Press, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9722 +msgid "" +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " +"with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink " +"url=\"http://opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9730 +msgid "" +"Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink " +"url=\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9736 +msgid "" +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9741 +msgid "" +"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and " +"Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9746 +msgid "Acknowledgments" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9748 +msgid "" +"We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " +"Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " +"enthusiastically supporting our work. Special gratitude to the William and " +"Flora Hewlett Foundation for the initial seed funding that got us started on " +"this project." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9755 +msgid "" +"Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"the inspiration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9760 +msgid "" +"We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " +"book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " +"for sharing their stories with us. While not featured as case studies in " +"this book, you all are equally interesting, and we encourage our readers to " +"visit your sites and explore your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9768 +msgid "" +"This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " +"backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter " +"co-editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable " +"feedback. Heartfelt thanks to all of you." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9774 +msgid "" +"Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " +"Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " +"Austin Tolentino, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benjamin Costantini, Bernd " +"Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Bethanye Blount, Bradford Benn, Bryan Mock, " +"Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carolyn Hinchliff, Casey Milford, Cat Cooper, " +"Chip McIntosh, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, " +"Claudia Cristiani, Cody Allard, Colleen Cressman, Craig Thomler, Creative " +"Commons Uruguay, Curt McNamara, Dan Parson, Daniel Dominguez, Daniel Morado, " +"Darius Irvin, Dave Taillefer, David Lewis, David Mikula, David Varnes, David " +"Wiley, Deborah Nas, Diderik van Wingerden, Dirk Kiefer, Dom Lane, Domi " +"Enders, Douglas Van Houweling, Dylan Field, Einar Joergensen, Elad Wieder, " +"Elie Calhoun, Erika Reid, Evtim Papushev, Fauxton Software, Felix " +"Maximiliano Obes, Ferdies Food Lab, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gavin " +"Romig-Koch, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, Gianpaolo Rando, Glenn Otis " +"Brown, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Hamish MacEwan, " +"Harry Kaczka, Humble Daisy, Ian Capstick, Iris Brest, James Cloos, Jamie " +"Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jane Finette, Jason Blasso, Jason E. Barkeloo, Jay M " +"Williams, Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jeanette Frey, Jeff De Cagna, Jérôme " +"Mizeret, Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessy Kate Schingler, Jim O’Flaherty, " +"Jim Pellegrini, Jiří Marek, Jo Allum, Joachim von Goetz, Johan Adda, John " +"Benfield, John Bevan, Jonas Öberg, Jonathan Lin, JP Rangaswami, Juan Carlos " +"Belair, Justin Christian, Justin Szlasa, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kellie " +"Higginbottom, Kendra Byrne, Kevin Coates, Kristina Popova, Kristoffer Steen, " +"Kyle Simpson, Laurie Racine, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, Leticia Britos " +"Cavagnaro, Livia Leskovec, Louis-David Benyayer, Maik Schmalstich, Mairi " +"Thomson, Marcia Hofmann, Maria Liberman, Marino Hernandez, Mario R. Hemsley, " +"MD, Mark Cohen, Mark Mullen, Mary Ellen Davis, Mathias Bavay, Matt Black, " +"Matt Hall, Max van Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Melissa Aho, Menachem " +"Goldstein, Michael Harries, Michael Lewis, Michael Weiss, Miha Batic, Mike " +"Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Neal Stimler, Niall " +"McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nicholas Norfolk, Nick Coghlan, Nicole Hickman, " +"Nikki Thompson, Norrie Mailer, Omar Kaminski, OpenBuilds, Papp István Péter, " +"Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Elosegui, Penny " +"Pearson, Peter Mengelers, Playground Inc., Pomax, Rafaela Kunz, Rajiv " +"Jhangiani, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Robert Jones, " +"Robert Thompson, Ronald van den Hoff, Rusi Popov, Ryan Merkley, S Searle, " +"Salomon Riedo, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Tait, Sarah McGovern, Scott " +"Gillespie, Seb Schmoller, Sharon Clapp, Sheona Thomson, Siena Oristaglio, " +"Simon Law, Solomon Simon, Stefano Guidotti, Subhendu Ghosh, Susan Chun, " +"Suzie Wiley, Sylvain Carle, Theresa Bernardo, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, " +"Timothée Planté, Timothy Hinchliff, Traci Long DeForge, Trevor Hogue, " +"Tumuult, Vickie Goode, Vikas Shah, Virginia Kopelman, Wayne Mackintosh, " +"William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, " +"Yancey Strickler" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9825 +msgid "" +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " +"Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " +"Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " +"Adrian Ho, Adrian Smith, Adriane Ruzak, Adriano Loconte, Al Sweigart, Alain " +"Imbaud, Alan Graham, Alan M. Ford, Alan Swithenbank, Alan Vonlanthen, Albert " +"O’Connor, Alec Foster, Alejandro Suarez Cebrian, Aleks Degtyarev, Alex " +"Blood, Alex C. Ion, Alex Ross Shaw, Alexander Bartl, Alexander Brown, " +"Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " +"Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " +"Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " +"Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " +"Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " +"Amos Blanton, Amy Sept, Anatoly Volynets, Anders Ericsson, Andi Popp, André " +"Bose Do Amaral, Andre Dickson, André Koot, André Ricardo, Andre van Rooyen, " +"Andre Wallace, Andrea Bagnacani, Andrea Pepe, Andrea Pigato, Andreas " +"Jagelund, Andres Gomez Casanova, Andrew A. Farke, Andrew Berhow, Andrew " +"Hearse, Andrew Matangi, Andrew R McHugh, Andrew Tam, Andrew Turvey, Andrew " +"Walsh, Andrew Wilson, Andrey Novoseltsev, Andy McGhee, Andy Reeve, Andy " +"Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " +"Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " +"Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " +"Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " +"Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " +"Stieglbauer, Ay Okpokam, Barb Bartkowiak, Barbara Lindsey, Barry Dayton, " +"Bastian Hougaard, Ben Chad, Ben Doherty, Ben Hansen, Ben Nuttall, Ben " +"Rosenthal, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benita Tsao, Benjamin Costantini, " +"Benjamin Daemon, Benjamin Keele, Benjamin Pflanz, Berglind Ósk Bergsdóttir, " +"Bernardo Miguel Antunes, Bernd Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Beth Gis, Beth " +"Tillinghast, Bethanye Blount, Bill Bonwitt, Bill Browne, Bill Keaggy, Bill " +"Maiden, Bill Rafferty, Bill Scanlon, Bill Shields, Bill Slankard, BJ Becker, " +"Bjorn Freeman-Benson, Bjørn Otto Wallevik, BK Bitner, Bo Ilsøe Hansen, Bo " +"Sprotte Kofod, Bob Doran, Bob Recny, Bob Stuart, Bonnie Chiu, Boris Mindzak, " +"Boriss Lariushin, Borjan Tchakaloff, Brad Kik, Braden Hassett, Bradford " +"Benn, Bradley Keyes, Bradley L’Herrou, Brady Forrest, Brandon McGaha, Branka " +"Tokic, Brant Anderson, Brenda Sullivan, Brendan O’Brien, Brendan Schlagel, " +"Brett Abbott, Brett Gaylor, Brian Dysart, Brian Lampl, Brian Lipscomb, Brian " +"S. Weis, Brian Schrader, Brian Walsh, Brian Walsh, Brooke Dukes, Brooke " +"Schreier Ganz, Bruce Lerner, Bruce Wilson, Bruno Boutot, Bruno Girin, Bryan " +"Mock, Bryant Durrell, Bryce Barbato, Buzz Technology Limited, Byung-Geun " +"Jeon, C. Glen Williams, C. L. Couch, Cable Green, Callum Gare, Cameron " +"Callahan, Cameron Colby Thomson, Cameron Mulder, Camille Bissuel / Nylnook, " +"Candace Robertson, Carl Morris, Carl Perry, Carl Rigney, Carles Mateu, " +"Carlos Correa Loyola, Carlos Solis, Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carol Long, " +"Carol marquardsen, Caroline Calomme, Caroline Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, " +"Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " +"Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " +"@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " +"Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " +"Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " +"(Spike), Chris Hurst, Chris Mitchell, Chris Muscat Azzopardi, Chris " +"Niewiarowski, Chris Opperwall, Chris Stieha, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, " +"Chris Woolfrey, Chris Zabriskie, Christi Reid, Christian Holzberger, " +"Christian Schubert, Christian Sheehy, Christian Thibault, Christian Villum, " +"Christian Wachter, Christina Bennett, Christine Henry, Christine Rico, " +"Christopher Burrows, Christopher Chan, Christopher Clay, Christopher Harris, " +"Christopher Opiah, Christopher Swenson, Christos Keramitsis, Chuck Roslof, " +"Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, Clare Forrest, Claudia Cristiani, Claudio " +"Gallo, Claudio Ruiz, Clayton Dewey, Clement Delort, Cliff Church, Clint " +"Lalonde, Clint O’Connor, Cody Allard, Cody Taylor, Colin Ayer, Colin " +"Campbell, Colin Dean, Colin Mutchler, Colleen Cressman, Comfy Nomad, Connie " +"Roberts, Connor Bär, Connor Merkley, Constantin Graf, Corbett Messa, Cory " +"Chapman, Cosmic Wombat Games, Craig Engler, Craig Heath, Craig Maloney, " +"Craig Thomler, Creative Commons Uruguay, Crina Kienle, Cristiano Gozzini, " +"Curt McNamara, D C Petty, D. Moonfire, D. Rohhyn, D. Schulz, Dacian Herbei, " +"Dagmar M. Meyer, Dan Mcalister, Dan Mohr, Dan Parson, Dana Freeman, Dana " +"Ospina, Dani Leviss, Daniel Bustamante, Daniel Demmel, Daniel Dominguez, " +"Daniel Dultz, Daniel Gallant, Daniel Kossmann, Daniel Kruse, Daniel Morado, " +"Daniel Morgan, Daniel Pimley, Daniel Sabo, Daniel Sobey, Daniel Stein, " +"Daniel Wildt, Daniele Prati, Danielle Moss, Danny Mendoza, Dario " +"Taraborelli, Darius Irvin, Darius Whelan, Darla Anderson, Dasha Brezinova, " +"Dave Ainscough, Dave Bull, Dave Crosby, Dave Eagle, Dave Moskovitz, Dave " +"Neeteson, Dave Taillefer, Dave Witzel, David Bailey, David Cheung, David " +"Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " +"David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " +"Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " +"Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane " +"K. Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La " +"Cruz, Dimitrie Grigorescu, Dina Marie Rodriguez, Dinah Fabela, Dirk Haun, " +"Dirk Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, " +"Dom Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique " +"Karadjian, Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, " +"Doug Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, " +"Dr. Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C " +"Humphries, Eamon Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo " +"Belinchon, Eduardo Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, " +"Elad Wieder, Elar Haljas, Elena Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie " +"Calhoun, Elizabeth Holloway, Ellen Buecher, Ellen Kaye- Cheveldayoff, Elli " +"Verhulst, Elroy Fernandes, Emery Hurst Mikel, Emily Catedral, Enrique " +"Mandujano R., Eric Astor, Eric Axelrod, Eric Celeste, Eric Finkenbiner, Eric " +"Hellman, Eric Steuer, Erica Fletcher, Erik Hedman, Erik Lindholm Bundgaard, " +"Erika Reid, Erin Hawley, Erin McKean of Wordnik, Ernest Risner, Erwan " +"Bousse, Erwin Bell, Ethan Celery, Étienne Gilli, Eugeen Sablin, Evan " +"Tangman, Evonne Okafor, Evtim Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio Natali, Fauxton " +"Software, Felix Deierlein, Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano Obes, Felix " +"Schmidt, Felix Zephyr Hsiao, Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand Deschambault, Filipe " +"Rodrigues, Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, " +"Florent Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot " +"Games, Francis Clarke, Francisco Rivas-Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois " +"Grey, François Gros, François Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, " +"Frédéric Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel " +"Staples, Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, " +"Gary Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de " +"Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " +"Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " +"Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " +"Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " +"Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " +"Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume Rischard, Gustavo Vaz de Carvalho " +"Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, Gwilym Lucas, Haggen So, Håkon T " +"Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, Hannes Leo, Hans Bickhofe, Hans de " +"Raad, Hans Vd Horst, Harold van Ingen, Harold Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry " +"Kaczka, Harry Torque, Hayden Glass, Hayley Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen " +"Crisp, Helen Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach " +"Latorre Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser, " +"Hermann Paar, Hillary Miller, Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne, " +"Hubert Gertis, Hugh Geenen, Humble Daisy, Hüppe Keith, Iain Davidson, Ian " +"Capstick, Ian Johnson, Ian Upton, Icaro Ferracini, Igor Lesko, Imran Haider, " +"Inma de la Torre, Iris Brest, Irwin Madriaga, Isaac Sandaljian, Isaiah " +"Tanenbaum, Ivan F. Villanueva B., J P Cleverdon, Jaakko Tammela Jr, Jacek " +"Darken Gołębiowski, Jack Hart, Jacky Hood, Jacob Dante Leffler, Jaime Perla, " +"Jaime Woo, Jake Campbell, Jake Loeterman, Jakes Rawlinson, James Allenspach, " +"James Chesky, James Cloos, James Docherty, James Ellars, James K Wood, James " +"Tyler, Jamie Finlay, Jamie Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jan E Ellison, Jan Gondol, " +"Jan Sepp, Jan Zuppinger, Jane Finette, jane Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, " +"Janos Kovacs, Jasmina Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu, Jason Cole, Jason " +"E. Barkeloo, Jason Hibbets, Jason Owen, Jason Sigal, Jay M Williams, Jazzy " +"Bear Brown, JC Lara, Jean-Baptiste Carré, Jean-Philippe Dufraigne, " +"Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jean-Yves Hemlin, Jeanette Frey, Jeff Atwood, Jeff " +"De Cagna, Jeff Donoghue, Jeff Edwards, Jeff Hilnbrand, Jeff Lowe, Jeff " +"Rasalla, Jeff Ski Kinsey, Jeff Smith, Jeffrey L Tucker, Jeffrey Meyer, Jen " +"Garcia, Jens Erat, Jeppe Bager Skjerning, Jeremy Dudet, Jeremy Russell, " +"Jeremy Sabo, Jeremy Zauder, Jerko Grubisic, Jerome Glacken, Jérôme Mizeret, " +"Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessica Litman, Jessica Mackay, Jessy Kate " +"Schingler, Jesús Longás Gamarra, Jesus Marin, Jim Matt, Jim Meloy, Jim " +"O’Flaherty, Jim Pellegrini, Jim Tittsler, Jimmy Alenius, Jiří Marek, Jo " +"Allum, Joachim Brandon LeBlanc, Joachim Pileborg, Joachim von Goetz, Joakim " +"Bang Larsen, Joan Rieu, Joanna Penn, João Almeida, Jochen Muetsch, Jodi " +"Sandfort, Joe Cardillo, Joe Carpita, Joe Moross, Joerg Fricke, Johan Adda, " +"Johan Meeusen, Johannes Förstner, Johannes Visintini, John Benfield, John " +"Bevan, John C Patterson, John Crumrine, John Dimatos, John Feyler, John " +"Huntsman, John Manoogian III, John Muller, John Ober, John Paul Blodgett, " +"John Pearce, John Shale, John Sharp, John Simpson, John Sumser, John Weeks, " +"John Wilbanks, John Worland, Johnny Mayall, Jollean Matsen, Jon Alberdi, Jon " +"Andersen, Jon Cohrs, Jon Gotlin, Jon Schull, Jon Selmer Friborg, Jon Smith, " +"Jonas Öberg, Jonas Weitzmann, Jonathan Campbell, Jonathan Deamer, Jonathan " +"Holst, Jonathan Lin, Jonathan Schmid, Jonathan Yao, Jordon Kalilich, Jörg " +"Schwarz, Jose Antonio Gallego Vázquez, Joseph Mcarthur, Joseph Noll, Joseph " +"Sullivan, Joseph Tucker, Josh Bernhard, Josh Tong, Joshua Tobkin, JP " +"Rangaswami, Juan Carlos Belair, Juan Irming, Juan Pablo Carbajal, Juan Pablo " +"Marin Diaz, Judith Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, " +"Julia Devonshire, Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien " +"Leroy, Juliet Chen, Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin " +"Grimes, Justin Jones, Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. " +"Przybylski, Kaloyan Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, " +"Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia " +"Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen " +"Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, Kathryn Deiss, Kathryn Rose, Kathy Payne, Katie " +"Lynn Daniels, Katie Meek, Katie Teague, Katrina Hennessy, Katriona Main, " +"Kavan Antani, Keith Adams, Keith Berndtson, MD, Keith Luebke, Kellie " +"Higginbottom, Ken Friis Larsen, Ken Haase, Ken Torbeck, Kendel Ratley, " +"Kendra Byrne, Kerry Hicks, Kevin Brown, Kevin Coates, Kevin Flynn, Kevin " +"Rumon, Kevin Shannon, Kevin Taylor, Kevin Tostado, Kewhyun Kelly-Yuoh, Kiane " +"l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, Konrad " +"Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, Kristina " +"Popova, Kristofer Bratt, Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt Whittemore, " +"Kyle Pinches, Kyle Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane Rasberry, Larry " +"Garfield, Larry Singer, Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura Anne Brown, " +"Laura Billings, Laura Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence Gonsalves, Laurent " +"Muchacho, Laurie Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence M. 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Hemsley, MD, Marissa Demers, Mark Chandler, " +"Mark Cohen, Mark De Solla Price, Mark Gabby, Mark Gray, Mark Koudritsky, " +"Mark Kupfer, Mark Lednor, Mark McGuire, Mark Moleda, Mark Mullen, Mark " +"Murphy, Mark Perot, Mark Reeder, Mark Spickett, Mark Vincent Adams, Mark " +"Waks, Mark Zuccarell II, Markus Deimann, Markus Jaritz, Markus Luethi, " +"Marshal Miller, Marshall Warner, Martijn Arets, Martin Beaudoin, Martin " +"Decky, Martin DeMello, Martin Humpolec, Martin Mayr, Martin Peck, Martin " +"Sanchez, Martino Loco, Martti Remmelgas, Martyn Eggleton, Martyn Lewis, Mary " +"Ellen Davis, Mary Heacock, Mary Hess, Mary Mi, Masahiro Takagi, Mason Du, " +"Massimo V.A. Manzari, Mathias Bavay, Mathias Nicolajsen Kjærgaard, Matias " +"Kruk, Matija Nalis, Matt Alcock, Matt Black, Matt Broach, Matt Hall, Matt " +"Haughey, Matt Lee, Matt Plec, Matt Skoss, Matt Thompson, Matt Vance, Matt " +"Wagstaff, Matteo Cocco, Matthew Bendert, Matthew Bergholt, Matthew Darlison, " +"Matthew Epler, Matthew Hawken, Matthew Heimbecker, Matthew Orstad, Matthew " +"Peterworth, Matthew Sheehy, Matthew Tucker, Adaptive Handy Apps, LLC, " +"Mattias Axell, Max Green, Max Kossatz, Max lupo, Max Temkin, Max van " +"Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Megan Ingle, Megan Wacha, Meghan " +"Finlayson, Melissa Aho, Melissa Sterry, Melle Funambuline, Menachem " +"Goldstein, Micah Bridges, Michael Ailberto, Michael Anderson, Michael " +"Andersson Skane, Michael C. Stewart, Michael Carroll, Michael Cavette, " +"Michael Crees, Michael David Johas Teener, Michael Dennis Moore, Michael " +"Freundt Karlsen, Michael Harries, Michael Hawel, Michael Lewis, Michael May, " +"Michael Murphy, Michael Murvine, Michael Perkins, Michael Sauers, Michael " +"St.Onge, Michael Stanford, Michael Stanley, Michael Underwood, Michael " +"Weiss, Michael Wright, Michael-Andreas Kuttner, Michaela Voigt, Michal " +"Rosenn, Michał Szymański, Michel Gallez, Michell Zappa, Michelle Heeyeon " +"You, Miha Batic, Mik Ishmael, Mikael Andersson, Mike Chelen, Mike Habicher, " +"Mike Maloney, Mike Masnick, Mike McDaniel, Mike Pouraryan, Mike Sheldon, " +"Mike Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mike Wittenstein, Mikkel Ovesen, Mikołaj " +"Podlaszewski, Millie Gonzalez, Mindi Lovell, Mindy Lin, Mirko " +"<quote>Macro</quote> Fichtner, Mitch Featherston, Mitchell Adams, Molika " +"Oum, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling, Monica Mora, Morgan Loomis, Moritz " +"Schubert, Mrs. Paganini, Mushin Schilling, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Myk Pilgrim, " +"Myra Harmer, Nadine Forget-Dubois, Nagle Industries, LLC, Nah Wee Yang, " +"Natalie Brown, Natalie Freed, Nathan D Howell, Nathan Massey, Nathan Miller, " +"Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele Wollert, " +"Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas Bentley, " +"Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick Coghlan, " +"Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " +"Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " +"Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " +"Meyerhans, Noel Hanigan, Noel Hart, Norrie Mailer, O.P. Gobée, Ohad Mayblum, " +"Olivia Wilson, Olivier De Doncker, Olivier Schulbaum, Olle Ahnve, Omar " +"Kaminski, Omar Willey, OpenBuilds, Ove Ødegård, Øystein Kjærnet, Pablo López " +"Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " +"Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " +"Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " +"Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " +"Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " +"Keller, Paul Rowe, Paul Timpson, Paul Walker, Pavel Dostál, Peeter Sällström " +"Randsalu, Peggy Frith, Pen-Yuan Hsing, Penny Pearson, Per Åström, Perry " +"Jetter, Péter Fankhauser, Peter Hirtle, Peter Humphries, Peter Jenkins, " +"Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " +"O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " +"Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " +"Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " +"Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " +"Rafael Scapin, Rafaela Kunz, Rain Doggerel, Raine Lourie, Rajiv Jhangiani, " +"Ralph Chapoteau, Randall Kirby, Randy Brians, Raphaël Alexandre, Raphaël " +"Schröder, Rasmus Jensen, Rayn Drahps, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rebecca Godar, " +"Rebecca Lendl, Rebecca Weir, Regina Tschud, Remi Dino, Ric Herrero, Rich " +"McCue, Richard <quote>TalkToMeGuy</quote> Olson, Richard Best, Richard " +"Blumberg, Richard Fannon, Richard Heying, Richard Karnesky, Richard Kelly, " +"Richard Littauer, Richard Sobey, Richard White, Richard Winchell, Rik " +"ToeWater, Rita Lewis, Rita Wood, Riyadh Al Balushi, Rob Balder, Rob Berkley, " +"Rob Bertholf, Rob Emanuele, Rob McAuliffe, Rob McKaughan, Rob Tillie, Rob " +"Utter, Rob Vincent, Robert Gaffney, Robert Jones, Robert Kelly, Robert " +"Lawlis, Robert McDonald, Robert Orzanna, Robert Paterson Hunter, Robert " +"R. Daniel Jr., Robert Ryan-Silva, Robert Thompson, Robert Wagoner, Roberto " +"Selvaggio, Robin DeRosa, Robin Rist Kildal, Rodrigo Castilhos, Roger Bacon, " +"Roger Saner, Roger So, Roger Solé, Roger Tregear, Roland Tanglao, Rolf and " +"Mari von Walthausen, Rolf Egstad, Rolf Schaller, Ron Zuijlen, Ronald " +"Bissell, Ronald van den Hoff, Ronda Snow, Rory Landon Aronson, Ross Findlay, " +"Ross Pruden, Ross Williams, Rowan Skewes, Roy Ivy III, Ruben Flores, Rupert " +"Hitzenberger, Rusi Popov, Russ Antonucci, Russ Spollin, Russell Brand, Rute " +"Correia, Ruth Ann Carpenter, Ruth White, Ryan Mentock, Ryan Merkley, Ryan " +"Price, Ryan Sasaki, Ryan Singer, Ryan Voisin, Ryan Weir, S Searle, Salem Bin " +"Kenaid, Salomon Riedo, Sam Hokin, Sam Twidale, Samantha Levin, " +"Samantha-Jayne Chapman, Samarth Agarwal, Sami Al-AbdRabbuh, Samuel " +"A. Rebelsky, Samuel Goëta, Samuel Hauser, Samuel Landete, Samuel Oliveira " +"Cersosimo, Samuel Tait, Sandra Fauconnier, Sandra Markus, Sandy Bjar, Sandy " +"ONeil, Sang-Phil Ju, Sanjay Basu, Santiago Garcia, Sara Armstrong, Sara " +"Lucca, Sara Rodriguez Marin, Sarah Brand, Sarah Cove, Sarah Curran, Sarah " +"Gold, Sarah McGovern, Sarah Smith, Sarinee Achavanuntakul, Sasha Moss, Sasha " +"VanHoven, Saul Gasca, Scott Abbott, Scott Akerman, Scott Beattie, Scott " +"Bruinooge, Scott Conroy, Scott Gillespie, Scott Williams, Sean Anderson, " +"Sean Johnson, Sean Lim, Sean Wickett, Seb Schmoller, Sebastiaan Bekker, " +"Sebastiaan ter Burg, Sebastian Makowiecki, Sebastian Meyer, Sebastian " +"Schweizer, Sebastian Sigloch, Sebastien Huchet, Seokwon Yang, Sergey " +"Chernyshev, Sergey Storchay, Sergio Cardoso, Seth Drebitko, Seth Gover, Seth " +"Lepore, Shannon Turner, Sharon Clapp, Shauna Redmond, Shawn Gaston, Shawn " +"Martin, Shay Knohl, Shelby Hatfield, Sheldon (Vila) Widuch, Sheona Thomson, " +"Si Jie, Sicco van Sas, Siena Oristaglio, Simon Glover, Simon John King, " +"Simon Klose, Simon Law, Simon Linder, Simon Moffitt, Solomon Kahn, Solomon " +"Simon, Soujanna Sarkar, Stanislav Trifonov, Stefan Dumont, Stefan Jansson, " +"Stefan Langer, Stefan Lindblad, Stefano Guidotti, Stefano Luzardi, Stephan " +"Meißl, Stéphane Wojewoda, Stephanie Pereira, Stephen Gates, Stephen Murphey, " +"Stephen Pearce, Stephen Rose, Stephen Suen, Stephen Walli, Stevan Matheson, " +"Steve Battle, Steve Fisches, Steve Fitzhugh, Steve Guen-gerich, Steve " +"Ingram, Steve Kroy, Steve Midgley, Steve Rhine, Steven Kasprzyk, Steven " +"Knudsen, Steven Melvin, Stig-Jørund B. Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart " +"Maxwell, Stuart Reich, Subhendu Ghosh, Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, " +"Susan R Grossman, Suzie Wiley, Sven Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, " +"Sylvain Chery, Sylvia Green, Sylvia van Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, " +"T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya Hart, Tara Tiger Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo " +"Toikkanen, Tasha Turner Lennhoff, Tathagat Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, " +"Teresa Gonczy, Terry Hook, Theis Madsen, Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, " +"Thibault Badenas, Thomas Bacig, Thomas Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas " +"Chang, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, " +"Thomas Thrush, Thomas Werkmeister, Tieg Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim " +"Chambers, Tim Cook, Tim Evers, Tim Nichols, Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, " +"Timothy Arfsten, Timothy Hinchliff, Timothy Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza " +"Gergő, Tobias Schonwetter, Todd Brown, Todd Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom " +"Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom Goren, Tom Kent, Tom MacWright, Tom Maillioux, Tom " +"Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom Myers, Tom Olijhoek, Tom Rubin, Tommaso De Benetti, " +"Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, Tony Nwachukwu, Torsten Skomp, Tracey Depellegrin, " +"Tracey Henton, Tracey James, Traci Long DeForge, Trent Yarwood, Trevor " +"Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey Hunner, Tryggvi Björgvinsson, Tumuult, Tushar Roy, " +"Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo Blenkhorn, Uri Sivan, Vanja Bobas, Vantharith Oum, " +"Vaughan jenkins, Veethika Mishra, Vic King, Vickie Goode, Victor DePina, " +"Victor Grigas, Victoria Klassen, Victorien Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas " +"Shah, Vinayak S.Kaujalgi, Vincent O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia " +"Gentilini, Virginia Kopelman, Vitor Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne " +"Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, Werner Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, " +"Willa Köerner, William Bettridge-Radford, William Jefferson, William " +"Marshall, William Peter Nash, William Ray, William Robins, Willow Rosenberg, " +"Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier " +"Moisant, Xueqi Li, Yancey Strickler, Yann Heurtaux, Yasmine Hajjar, Yu-Hsian " +"Sun, Yves Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis and Joshua " +"de Haan, ZeMarmot Open Movie" +msgstr ""