X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/blobdiff_plain/f07acb0e418096d1cf90cd94af171e867fb9afaa..39c07eae5c19313e8e0bbf9a329c3a62bad0ed5f:/po/nb/mwcc.po diff --git a/po/nb/mwcc.po b/po/nb/mwcc.po index cf8dfbb..0caedf1 100644 --- a/po/nb/mwcc.po +++ b/po/nb/mwcc.po @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-06 08:32+0000\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-02-19 07:47+0000\n" -"Last-Translator: Allan Nordhøy \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-03-03 06:03+0000\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-03-06 05:32+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål " "\n" "Language: nb\n" @@ -16,124 +16,16 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" -"X-Generator: Weblate 2.19\n" +"X-Generator: Weblate 2.20-dev\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3 -msgid "% Made with Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "% Ved hjelp av Creative Commons % Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "nb" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5 -msgid "Made With Creative Commons" -msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "av Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:9 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -msgstr "© 2017, av Creative Commons." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 -msgid "" -"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" -"SA), version 4.0." -msgstr "" -"Publisert med lisensen Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), " -"versjon 4.0." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "Vanlig tekst" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Omslag og boksideutforming av Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:18 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Innhold redigert av Grace Yaginuma" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:20 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -msgstr "Illustrasjoner av Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:22 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "Nedlastbar e-bok er tilgjengelig fra madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:24 -msgid "Publisher:" -msgstr "Forlegger:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:26 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Bøker" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:28 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:30 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 København N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:32 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Danmark" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:34 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:36 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:38 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Trykkeri:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:40 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:42 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:44 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:46 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polen" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:54 +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 msgid "" "This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " "copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " @@ -141,35 +33,136 @@ msgid "" "a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " "transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +"" msgstr "" "Denne boken er utgitt under en CC BY-SA lisens, noe som betyr at du kan " "kopiere, distribuere videre, remikse, transformere og bygge videre for ulike " "formål, også kommersielt, så lenge du gir riktig kreditering, gir en link " "til lisensen og angir om endringer er gjort. Hvis du remikser, transformerer " "eller bygger på materialet, må du distribuere dine bidrag under samme lisens " -"som den opprinnelige. Lisensdetaljer: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +"som den opprinnelige. Lisensdetaljer: " + +#. type: Content of:
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" Mexico City\n" +" " +msgstr "" +" Oslo\n" +" " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +" 2017 Creative Commons " +" Gunnar Wolf " +msgstr "" +"2017 Creative Commons " +" Petter Reinholdtsen " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "Paul" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "Stacey" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "Pearson" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "av Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." +msgstr "© 2017 av Creative Commons-stiftelsen." + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 +msgid "" +"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" +"SA), version 4.0." +msgstr "" +"Publisert med lisensen Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), " +"versjon 4.0." + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" +msgstr "" +"ISBN: 978-82-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), 978-82-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), 978-82-TO-BE-" +"DECIDED (myk perm)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:58 +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, " +msgstr "" +"Illustrasjoner av Bryan Mathers, " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." +msgstr "Utgiver: Petter Reinholdtsen." + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " +msgstr "" +" Oversatt til bokmål av Ole-Erik Yrvin, Ingrid Yrvin, Allan Nordhøy, Thomas " +"Gramstad og Petter Reinholdtsen. " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at " +msgstr "" +"Nedlastbar e-bok er tilgjengelig fra " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " "platform." msgstr "" "Laget med Creative Commons er offentliggjort med godhjertet støtte fra " -"Creative Commons og bidragsytere fra vår kronerullingskampanje på " +"Creative Commons og bidragsytere fra vår folkefinansieringskampanje på " "Kickstarter.com-plattformen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:69 +#. type: Content of:
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 msgid "" -"> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . > The way that " -"I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do > is. . . essays " -"like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably > bright but also " -"reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at > far more length " -"about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have > a chance to in our " -"daily lives.” > > > > — *David Foster Wallace*" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" "«Jeg vet ikke mye om faglitteratur . . . MÃ¥ten jeg tenker pÃ¥ disse tingene, " "og hva jeg kan gjøre er . . . essays som dette er anledninger til Ã¥ følge " @@ -177,13 +170,18 @@ msgstr "" "følger nærmere og tenker mer i dybden om mange forskjellige ting enn de " "fleste av oss har en sjanse til i vÃ¥re daglige liv.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:71 -msgid "## Foreword" -msgstr "## Forord" +#. type: Content of:
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +msgid "— David Foster Wallace" +msgstr "— David Foster Wallace" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "Forord" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:79 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -200,8 +198,8 @@ msgstr "" "forretningsmodeller. Han forklarte på en hyggelig måte at han var uenig, og " "kalte jakten på fungerende forretningsmodeller via CC en blindvei." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -215,8 +213,8 @@ msgstr "" "være til er å gjøre verden til et bedre sted, ikke for fortjeneste. Penger " "er et middel til et sosialt mål, ikke målet selv. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:91 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -230,28 +228,28 @@ msgstr "" "Det kan fungere, men nesten helt sikkert så vil det ikke det. Men, " "selvfølgelig, noen vinner alltid i et lotteri.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" "I dag er opphavsrett som et lodd i et lotteri - alle har et, og nesten ingen " -"vinner. Hva de ikke forteller deg, er at hvis du velger å dele ditt arbeid, " +"vinner. Det de ikke forteller deg, er at hvis du velger å dele ditt arbeid, " "kan det du får igjen være betydelig, og vare lenge. Denne boken er fylt med " "historier om dem som tar mye større risiko enn de kronene vi betaler for et " -"lodd, og i stedet høster belønninger som kommer fra å følge sin lidenskap og " -"bygge på sine verdier." +"lodd, og i stedet høster belønninger fra det å følge sin lidenskap og bygge " +"på sine verdier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" @@ -261,8 +259,8 @@ msgstr "" "og spill for å tjene penger - vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere " "vitser og spill.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -279,8 +277,8 @@ msgstr "" "forfatterne skrive Made with Creative Commons: Laget med kreative " "allmenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:120 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -298,11 +296,11 @@ msgstr "" "gartner. Han har en rolig, kul stemme som formidler en lidenskap som " "inspirerer kolleger og samfunn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:130 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -320,8 +318,8 @@ msgstr "" "praktisk, detaljorientert og dyktig. Det er ingen på mitt laget jeg liker " "mer å debattere med." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -329,7 +327,7 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" "Som medforfattere, utfylte Paul og Sarah hverandre perfekt. De forsket, " @@ -341,8 +339,8 @@ msgstr "" "er modig, og det har gitt en bedre bok som er mer innsiktsfull, ærlig og " "nyttig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:145 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -356,8 +354,8 @@ msgstr "" "bruke, remikse eller tilpasse med henvisning på plass. Det er i seg selv et " "eksempel på en åpen forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -373,14 +371,14 @@ msgstr "" "strekk helt til mål. De fleste giverne var nye tilhengere av Creative " "Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:161 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" @@ -392,10 +390,10 @@ msgstr "" "selvtillit, og det har uten tvil gjort «Made with Creative Commons» til et " "bedre prosjekt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:166 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" @@ -403,10 +401,10 @@ msgstr "" "er en del av noe større enn seg selv, og hva de tilbyr oss alle er en raus " "gave. Hva de får tilbake er takknemlighet og et fellesskap." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -420,8 +418,8 @@ msgstr "" "allmenning er en nøkkelverdi, og fordi CC-lisensene har hjulpet så mange å " "dele med et globalt publikum på den måten de velger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:185 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -447,13 +445,13 @@ msgstr "" "noe mer tilfredsstillende mål enn når noen forteller deg at det du gjør " "virkelig verdi for dem.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." @@ -467,8 +465,8 @@ msgstr "" "utforske dine egne forretningsmuligheter, og to dusin doser med ren " "inspirasjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:202 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -485,13 +483,13 @@ msgstr "" "noe høyteknologiske dataspill; De opplever det i grupper, i fellesskap, " "blant fremmede, blant dem de lærer å kjenne, og noen ganger like.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:208 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" "Jeg er utrolig stolt at Creative Commons er i stand å utgi denne boken for " @@ -500,30 +498,28 @@ msgstr "" "samfunn som har hjulpet oss å bringe den til deg. Som CC-styremedlem " "Johnathan Nightingale ofte sier: «Alt er laget av mennesker.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "Det er den sanne verdien av ting som er laget med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:212 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:214 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -msgstr "*Daglig leder, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Daglig leder, Creative Commons</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:216 -msgid "## Introduction" -msgstr "## Introduksjon" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "Introduksjon" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." @@ -531,8 +527,8 @@ msgstr "" "Denne boken viser verden hvordan deling kan være bra i forretningsøyemed, " "men med en vri." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:229 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -555,8 +551,8 @@ msgstr "" "nettbasert verktøy som hjelper folk å skape og analysere sin " "forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -571,8 +567,8 @@ msgstr "" "ned deres historier. Vi analyserte hva vi hørte, og gravde dypt i " "litteraturen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:239 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." @@ -580,11 +576,11 @@ msgstr "" "Mens vi gjorde våre undersøkelser, skjedde det noe interessant. Vår første " "måte å ramme inn arbeidet på, samsvarte ikke med de historiene vi hørte." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:245 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." @@ -595,24 +591,23 @@ msgstr "" "som ble delt, og genererte inntekter, ikke for ubegrenset vekst, men for å " "opprettholde driften." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:251 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" -"Ofte likte de ikke å høre hva de gjorde beskrevet som åpen " -"forretningsmodell. Deres oppgave var noe mer enn det. Noe annet. Noe til " -"ervervelse av ikke bare økonomisk, men sosial og kulturell verdi. Til " -"knytting av mellommenneskelige forbindelser. Å «Gjøre med Creative Commons» " -"er ikke «business as usual» («som vi pleier»)." +"Ofte likte de ikke å høre det de gjorde beskrevet som en åpen " +"forretningsmodell. Det de holdt på med var mer enn det. Noe annet. Noe som " +"ikke bare gir økonomisk verdi, men også sosial og kulturell verdi. Noe som " +"involverer mellommenneskelige forbindelser. Å skape med Creative Commons er " +"ikke «slik vi vanligvis gjør det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:259 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -629,14 +624,14 @@ msgstr "" "tilbakemeldinger og råd. Vår tenkning endret seg dramatisk i løpet av " "halvannet år." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:268 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" @@ -648,8 +643,8 @@ msgstr "" "finne våre ulike, men utfyllende, tilnærminger når du henholdsvis leser " "gjennom våre ulike seksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:272 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." @@ -657,8 +652,8 @@ msgstr "" "Mens vi anbefaler at du leser boken fra start til slutt, kan hver del leses " "mer eller mindre uavhengig av hverandre. Boken er organisert i to hoveddeler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -674,8 +669,8 @@ msgstr "" "markedsbegreper, og er velformulert om deling og utvidelse av Digital " "Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -693,8 +688,8 @@ msgstr "" "inntekter, hvordan de videre fremmer allmenne interesser og realiserer sine " "verdier, og hvordan de bygger forbindelser med folk de deler med." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:294 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -706,8 +701,8 @@ msgstr "" "restriktiv lisensene - de som er nærmest «alle rettigheter reservert»-" "modellen i tradisjonell opphavsrett - er den eneste måten å tjene penger på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " @@ -717,8 +712,8 @@ msgstr "" "organisasjoner vi intervjuet. Begge deltok i intervjuene, mens vi fordelte " "skrivingen av profilene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " @@ -728,8 +723,8 @@ msgstr "" "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike lisens. Kopier, distribuer, oversett, " "lokaliser, og bygg gjerne videre på dette arbeidet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:309 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -743,52 +738,59 @@ msgstr "" "Commons, og dermed bidra til forandringen av vår økonomi og verden til det " "bedre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:311 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" -msgstr "*Paul og Sarah *\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Paul og Sarah </emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# The Big Picture" -msgstr "# Det store bildet" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "Det store bildet" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" -msgstr "## Digital Commons nye verden" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" +msgstr "Digital Commons nye verden" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Köhler, 2013), 14." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jonathan Rowe beskriver elegant allmenningen som «luften og havene, " "nettverket av arter, villmark og rennende vann - alle er deler av " "allmenninger. Det samme er språk og kunnskap, fortau og torg, historier fra " "barndommen og demokratiske prosesser. Noen deler av allmenningen er gaver " "fra naturen, andre er resultat av av menneskelige bestrebelser. Noen er " -"nye, for eksempel Internett; andre er like gamle som jord og kalligrafi.»1" +"nye, for eksempel Internett; andre er like gamle som jord og " +"kalligrafi.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " @@ -803,68 +805,98 @@ msgstr "" "Personer, organisasjoner og bedrifter i våre referanseløsninger bruker " "Creative Commons til å dele sine ressurser tilkoblet Internett." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" "Allmenningen handler imidlertid ikke bare om delte ressurser, også sosial " "praksis og verdiene som styrer den. En ressurs er et substantiv, men " -"allmenngjøring - å legge ressursen inn i allmenningen - er et verb.2 " -"Produsenter, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi profilerer er alle engasjert i " -"allmenngjøring. Deres bruk av Creative Commons involverer dem i den sosiale " -"gjennomføringen av allmenngjøring, administrering av ressurser kollektivt i " -"et brukerfellesskap.3 Allmenngjøring styres av et sett verdier og normer som " -"balanserer kostnadene og fordelene for foretaket med de fra fellesskapet. " -"Særlig vekt er tillagt rettferdig tilgang, bruk og bærekraft." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" -msgstr "### Almenningen, markedet, og staten" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:353 +"allmenngjøring - å legge ressursen inn i allmenningen - er et verb." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Produsenter, organisasjoner og " +"bedrifter vi profilerer er alle engasjert i allmenngjøring. Deres bruk av " +"Creative Commons involverer dem i den sosiale gjennomføringen av " +"allmenngjøring, administrering av ressurser kollektivt i et brukerfellesskap." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Allmenngjøring styres av et sett " +"verdier og normer som balanserer kostnadene og fordelene for foretaket med " +"de fra fellesskapet. Særlig vekt er tillagt rettferdig tilgang, bruk og " +"bærekraft." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "Almenningen, markedet, og staten" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Historisk har det vært tre måter å administrere ressurser og fordele rikdom " "på: Allmenninger (håndtert kollektivt) og staten (dvs. regjeringen) markedet " -"- med de siste to som de dominerende former i dag.4" +"- med de siste to som de dominerende former i dag.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" "Organisasjoner og bedrifter i våre referanseløsninger er unike i måten de " "deltar i allmenningen mens de fortsatt er engasjert i markedet og/eller i " "offentlig sektor. Omfanget av engasjement i markedet, eller i det offentlige " "varierer. Noen opererer primært som allmenning hvis virke uten eller i liten " -"grad er avhengig av markedet eller det offentlige.5 Andre er i høyeste grad " -"en del av markedet eller det offentlige, og avhenger av dem for sin " -"finansielle bærekraft. Alle fungerer som hybrider, som kombinerer " -"allemannseiets normer med dem som gjelder for markeder eller det offentlige." +"grad er avhengig av markedet eller det offentlige.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Andre er i høyeste grad en del av markedet eller " +"det offentlige, og avhenger av dem for sin finansielle bærekraft. Alle " +"fungerer som hybrider, som kombinerer allemannseiets normer med dem som " +"gjelder for markeder eller det offentlige." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." @@ -872,8 +904,8 @@ msgstr "" "Fig.1. Skildrer hvordan en bedrift kan ha varierende grad av engasjement med " "allemannseie, det offentlige og markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -893,8 +925,8 @@ msgstr "" "I hvilken grad en bedrift ser seg selv som hovedsakelig av én type eller en " "annen påvirker sammensetningen av de normer de styrer etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -910,8 +942,8 @@ msgstr "" "engasjement mellom fellesskapene og markedet krever litt netthendthet, en " "sterk følelse av verdier, og evnen til å kombinere det beste fra begge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " @@ -924,17 +956,37 @@ msgstr "" "kan opphavsrett, forretningsvirksomhet og finansiering, alle være utformet " "for å fremme allemannseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:486 +msgid "Enterprise engagement with commons, state and market." +msgstr "" +"En bedrifts varierende grad av engasjement med allemannseie, det offentlige " +"og markedet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:482 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:648 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:777 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:819 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:904 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:492 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -953,32 +1005,46 @@ msgstr "" "måte som man ellers arbeider i markedet eller i staten, er ikke en strategi " "for suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" -msgstr "### De fire aspektene ved en ressurs" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:503 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "De fire aspektene ved en ressurs" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:508 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" +"Daniel H. Cole, «Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons», i Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:505 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" "Som en del av sitt Nobelprisvinnende arbeid, utviklet Elinor Ostrom et " "rammeverk for å analysere hvordan naturressurser administreres i en " -"allmenning.6 Hennes rammeverk vurderte ting som biofysiske karakteristikker " -"ved felles ressurser, samfunnets aktører og samhandlingene som foregår " -"mellom dem, uformelle regler-i-bruk, og resultater. Dette rammeverket er " -"forenklet og generalisert for å brukes på felleseie, markedet og staten, det " -"offentlige, for dette kapitlet." +"allmenning.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hennes rammeverk " +"vurderte ting som biofysiske karakteristikker ved felles ressurser, " +"samfunnets aktører og samhandlingene som foregår mellom dem, uformelle " +"regler-i-bruk, og resultater. Dette rammeverket er forenklet og generalisert " +"for å brukes på felleseie, markedet og staten, det offentlige, for dette " +"kapitlet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:521 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -993,22 +1059,30 @@ msgstr "" "til slutt den faktiske ressursbruken sammen med resultatene av denne bruken " "(se Fig. 2)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:535 +msgid "Four aspects of resource management" +msgstr "Fire apekter ved ressursbehandling" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:531 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 -msgid "#### Characteristics" -msgstr "#### Karakteristika" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:541 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "Karakteristika" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:543 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -1020,11 +1094,11 @@ msgstr "" "betydning for dagens felleseie - ressurser kan være fysiske eller digitale, " "som påvirker det iboende ressurspotensialet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:550 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " @@ -1039,10 +1113,10 @@ msgstr "" "ressurser i fysisk form. Kostnadene ved å produsere og distribuere et fysisk " "gode, krever vanligvis at man benytter markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:561 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -1058,11 +1132,11 @@ msgstr "" "uttømt, og til en kostnad på nær null. Overflod i stedet for knapphet er en " "iboende karakteristikk ved digitale ressurser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:571 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." @@ -1073,15 +1147,15 @@ msgstr "" "alltid tilfellet. Digitale ressurser gjøres ofte kunstig knappe. Å plassere " "digitale ressurser i allmenninger gjør dem gratis og rikelige." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:579 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" "Våre referanseprosjekter håndterer ofte hybrid-ressurser, som begynner som " @@ -1092,16 +1166,16 @@ msgstr "" "administreres ofte på en fri og åpen måte, men det kreves penger for å " "konvertere en digital ressurs til en fysisk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:590 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" "Utover denne ideen med fysisk versus digital, forstår allmenninger, markedet " "og staten ressurser forskjellig (se Fig. 3). Markedet ser ressurser som " @@ -1111,13 +1185,13 @@ msgstr "" "grenser, og videreformidles uforminsket eller forbedret til fremtidige " "generasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 -msgid "#### People and processes" -msgstr "#### Folk og prosesser" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:601 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "Folk og prosesser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:603 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " @@ -1127,15 +1201,15 @@ msgstr "" "administrere ressurser. De prosesser som brukes definerer både hvem som har " "innflytelse og hvordan en ressurs skal håndteres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:608 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" "I staten utgår en regjering fra folkevalgte som er ansvarlige for " "ressurshåndteringen på vegne av folk flest. Innbyggerne som produserer og " @@ -1144,8 +1218,8 @@ msgstr "" "offentlige tjenestemenn setter opp budsjetter, gjennomfører programmer og " "administrerer ressurser basert på regjeringens prioriteringer og prosedyrer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:617 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -1161,52 +1235,69 @@ msgstr "" "handelsvare i markedet, ofte masseprodusert, og solgt til forbrukere på " "grunnlag av en betalingstransaksjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:628 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed bøker, 2014), 93." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:626 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." msgstr "" "I motsetning til staten og markedet, håndteres ressurser i en allmenning mer " -"direkte av dem som er involvert.7 De som lager menneskeproduserte ressurser " -"kan legge dem i felleseiet ut fra et personlig valg. Det kreves ingen " -"tillatelse fra staten eller markedet. Alle kan delta i allmenninger og selv " -"bestemme seg for hvor mye de vil være involvert - som en bidragsyter, bruker " -"eller administrator. Involverte inkluderer ikke bare dem som oppretter og " -"bruker ressurser, men også dem som berøres av resultatet av bruk. Hvem du " -"er, påvirker hva du har å si, hvilke handlinger du kan utføre, og omfanget " -"av beslutningstaking. I allmenninger er det fellesskapet som helhet som " -"administrerer ressursene. Ressurser lagt inn i felleseiet ved å bruke " -"Creative Commons krever at brukerne krediterer den opprinnelige skaperen. Å " -"vite hvem personen bak en ressurs er gjør fellesskapseie mindre anonymt og " -"mer personlig." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:503 -msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" -msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" -msgstr "#### Normer og regler" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +"direkte av dem som er involvert.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"De som lager menneskeproduserte ressurser kan legge dem i felleseiet ut fra " +"et personlig valg. Det kreves ingen tillatelse fra staten eller markedet. " +"Alle kan delta i allmenninger og selv bestemme seg for hvor mye de vil være " +"involvert - som en bidragsyter, bruker eller administrator. Involverte " +"inkluderer ikke bare dem som oppretter og bruker ressurser, men også dem som " +"berøres av resultatet av bruk. Hvem du er, påvirker hva du har å si, hvilke " +"handlinger du kan utføre, og omfanget av beslutningstaking. I allmenninger " +"er det fellesskapet som helhet som administrerer ressursene. Ressurser lagt " +"inn i felleseiet ved å bruke Creative Commons krever at brukerne krediterer " +"den opprinnelige skaperen. Å vite hvem personen bak en ressurs er gjør " +"fellesskapseie mindre anonymt og mer personlig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:653 +msgid "How the market, commons and state concieve of resources." +msgstr "Hvordan markedet, fellesskap og staten oppfatter ressurser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:649 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "Normer og regler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:662 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " @@ -1217,8 +1308,8 @@ msgstr "" "normene og reglene definerer tillatelser, tildeler rettigheter og løser " "disputter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:668 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -1232,8 +1323,8 @@ msgstr "" "vedtak, lover og regler. Staten påvirker normer og regler for markedet og " "allemannseie gjennom de reglene som lages." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:676 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " @@ -1243,29 +1334,35 @@ msgstr "" "Markedsreguleringene omfatter eierforhold, virksomheter og økonomiske lover " "definert av staten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:688 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:681 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Som med markedet, kan et felleseie påvirkes av offentlig politikk, " "forskrifter og lover. Men normer og regler for et allemannseie er i det " "store og hele definert av det selv. De veier individuelle kostnader og " "fordeler - mot kostnader og fordeler for hele felleseiet. Det tas hensyn " "ikke bare til økonomisk effektivitet, men også til egenkapital og " -"bærekraftighet.9" +"bærekraftighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 -msgid "#### Goals" -msgstr "#### Mål" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "Mål" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:695 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " @@ -1277,23 +1374,37 @@ msgstr "" "brukes. Bruken påvirkes også av de ulike målene til stat, marked og " "allmenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:707 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." +msgstr "" +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” i Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:702 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." msgstr "" "I markedet er fokus på å maksimere nytten av en ressurs. Hva vi betaler for " "varene vi forbruker, sees på som et objektivt mål på den nytten de gir. " -"Målet blir da å maksimere den totale økonomiske pengeverdien.10 Forbrukte " -"enheter forstås som salg, inntekter, fortjeneste og vekst, og alle disse er " -"måter å måle markedet på." +"Målet blir da å maksimere den totale økonomiske pengeverdien.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Forbrukte enheter forstås som salg, inntekter, " +"fortjeneste og vekst, og alle disse er måter å måle markedet på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:717 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -1308,11 +1419,11 @@ msgstr "" "fasetter av et sunt samfunn, og staten bruker sine ressurser får å nå disse " "målene. Statlige mål gjenspeiles i mål på livskvalitet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:726 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " @@ -1325,8 +1436,8 @@ msgstr "" "forbedrer de ressurser som lages; og om ressursene brukes på innovative " "måter til fordel for personlige og sosiale goder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:735 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -1338,13 +1449,13 @@ msgstr "" "å strategisk bruke og balansere disse ulike aspektene ved sin " "ressurshåndtering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "### Commons korte historie" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "Commons korte historie" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:745 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -1359,8 +1470,8 @@ msgstr "" "engang vurdert som et alternativ. Allmenneie har i stor grad forsvunnet fra " "bevissthet og omtanke. Det finnes ingen nyheter eller taler om allemenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:754 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1373,58 +1484,96 @@ msgstr "" "Felleseie blomstrer opp. For å forstå motstandsdyktigheten til slik eie og " "den pågående fornyelsen er det nyttig å vite noe om historien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:765 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; ogHeather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:761 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" msgstr "" "I århundrer håndterte urfolk og førindustrielle samfunn ressurser, inkludert " "vann, mat, brensel, vanning, fisk, vilt og mange andre ting, kollektivt som " -"et felleseie.11 Det var intet marked, ingen verdensøkonomi. Staten, i form " -"av herskere, påvirket allmenningene, men kontrollerte dem ikke. Direkte " -"sosial deltakelse i en allmenning var primært måten ressurser ble styrt på " -"og behov møtt. (Fig. 4 illustrerer allemannseie i forhold til stat og " -"marked.)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:587 -msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" -msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:595 -msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"et felleseie.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var intet " +"marked, ingen verdensøkonomi. Staten, i form av herskere, påvirket " +"allmenningene, men kontrollerte dem ikke. Direkte sosial deltakelse i en " +"allmenning var primært måten ressurser ble styrt på og behov møtt. (Fig. 4 " +"illustrerer allemannseie i forhold til stat og marked.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:782 +msgid "In preindustrialized society." +msgstr "I det førindustrielle samfunnet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:778 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:791 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:795 +msgid "" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" +"Fritjof Capra og Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"og Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" "Dette etterfølges av en lang historie der staten (monarkiet eller en " "makthaver) overtar allmenninger til sine egne formål. Dette kalles " -"innkapsling av allemannseie.12 I gamle dager ble «commoners» kastet ut fra " -"land, gjerder og hekker reist, lover og sikkerhet satt opp for å forby " -"adgang.13 Gradvis ble ressursene statens eiendom, og staten ble det primære " -"verktøy for styring av disse ressursene. (Se Fig. 5)." +"innkapsling av allemannseie.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I " +"gamle dager ble «commoners» kastet ut fra land, gjerder og hekker reist, " +"lover og sikkerhet satt opp for å forby adgang.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/> Gradvis ble ressursene statens eiendom, og staten ble det " +"primære verktøy for styring av disse ressursene. (Se Fig. 5)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:804 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1443,17 +1592,25 @@ msgstr "" "markedsproduserte varer en økende levestandard, bedre helse og utdanning. " "Fig. 6 viser hvordan markedet i dag er hovedmåten for ressurhåndtering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:818 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:824 +msgid "The commons is gradually superseded by the state." +msgstr "Commons er gradvis erstattet av staten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:820 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:830 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." @@ -1461,13 +1618,13 @@ msgstr "" "Men i dag går verden gjennom turbulente tider. Fordelene med markedet har " "blitt motvirket av ulik fordeling og rovdrift." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:835 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." @@ -1480,8 +1637,19 @@ msgstr "" "essay ble allment akseptert som en økonomisk sannhet og en begrunnelse for " "privat eiendom og frie markeder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:862 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, og Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:845 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1497,7 +1665,7 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Men det er en alvorlig feil med Hardins «Allmenningens tragedie» - det er " "fiksjon. Hardin studerer ikke faktisk hvordan virkelige felleseier fungerer. " @@ -1512,10 +1680,11 @@ msgstr "" "til dem, og er derfor best plassert til å administrere den. Ostroms " "tilnærming til styringen av naturressurser brøt med konvensjonen; hun innså " "betydningen av felleseie som et alternativ til markedet, eller staten for " -"løsning av oppgaver med problemløsning som krever felles innsats.14" +"løsning av oppgaver med problemløsning som krever felles innsats." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:650 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:868 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1536,29 +1705,40 @@ msgstr "" "tragedy of the Commons, burde det kanskje mer nøyaktig hatt tittelen The " "Tragedy of the Market." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:884 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" +"Farley og Kubiszewski, «Economics of Information», i Elliott og Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:880 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" "Hardins historie er basert på forutsetningen om begrensede ressurser. " "Økonomer har fokusert nesten utelukkende på knapphetsbaserte markeder. " -"Svært lite er kjent om virkningene av overflod.15 Fremveksten av " -"informasjonsteknologi og Internett har ført til en eksplosjon i digitale " -"ressurser og nye måter for deling og distribusjon. Digitale ressursene kan " -"aldri bli uttømt. Fravær av en teori eller modell for hvordan overflod " -"fungerer, har ledet markedet til å gjøre digitale ressurser kunstig knappe, " -"og gjøre det mulig å anvende markedets vanlige normer og regler." +"Svært lite er kjent om virkningene av overflod.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Fremveksten av informasjonsteknologi og Internett har ført " +"til en eksplosjon i digitale ressurser og nye måter for deling og " +"distribusjon. Digitale ressursene kan aldri bli uttømt. Fravær av en teori " +"eller modell for hvordan overflod fungerer, har ledet markedet til å gjøre " +"digitale ressurser kunstig knappe, og gjøre det mulig å anvende markedets " +"vanlige normer og regler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:895 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1570,22 +1750,30 @@ msgstr "" "for statlig finansierte digitale arbeider skal være at de er fritt og åpent " "tilgjengelige for allmennheten som betalte for dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:902 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:909 +msgid "How the market, the state and the commons look today." +msgstr "Hvordan markedet, staten og commons ser ut i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" -msgstr "### Den digitale revolusjonen" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:916 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "Den digitale revolusjonen" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:918 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " @@ -1595,13 +1783,13 @@ msgstr "" "hverandre ved å dele programvare. På 1980-tallet kodifiserte fri programvare-" "bevegelsen denne delingspraksisen til et sett med prinsipper og friheter:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:926 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "Frihet til å kjøre et program som du ønsker, for ethvert formål." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:932 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " @@ -1611,19 +1799,33 @@ msgstr "" "kildekoden er frigitt), og endre den så den utfører databehandlingen din " "slik du ønsker." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "Friheten til å redistribuere kopier." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:682 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:946 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." +msgstr "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, besøkt 30. desember 2016, <ulink " +"url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:944 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Friheten til å distribuere kopier av dine modifiserte versjoner til andre.16" +"Friheten til å distribuere kopier av dine modifiserte versjoner til andre." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:955 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." @@ -1631,8 +1833,15 @@ msgstr "" "Disse prinsippene og frihetene utgjør et sett av normer og regler som " "karakteriserer et digitalt felleseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:970 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” siste endret 22. november 2016." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:959 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1642,9 +1851,10 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." msgstr "" "I 1990, for å gjøre deling av kildekode og samarbeid mer tiltrekkende for " "selskaper, konverterte åpen-kildekodeprogramvare-initiativet prinsippene til " @@ -1654,33 +1864,47 @@ msgstr "" "akseptert. Kundene likte måten åpen kildekode ga dem kontroll uten å bli " "låst inn i en lukket, proprietær teknologi. Gratis og åpen " "kildekodeprogramvare genereres også en nettverkseffekt der verdien av et " -"produkt eller tjeneste øker med antall personer som bruker det.17 Den " -"dramatiske veksten i selve Internettet skyldes mye det faktum at ingen har " -"en proprietær lås på kjernens Internett-protokoller." +"produkt eller tjeneste øker med antall personer som bruker det.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Den dramatiske veksten i selve Internettet " +"skyldes mye det faktum at ingen har en proprietær lås på kjernens Internett-" +"protokoller." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:985 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” i The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:977 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" "Mens åpen kildekodeprogramvare fungerer som et felleseie, bygget mange " "bedrifter og markeder seg rundt det. Forretningsmodeller basert på lisenser " "og standarder for åpen kildekode utviklet seg sammen med organisasjoner som " "håndterte programvarekode med prinsippene om overflod i stedet for knapphet. " "Eric Raymonds essay «The Magic Cauldron» gjør en stor jobb med å analysere " -"økonomi- og forretningsmodellene forbundet med åpen kildekode.18) Disse " -"modellene kan gi eksempler på bærekraftige tilnærminger for de som er laget " -"med Creative Commons." +"økonomi- og forretningsmodellene forbundet med åpen kildekode.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse modellene kan gi eksempler på " +"bærekraftige tilnærminger for de som er laget med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:994 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1704,28 +1928,39 @@ msgstr "" "det, og etter loven, er andre ekskludert fra adgangen til å bruke det uten " "opphavspersonens tillatelse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1013 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1007 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Men folk liker å dele. En av måtene vi definerer oss selv på er å dele " "verdifull og underholdende innhold. Dette gir vekst og næring til " "relasjoner, vi søker å endre meninger, oppmuntrer til handling, og " "informerer andre om hvem vi er og hva vi bryr oss om. Deling lar oss føle " -"oss mer involvert i verden.19)" +"oss mer involvert i verden.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "### Creative Commons blir til" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1021 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "Creative Commons blir til" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1023 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1741,8 +1976,19 @@ msgstr "" "fra individuelle skapere til store selskaper og institusjoner, en enkel " "standardisert måte å gi opphavsrettstillatelser for sitt skapende arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1044 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, vist 30. desember, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1032 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1753,9 +1999,9 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" "Creative Commons-lisenser har en tre-lags design. Normer og regler for hver " "lisens uttrykkes først fullt ut i det juridiske språket som brukes av " @@ -1766,16 +2012,17 @@ msgstr "" "juridiske koden som ligger under. Det tredje laget er den maskinlesbare, som " "gjør det enkelt for Internettet å vite om et arbeid har en Creative Commons-" "lisens ved å uttrykke tillatelser på en måte som programvaresystemer, " -"søkemotorer og andre typer teknologi kan forstå.20) Sett samlet sikrer " -"disse tre lagene at skaperne, brukere, og nettområdet selv forstår normer og " -"regler for digitalt innhold i et allemannseie." +"søkemotorer og andre typer teknologi kan forstå.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Sett samlet sikrer disse tre lagene at skaperne, brukere, og " +"nettområdet selv forstår normer og regler for digitalt innhold i et " +"allemannseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1052 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" @@ -1785,29 +2032,39 @@ msgstr "" "inkluderer bilder, illustrasjoner, forskningsartikler i tidsskrifter, " "pedagogiske ressurser, musikk og andre lydspor, og videoer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1065 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" "Individuelle kunstnere, fotografer, musikere og filmskapere bruker Creative " "Commons, men det gjør også museer, regjeringer, kreative næringer, " "produsenter og forleggere. Millioner av nettsteder bruker CC-lisenser, " "inkludert store plattformer som Wikipedia og Flickr, og mindre slik som " -"blogger.21) Brukere av Creative Commons er mangfoldige, og går på tvers av " -"mange ulike sektorer. (Våre referanseløsninger ble valgt for å reflektere " -"dette mangfoldet.)" +"blogger.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Brukere av Creative " +"Commons er mangfoldige, og går på tvers av mange ulike sektorer. (Våre " +"referanseløsninger ble valgt for å reflektere dette mangfoldet.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1073 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1826,8 +2083,8 @@ msgstr "" "en allmenning samstemmer fri kultur-bevegelsen med den frie og åpen " "kildekode-programvare-bevegelsen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1085 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1841,111 +2098,185 @@ msgstr "" "digitale ressurser kostnadsfritt, med juridiske tillatelser for alle for " "fritt å ha tilgang, bruke, og endre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1098 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” sist endret 24 september " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." msgstr "" "Staten er i økende grad involvert i å støtte åpne bevegelser. The Open " "Government Partnership (åpen regjeringspartnerskap) ble lansert i 2011 for å " "gi en internasjonal plattform for regjeringer til å bli mer åpne, ansvarlige " "og mottakelige i forhold til innbyggerne. Siden da har det vokst fra åtte " -"deltakerland til sytti.22) I alle disse landene arbeider regjeringen og det " -"sivile samfunnet sammen om å utvikle og implementere ambisiøse åpen-" -"regjering-reformer (offentlige reformer). Regjeringer bruker i økende grad " -"Creative Commons for å sikre at arbeid finansiert av skattebetalerne er " -"åpent og gratis for det publikum som betalte for dem." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 -msgid "### The Changing Market" -msgstr "### Markedet i forandring" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:802 +"deltakerland til sytti.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I alle " +"disse landene arbeider regjeringen og det sivile samfunnet sammen om å " +"utvikle og implementere ambisiøse åpen-regjering-reformer (offentlige " +"reformer). Regjeringer bruker i økende grad Creative Commons for å sikre at " +"arbeid finansiert av skattebetalerne er åpent og gratis for det publikum som " +"betalte for dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1109 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "Markedet i forandring" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1117 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "Capra og Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1125 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "Ibid., 116." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1111 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Dagens marked er i stor grad drevet av global kapitalisme. Lov og økonomiske " "systemer er strukturert for å støtte inntjening, privatisering og bedriftens " "vekst. En oppfatning at markedet er mer effektivt enn det offentlige, har " "ført til en kontinuerlig privatisering av mange offentlige ressurser, " -"hjelpemidler, tjenester og infrastruktur.23) Mens dette systemet har vært " -"svært effektivt til å generere forbruk og vekst i bruttonasjonalproduktet, " -"har innvirkningen på menneskets trivsel vært blandet. Motstykket til økende " -"levestandard og forbedringer i helse og utdanning er stadig økende ulikheter " -"i rikdom, sosial ulikhet, fattigdom, forverring av vårt naturlige miljø, og " -"demokratiske sammenbrudd.24)" +"hjelpemidler, tjenester og infrastruktur.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Mens dette systemet har vært svært effektivt til å generere forbruk " +"og vekst i bruttonasjonalproduktet, har innvirkningen på menneskets trivsel " +"vært blandet. Motstykket til økende levestandard og forbedringer i helse og " +"utdanning er stadig økende ulikheter i rikdom, sosial ulikhet, fattigdom, " +"forverring av vårt naturlige miljø, og demokratiske sammenbrudd.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1135 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” vist 15. februar, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/globalassets/" +"sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1129 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "I lys av disse utfordringene er det en voksende anerkjennelse av at BNP-" "veksten ikke bør være et mål i seg selv, at utvikling trenger å være sosialt " "og økonomisk inkluderende, at miljømessig bærekraft er en forutsetning ikke " -"et alternativ, og at vi trenger å balansere markedet, stat og samfunn " -"bedre.25)" +"et alternativ, og at vi trenger å balansere markedet, stat og samfunn bedre." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1146 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1156 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Seoul Sharing Citys nettside ligger her <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub." +"kr\"/>; for Amsterdam Sharing City, gå til <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl." +"nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Disse erkjennelser har ført til en fornyet interesse i allemannseie som " "muliggjør en slik balanse. Byregjeringer, som italienske Bologna, " "samarbeider med sine innbyggere for å få til forskrifter for omsorg for og " -"modernisering av bymessige felleseier.26) Seoul og Amsterdam kaller seg " -"«delingsbyer», når de søker etter å få til bærekraftig og mer effektiv bruk " -"av knappe ressurser. De ser deling som en måte å forbedre bruken av " -"offentlige rom, mobilitet, sosialt samhold og sikkerhet.27)" +"modernisering av bymessige felleseier.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Seoul og Amsterdam kaller seg «delingsbyer», når de søker etter å " +"få til bærekraftig og mer effektiv bruk av knappe ressurser. De ser deling " +"som en måte å forbedre bruken av offentlige rom, mobilitet, sosialt samhold " +"og sikkerhet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1173 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1163 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" "Markedet selv har vært interessert i delingsøkonomien, med bedrifter som " "Airbnb som gir et peer-to-peer marked (P2P: likemannsnettverk) for kortvarig " @@ -1955,26 +2286,38 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonell virksomhet som søker finansiell inntjening. Mye av " "delingsøkonomien er ikke om allmenneier, eller å bygge et alternativ til en " "bedriftsdrevet markedsøkonomi: Det handler om å utvide det deregulerte frie " -"markedet til nye områder i våre liv.28) Mens ingen av de vi intervjuet for " -"våre referanseløsninger ville beskrive seg selv som en del av " -"delingsøkonomien, er det faktisk noen viktige paralleller. Både " -"delingsøkonomi og allmenneie gjør bedre bruk av eiendelens kapasitet. " -"Delingsøkonomien ser på personlig beboere og biler å ha en latent ekstra " -"kapasitet med utleieverdi. Rettferdig tilgang på felleseier utvider og " -"diversifiserer (spre, fordele på ) antall personer som kan bruke og få verdi " -"ut av en eiendel." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:843 +"markedet til nye områder i våre liv.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Mens ingen av de vi intervjuet for våre referanseløsninger ville beskrive " +"seg selv som en del av delingsøkonomien, er det faktisk noen viktige " +"paralleller. Både delingsøkonomi og allmenneie gjør bedre bruk av eiendelens " +"kapasitet. Delingsøkonomien ser på personlig beboere og biler å ha en latent " +"ekstra kapasitet med utleieverdi. Rettferdig tilgang på felleseier utvider " +"og diversifiserer (spre, fordele på ) antall personer som kan bruke og få " +"verdi ut av en eiendel." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1195 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1185 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Enveis «Made with Creative Commons» (Laget med Creative Commons) " "referansestudier skiller seg fra delingsøkonomien med sine fokus på digitale " @@ -1984,10 +2327,10 @@ msgstr "" "båndbredde er alle raskt økende, men heller enn at kostnadene går opp, går " "kostnadene ned. Digital teknologi blir raskere, bedre og billigere. " "Kostnaden for noe som bygger på disse teknologiene vil alltid gå ned til nær " -"null.29)" +"null.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1201 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1997,7 +2340,7 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" "De som lages med Creative Commons søker å utnytte de unike iboende " @@ -2011,25 +2354,38 @@ msgstr "" "Maksimert tilgang og deltakelse er et felles mål. Deres mål er overflod " "fremfor knapphet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1220 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" "Den trinnvise kostnaden ved lagring, kopiering og distribusjon av digitale " "produkter er neste null, og gjør overflod mulig. Men å forestille seg et " "marked basert mer på overflod snarere enn knapphet er så fremmed for måten " -"vi tenker oss økonomisk teori og praksis på, at vi strever med å gjøre " -"det.30) Det som er laget med Creative Commons er banebrytende i dette nye " -"landskapet, og utformer sine egne økonomiske modeller og praksiser." +"vi tenker oss økonomisk teori og praksis på, at vi strever med å gjøre det." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det som er laget med Creative " +"Commons er banebrytende i dette nye landskapet, og utformer sine egne " +"økonomiske modeller og praksiser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1228 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -2041,75 +2397,137 @@ msgstr "" "innenfor eksisterende regler og normer for markedet. Og andre igjen, søker " "etter muligheter til å endre normer og regler som markedet fungerer etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1242 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1251 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1235 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "For et vanlig aksjeselskap er det vanskelig å få til sosial fordel med som " "en del av sin virksomhet, så det er lovpålagt å ta avgjørelser til økonomisk " "fordel for aksjonærene. Men nye former for forretningsvirksomhet vokser " "frem. Det er veldedige sammenslutninger og sosiale foretak som utvider sine " "forretningsmål fra å gjøre fortjeneste til å gjøre en positiv innvirkning " -"på samfunnet, arbeidere, lokalsamfunnet og miljøet.31) Fellesskapseide og " -"arbeidstakereide bedrifter, kooperativer, laug og andre organisasjonsformer " -"er alternativer til tradisjonelle bedrifter. Samlet endrer disse alternative " -"markedsaktørene markedets regler og normer.32)" +"på samfunnet, arbeidere, lokalsamfunnet og miljøet.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Fellesskapseide og arbeidstakereide bedrifter, " +"kooperativer, laug og andre organisasjonsformer er alternativer til " +"tradisjonelle bedrifter. Samlet endrer disse alternative markedsaktørene " +"markedets regler og normer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1264 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig på " +"<ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1257 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "«En bok om åpne forretningsmodeller» er hvordan vi beskrev det i denne " "bokens Kickstarter-kampanje. Vi brukte en håndbok kalt «Business Model " "Generation» som vår referanse for å definere hva en forretningsmodell er. " "Utviklet over ni år med en «åpen prosess» som involverte 470 medforfattere " -"fra 45 land, er den nyttig som et rammeverk for å omtale " -"forretningsmodeller.33)" +"fra 45 land, er den nyttig som et rammeverk for å omtale forretningsmodeller." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1273 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Bildet med forretningsmodellen er tilgjengelig for nedlasting fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1281 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Vi har laget et \"Åpen forretningsmodell-bilde,\" designet av medforfatter " +"Paul Stacey, tilgjengelig på nettet fra <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/" +"drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. Du kan " +"også finne det medfølgende \"Åpen forretningsmodell-spørsmål-bilde\" fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1271 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" "Den inneholder et «lerret for forretningsmodeller», som oppfatter at en " -"forretningsmodell har ni byggestener.34) Dette tomme lerretet kan tjene som " -"et verktøy for alle som vil lage sine egen forretningsmodell. Vi remikset " -"dette lerretet for forretningsmodeller til et lerret for en åpen " -"virksomhetsmodell, og la til tre flere byggeklosser passende for " -"fellesskapsbedrifter i et hybrid marked: Sosial nytte, Creative Commons-" -"lisens, og «type åpent miljø som virksomheten passer i».35) Dette " -"forbedrede lerretet viste seg nyttig når vi analyserte bedrifter, og hjalp " -"gründere å planlegge sin økonomiske modell." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:905 +"forretningsmodell har ni byggestener.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Dette tomme lerretet kan tjene som et verktøy for alle som vil lage sine " +"egen forretningsmodell. Vi remikset dette lerretet for forretningsmodeller " +"til et lerret for en åpen virksomhetsmodell, og la til tre flere " +"byggeklosser passende for fellesskapsbedrifter i et hybrid marked: Sosial " +"nytte, Creative Commons-lisens, og «type åpent miljø som virksomheten passer " +"i».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Dette forbedrede lerretet " +"viste seg nyttig når vi analyserte bedrifter, og hjalp gründere å planlegge " +"sin økonomiske modell." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1291 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " @@ -2126,8 +2544,23 @@ msgstr "" "eksperimentell, vokst frem og organisk snarere enn nøye planlagt ved hjelp " "av en forhåndsdefinert modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1312 +msgid "" +"A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this post I " +"wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business Model and How " +"Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at <ulink url=\"http://medium.com/made-" +"with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-" +"generate-revenue-5854d2659b15\"/>." +msgstr "" +"En mer omfattende liste over inntektsstrømmer er tilgjengelig i dette " +"innlegget jeg skrev på Medium på 6 mars 2016. “What Is an Open Business " +"Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, tilgjengelig på <ulink url=" +"\"http://medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-" +"model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1304 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -2135,29 +2568,30 @@ msgid "" "physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add services, " "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " -"Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " -"than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " -"paths to sustainability." +"Bring In Money in the next section.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> There is no single magic bullet, and each endeavor has devised ways that " +"work for them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying revenue " +"streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability." msgstr "" "Bidragsyterne, bedrifter og organisasjoner vi profiler er alle engasjerte i " "markedet for å generere inntekter på ulik måte. Hvordan dette gjøres " "varierer mye. Donasjoner, betal hva du kan, medlemskap, «Digitalt gratis, " -"men fysisk for betaling», fellesfinansiering, matchmaking, verdiøkende " +"men fysisk for betaling», folkefinansiering, matchmaking, verdiøkende " "tjenester, beskyttere ... listen fortsetter og fortsetter. (Første " "beskrivelse av hvordan skaffe inntekt fremgår av referansenoten. Om seneste " -"tenkning om dette, se «Hvordan bringe inn penger» i neste seksjon.)36) " -"Det er ingen enkel, magisk kule, og hver oppgave har utviklet måter som " -"passer for den. De fleste gjør bruk av mer enn én måte. Å diversifisere " -"inntektsstrømmer reduserer risikoen, og gir flere veier til bærekraft." +"tenkning om dette, se «Hvordan bringe inn penger» i neste seksjon.)<" +"placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det er ingen enkel, magisk kule, og " +"hver oppgave har utviklet måter som passer for den. De fleste gjør bruk av " +"mer enn én måte. Å diversifisere inntektsstrømmer reduserer risikoen, og gir " +"flere veier til bærekraft." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" -msgstr "### Fordelene med Digital Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1324 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "Fordelene med Digital Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1326 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -2169,8 +2603,8 @@ msgstr "" "kan det være mindre opplagt hvorfor markedet vil engasjere seg med " "felleseier. Digitale allmenneier tilbyr mange fordeler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1332 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -2185,14 +2619,14 @@ msgstr "" "markedsføring. Desentralisert distribusjon forsterker leveranse og " "ekspertise." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1341 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " @@ -2208,18 +2642,18 @@ msgstr "" "gir tilgang til alle, gir alle én spade, fremmer inkludering, rettferdighet " "og redelighet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1354 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" "Allemannseie er deltagelsens seiersgang. Ressurser i felleseie kan brukes, " "og er åpne for medvirkning av og med alle. Å bruke andres ressurser, bidra " @@ -2231,35 +2665,48 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskapsbygging, til og med demokrati, og mange andre former for " "samfunnsnyttig praksis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1376 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1367 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" "Allemannseie leder an til innovasjon. Ressurser flere personer i hende, som " "evner å nytte dem, fører nye ideer med seg. Måten felleseide ressurser kan " "endre, tilpasse, og bedrede resultatene i avledninger muliggjør arbeider " "opphavsmannen aldri hadde forestilt seg. Noen bestrebelser i Creative " "Commons oppfordrer bevisst brukere fornyelse av delte ressurser. Dermed " -"flyttes forskning og utvikling (R&D – research and development) fra " -"utelukkende innlemmet organisasjonens virke, til fellesskapet.37) " -"Fellesskapsbasert innovasjon holder en organisasjon eller virksomhet " -"skjerpet. Den må fortsette å bidra med nye idéer, absorbere og bygge videre " -"på andres innovasjoner, forvalte ressursene og forholdet til fellesskapet." +"flyttes forskning og utvikling (R&D – research and development) fra " +"utelukkende innlemmet organisasjonens virke, til fellesskapet.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Fellesskapsbasert innovasjon holder en " +"organisasjon eller virksomhet skjerpet. Den må fortsette å bidra med nye " +"idéer, absorbere og bygge videre på andres innovasjoner, forvalte ressursene " +"og forholdet til fellesskapet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1385 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -2279,9 +2726,8 @@ msgstr "" "bidragsyterne allesteds hen, til dem som bruker og bygger videre på deres " "arbeide." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:986 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1398 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -2290,36 +2736,36 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" -"Allmannseie er generativt. I stedet for å trekke ut verdi, tilfører " -"felleseiet verdi. Digitaliserte ressurser blir ikke oppbrukt, men er der " -"fortsatt – og ved bruk, forbedret, tilpasset og lokalisert. Hvert type bruk " -"tilfører verdi. Markedet fokuserer på å generere verdi for virksomheten og " -"kunden. Felleseier genererer verdi for et bredere spekter av mottakere " -"inkludert virksomheten, forbrukeren, innholdsleverandøren, publikum og " -"allemannseiet selv. Allemannseiets generative natur betyr at det er mer " -"kostnadseffektivt, og gir en høyere avkastning på investeringen. Verdi er " -"ikke bare målt finansielt. Hver ny ressurs som legges til allmenningen gir " -"verdi til publikum, og bidrar til den samlede verdien av felleseiene." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:999 +"Allmannseie er generativt. I stedet for å hente ut ut verdi, tilfører " +"allemannseie verdi. Digitaliserte ressurser blir ikke oppbrukt, men er der " +"fortsatt – og blir forbedret, gjort personlig og tilpasset lokale forhold " +"ved bruk. Hvert type bruk tilfører verdi. Markedet har fokus på å generere " +"verdi for virksomheten og kunden. Allemannseie genererer verdi for et " +"bredere spekter av mottakere inkludert virksomheten, forbrukeren, " +"innholdsleverandøren, publikum og allemannseiet selv. Allemannseiets " +"generative natur betyr at det er mer kostnadseffektivt, og gir en høyere " +"avkastning på investeringen. Verdi er ikke bare målt finansielt. Hver ny " +"ressurs som legges til allmenningen gir verdi til publikum, og bidrar til " +"den samlede verdien av allemannseiet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1412 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" "Allemannseier fører folk sammen for en felles sak. Allmannseier binder folk " "sammen om ansvaret for å administrere ressursene som et felles gode. " @@ -2333,8 +2779,8 @@ msgstr "" "forbedrer dem. Allemannseie forener folk ved å virke ut fra sitt sosiale " "engasjement, ikke ved utveksling av penger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1427 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -2345,22 +2791,22 @@ msgstr "" "mål, samfunn, bedrifter i markedet, eller statlige virksomheter, burde det å " "administrere ressurser som i felleseie være det klare alternativet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" -msgstr "### Våre referansestudier" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1434 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "Våre referansestudier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1436 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" "I våre referanseløsninger opererer innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner og " "bedrifter både som ideelle eller inntektsgivende organisasjoner, og som " @@ -2372,14 +2818,14 @@ msgstr "" "suksess måles mot sosiale mål uttrykt i idégrunnlaget, og gjelder ikke bare " "den finansielle bunnlinjen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1448 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" "Referansestudiene er basert på fortellingene vi ble fortalt av grunnleggere " "og nøkkelpersoner. I stedet for utelukkende å ha økonomi som mål på suksess " @@ -2387,8 +2833,8 @@ msgstr "" "suksess etter. Beregninger av suksess er en blanding av hvordan sosiale mål " "er nådd, og hvor bærekraftig organisasjonen er." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1456 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -2406,8 +2852,8 @@ msgstr "" "og video. Noen er digitale representasjoner av fysiske ressurser. Andre er " "opprinnelig digitale, men kan gjøres til fysiske ressurser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1466 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -2421,8 +2867,8 @@ msgstr "" "vare på, bevare, distribuere og forbedre. Tilgang og deltakelse er åpen for " "alle uavhengig av økonomiske midler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1474 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -2434,8 +2880,8 @@ msgstr "" "frem, kommer fra nesten alle verdens kontinenter. Å bygge og samhandle i " "dette globale samfunnet leder til suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1481 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -2444,7 +2890,7 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" @@ -2459,12 +2905,12 @@ msgstr "" "utnytt. Bygg relasjoner og samfunn. Være transparent (åpen). Forsvar " "allmenneier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1494 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." @@ -2476,8 +2922,8 @@ msgstr "" "markedet eller staten dominerer som primærinstans for ressursforvaltning, så " "er et mer balansert alternativ mulig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1066 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -2493,253 +2939,18 @@ msgstr "" "påfølgende kapitlene går dypere inn, og gir ytterligere veiledning og " "innsikt i hvordan dette virker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "### Merknader" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Köhler, 2013), 14." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "Ibid., 15." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "Ibid., 145." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1514 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Hvordan bli laget med Creative Commons" -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "Ibid., 175." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" -"Daniel H. Cole, «Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons», i Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed bøker, 2014), 93." - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" -"Cole, «Learning from Lin», i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, «The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbonari Economy», i Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; og Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra og Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; og Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, og Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, «Governing Knowledge Commons», i Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, «Economics of Information», i Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. «What Is Free Software?» GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. «Open-source software», senest endret i november\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, «The Magic Cauldron», i The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. «Licensing Considerations», Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. «Open Government Partnership,” senest endret September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, «Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, gå til www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint med nytt forord. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). Forhåndslesing av boken er mulig hos strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. Dette opplegget for forretningsmodell kan lastes ned hos\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. Vi har åpnet «Open Business Model Canvas», designet av medforfatter Paul Stacey, tilgjengelig på nettet her docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" Du kan også finne det tilhørende Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions på\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. En mer omfattende liste over inntektsstrømmer er tilgjengelig i denne posten jeg skrev i Medium 6. mars 2016. «What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?», tilgjengelig herfra:\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "## Hvordan bli laget med Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1516 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1519 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -2747,7 +2958,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -2768,8 +2979,8 @@ msgstr "" "eller møbeldesign – på en måte som gjør at offentligheten ikke bare å får " "tilgang til dem, men også å kan bruke dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1535 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -2788,8 +2999,8 @@ msgstr "" "inn i motivasjonen, rollen CC til lisenser, ulike former for inntekter, og " "definisjoner av suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1545 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " @@ -2798,8 +3009,8 @@ msgstr "" "På relativt kort tid skjønte vi at boken vi gikk ut for å skrive, var ganske " "forskjellig fra den som dukket frem i våre intervjuer og forskning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1550 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -2816,27 +3027,38 @@ msgstr "" "å skrive en bok om Made with Creative Commons, og bare bruke " "forretningsvirksomhet som fokus." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"på <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1559 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" "Ifølge den banebrytende håndboken Business Model Generation, en " "forretningsmodell som «beskriver begrunnelsen for hvordan en organisasjon " -"skaper, leverer og fanger inn verdi.»1) Tenking om deling i betydningen å " -"skape og fange inn verdier, føltes alltid uriktig transaksjonsbasert og " -"malplassert, noe vi hørte gang på gang i våre intervjuer. Og som Cory " -"Doctorow fortalte oss i vårt intervju med ham, «forretningsmodell kan bety " -"alt dere mener det skal bety.»" +"skaper, leverer og fanger inn verdi.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Tenking om deling i betydningen å skape og fange inn verdier, føltes " +"alltid uriktig transaksjonsbasert og malplassert, noe vi hørte gang på gang " +"i våre intervjuer. Og som Cory Doctorow fortalte oss i vårt intervju med " +"ham, «forretningsmodell kan bety alt dere mener det skal bety.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1573 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " @@ -2848,8 +3070,8 @@ msgstr "" "del av vår analyse (og mer detaljert i referansestudiene), skrotet vi det " "som som vår styrende overskrift for boken." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1580 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -2867,10 +3089,10 @@ msgstr "" "sammen. Men det var ingen formel. Du vil sannsynligvis måtte forkaste den " "måten å tenke på før du leser videre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1590 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -2889,13 +3111,13 @@ msgstr "" "hint, at å skrive en bok bare om virkningen av deling i ett " "forretningspespektiv, kan være litt utenfor sporet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1602 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" "Men vi har også begynt å innse noe om hva det betyr å være Made with " @@ -2904,8 +3126,8 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett. Det representerte også et verdisett. Det er symbolikk bak å " "bruke CC, og den symbolikken har mange lag." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1610 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -2929,12 +3151,12 @@ msgstr "" "alle har noe å bidra med, og at ingen kan eie vår felles kultur. De " "gjenspeiler en tro på løftet om å dele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1624 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -2952,13 +3174,13 @@ msgstr "" "relasjon, i stedet for en upersonlig markedstransaksjon. Det etterlater en " "åpen mulighet for forbindelse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1271 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1636 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" "Made with Creative Commons viser ikke bare verdiene med CC og å dele. Det " @@ -2967,32 +3189,42 @@ msgstr "" "hvor sjelden penger ble nevnt. De fleste har en dypere hensikt, og et annet " "syn på suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1282 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1644 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" "Motivasjonen varierer avhengig av hva en skal oppnå. For individuelle " "innholdsleverandører er det oftest en personlig inspirasjon. På noen måter " "er dette ikke noe nytt. Som Doctorow har skrevet, «skapere starter vanligvis " -"å gjøre hva de gjør av kjærlighet».2) Men når du deler ditt skapende arbeid " -"under en CC-lisens, er denne dynamikken enda mer uttalt. Tilsvarende for " -"teknologiske innovatører gjelder det ofte mindre å skape en bestemt ny ting " -"som vil gjøre deg rik, men mer om å løse et bestemt problem du har. Skaperne " -"av Arduino fortalte oss at de viktigste spørsmålet når du oppretter noe er " -"«vil du som lager det, bruke det? Det må ha en personlig bruk og betydning.»" +"å gjøre hva de gjør av kjærlighet».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Men når du deler ditt skapende arbeid under en CC-lisens, er denne " +"dynamikken enda mer uttalt. Tilsvarende for teknologiske innovatører " +"gjelder det ofte mindre å skape en bestemt ny ting som vil gjøre deg rik, " +"men mer om å løse et bestemt problem du har. Skaperne av Arduino fortalte " +"oss at de viktigste spørsmålet når du oppretter noe er «vil du som lager " +"det, bruke det? Det må ha en personlig bruk og betydning.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1660 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -3011,8 +3243,8 @@ msgstr "" "ikke var villig til å vise verden at det var OK å dele innholdet med en " "Creative Commons-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1670 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -3030,8 +3262,8 @@ msgstr "" "eller et levebrød, der profitt ikke er avgjørende, men å produsere et sosial " "gode og menneskelig tilknytning er en integrert del for å oppnå suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1680 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " @@ -3041,8 +3273,8 @@ msgstr "" "velykket med Made with Creative Commons. Som et absolutt minimum må du tjene " "nok til å holde lysene påslått." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1685 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -3062,52 +3294,77 @@ msgstr "" "er det det et faktum at det er mulig å drive en forretning som får samme " "mengde reklame som sine forgjengere til en brøkdel av prisen.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1702 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1697 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." msgstr "" "Noen igangsettingskostnader er de samme som de alltid har vært. Det tar like " "mye tid og penger til å skrive en fagfellevurdert tidsskriftsartikkel ,eller " "male et maleri. Teknologi endrer ikke på det. Men andre kostnader er " "dramatisk redusert med teknologi, særlig i produksjonstunge områder som " -"filmproduksjon.3) CC-lisensiert innhold og innhold i den offentlige sfæren, " -"samt arbeidet til frivillige samarbeidspartnere, kan også redusere kostnader " -"hvis de brukes som ressurser til å lage noe nytt. Og, selvfølgelig, det er " -"realiteten at noe innhold lages enten den som lager det blir betalt eller " -"ikke, fordi det lages ut fra overbevisning." +"filmproduksjon.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-lisensiert " +"innhold og innhold i den offentlige sfæren, samt arbeidet til frivillige " +"samarbeidspartnere, kan også redusere kostnader hvis de brukes som ressurser " +"til å lage noe nytt. Og, selvfølgelig, det er realiteten at noe innhold " +"lages enten den som lager det blir betalt eller ikke, fordi det lages ut fra " +"overbevisning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1714 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1711 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." msgstr "" "Å distribuere innhold er nesten universelt billigere enn noensinne. Når " "innhold er laget, er kostnadene ved å distribuere kopier digitalt egentlig " -"null.4) Kostnadene til å distribuere fysiske kopier er fortsatt betydelige, " -"men lavere enn de har vært historisk sett. Og det er nå mye enklere å skrive " -"ut og distribuere fysiske kopier på forespørsel, noe som også reduserer " -"kostnadene. Avhengig av oppgaven kan det være en hel rekke andre utgifter " -"som markedsføring og promotering, og selv utgifter forbundet med ulike måter " -"pengene kommer inn på, som reising eller tilpasset opplæring." +"null.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Kostnadene til å distribuere " +"fysiske kopier er fortsatt betydelige, men lavere enn de har vært historisk " +"sett. Og det er nå mye enklere å skrive ut og distribuere fysiske kopier på " +"forespørsel, noe som også reduserer kostnadene. Avhengig av oppgaven kan det " +"være en hel rekke andre utgifter som markedsføring og promotering, og selv " +"utgifter forbundet med ulike måter pengene kommer inn på, som reising eller " +"tilpasset opplæring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1736 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1726 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -3117,10 +3374,11 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" "Det er viktig å innse at den største effekten av teknologi for kreative " "oppgaver er at bidragsyterne nå selv kan stå for kostnadene for å utføre " @@ -3130,18 +3388,18 @@ msgstr "" "innholdsleverandør som aldri fikk et klokkeslett fra en av de store " "imperialistiske maktene, er dette din tid. Der du en gang ikke hadde noen " "mulighet til å nå ut til et publikum uten hjelp av industri-dominerte " -"megaselskaper, har du nå hundrevis av måter å gjøre det på uten dem».5) " -"Tidligere innebar distribusjon av skapende arbeid kostnadene knyttet til å " -"opprettholde en monolittisk enhet, nå kan skaperne gjøre dette arbeidet " -"selv. Det betyr at de finansielle forutsetningene for kreativt innhold kan " -"være mye mer beskjedne." +"megaselskaper, har du nå hundrevis av måter å gjøre det på uten dem»." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tidligere innebar distribusjon av " +"skapende arbeid kostnadene knyttet til å opprettholde en monolittisk enhet, " +"nå kan skaperne gjøre dette arbeidet selv. Det betyr at de finansielle " +"forutsetningene for kreativt innhold kan være mye mer beskjedne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1743 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -3161,8 +3419,8 @@ msgstr "" "virkelig stort ord for det. Det gjelder egentlig bare å holde operasjonen " "gående fra dag til dag»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1756 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -3176,8 +3434,8 @@ msgstr "" "som vi profilerer i denne boken, blitser opp veien videre i sanntid når de " "forfølger denne nye måten å operere på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1764 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " @@ -3187,84 +3445,136 @@ msgstr "" "på ganske forutsigbare måter. Først, hvordan det hjelper å løse «problem " "null»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" -msgstr "### Problem Null: Å bli oppdaget" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1769 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "Problem Null: Å bli oppdaget" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1776 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1790 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1771 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." msgstr "" "Når du oppretter eller samler ditt innhold, er det neste trinnet er å finne " "brukere, kunder, fans – med andre ord, folk. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, «Det " "må starte med kunsten. Sangene måtte røre folk først, og bety noe, om noe " -"skal virke i det hele tatt».6) Det er ikke noe magi å finne dine, og det er " -"absolutt ingen formel. Arbeidet ditt er å få kontakt med folk, og tilby dem " -"noe med kunstnerisk og/eller nytteverdi. På noen måter er det enklere enn " -"noensinne. På nettet er vi ikke begrenset av hylleplass, så det er rom for " -"alle tenkelige særinteresser, smak og behov. Dette er hva Chris Anderson " -"kalte den lange halen, hvor forbruket mindre er om bredspekrede «treff», og " -"mer om mikromarkeder for hver enkelt nisje. Som Anderson skrev, «Vi er alle " -"forskjellige, med forskjellige ønsker og behov, og Internett har nå en plass " -"for dem alle på en måte som fysiske markeder ikke gjorde».7) Vi er ikke " -"lenger begrenset til hva som appellerer til massene." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1398 +"skal virke i det hele tatt».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det " +"er ikke noe magi å finne dine, og det er absolutt ingen formel. Arbeidet " +"ditt er å få kontakt med folk, og tilby dem noe med kunstnerisk og/eller " +"nytteverdi. På noen måter er det enklere enn noensinne. På nettet er vi ikke " +"begrenset av hylleplass, så det er rom for alle tenkelige særinteresser, " +"smak og behov. Dette er hva Chris Anderson kalte den lange halen, hvor " +"forbruket mindre er om bredspektrede «treff», og mer om mikromarkeder for " +"hver enkelt nisje. Som Anderson skrev, «Vi er alle forskjellige, med " +"forskjellige ønsker og behov, og Internett har nå en plass for dem alle på " +"en måte som fysiske markeder ikke gjorde».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> Vi er ikke lenger begrenset til hva som appellerer til massene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1803 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1809 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 66." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1813 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1796 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" "Samtidig som å finne «dine folk» på nettet teoretisk er enklere enn i den " "analoge verden, kan det, som et praktisk spørmål, fortsatt være vanskelig å " "faktisk bli lagt merke til. Internett er en brannslange med innhold, som " "bare vokser minutt for minutt. Som innholdsleverandør konkurrerer du også " -"mot kreativitet som er generert utenfor markedet.8) Anderson skrev, «Den " -"største endringen i det siste tiåret har vært skifte i tiden folk bruker på " -"amatørinnhold i stedet for profesjonelt innhold».9) For å toppe det hele du " +"mot kreativitet som er generert utenfor markedet.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson skrev, «Den største endringen i det siste tiåret har " +"vært skifte i tiden folk bruker på amatørinnhold i stedet for profesjonelt " +"innhold».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> For å toppe det hele du " "må konkurrere med resten av deres liv, også – «venner, familie, " -"musikkspillelister, fotballkamper, og kveld på byen».10) På en eller annen " -"måte må du bli lagt merke til av de rette folkene." +"musikkspillelister, fotballkamper, og kveld på byen».<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> På en eller annen måte må du bli lagt merke til av " +"de rette folkene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1827 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 62." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1819 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgstr "" "Når du kommer til Internettet med en alle-rettigheter-reservert mentalitet " "når du starter, begrenser du ofte adgangen til innholdet ditt før det engang " @@ -3272,27 +3582,33 @@ msgstr "" "for innholdet en del av det tradisjonelle opphavsrettssystemet. Selv en " "liten pris har en stor effekt på etterspørselen. Det kalles «penny gap»: Den " "store forskjellen i etterspørsel mellom noe som er tilgjengelig til prisen " -"på ett øre mot en pris på null.11) Det betyr ikke at det er galt å ta betalt " -"for innholdet. Det betyr bare du må innse hvilken betydning dette vil ha på " -"etterspørselen. Det samme prinsippet gjelder ved å begrense tilgangen til å " -"kopiere arbeidet. Hvis problemet ditt er å bli oppdaget og finne «dine " -"folk», virker å hindre folk fra å kopiere arbeidet ditt og dele det med " -"andre, mot sin hensikt." +"på ett øre mot en pris på null.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det " +"betyr ikke at det er galt å ta betalt for innholdet. Det betyr bare du må " +"innse hvilken betydning dette vil ha på etterspørselen. Det samme prinsippet " +"gjelder ved å begrense tilgangen til å kopiere arbeidet. Hvis problemet ditt " +"er å bli oppdaget og finne «dine folk», virker å hindre folk fra å kopiere " +"arbeidet ditt og dele det med andre, mot sin hensikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1841 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1837 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Selvfølgelig, det er ikke at å bli oppdaget av folk som liker arbeidet ditt " "vil gjøre deg rik - langt fra det. Men som Cory Doctorow sier, " "«anerkjennelse er en av mange nødvendige forutsetninger for kunstnerisk " -"suksess».12)" +"suksess».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -3312,31 +3628,37 @@ msgstr "" "de gjør. De tror denne beslutningen har generert en betydelig mengde " "goodwill i samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1862 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1856 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er ikke bare det at begrenset tilgang til innholdet ditt undergraver " "ditt sosiale oppdrag. Det kan også fremmedgjøre folk som mest verdsetter din " "kreative innsats. Hvis folk liker ditt arbeid, blir deres naturlige instinkt " "å dele det med andre. Men som David Bollier skrev, «våre naturlige " "menneskelige impulser til å imitere og dele – essensen av hva kultur er – " -"har blitt kriminalisert». 13)" +"har blitt kriminalisert».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1866 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" "Det faktum at kopiering kan innebære straffeansvar, forhindrer utvilsomt " "kopiering, men kopiering ved å klikke på en knapp er for enkelt og praktisk " @@ -3346,21 +3668,21 @@ msgstr "" "det. Å dele skapende arbeid har ingen innvirkning på noen annens mulighet " "til å gjøre bruk av det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1875 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" "Tar du for gitt endel kopiering og deling av arbeidet ditt, kan du investere " "tid og ressurser andre steder enn å kaste dem bort på å leke katt og mus med " @@ -3374,47 +3696,60 @@ msgstr "" "inntektene de tidligere fikk fra salg av digitale bilder. Men Lizzy sier det " "var en liten pris å betale for alle mulighetene som deling låste opp for dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 86." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1891 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" msgstr "" "Å ha brukt Made with Creative Commons betyr at du slutter å tenke på måter å " "kunstig gjøre innholdet til et knapphetsgode, og i stedet utnytte det som " -"den potensielt rikelige ressursen det er.14) Når du ser " -"informasjonsoverflod som en funksjon, ikke en feil, begynner du å tenke på " -"måter å bruke denne tomgangskapasiteten til din fordel. Som min venn og " -"kollega Eric Steuer engang sa, «å bruke CC-lisenser viser at du har taket på " -"Internettet»." +"den potensielt rikelige ressursen det er.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Når du ser informasjonsoverflod som en funksjon, ikke en feil, " +"begynner du å tenke på måter å bruke denne tomgangskapasiteten til din " +"fordel. Som min venn og kollega Eric Steuer engang sa, «å bruke CC-lisenser " +"viser at du har taket på Internettet»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1906 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1903 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow sier det koster ham ingenting når andre mennesker lager kopier " -"av hans arbeid, når det åpner muligheten for at han kan få noe tilbake.15) " -"På samme måte, skaperne av Arduino Boards visste det var umulig å stoppe " -"folk fra å kopiere maskinvaren deres, så de besluttet og selv ikke engang å " -"prøve på det, og i stedet se etter fordelene med å være åpne. For dem er " -"resultatet en av de mest utbredte datakort i verden, med et blomstrende " -"nettverkssamfunn (community) av tenkere og innovatører som har bidratt med " -"ting som de selv aldri kunne ha gjort på noen annen måte." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1473 +"av hans arbeid, når det åpner muligheten for at han kan få noe tilbake." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> På samme måte, skaperne av Arduino " +"Boards visste det var umulig å stoppe folk fra å kopiere maskinvaren deres, " +"så de besluttet og selv ikke engang å prøve på det, og i stedet se etter " +"fordelene med å være åpne. For dem er resultatet en av de mest utbredte " +"datakort i verden, med et blomstrende nettverkssamfunn (community) av " +"tenkere og innovatører som har bidratt med ting som de selv aldri kunne ha " +"gjort på noen annen måte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1916 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." @@ -3422,13 +3757,13 @@ msgstr "" "Det er alle slags måter å utnytte kraften i å dele og remikse til din " "fordel. Her er noen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" -msgstr "#### Bruk CC for å finne et større publikum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1920 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "Bruk CC for å finne et større publikum" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1922 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -3448,8 +3783,8 @@ msgstr "" "et skilt som sier «Del» og det andre sier «Ikke del» (som er det «©» betyr), " "hvilket tror du det er mer sannsynlig at folk deler?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1934 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -3463,55 +3798,85 @@ msgstr "" "Denne voksende effekten, som spores, er en sentral del av verdien for de " "akademiske forfattere som ønsker å nå så mange lesere som mulig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1950 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 123." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1943 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." msgstr "" "Ideen om at jo flere øyne som ser, og gir tilsvarende mer suksess, er en " "form for maksimumsstrategi, adoptert av Google og andre teknologiselskaper. " "Ifølge Eric Schmidt i Google er ideen enkel: «Uansett hva du gjør, gjør det " "med maksimum distribusjon. Den andre måten å si dette på er at når de " "marginale distribusjonskostnadene er gratis, kan du også legge ut ting " -"overalt».16) Denne strategien motiverer ofte selskaper til å gjøre sine " -"produkter og tjenester gratis (dvs. til ingen kostnad), men den samme " -"logikken gjelder for å dele innhold fritt. Fordi CC-lisensiert innhold er " -"gratis (i kostnad) og fritt kan deles, gjør CC-lisensiering innholdet enda " -"mer tilgjengelig, og sannsynligvis til å bli spredt." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1512 +"overalt».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Denne strategien " +"motiverer ofte selskaper til å gjøre sine produkter og tjenester gratis " +"(dvs. til ingen kostnad), men den samme logikken gjelder for å dele innhold " +"fritt. Fordi CC-lisensiert innhold er gratis (i kostnad) og fritt kan deles, " +"gjør CC-lisensiering innholdet enda mer tilgjengelig, og sannsynligvis til å " +"bli spredt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1964 +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "Ibid., 132." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1969 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "Ibid., 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1959 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Hvis du lykkes i å nå flere brukere, lesere, lyttere eller andre brukere av " "arbeidet, kan du starte med å benytte deg av bandwagon-effekten. Det enkle " "faktum er at andre folk som bruker eller følger ditt arbeid ansporer andre " -"til å gjøre samme.17) Dette er delvis fordi vi ganske enkelt har en tendens " -"til å engasjere oss i flokkatferd, men det er også fordi en stor følgeskare " -"delvis er indikator på kvalitet eller nytteverdi.18)" +"til å gjøre samme.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er delvis " +"fordi vi ganske enkelt har en tendens til å engasjere oss i flokkatferd, men " +"det er også fordi en stor følgeskare delvis er indikator på kvalitet eller " +"nytteverdi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1974 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "Å bruke CC for å få henvisninger og navnegjenkjenning" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" -msgstr "### Å bruke CC for å få henvisninger og navnegjenkjenning" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki uttaler: «Målestokken for hvor vellykket lover og kontrakter er, " +"er hvor sjelden de må brukes.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1976 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -3521,11 +3886,11 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" "Hver Creative Commons-lisens krever at forfatteren gis referanse (kreditt), " "og at gjenbrukere gir en lenke tilbake til den opprinnelige kilden for " @@ -3535,15 +3900,15 @@ msgstr "" "sosiale normer. Faktisk er det sosiale normer, heller enn trusselen om " "juridiske håndhevelse, som oftest uansett motiverer folk til å henvise, og " "ellers overholde lisensvilkårene i CC. Dette er kjennetegnet på et " -"velfungerende fellesskap, både i markedet og samfunnet som helhet.19) CC-" -"lisenser gjenspeiler et sett av ønsker fra bidragsyterne, og i de aller " -"fleste tilfeller er folk naturligvis tilbøyelige til å følge disse ønskene. " -"Dette er spesielt tilfellet for noe så rett frem, og i samsvar med " -"grunnleggende forestillinger om rimelighet, slik som å gi henvisning " -"(kreditt)." +"velfungerende fellesskap, både i markedet og samfunnet som helhet." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-lisenser gjenspeiler et sett av " +"ønsker fra bidragsyterne, og i de aller fleste tilfeller er folk naturligvis " +"tilbøyelige til å følge disse ønskene. Dette er spesielt tilfellet for noe " +"så rett frem, og i samsvar med grunnleggende forestillinger om rimelighet, " +"slik som å gi henvisning (kreditt)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1999 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -3568,14 +3933,14 @@ msgstr "" "akademikere. Deling med CC er en måte for å få flest til å se og sitere ditt " "arbeide." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2013 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -3593,8 +3958,8 @@ msgstr "" "designet til noe håndfast, er en del av kraften til plattformen. Opphavet " "til designet blir en spesiell del av produktet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2028 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -3611,13 +3976,13 @@ msgstr "" "med feilinformasjon, er det å være en pålitelig informasjonskilde mer " "verdifullt enn noensinne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" -msgstr "#### Å bruke CC-lisensiert innhold som markedsføringsverktøy" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +msgstr "Å bruke CC-lisensiert innhold som markedsføringsverktøy" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2040 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -3633,8 +3998,13 @@ msgstr "" "fysisk utgave eller liveopptreden med CC-innholdet. I alle tilfeller kan CC-" "innholdet trekke folk til dine andre produkter eller tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2062 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2049 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -3643,10 +4013,11 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" "Knowlegde Unlatcheds Pinter fortalte oss at hun igjen og igjen har sett " "hvordan det å tilby CC-lisensiert innhold – som er digitalt gratis – faktisk " @@ -3658,11 +4029,11 @@ msgstr "" "lokker ofte til mer etterspørsel, ikke til redusert. Et annet eksempel var " "da radioen kom. Selv om musikkbransjen ikke så det komme (og kjempet mot " "den!), fungerte gratis musikk på radio som reklame for den betalte versjonen " -"folk kjøpte i musikkforretninger.20) Gratis kan være en form for " -"markedsføring." +"folk kjøpte i musikkforretninger.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Gratis kan være en form for markedsføring." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2066 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -3672,7 +4043,7 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." @@ -3690,15 +4061,15 @@ msgstr "" "igjen, bruker penger og ressurser på å markedsføre disse tjenestene (og " "dermed OpenStax lærebøker)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2083 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -"### Bruke CC til å aktivere hands-on engasjement (aktiv deltakelse) med " -"arbeidet ditt" +"Bruke CC til å aktivere hands-on engasjement (aktiv deltakelse) med arbeidet " +"ditt" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2086 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -3710,148 +4081,212 @@ msgstr "" "Internettet åpnet opp en helt ny verden av muligheter for offentlig " "deltakelse i skapende arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2100 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "Osterwalder og Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2093 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." msgstr "" "Fire av de seks CC-lisensene åpner for å bygge på gjenbruk, eller på andre " "måter tilpasse arbeidet. Avhengig av sammenhengen, kan tilpasning bety vidt " "forskjellige ting – oversettelse, oppdatering, lokalisering, forbedring, " "transformering. De gjør det mulig å tilpasse et arbeid for spesielle behov, " "bruk, mennesker og samfunn, som er en annen distinkt verdi å tilby til " -"offentligheten.21) Tilpasning er mer en endring av spillereglene i noen " -"sammenhenger enn i andre. Med læremidler er muligheten til å tilpasse og " -"oppdatere innholdet kritisk viktig for nytteverdien. For fotografi er " -"muligheten til å tilpasse et bilde mindre viktig." +"offentligheten.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tilpasning er mer " +"en endring av spillereglene i noen sammenhenger enn i andre. Med læremidler " +"er muligheten til å tilpasse og oppdatere innholdet kritisk viktig for " +"nytteverdien. For fotografi er muligheten til å tilpasse et bilde mindre " +"viktig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2113 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 67." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2118 +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "Ibid., 58." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 71." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2126 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2108 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette er en måte å motvirke mulige ulemper på i overfloden av gratis og " "åpent innhold beskrevet ovenfor. Som Anderson skrev i Free, «Folk bryr seg " "ofte ikke så mye om ting de ikke betaler for, og som et resultat tenker de " -"ikke så mye på hvordan de bruker dem». 22) Hvis selv den lille handlingen " -"som vilje til å betale én penny for noe, endrer vår oppfatning av den " -"tingen, så vil sikkert det å remikse forbedre vår oppfatning " -"eksponensielt.23) Vi vet at folk vil betale mer for produkter de hadde en " -"rolle i å lage.24) Og vi vet at å skape noe, uansett hvilken kvalitet, " -"bringer med seg en slags kreativ tilfredshet som kan bli erstattet av å " -"bruke noe som er laget av noen andre.25)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1633 +"ikke så mye på hvordan de bruker dem». <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Hvis selv den lille handlingen som vilje til å betale én penny for " +"noe, endrer vår oppfatning av den tingen, så vil sikkert det å remikse " +"forbedre vår oppfatning eksponensielt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> Vi vet at folk vil betale mer for produkter de hadde en rolle i å " +"lage.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Og vi vet at å skape noe, " +"uansett hvilken kvalitet, bringer med seg en slags kreativ tilfredshet som " +"kan bli erstattet av å bruke noe som er laget av noen andre.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2139 +msgid "Ibid., 21." +msgstr "Ibid., 21." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2132 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" "Å aktivt engasjere seg i innholdet hjelper oss til å unngå et planløst " "forbruk som alle som åndsfraværende har rullet igjennom det som kommer inn i " "ens sosiale medier en times tid, vet alt for godt. I sin bok, Cognitive " "Surplus, sier Clay Shirky, «Å delta er å handle som om din tilstedeværelse " "betyr noe, som om, når du ser noe eller hører noe, er ditt svar en del av " -"hendelsen». 26) Å åpne døren til ditt innhold kan få folk dypere knyttet " -"til arbeidet ditt." +"hendelsen». <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Å åpne døren til ditt " +"innhold kan få folk dypere knyttet til arbeidet ditt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2145 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "Bruke CC for å skille deg ut" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" -msgstr "#### Bruke CC for å skille deg ut" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2154 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2147 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" "Å operere under et tradisjonelt opphavsrettsregime betyr vanligvis å operere " "under reglene til etablerte aktører i media. Forretningsstrategier som er " "innebygd i det tradisjonelle opphavsrettssystemet, som bruker digital " "rettinghetshåndtering (DRM), og signering av eksklusivitetskontrakter, kan " "binde hendene til innholdsleverandører, ofte på bekostning av leverandørens " -"beste interesse.27) Made with Creative Commons betyr at du kan fungere uten " -"disse barrierene, og i mange tilfeller bruke økt åpenhet som et " -"konkurransefortrinn. David Harris fra OpenStax sa at de spesielt forfulgte " -"strategier de vet at tradisjonelle utgivere ikke kan. «Ikke gå inn i et " -"marked og lek med de etablerte reglene», sa David. «Reglene for engasjement " -"må endres»." +"beste interesse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Made with Creative " +"Commons betyr at du kan fungere uten disse barrierene, og i mange tilfeller " +"bruke økt åpenhet som et konkurransefortrinn. David Harris fra OpenStax sa " +"at de spesielt forfulgte strategier de vet at tradisjonelle utgivere ikke " +"kan. «Ikke gå inn i et marked og lek med de etablerte reglene», sa David. " +"«Reglene for engasjement må endres»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 -msgid "### Making Money" -msgstr "### Å tjene penger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2166 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "Å tjene penger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2176 +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, og Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2168 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" "Som ethvert foretagende som tjener penger, må det som lages med Creative " "Commons bidra til en slags nytteverdi for sitt publikum eller forbrukere. " "Noen ganger blir verdien subsidiert av bidragsytere som ikke direkte nyter " "godt av den direkte. Bidragsytere, enten veldedige institusjoner, " "myndigheter, eller folk som bryr seg, gir penger til organisasjonen av egen " -"vilje. Dette er den måten vanlig veldedig finansiering virker på.28) I " -"mange tilfeller er pengestrømmene som genereres med arbeid laget med " -"Creative Commons (Made with Creative Commons) direkte knyttet til verdien " -"det genererer, der mottakere betaler for verdien de mottar, som i enhver " -"annen standard markedstransaksjon. I mange andre tilfeller, snarere enn i en " -"noe for noe-utveksling av penger for verdi («en tjeneste er en annen " -"verdt»), som typisk for markedstransaksjoner, gir mottakeren penger i " -"forståelse av en gjensidighet." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +"vilje. Dette er den måten vanlig veldedig finansiering virker på." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I mange tilfeller er " +"pengestrømmene som genereres med arbeid laget med Creative Commons (Made " +"with Creative Commons) direkte knyttet til verdien det genererer, der " +"mottakere betaler for verdien de mottar, som i enhver annen standard " +"markedstransaksjon. I mange andre tilfeller, snarere enn i en noe for noe-" +"utveksling av penger for verdi («en tjeneste er en annen verdt»), som " +"typisk for markedstransaksjoner, gir mottakeren penger i forståelse av en " +"gjensidighet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2197 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2189 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det meste som er laget med Creative Commons bruker en rekke ulike metoder " "for å bringe inn omsetning, noen markedsbaserte og andre ikke. En vanlig " @@ -3859,16 +4294,16 @@ msgstr "" "utviklingskostnader er spesielt høye, og deretter finne en annen " "inntektsstrøm (eller strømmer) til påløpende utgifter. Som Shirky skrev, er " "«trikset å vite når markedene er en optimal måte å organisere interaksjoner " -"på og når de ikke er det». 29)" +"på og når de ikke er det».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1679 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" "Våre referansestudier gjennomgår nærmere de ulike veiene til å skaffe " @@ -3878,31 +4313,52 @@ msgstr "" "fant. Likevel, å ta et skritt tilbake og vise ting fra et høyere " "abstraksjonsnivå, kan være lærerikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Markedsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2210 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Markedsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2215 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "Osterwalder og Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2222 +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2212 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "I markedet er det sentrale spørsmålet når vi bestemmer hvordan vi skal få " -"inntekter, hvor mye folk er villige til å betale.30) Per definisjon, hvis " -"du bruker Made with Creative Commons, er innholdet du gir tilgjengelig " -"gratis og ikke en markedsvare. I den allestedsnærværende freemium-modellen " -"(som kombinerer «free» og «premium»-utgaver av et produkt eller en tjeneste, " -"der inntjeningen ligger i premium-utgaven), må enhver markedstransaksjon med " -"en forbruker av innholdet være basert på en verdiøkning du tilbyr.31)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1702 +"inntekter, hvor mye folk er villige til å betale.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Per definisjon, hvis du bruker Made with Creative Commons, er " +"innholdet du gir tilgjengelig gratis og ikke en markedsvare. I den " +"allestedsnærværende freemium-modellen (som kombinerer «free» og «premium»-" +"utgaver av et produkt eller en tjeneste, der inntjeningen ligger i premium-" +"utgaven), må enhver markedstransaksjon med en forbruker av innholdet være " +"basert på en verdiøkning du tilbyr.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2238 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 71." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2228 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -3911,11 +4367,12 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" "På mange måter er dette veien fremover for alle innholdsdrevne bestrebelser. " "I markedet ligger verdien i ting som er mangelvare. Med Internetter som et " @@ -3924,23 +4381,28 @@ msgstr "" "for dette faktum. Dette er forverret av det faktum at i det minste er noe " "kopiering trolig uunngåelig. Det betyr at du kan ende opp med å konkurrere " "med gratis versjoner av ditt eget innhold, enten du ser gjennom fingrene med " -"det eller ikke.32) Hvis folk lett kan finne innholdet gratis, vil det være " -"vanskelig å få folk til å kjøpe det, spesielt i en kontekst der tilgang til " -"innhold er viktigere enn å eie den. I Free skrev Anderson: " -"«Opphavsrettigheter, enten regelfestet i lov eller i programvaren, er i " -"enkelhet å holde en pris opp imot tyngdekraften»." +"det eller ikke.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvis folk lett kan " +"finne innholdet gratis, vil det være vanskelig å få folk til å kjøpe det, " +"spesielt i en kontekst der tilgang til innhold er viktigere enn å eie den. I " +"Free skrev Anderson: «Opphavsrettigheter, enten regelfestet i lov eller i " +"programvaren, er i enkelhet å holde en pris opp imot tyngdekraften»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2257 +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "Ibid., 231." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2247 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette betyr selvfølgelig at innholdsdrevne bestrebelser ikke har noen " "fremtid på den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. I Free forklarer Anderson at " @@ -3949,10 +4411,11 @@ msgstr "" "«Hver overflod skaper en ny knapphet», skrev han. Du må bare finne en måte " "annet enn enn innholdet for å gi verdi til brukere eller kunder. Som " "Anderson sier, «det er lett å konkurrere med Free: Bare tilby noe bedre, " -"eller i det minste ulik gratisversjonen».33)" +"eller i det minste ulik gratisversjonen».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2261 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -3968,8 +4431,8 @@ msgstr "" "også nyttiggjøre seg velviljen som stammer fra verdiene bak å være Made with " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -3982,94 +4445,109 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet som et markedsføringsverktøy for de betalte produkter eller " "tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2277 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "Her er de vanligste høynivå kategoriene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2281 msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -"#### Å tilby en tilpasset tjeneste til brukere av ditt arbeid *" -"\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" +"Å tilby en tilpasset tjeneste til brukere av ditt arbeid " +"<emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2291 +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "Ibid., 97." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2284 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" "I denne informasjonsalderens overflod mangler vi ikke innhold. Trikset er å " "finne innhold som samsvarer med våre behov og ønsker, så tilpassede " "tjenester er spesielt verdifulle. Som Anderson skrev, «Vareinformasjon (alle " "får den samme versjonen) ønsker å være fri. Tilpasset informasjon (du får " -"noe unikt og meningsfullt for deg) ønsker å være dyr».34) Dette kan være alt " -"fra kunstneriske og kulturelle rådgivingstjenester som tilbys av Ártica til " -"det skreddersydde sangtilbudet fra Jonathan «Song-A-Day» Mann." +"noe unikt og meningsfullt for deg) ønsker å være dyr».<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette kan være alt fra kunstneriske og kulturelle " +"rådgivingstjenester som tilbys av Ártica til det skreddersydde sangtilbudet " +"fra Jonathan «Song-A-Day» Mann." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2298 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Å ta betalt for den fysiske kopien <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Å belaste for den fysiske kopien *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2305 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 107." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 107." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2301 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " -"and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly successful in " -"domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as valuable as the " -"analog version, like book publishing where a significant subset of people " -"still prefer reading something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains " -"where the content isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture " -"designs. In those situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay " -"for the convenience of having someone else put the physical version together " -"for them. Some endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by " -"using a Creative Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which " -"means no one else can sell physical copies of their work in competition with " -"them. This strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly " -"important for items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is " -"likely to be the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one " -"publishing service from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture " -"or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete with other " -"providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional " -"business principles." +"and atoms refer to a physical object).<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> This is particularly successful in domains where the digital version " +"of the content isn’t as valuable as the analog version, like book publishing " +"where a significant subset of people still prefer reading something they can " +"hold in their hands. Or in domains where the content isn’t useful until it " +"is in physical form, like furniture designs. In those situations, a " +"significant portion of consumers will pay for the convenience of having " +"someone else put the physical version together for them. Some endeavors " +"squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative Commons " +"license that only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else can " +"sell physical copies of their work in competition with them. This strategy " +"of reserving commercial rights can be particularly important for items like " +"books, where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be the same " +"quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service from " +"another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, the " +"provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the same " +"works based on quality, service, or other traditional business principles." msgstr "" "I sin bok om «maker culture» (produsentkultur) karakteriserer Anderson denne " "modellen ved at den gir bort biter og selger atomene (der biter refererer " -"til digitalt innhold og atomer refererer til et fysisk objekt).35) Dette er " -"særlig vellykket i domener der den digitale versjonen av innholdet ikke er " -"så verdifull som den analoge versjonen, som i bokpublisering der en stor " -"undergruppe fortsatt foretrekker å lese noe de kan holde i hendene, eller i " -"domener der innholdet ikke er nyttig før det er i fysisk form, som " -"møbeldesign. I slike situasjoner vil en betydelig del av forbrukerne betale " -"for nytten av å ha noen andre til å sette sammen den fysiske versjonen for " -"dem. Noen bidragsytere klemmer enda mer ut av denne inntektsstrømmen ved " -"hjelp av en Creative Commons-lisens som bare tillater ikke-kommersiell bruk, " -"noe som betyr at ingen andre kan selge fysiske kopier av arbeidet i " -"konkurranse med dem. Denne strategien for å reservere kommersielle " -"rettigheter kan være spesielt viktig for varer som bøker, der hver utskrift " -"av det samme arbeidet sannsynligvis har samme kvalitet, så det er " -"vanskeligere å skille en publiseringstjeneste fra en annen. På den annen " -"side, for varer som møbler eller elektronikk, kan leverandøren av de fysiske " -"varene konkurrere med andre leverandører av de samme varene basert på " -"kvalitet, tjeneste eller andre tradisjonelle forretningsprinsipper." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Å ta betalt for en personlig versjon *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1770 +"til digitalt innhold og atomer refererer til et fysisk objekt).<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er særlig vellykket i domener der den " +"digitale versjonen av innholdet ikke er så verdifull som den analoge " +"versjonen, som i bokpublisering der en stor undergruppe fortsatt foretrekker " +"å lese noe de kan holde i hendene, eller i domener der innholdet ikke er " +"nyttig før det er i fysisk form, som møbeldesign. I slike situasjoner vil en " +"betydelig del av forbrukerne betale for nytten av å ha noen andre til å " +"sette sammen den fysiske versjonen for dem. Noen bidragsytere klemmer enda " +"mer ut av denne inntektsstrømmen ved hjelp av en Creative Commons-lisens som " +"bare tillater ikke-kommersiell bruk, noe som betyr at ingen andre kan selge " +"fysiske kopier av arbeidet i konkurranse med dem. Denne strategien for å " +"reservere kommersielle rettigheter kan være spesielt viktig for varer som " +"bøker, der hver utskrift av det samme arbeidet sannsynligvis har samme " +"kvalitet, så det er vanskeligere å skille en publiseringstjeneste fra en " +"annen. På den annen side, for varer som møbler eller elektronikk, kan " +"leverandøren av de fysiske varene konkurrere med andre leverandører av de " +"samme varene basert på kvalitet, tjeneste eller andre tradisjonelle " +"forretningsprinsipper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2329 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Å ta betalt for en personlig versjon <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2332 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -4086,13 +4564,13 @@ msgstr "" "når folk går for å se original kunst personlig, eller betaler for å delta på " "et tale- eller opplæringskurs." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Å selge handelsvarer *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2343 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Å selge handelsvarer <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2346 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -4104,19 +4582,25 @@ msgstr "" "bekrefte kraften i en T-skjorte fra en god konsert. Dette kan også være en " "viktig inntektskilde for museer og gallerier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2363 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "Osterwalder og Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2353 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." msgstr "" "Noen ganger kan en finne en markedsbasert inntektsstrøm ved å gi verdi til " "andre enn dem som bruker ditt CC-lisensierte innhold. I disse " @@ -4125,24 +4609,36 @@ msgstr "" "tilgang til din viktigste målgruppe. Det faktum at innholdet er gratis, øker " "størrelsen på publikumet, som igjen gjør tilbudet mer verdifullt for de " "betalende kundene. Dette er en variant av en tradisjonell forretningsmodell " -"bygget på frie såkalte flersidige-plattformer.36) Tilgang til ditt publikum " -"er ikke det eneste folk er villige til å betale for, du kan også levere " -"andre tjenester." +"bygget på frie såkalte flersidige-plattformer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Tilgang til ditt publikum er ikke det eneste folk er villige til " +"å betale for, du kan også levere andre tjenester." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2370 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Ta betalt fra annonsører og sponsorer <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "Ibid., 92." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Å belaste annonsører og sponsorer *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2382 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 142." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2373 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " @@ -4151,24 +4647,26 @@ msgstr "" "Den tradisjonelle modellen for å subsidiere gratis innhold er reklame. I " "denne versjonen av flersidige plattformer, betaler annonsørene for " "muligheten til kontakt til rekken av «antall øyne som ser» i " -"innholdleverandørenes publikum.37) Internett har gjort denne modellen " -"vanskeligere fordi antallet tilgjengelige, mulige kanaler for å nå det " -"aktuelle antallet er i bunn og grunn blitt uendelig.38) Likevel, det er " -"fortsatt en livskraftig inntektskilde for mange innholdsskapere, inkludert " -"dem som bruker Made with Creative Commons. Ofte, i stedet for betaling for å " -"vise reklame, betaler annonsøren for å være en offisiell sponsor av et " -"bestemt innhold, prosjekter eller oppgaven som sådan." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Betaling fra dine innholdsleverandører * \\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1813 +"innholdleverandørenes publikum.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Internett har gjort denne modellen vanskeligere fordi antallet " +"tilgjengelige, mulige kanaler for å nå det aktuelle antallet er i bunn og " +"grunn blitt uendelig.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Likevel, det " +"er fortsatt en livskraftig inntektskilde for mange innholdsskapere, " +"inkludert dem som bruker Made with Creative Commons. Ofte, i stedet for " +"betaling for å vise reklame, betaler annonsøren for å være en offisiell " +"sponsor av et bestemt innhold, prosjekter eller oppgaven som sådan." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2391 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Betaling fra dine innholdsleverandører <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2394 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -4187,42 +4685,49 @@ msgstr "" "der universiteter betaler for at fakultetene kan ha forfattere som leverer " "innhold til Conversations nettside." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Transaksjonsgebyr * \\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2408 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Transaksjonsgebyr <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2413 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "Osterwalder og Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2411 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" "Dette er en versjon av en tradisjonell modell basert på " -"meglingstransaksjoner mellom deltakere.39) Utvalg og organisering er et " -"viktig element i denne modellen. Plattformer som Noun Project tilfører verdi " -"ved å vade gjennom CC-lisensiert innhold for å velge ut et høykvalitets " -"utvalg, og så utlede inntekt når innholdsleverandørene gjør transaksjoner " -"med kunder. Andre plattformer tjener penger når tjenesteleverandører gjør " -"transaksjoner med kundene deres; for eksempel tjener Opendesk penger hver " -"gang noen på deres nettsted betaler en håndverker for å lage møbler basert " -"på ett av designene på plattformen." +"meglingstransaksjoner mellom deltakere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Utvalg og organisering er et viktig element i denne modellen. " +"Plattformer som Noun Project tilfører verdi ved å vade gjennom CC-lisensiert " +"innhold for å velge ut et høykvalitets utvalg, og så utlede inntekt når " +"innholdsleverandørene gjør transaksjoner med kunder. Andre plattformer " +"tjener penger når tjenesteleverandører gjør transaksjoner med kundene deres; " +"for eksempel tjener Opendesk penger hver gang noen på deres nettsted betaler " +"en håndverker for å lage møbler basert på ett av designene på plattformen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -"#### Å levere en tjeneste til dine innholdsleverandører * \\[MARKEDSBASERT" -"\\]*" +"Levere en tjeneste til dine innholdsleverandører <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</" +"emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -4238,13 +4743,13 @@ msgstr "" "modellen ved å tilby betalte verktøy for å hjelpe sine brukere å gjøre " "dataene de bidrar med til plattformen mer synlige og gjenbrukbare." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Lisensiere et varemerke *\\[MARKEDSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2438 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Lisensiere et varemerke <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2441 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -4264,13 +4769,13 @@ msgstr "" "måte å skaffe inntekt fra noe det er knapphet på, og samtidig utnytte " "fordelen av overfloden av CC-innhold." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Gjensidighetsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2453 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Gjensidighetsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2455 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -4282,8 +4787,8 @@ msgstr "" "måtene den innsatsen vi analyserte for å tjene penger. Det handlet ikke bare " "om å tjene penger på knapphet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -4305,8 +4810,8 @@ msgstr "" "Like a Commoner, «Det er ingen iboende kalkyle i om verdien som er gitt og " "mottatt er helt lik»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2475 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -4320,26 +4825,40 @@ msgstr "" "identitet, samfunn og kultur. Det er en viktig hjernefunksjon som hjelper " "menneskeheten i sin overlevelse og utvikling»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2485 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2489 +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "Ibid., 134." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2483 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er sjeldent å innlemme slike forhold i en innsats som også favner " -"markedet.40) Vi kan nesten ikke unngå å tenke på markedsrelasjoner som " -"sentrert, uten gjensidig utveksling av verdi.41)" +"markedet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Vi kan nesten ikke unngå " +"å tenke på markedsrelasjoner som sentrert, uten gjensidig utveksling av " +"verdi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2494 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -"#### Medlemskap og individuelle donasjoner * \\[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT\\]*" +"Medlemskap og individuelle donasjoner <emphasis>[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT]</" +"emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2497 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -4364,13 +4883,13 @@ msgstr "" "hele innsatsen skal fremme en sosial oppgave, jo mer sannsynlig er det at " "denne strategien lykkes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Betal-hva-du-vil-modellen * \\[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2513 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Betal-hva-du-vil-modellen <emphasis>[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -4390,13 +4909,13 @@ msgstr "" "tilbøyelige til å gi penger for tingene vi setter pris på i markedet, selv i " "situasjoner der vi ellers kan finne en måte å få det gratis på ." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Folkefinansiering * \\[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2529 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Folkefinansiering <emphasis>[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2532 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -4408,7 +4927,7 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" @@ -4426,8 +4945,8 @@ msgstr "" "om noe. Og hvis bakken er gjødslet nok, sier publikum, uten å nøle: " "Selvfølgelig»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -4443,13 +4962,13 @@ msgstr "" "budsjetter tenderer til å gi mer av en følelse av forpliktelse til " "biblioteksamfunnet, og ideen om åpen tilgang generelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" -msgstr "### Å bygge menneskelige forbindelser" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2561 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "Å bygge menneskelige forbindelser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1938 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2563 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -4459,8 +4978,8 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" @@ -4477,14 +4996,14 @@ msgstr "" "uhørt på den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. Men det synes å være en del av " "oppbyggingen av å være Made with Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" "Nesten alle forsøk vi undersøkte støtte seg, minst delvis, på at folk " "investerer i hva de gjør. Jo nærmere Creative Commons-innhold er i å være " @@ -4492,8 +5011,8 @@ msgstr "" "selge et produkt eller en service, knytter de ideologiske, personlige og " "kreative forbindelser med folk som verdsetter det de gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2587 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " @@ -4502,8 +5021,8 @@ msgstr "" "Det tok meg lang tid å se hvordan dette å unngå å tenke på hva de gjør i " "rene markedstermer, var sterkt knyttet til Made with Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2592 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " @@ -4513,8 +5032,8 @@ msgstr "" "og hva det betyr å være laget med Creative Commons. Det viste seg at jeg tok " "feil på så mange punkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2597 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -4534,8 +5053,8 @@ msgstr "" "er det viktig å ikke skille ut resten av det som følger med deling. Du må " "utvide synsfeltet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2608 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -4559,12 +5078,12 @@ msgstr "" "deler med – forbindelsene til deg, med arbeidet ditt, med dine verdier, med " "hverandre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2622 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" "I resten av denne seksjonen vil vi gjennomgå noen av de vanlige strategiene " @@ -4573,30 +5092,48 @@ msgstr "" "at vi har forpliktelser overfor hverandre. For å minne oss om hvordan " "deling virkelig ser ut." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 -msgid "#### Be human" -msgstr "#### Vær menneskelig" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2629 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "Vær menneskelig" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2633 +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" "Mennesker er sosiale dyr, noe som betyr at vi er naturlig tilbøyelig til å " -"behandle hverandre godt.42) Men jo fjernere vi er fra personen som vi " -"samhandler med, jo mindre omsorgsfull vil vår atferd være. Mens Internett " -"har demokratisert kulturell produksjon, har økt tilgangen til kunnskap, og " -"koblet oss sammen på ekstraordinære måter, kan det også gjøre det lett å " -"glemme at vi arbeider med et annet menneske." +"behandle hverandre godt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men jo " +"fjernere vi er fra personen som vi samhandler med, jo mindre omsorgsfull vil " +"vår atferd være. Mens Internett har demokratisert kulturell produksjon, har " +"økt tilgangen til kunnskap, og koblet oss sammen på ekstraordinære måter, " +"kan det også gjøre det lett å glemme at vi arbeider med et annet menneske." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2657 +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -4607,7 +5144,8 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "For å motvirke anonyme og upersonlige tendenser i hvordan vi opererer på " "nettet, arbeider individuelle leverandører og selskaper, som bruker Creative " @@ -4618,10 +5156,11 @@ msgstr "" "vite hvor ting kom fra, hvordan de ble laget, og hvem som laget dem. " "Historiene du fortelle om arbeidet du gjør, har stor innvirkning på hvordan " "folk føler, hva de forstår om arbeidet ditt, hvordan folk føler, og hva de " -"forstår om hvordan arbeidet ditt påvirker hvordan de verdsetter det».43)" +"forstår om hvordan arbeidet ditt påvirker hvordan de verdsetter det»." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2663 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -4629,9 +5168,8 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." msgstr "" "En kritisk komponent for å gjøre dette effektivt er å ikke bekymre seg om å " "være en «merkevare». Det betyr å ikke å være redd for å være sårbar. Amanda " @@ -4643,92 +5181,134 @@ msgstr "" "av deg. De kan ikke forholder seg til det, i hvert fall ikke på en " "meningsfull måte." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2683 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "Kramer, Shareology, 76." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2675 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." msgstr "" "Dette rådet er sannsynligvis enda viktigere for bedrifter og organisasjoner " "fordi vi instinktivt tenker på dem som ikke menneskelige (men i USA, er " "selskaper mennesker!). Når bedrifter og organisasjoner gjør menneskene bak " "dem mer tydelige, minner det folk om at de har å gjøre med noe annet enn en " "anonym enhet i en bedrift. I forretningsspråket handler dette om å " -"«menneskeliggjøre sine samhandlinger» med offentligheten.44) Men det kan " -"ikke være en gimmick. Du kan ikke forfalske det å være menneske." +"«menneskeliggjøre sine samhandlinger» med offentligheten.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men det kan ikke være en gimmick. Du kan ikke " +"forfalske det å være menneske." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2689 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "Vær åpen og ansvarlig" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" -msgstr "#### Vær åpen og ansvarlig" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2698 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2703 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2691 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Åpenhet hjelper folk å forstå hvem du er og hvorfor du gjør det du gjør, men " "det inspirerer også til tillit. Som Max Temkin i Cards Against Humanity " "fortalte oss, «En av de mest overraskende tingene du kan gjøre i " "kapitalismen, er bare å være ærlig med folk». Det betyr at du deler det gode " "og dårlige. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, «Du kan fikse nesten alt med ekte og " -"pålitelig kommunikasjon».45) Det handler ikke om å prøve å tilfredsstille " -"alle, eller prøver å glatte over feil eller dårlige nyheter, men i stedet " -"forklare om din begrunnelse, og så være forberedt på å forsvare den når folk " -"er kritiske.46)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2044 -msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"pålitelig kommunikasjon».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det " +"handler ikke om å prøve å tilfredsstille alle, eller prøver å glatte over " +"feil eller dårlige nyheter, men i stedet forklare om din begrunnelse, og så " +"være forberedt på å forsvare den når folk er kritiske.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2712 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2719 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2707 +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " -"cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking " -"for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, " -"even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you " -"don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it " -"can be worse than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get " -"it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps " -"endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " -"in what you do." +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." msgstr "" "Å være ansvarlig betyr ikke å operere med konsensus. Ifølge James " "Surowiecki, tenderer konsensusdrevne grupper til å ty til løsninger basert " "på laveste fellesnevner, og unngår oppriktig utveksling av ideer i " -"fremmingen av sunt samarbeid.47) Isteden kan det være så enkelt som å be om " -"innspill, og deretter tilby bindeleddsinformasjon og forklaringer på " -"beslutninger du tar, selv om det å be om tilbakemeldinger og innby til " -"meningsutveksling er tidkrevende. Hvis du ikke tar deg bryderiet med å svare " -"på innspillene du får, kan det være verre enn å ikke invitere dem i første " -"omgang.4) Når du dog får det godt til, kan det garantere den typen mangfold " +"fremmingen av sunt samarbeid.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Isteden kan det være så enkelt som å be om innspill, og deretter tilby " +"bindeleddsinformasjon og forklaringer på beslutninger du tar, selv om det å " +"be om tilbakemeldinger og innby til meningsutveksling er tidkrevende. Hvis " +"du ikke tar deg bryderiet med å svare på innspillene du får, kan det være " +"verre enn å ikke invitere dem i første omgang.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Når du dog får det godt til, kan det garantere den typen mangfold " "i tenkingen som hjelper til å utmerke innsatsen. Samtidig er det en annen " "måte å få folk involvert og investert i det du gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" -msgstr "#### Design for de gode aktører" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2727 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "Design for de gode aktører" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2731 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2736 +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "Ibid., 31." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2729 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -4738,10 +5318,11 @@ msgid "" "design for the good actors." msgstr "" "Tradisjonell økonomi forutsetter at folk tar avgjørelser basert utelukkende " -"ut fra sin økonomiske egeninteresse.49) Ethvert relativt selvanalyserende " -"menneske vet at dette er en fiksjon – vi er mye mer kompliserte vesener med " -"en hel rekke behov, følelser og motivasjoner. Faktisk er vi bundet til å " -"samarbeide og sikre rettferdighet.50) Made with Creative Commons " +"ut fra sin økonomiske egeninteresse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Ethvert relativt selvanalyserende menneske vet at dette er en fiksjon – vi " +"er mye mer kompliserte vesener med en hel rekke behov, følelser og " +"motivasjoner. Faktisk er vi bundet til å samarbeide og sikre rettferdighet." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Made with Creative Commons " "forutsetter en oppfatning om at folk i stor grad vil handle ut fra disse " "sosiale motivasjonene, motivasjoner som ville bli betraktet som " "«irrasjonelle» i økonomisk forstand. Som Pinter i Knowlegde Unlatched " @@ -4751,28 +5332,39 @@ msgstr "" "rent egoistiske måter, men oppgaver som er laget med Creative Commons-design " "er for de gode aktørene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2754 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" "Antagelsen om at folk i stor grad vil gjøre det rette, kan være en " "selvoppfyllende profeti. Shirky skrev i Cognitive Surplus: «Systemer som " "antar at folk vil opptre på måter som skaper offentlige goder, og som gir " "dem muligheter og belønninger for å gjøre det, lar dem ofte arbeide sammen " -"bedre enn neoklassisk økonomi ville forutse». 51) Når vi erkjenner at folk " -"ofte er motivert av noe annet enn finansiell egeninteresse, designer vi våre " -"bestrebelser på måter som stimulerer og fremhever våre sosiale instinkter." +"bedre enn neoklassisk økonomi ville forutse».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Når vi erkjenner at folk ofte er motivert av noe annet enn " +"finansiell egeninteresse, designer vi våre bestrebelser på måter som " +"stimulerer og fremhever våre sosiale instinkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2771 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2761 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -4781,8 +5373,8 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." msgstr "" "Snarere enn å prøve å utøve kontroll over menneskers atferd, krever denne " "arbeidsmåten en viss grad av tillit. Vi innser det kanskje, men våre daglige " @@ -4791,36 +5383,49 @@ msgstr "" "borgere opptrer ærlig og ansvarlig. Det er også umulig for noen organisasjon " "å stole på kontrakter alene for å sørge for at dens ledere og arbeidere " "lever opp til sine forpliktelser». I stedet stoler vi i stor grad på at folk " -"– for det meste fremmede – vil gjøre hva som forventes av dem.52) Som " -"oftest gjør de det." +"– for det meste fremmede – vil gjøre hva som forventes av dem.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som oftest gjør de det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "Å behandle mennesker som, vel, mennesker" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" -msgstr "#### Å behandle mennesker som, vel, mennesker" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2781 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2789 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2778 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "For innholdsleverandører betyr å behandle folk som mennesker ikke å behandle " -"dem som fans. Som Kleon sier, «Hvis du vil ha fans, må du først være en " -"fan«.53) Selv om du tilfeldigvis blir en av de få som når en " -"kjendisberømmelse, er det bedre om du husker at folk som følger arbeidet " -"ditt, også er menneskelige. Cory Doctorow gjør et poeng av å svare på hver " -"enkelt e-post noen sender ham. Amanda Palmer bruker store deler av tiden på " -"nettet til å kommunisere med sitt publikum, og gjør et poeng av å lytte like " -"mye som hun snakker.54)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2094 +"dem som fans. Som Kleon sier, «Hvis du vil ha fans, må du først være en fan«." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Selv om du tilfeldigvis blir en av " +"de få som når en kjendisberømmelse, er det bedre om du husker at folk som " +"følger arbeidet ditt, også er menneskelige. Cory Doctorow gjør et poeng av å " +"svare på hver enkelt e-post noen sender ham. Amanda Palmer bruker store " +"deler av tiden på nettet til å kommunisere med sitt publikum, og gjør et " +"poeng av å lytte like mye som hun snakker.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2793 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " @@ -4831,38 +5436,50 @@ msgstr "" "poeng av å sikre at deres ansatte har en personlig, en-til-en-interaksjon " "med brukere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2804 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2814 +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "Ibid., 105." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2799 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Når vi behandler folk som mennesker, vil de vanligvis behandle oss på samme " "måte. Det kalles karma. Men sosiale relasjoner er skjøre. Det er altfor lett " "å ødelegge dem hvis du gjør den feilen å behandle folk som anonyme kunder " -"eller gratisarbeidere.55) Plattformer som bruker innhold fra bidragsytere " -"er spesielt i fare for å skape en dynamikk som utnytter. Det er viktig å " -"finne måter å anerkjenne og betale tilbake verdien bidragsytere genererer. " -"Det betyr ikke at du kan løse dette problemet bare ved å, i enkelhet, betale " -"bidragsytere for deres tid eller bidrag. Så snart vi introduserer penger inn " -"i et forhold – i det minste når det tar form av å betale en pengeverdi i " -"bytte for en annen verdi - kan det dramatisk endre dynamikken.56)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" -msgstr "#### Legg frem dine prinsipper og hold deg til dem" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2118 +"eller gratisarbeidere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Plattformer " +"som bruker innhold fra bidragsytere er spesielt i fare for å skape en " +"dynamikk som utnytter. Det er viktig å finne måter å anerkjenne og betale " +"tilbake verdien bidragsytere genererer. Det betyr ikke at du kan løse dette " +"problemet bare ved å, i enkelhet, betale bidragsytere for deres tid eller " +"bidrag. Så snart vi introduserer penger inn i et forhold – i det minste når " +"det tar form av å betale en pengeverdi i bytte for en annen verdi - kan det " +"dramatisk endre dynamikken.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2819 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "Legg frem dine prinsipper og hold deg til dem" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2821 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -4882,12 +5499,12 @@ msgstr "" "ganger vil folk vil identifisere seg med, og føle seg knyttet til innholdets " "separate sosiale oppgave. Ofte begge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2833 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -4903,80 +5520,120 @@ msgstr "" "deres troverdighet i OER-samfunnet (åpne pedagogiske ressurser) der de " "arbeider." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2848 +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "Ibid., 36." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2844 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" "Når målet ditt ikke handler om å gjøre fortjeneste , stoler folk på at du " "ikke bare prøver å bruke verdien til din egen vinning. Folk merker når du " -"har en hensikt som overskrider din egeninteresse.57) Det tiltrekker " -"engasjerte ansatte, motiverte bidragsytere, og bygger tillit." +"har en hensikt som overskrider din egeninteresse.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Det tiltrekker engasjerte ansatte, motiverte bidragsytere, og " +"bygger tillit." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2854 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "Å bygge et fellesskap" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 -msgid "#### Build a community" -msgstr "#### Å bygge et fellesskap" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2862 +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2. utgave (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2856 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." msgstr "" "Innhold laget med Made with Creative Commons blomstrer når allmenneier er " "bygget rundt det de gjør. Dette kan bety at et fellesskap samarbeider om å " "skape noe nytt, eller det kan være en samling av likesinnede som blir kjent " -"med hverandre, og samles rundt felles interesser eller oppfatninger.58) Til " -"en viss grad bringer Made with Creative Commons automatisk med seg elementer " -"av fellesskap, med hjelp til å koble deg til likesinnede som gjenkjenner og " -"trekkes til verdiene som symboliseres ved å bruke CC." +"med hverandre, og samles rundt felles interesser eller oppfatninger." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Til en viss grad bringer Made with " +"Creative Commons automatisk med seg elementer av fellesskap, med hjelp til å " +"koble deg til likesinnede som gjenkjenner og trekkes til verdiene som " +"symboliseres ved å bruke CC." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2878 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2885 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2870 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "For å være bærekraftig må du jobbe hardt for å livnære allmenneiet. Folk må " "bry seg – om deg og hverandre. Én kritisk brikke i dette er å få frem " "følelsen av tilhørighet. Som Jono Bacon skriver i The Art of Community: " "«Hvis det ikke er tilhørighet, er det ikke noe fellesskap». For Amanda " "Palmer og hennes band betydde dette å lage og godta et inkluderende miljø " -"der folk følte seg som del av deres «lille rare familie.»59) For " -"organisasjoner som Red Hat, betyr det å samle seg rundt felles oppfatninger " -"eller mål. Som administrerende direktør Jim Whitehurst skrev i The Open " -"Organization: «Å etablere følelsesmessig tilknytning er spesielt viktig for " -"bygging av de typer deltakende fellesskap som driver åpne organisasjoner».60)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2169 -msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"der folk følte seg som del av deres «lille rare familie.»<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organisasjoner som Red Hat, betyr det å samle " +"seg rundt felles oppfatninger eller mål. Som administrerende direktør Jim " +"Whitehurst skrev i The Open Organization: «Å etablere følelsesmessig " +"tilknytning er spesielt viktig for bygging av de typer deltakende fellesskap " +"som driver åpne organisasjoner».<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2897 +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2901 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2889 +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" @@ -4985,14 +5642,15 @@ msgstr "" "jobber i gruppens interesse, og ikke i sin egen. Og når det er mangel på " "tillit mellom medlemmer av gruppen (som ikke overraskende gitt at de ikke " "egentlig kjenner hverandre), er en betraktelig del av energien bortkastet " -"ved å prøve å avklare hverandres ærlige interesser». 61) Å bygge ekte " -"fellesskap forutsetter å gi folk i fellesskapet makt til å lage eller " -"påvirke reglene som styrer fellesskapet.62) Hvis reglene lages og innføres " +"ved å prøve å avklare hverandres ærlige interesser».<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Å bygge ekte fellesskap forutsetter å gi folk i " +"fellesskapet makt til å lage eller påvirke reglene som styrer fellesskapet." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Hvis reglene lages og innføres " "ovenfra og ned, føler folk at de ikke har noe å si, som igjen fører til " "tilbaketrekning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2907 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." @@ -5001,13 +5659,33 @@ msgstr "" "knyttet sammen rundt felles interesser eller verdier, er på mange måter hva " "deling betyr." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" -msgstr "#### Gi mer til fellesskapet enn du tar" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2913 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "Gi mer til fellesskapet enn du tar" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2924 +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Giana Eckhardt og Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at " +"All,” Harvard Business Review (website), 28. januar 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2932 +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, ny utgave med " +"ny epolog (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2186 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2915 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -5015,10 +5693,10 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" "Tradisjonell markedsvisdom tilsier at folk bør prøve å trekke ut så mye " "penger som mulig fra ressursene. Dette er egentlig hva som definerer mye av " @@ -5026,24 +5704,36 @@ msgstr "" "Business Review, kalt «The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All», " "forklarte forfatterne Giana Eckhardt og Fleura Bardhi hvordan anonyme " "markedsdrevne transaksjoner i de fleste delingsøkonomibedrifter bare er " -"myntet på å tjene penger.63) Som Lisa Gansky førte det i pennen i sin bok " -"The Mesh, er delingsøkonomiens primære strategi å selge det samme produktet " -"flere ganger ved å selge adgang i stedet for eie.64) Det er ikke deling." +"myntet på å tjene penger.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som Lisa " +"Gansky førte det i pennen i sin bok The Mesh, er delingsøkonomiens primære " +"strategi å selge det samme produktet flere ganger ved å selge adgang i " +"stedet for eie.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Det er ikke deling." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2948 +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, 3. mars 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2938 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" "Deling krever å legge til lik mengde verdi eller mer i økosystemet enn du " "tar ut. Du kan ikke bare behandle åpent innhold som en gratis ansamling " @@ -5053,12 +5743,12 @@ msgstr "" "verdien på andre måter. Den sosiale bloggingsplattformen Medium utgjør verdi " "for sitt fellesskap ved å fremme god oppførsel, resultatet er et nettsted " "med bemerkelsesverdig brukergenerert innhold av høy kvalitet, og begrenset " -"forsøpling.65) Opendesk bidrar til sine fellesskap ved å hjelpe sine " -"designere å tjene penger, delvis ved å organisere og effektivt vise arbeidet " -"deres på sin plattform." +"forsøpling.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk bidrar til " +"sine fellesskap ved å hjelpe sine designere å tjene penger, delvis ved å " +"organisere og effektivt vise arbeidet deres på sin plattform." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -5076,35 +5766,60 @@ msgstr "" "med, og gir mer til bidragsytere når verdien de bidrar med er større verdien " "du leverer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" -msgstr "#### Involver folk i det du gjør" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2968 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "Involver folk i det du gjør" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2973 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 148." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2977 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3048 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "Whitehurst, forord til Open Organization." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2970 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "Takket være Internett, kan vi utnytte talentene og ekspertisen til folk over " -"hele verden. Chris Anderson kaller det «en lang hale» av talent.66) Men for " -"å få samarbeid til å virke, må gruppen være effektiv i hva den gjør, og folk " -"i gruppen må finne tilfredshet i å være involvert.67) Dette er enklere å få " -"til for noen typer kreative oppgaver enn andre. Grupper som er knyttet " +"hele verden. Chris Anderson kaller det «en lang hale» av talent.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men for å få samarbeid til å virke, må gruppen " +"være effektiv i hva den gjør, og folk i gruppen må finne tilfredshet i å " +"være involvert.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Dette er enklere å " +"få til for noen typer kreative oppgaver enn andre. Grupper som er knyttet " "sammen på nettet samarbeider best når folk kan arbeide uavhengig og " "asynkront, og særlig i større grupper med løselig knyttede bånd, der " -"bidragsytere kan gjøre enkle forbedringer uten å beslaglegge mye tid.68)" +"bidragsytere kan gjøre enkle forbedringer uten å beslaglegge mye tid." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2997 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -5112,350 +5827,149 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Suksessen til Wikipedia viser, å redigere et leksikon på nettet er akkurat " "typen aktivitet som er perfekt for massivt samarbeid fordi små, trinnvise " "redigeringer laget av en broket forsamling av folk som handler på egen hånd, " "er svært verdifullt i sum. Samme slags små bidrag vil være mindre nyttig for " "mange andre typer skapende arbeid, og folk iboende er mindre motivert til å " -"bidra, når det ikke vises at deres innsats utgjør noen særlig forskjell.69)" +"bidra, når det ikke vises at deres innsats utgjør noen særlig forskjell." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3009 +msgid "Ibid., 154." +msgstr "Ibid., 154." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3021 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3001 msgid "" "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er lett å romantisere mulighetene for en global samlet innsats gjort " "mulig gjennom Internett, og faktisk, de vellykkede eksemplene på det er " "virkelig utrolige og inspirerende. Men i en rekke tilfeller, kanskje oftere " "enn ikke – allmenneier basert på samlet innsats inngår ikke i ligningen, " "selv med innsats bygget på CC-innhold. Shirky skrev, «Noen ganger trumfer " -"verdien av profesjonelt arbeid amatørdeling eller en følelse av " -"tilhørighet.70) Lærebokutgiveren OpenStax, som distribuerer alt sitt " -"materiale gratis med CC-lisensiering, er et eksempel på denne dynamikken. I " -"stedet for å tappe fellesskapet for samlede bidrag til sine college-" -"lærebøker, investerer de en betydelig mengde tid og penger på å utvikle " -"faglig innhold. For individuelle innholdsleverandører, der det kreative " -"arbeidet er grunnlaget for hva de gjør, er samlede innsatser kun sjeldent " -"sett en del av bildet. Selv musikeren Amanda Palmer, kjent for sin åpenhet " -"og gode forhold til fansen, sa, «Det eneste området der jeg ikke var åpen " -"for innspill var i skrivingen, musikken i seg selv». 71)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2257 +"verdien av profesjonelt arbeid amatørdeling eller en følelse av tilhørighet." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lærebokutgiveren OpenStax, som " +"distribuerer alt sitt materiale gratis med CC-lisensiering, er et eksempel " +"på denne dynamikken. I stedet for å tappe fellesskapet for samlede bidrag " +"til sine college-lærebøker, investerer de en betydelig mengde tid og penger " +"på å utvikle faglig innhold. For individuelle innholdsleverandører, der det " +"kreative arbeidet er grunnlaget for hva de gjør, er samlede innsatser kun " +"sjeldent sett en del av bildet. Selv musikeren Amanda Palmer, kjent for sin " +"åpenhet og gode forhold til fansen, sa, «Det eneste området der jeg ikke " +"var åpen for innspill var i skrivingen, musikken i seg selv». <placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 173." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3039 +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." +msgstr "" +"Tom Kelley og David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3025 msgid "" "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " "the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " "in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " "interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " "“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Mens tankene umiddelbart rettes mot samlet innsats og remiksing når vi hører " "ordet samarbeid, kan du også involvere andre i kreative prosesser på mer " "uformelle måter, ved å dele halvferdige ideer og tidlige utkast, og " "samhandling med publikum i det å ruge ut ideer og få tilbakemeldinger. " "Såkalt «offentlighetslaging» åpner døren for å la folk føle seg mer " -"involvert i ditt kreative arbeid.72) Og det viser en ikke-territoriell " -"tilnærming til ideer og informasjon. Stephen Covey (i The 7 Habits of Highly " -"Effective People fame) kaller dette overflodsmentalitet – å behandle ideer " -"som noe rikelig, og det kan skape et miljø der samarbeid blomstrer.73)" +"involvert i ditt kreative arbeid.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Og det viser en ikke-territoriell tilnærming til ideer og informasjon. " +"Stephen Covey (i The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) kaller dette " +"overflodsmentalitet – å behandle ideer som noe rikelig, og det kan skape et " +"miljø der samarbeid blomstrer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3056 +msgid "" +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." +msgstr "" +"Rachel Botsman og Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3045 msgid "" "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " "way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er ikke bare en måte å involvere folk i hva du gjør. Det sentrale er å " "finne en måte for folk å bidra på deres betingelser, nødet av sin egen " -"motivasjon.74) Hvordan det arter seg, varierer vidt, avhengig av prosjektet. " -"Ikke alle tiltak laget med Creative Commons kan være Wikipedia, men enhver " -"oppgave kan finne måter å invitere publikum med på hva som gjøres. Målet for " -"alle former for samarbeid er å bevege seg bort fra å tenke på forbrukere som " -"passive mottakere av innholdet ditt, og ta imot deres aktive deltagelse.75)" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" -"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " -"på strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -msgstr "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Ibid., 55." -msgstr "Ibid., 55." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." -msgstr "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2369 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 20131), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "## Creative Commons-lisensene" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2384 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"motivasjon.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvordan det arter seg, " +"varierer vidt, avhengig av prosjektet. Ikke alle tiltak laget med Creative " +"Commons kan være Wikipedia, men enhver oppgave kan finne måter å invitere " +"publikum med på hva som gjøres. Målet for alle former for samarbeid er å " +"bevege seg bort fra å tenke på forbrukere som passive mottakere av innholdet " +"ditt, og ta imot deres aktive deltagelse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3065 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Creative Commons-lisensene" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3067 +msgid "" +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " @@ -5473,22 +5987,24 @@ msgstr "" "ikke andre typer rettigheter bidragsytere kan ha til sine arbeider, som " "patenter eller varemerker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "Her er de seks lisensene:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3085 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3094 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -5500,17 +6016,19 @@ msgstr "" "for det opprinnelige arbeidet. Dette er den mest imøtekommende lisensen som " "tilbys. Anbefalt for maksimal spredning og bruk av lisensiert materiale." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3102 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3111 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -5526,17 +6044,19 @@ msgstr "" "gratis og åpen kildekode GNU(GPL). Alle nye arbeider basert på ditt vil ha " "den samme lisensen, så alle derivater kan også tillate kommersielt bruk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3121 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3130 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " @@ -5546,17 +6066,19 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielt og ikke-kommersielt, så lenge arbeidet leveres videre uendret og " "kreditert deg." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3136 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3145 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -5568,19 +6090,21 @@ msgstr "" "også må anerkjenne deg, trenger de ikke å lisensiere sine avledede arbeider " "på samme vilkår." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3152 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3161 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" @@ -5588,17 +6112,19 @@ msgstr "" "remikse, finjustere og bygge på arbeidet ditt ikke-kommersielt, så lenge de " "krediterer deg, og lisensierer sine nye arbeider på samme vilkår." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3168 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3177 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -5610,8 +6136,8 @@ msgstr "" "ned dine verk, og dele dem med andre så lenge de krediterer deg, men de kan " "ikke endre dem eller bruke dem kommersielt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2440 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3184 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " @@ -5622,17 +6148,19 @@ msgstr "" "samlinger av eksisterende arbeider der opphavsrettighetene til bidragsyterne " "har utløpt:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3191 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3200 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." @@ -5641,17 +6169,19 @@ msgstr "" "sine arbeider til det verdensomspennende offentlige domenet («ingen " "rettigheter reservert»)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3205 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3214 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." @@ -5659,11 +6189,11 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons Public Domain Mark muliggjør merkingen, og å oppdage verk " "som allerede er fri for kjente opphavsrettsrestriksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3219 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -5680,14 +6210,14 @@ msgstr "" "programvarekoden og Creative Commons-lisenser for digitalt innhold, " "forsterker de sitt engasjement og forpliktelse til å dele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3230 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -5707,8 +6237,8 @@ msgstr "" "en helaftens film, eller forhindre et annet selskap å selge fysiske kopier " "av ditt verk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -5716,8 +6246,8 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" @@ -5734,8 +6264,8 @@ msgstr "" "brukerne deres fordi de fortsatt holdt på drømmen om at et større " "plateselskap ville oppdage arbeidet deres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3257 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -5747,8 +6277,8 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielle TeachAIDS en NoDerivs-lisens for sine læremidler fordi dette " "medisinske emnet er særlig viktig å få riktig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3264 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -5770,40 +6300,36 @@ msgstr "" "ressurser ble brukt på. CC-lisensene er et forsøk på å standardisere normer " "på tvers av alle domener." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3276 msgid "Note" msgstr "Merk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3279 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" "For mer om lisenser, inkludert eksempler og tips om deling av verkene dine i " "den digitale allmenningen, start med Creative Commons-siden med tittelen " -"«Del ditt verk» på" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." -msgstr "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +"«Del ditt verk» på <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/" +"\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 -msgid "# The Case Studies" -msgstr "# Referansestudiene" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "Referansestudiene" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3290 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" @@ -5815,11 +6341,11 @@ msgstr "" "den gruppen etter avstemning blant Kickstarters hjelpere, og de andre tolv " "ble valgt av oss." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3300 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." @@ -5830,13 +6356,13 @@ msgstr "" "oppgaven løses, og hvilken rolle deling spiller i den, i hovedsak som måten " "det ble fortalt oss på av dem vi intervjuet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2528 -msgid "## Arduino" -msgstr "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3308 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "Arduino" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3311 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." @@ -5844,53 +6370,59 @@ msgstr "" "Arduino er en inntektsgivende åpen kildekodeplattform, og et selskap for " "datautstyr og programvare. Grunnlagt i 2005 i Italia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 -msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" -msgstr "" -"Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier (salg av brett, moduler, " -"skjermer og byggesett), lisensiering av et varemerke (avgifter betalt av dem " -"som ønsker å selge Arduino-produkter med deres navn)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 4. februar 2016" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2541 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" -msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: David Cuartielles og Tom Igoe, medgrunnleggere" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4026 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5110 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5348 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3316 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3318 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier (salg av brett, moduler, skjermer og byggesett), lisensiering av et " +"varemerke (avgifter betalt av dem som ønsker å selge Arduino-produkter med " +"deres navn)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3323 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4164 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 4. februar 2016" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3326 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekter</emphasis>: David Cuartielles og " +"Tom Igoe, medgrunnleggere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3330 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4171 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4602 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4843 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5124 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5433 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5943 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6196 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6517 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6868 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7408 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7692 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8156 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "Profilen skrevet av Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3334 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -5915,8 +6447,8 @@ msgstr "" "åpent lisensiert: Maskinvare og dokumentasjon med Attribution-Share-Alike-" "lisens (CC BY-SA), og programvare med GNU General Public License." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3348 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -5933,14 +6465,14 @@ msgstr "" "kildekodeprogramvare kalt Prosessing, et programmeringsverktøy som brukes " "til å lage kunst)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3358 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" "«Grunnene for å lage Arduino som åpen kildekode er kompliserte», sier Tom. " @@ -5950,8 +6482,8 @@ msgstr "" "«endte opp med å styrke plattformen langt utover det vi til og med hadde " "tenkt å bygge»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3366 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -5968,14 +6500,14 @@ msgstr "" "lever et åpent kildekode-produkt videre. Etter Toms syn, «Bruk av åpen " "kildekode gjør det enklere å stole på et produkt»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3375 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" "Da skolen lukket, startet David og noen av de andre Arduino-grunnleggerne et " @@ -5984,8 +6516,8 @@ msgstr "" "fysiske, og de lærte folk hvordan de skulle bruke ny teknologi på kreative " "måter. Inntekter fra Tinker ble investert i å opprettholde og styrke Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3384 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -6000,18 +6532,18 @@ msgstr "" "første kunde, gjør deg mer trygg og overbevisende når produktet ditt skal " "selges." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3392 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" "Arduinos forretningsmodell har utviklet seg over tid – og Tom sier at modell " @@ -6025,8 +6557,8 @@ msgstr "" "produktet. Så lenge det er et kvalitetsprodukt, og selges til en rimelig " "pris, vil folk kjøpe det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3406 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -6053,11 +6585,11 @@ msgstr "" "verdensomspennende fellesskapet av bidragsytere har gitt en utrolig mengde " "tilgjengelig kunnskap til hjelp både for nybegynnere og eksperter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3420 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " @@ -6069,8 +6601,8 @@ msgstr "" "all forretning var priser nøkkelen. De ønsket priser som vil gi mange " "kunder, men som også var høy nok til å opprettholde virksomheten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3428 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -6084,8 +6616,8 @@ msgstr "" "«Hvis du gjør disse andre tingene bra, kan å dele ting med åpen kildekode " "bare hjelpe deg»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3436 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -6107,8 +6639,8 @@ msgstr "" "utgi den nye utformingen med samme Creative Commons-lisens for å sikre at " "den nye versjonen er like fri og åpen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3448 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -6128,17 +6660,23 @@ msgstr "" "til Arduinos økosystem, ideer og design som Arduino og Arduinos allmenneie " "bruker og innlemmer i nye produkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3468 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3459 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Over tid har Arduino-produkter spredt seg, endret og tilpasset seg nye behov " "og utfordringer. I tillegg til enkle kretskort på inngangsnivå, er nye " @@ -6147,10 +6685,11 @@ msgstr "" "iklebare ting og 3D-printing (3D-utskrift). Hele spekteret av offisielle " "Arduino-produkter inkluderer kort, moduler (en mindre formfaktor av " "klassiske kort), skjold (shield) (elementer som kan kobles til et kort for å " -"gi den ekstra funksjoner) og byggesett.1)" +"gi den ekstra funksjoner) og byggesett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -6172,8 +6711,8 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollere at maskinvaren og programvaren var formålstjenlig i det å løse " "folks problemer. Samfunnet vokste organisk derfra." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3484 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -6195,12 +6734,12 @@ msgstr "" "distribusjon, samtidig som det forsikres at Arduino-merket ikke skades av " "lavkvalitetskopier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3496 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" @@ -6213,8 +6752,8 @@ msgstr "" "ut videre, finansiere utvikling av programvare og opplæring. Gebyret for " "varemerke-lisensiering ble Arduinos inntektsgenererende modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3506 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -6230,8 +6769,13 @@ msgstr "" "tilbakeslag med et prosjekt kalt Freeduino, men samlet, varemerking og " "merkevarebygging har vært et kritisk verktøy for Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3527 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3515 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -6243,7 +6787,8 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "David oppfordrer folk og bedrifter til å starte ved å dele alt som forvalgt " "strategi, og deretter tenke på om det er noe som virkelig trenger " @@ -6255,16 +6800,16 @@ msgstr "" "In the Clones», fra en av grunnleggerne Massimo Banzi, er til stor hjelp for " "å forklare hele kompleksiteten i hvordan varemerkingen deres ble rullet ut, " "ved å skille mellom offisielle kort og de som er kloner, derivater, " -"kompatible og forfalskninger.2)" +"kompatible og forfalskninger.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3530 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" "For David er en spennende del av Arduino hvordan bruken muliggjør tilpasning " "av teknologi på mange forskjellige måter for så mange. Teknologi åpner " @@ -6272,8 +6817,8 @@ msgstr "" "og tilpasningsdyktighet. Det er der Arduino trår til. Arduinos mål er «å " "lage ting som hjelper andre mennesker å lage ting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3538 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -6287,8 +6832,8 @@ msgstr "" "komme over tanken at teknologien må ha beskyttelse. Tom sier, «Teknologi er " "en ferdighet som alle burde lære»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3546 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " @@ -6298,39 +6843,13 @@ msgstr "" "produktutvikling, bra for distribusjon, bra for prising og bra for " "produksjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2727 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3765 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4005 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4242 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4862 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5087 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5573 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6233 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6674 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7241 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "Linker til nettet" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -msgid "## Ártica" -msgstr "## Ártica" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "Ártica" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3555 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " @@ -6340,42 +6859,50 @@ msgstr "" "bruker digital teknologi til å dele kunnskap og muliggjøre samarbeid i kunst " "og kultur. Grunnlagt i 2011 i Uruguay." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2738 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" -msgstr "www.articaonline.com" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2740 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" -msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2742 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 9. mars 2016" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2744 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" -msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: Mariana Fossatti og Jorge Gemetto, medgrunnleggere" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2746 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2896 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3051 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3392 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4502 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5590 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6257 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3560 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for tilpassede " +"tjenester" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3565 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 9. mars 2016" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3567 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekter</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti og " +"Jorge Gemetto, medgrunnleggere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3758 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3950 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5735 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7179 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7960 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8482 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8703 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9169 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Profilen skrevet av Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3575 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -6387,13 +6914,13 @@ msgstr "" "vellykkede gründere, nisjen deres lille virksomhet opererer i, er i hovedsak " "en de har bygget selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3581 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "Drømmejobbene deres eksisterer ikke, så de laget dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3584 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -6414,8 +6941,8 @@ msgstr "" "institusjoner som utvikler kunstneriske og kulturelle prosjekter på " "Internettet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -6424,7 +6951,7 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" @@ -6439,8 +6966,8 @@ msgstr "" "kunne koble seg direkte til publikum uten å være avhengig av portvoktere " "eller mellommenn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3609 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -6458,8 +6985,8 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmål», sier Mariana. I stedet for å selge tilgang til innholdet sitt, " "gir de det gratis, og tar betalt for tilpasningstjenestene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3619 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -6475,8 +7002,8 @@ msgstr "" "hver enkelte elev mer oppmerksomhet, og tilby kurs på mer spesialiserte " "emner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3628 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -6490,12 +7017,12 @@ msgstr "" "størrelse, spesielt når de jobber med kulturinstitusjoner, mens andre er " "mindre prosjekter på oppdrag fra enkeltartister." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3636 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" @@ -6505,8 +7032,8 @@ msgstr "" "det. De har det standpunktet at hvert nytt prosjekt fører dem til noe nytt, " "hver ny ressurs de lager åpner nye dører." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3644 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -6516,7 +7043,7 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" @@ -6529,13 +7056,13 @@ msgstr "" "skal være viral», sa Jorge. For dem er å gi andre rett til å gjenbruke og " "remikse innholdet en grunnleggende verdi. «Hvordan kan du tilby en " "nettbasert pedagogisk tjeneste uten å gi tillatelse til å laste ned, lage og " -"beholde kopier, eller skrive ut de pedagogiske ressursene?» Jorge sier: «" -"Hvis vi ønsker å gjøre det best for våre studenter - de som stoler på oss " +"beholde kopier, eller skrive ut de pedagogiske ressursene?» Jorge sier: " +"«Hvis vi ønsker å gjøre det best for våre studenter - de som stoler på oss " "til det punktet at de er villige til å betale på nettet uten ansikt til " "ansikt kontakt - har vi bare å tilby dem en hederlig og etisk avtale»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3660 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -6549,8 +7076,8 @@ msgstr "" "distribuerte trykte kopier. Ártica ser gjenbruk av arbeidet deres som en vei " "til å åpne opp nye muligheter for sin virksomhet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3668 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -6568,8 +7095,8 @@ msgstr "" "blogginnlegg, eller et nytt enkelt innhold, som i fremtiden kan utvikle seg " "til et mer sammensatt produkt, som et kurs eller en bok»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3678 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -6585,13 +7112,13 @@ msgstr "" "lærer, og utforsker og tester alltid nye ideer og måter å arbeide på. På " "mange måter er prosessen for dem like viktig som sluttproduktet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" "Folk og relasjoner er også like viktige, noen ganger mer. «I den pedagogiske " @@ -6600,8 +7127,8 @@ msgstr "" "sa Mariana. «Materialer og innhold er flytende. Den viktige tingen er " "relasjonene»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3695 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " @@ -6611,8 +7138,8 @@ msgstr "" "mennesker og institusjoner over hele verden, så de kan lære av dem og dele " "sine kunnskaper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -6627,8 +7154,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Kjernen i alt Ártica gjør er et sett verdier. «Godt innhold ikke er nok», sa " "Jorge. «Vi tror også at det er svært viktig å ta et standpunkt for noe i " -"kultursektoren». Mariana og Jorge er aktivister. De forsvarer fri kultur (" -"bevegelsen som fremmer frihet til å endre og distribuere kreativt arbeid), " +"kultursektoren». Mariana og Jorge er aktivister. De forsvarer fri kultur " +"(bevegelsen som fremmer frihet til å endre og distribuere kreativt arbeid), " "og arbeider for å vise skjæringspunktet mellom fri kultur og andre " "bevegelser for sosial rettferdighet. Innsatsen deres for å involvere " "mennesker i sitt arbeid, og aktivere kunstnere og kulturinstitusjoner til å " @@ -6636,11 +7163,11 @@ msgstr "" "og sist, det som driver deres arbeid er målet om å demokratisere kunst og " "kultur." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3713 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " @@ -6654,12 +7181,12 @@ msgstr "" "programvare. Virksomheten deres er liten, effektiv og bærekraftig, og derfor " "er den en suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2874 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3722 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" @@ -6669,8 +7196,8 @@ msgstr "" "Mariana og Jorge betyr suksess å gjøre det som gir dem personlig mening og " "hensikt, og gjøre det bærekraftig og i samarbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3730 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -6684,13 +7211,13 @@ msgstr "" "de bli frustrert», sa Mariana. «Vi prøver å vise dem et annet bilde av " "hvordan det ser ut»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2882 -msgid "## Blender Institute" -msgstr "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3738 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "Blender-instituttet" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." @@ -6698,32 +7225,36 @@ msgstr "" "Blender Institute er et animasjonsstudio som lager 3D-filmer med Blender " "programvare. Grunnlagt i 2006 i Nederland." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "www.blender.org" -msgstr "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3746 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3748 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -"Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske " -"kopier, varesalg" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Folkefinansiering " +"(abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske kopier, varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 8. mars 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3752 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 8. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" -msgstr "Intervjuet: Francesco Siddi, produksjonsleder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3754 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"produksjonsleder" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3762 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -6743,8 +7274,8 @@ msgstr "" "bygge videre på, den teknologien og innholdet de lager på en måte som er til " "fordel for Blender og Blenders fellesskap helt konkret." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3773 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -6762,11 +7293,11 @@ msgstr "" "deres enklere. Og, selvfølgelig, hvert prosjekt innebærer en lang, givende " "prosess der det kreative og tekniske fellesskapet arbeider sammen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3783 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" @@ -6775,12 +7306,12 @@ msgstr "" "Francesco Siddi fortalte oss at, «Ton tror hvis du ikke ikke bruker " "verktøyet ditt til å lage innhold, så gjør du ikke noenting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3790 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -6796,8 +7327,8 @@ msgstr "" "han kunne skaffe nok penger, kunne han så gjøre Blender-programvaren " "tilgjengelig under GNU General Public License." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3801 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -6819,8 +7350,8 @@ msgstr "" "fantastisk felleskapsbygger og leder, og han har lagt ned mye arbeid i å " "fremme et fellesskap av utviklere slik at prosjektet kunne leve»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3813 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -6835,15 +7366,15 @@ msgstr "" "Blender Foundation til å overvåke og forvalte programvareutviklingen og " "vedlikeholdet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3821 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" "Etter noen år begynte Ton å lete etter nye måter å fremme utviklingen av " @@ -6854,10 +7385,10 @@ msgstr "" "dem til å arbeide sammen. De skulle ikke bare lage åpent lisensiert innhold " "av høy kvalitet, de skulle forbedre Blenders programvare i prosessen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3831 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -6871,8 +7402,8 @@ msgstr "" "produsere CC-lisensiert materiale, var overveldende for folk», sa han. «De " "var som, 'jeg må se det for å tro det'»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3840 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -6886,8 +7417,8 @@ msgstr "" "enda større suksess. Filmen Big Buck Bunny gikk viralt, og de animerte " "figurene ble plukket opp av markedsførere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -6896,8 +7427,8 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" "Francesco sa at over tid har Blender Institute-prosjektene blitt større og " "mer betydningsfulle. Det betyr at prosessen med å lage film har blitt mer " @@ -6910,11 +7441,11 @@ msgstr "" "mange mennesker ønsker å samarbeide med oss, at vi ikke alltid kan ansette " "dem på grunn av budsjettbegrensninger»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3861 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " @@ -6927,14 +7458,14 @@ msgstr "" "effektiv fellesskapsleder, og visjonær for arbeidet deres. «Det er et helt " "fellesskap som ser og forstår fordelen med disse prosjektene», sa Francesco." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3870 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" "Mens disse fordelene fra hvert åpen-filmprosjekt gir et overbevisende " "grunnlag for folkefinansieringskampanjer, fortalte Francesco oss at Blender " @@ -6943,15 +7474,15 @@ msgstr "" "finansiering. «Når et prosjekt er over, drar alle hjem», sa han. «Det er mye " "moro, men så slutter det. Det er et problem»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3009 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3878 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -6963,8 +7494,8 @@ msgstr "" "kontinuerlig støtte, og ikke på prosjekt-for-prosjektbasis. Deres løsning er " "Blender Sky, en abonnementstype folkefinansieringsmodell som likner den " "nettbaserte folkfinansieringsplattformen Patreon. For ca. 10 euro hver måned " -"får abonnenter tilgang til å laste ned alt det Blender Institute produserer –" -" programvare, kunst, opplæring, og mer. Alle disse ressursene er " +"får abonnenter tilgang til å laste ned alt det Blender Institute produserer " +"– programvare, kunst, opplæring, og mer. Alle disse ressursene er " "tilgjengelige med en Attribution-lisens (CC BY), eller plassert i den " "offentlige sfæren (CC0), men de er opprinnelig gjort tilgjengelige kun for " "abonnenter. Blender Cloud lar abonnentene følge Blenders filmprosjekter mens " @@ -6972,8 +7503,8 @@ msgstr "" "kreative prosessen. Blender Cloud har også omfattende opplæringsmateriell, " "biblioteker med rollemodeller og andre ressurser til bruk i ulike prosjekter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3893 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -6985,10 +7516,10 @@ msgstr "" "utvide sin abonnentbase. «Dette er vår frihet», fortalte han oss, «og for " "kunstnere er frihet alt»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3900 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -7002,8 +7533,8 @@ msgstr "" "inntektsstrømmer, som Blender-butikken, hvor folk kan kjøpe DVD-er, T-" "skjorter og andre Blender-produkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3909 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -7015,8 +7546,8 @@ msgstr "" "programvaren og innholdet som er produsert med programvaren gratis og åpent. " "Å selge en lisens har aldri vært en del av forretningsmodellen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3034 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3916 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -7034,18 +7565,18 @@ msgstr "" "kreves det mye talent, ferdigheter, tid og budsjett å reprodusere hva du " "gjorde», sa Ton." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3926 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "For Ton og Blender, går alt tilbake til hva du gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3038 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" -msgstr "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "Cards Against Humanity" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." @@ -7053,28 +7584,34 @@ msgstr "" "Cards Against Humanity er et privat, for-fortjeneste selskap som lager et " "populært fest-spill ved samme navn. Grunnlagt i USA i 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" -msgstr "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3938 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" -msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3940 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3047 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 3. februar 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3943 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 3. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3049 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" -msgstr "Intervjuet: Max Temkin, medgrunnlegger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3946 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Max Temkin, medgrunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3954 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " @@ -7085,14 +7622,14 @@ msgstr "" "produkt. Vi selger det og tar betalt. Så bruker vi mindre penger enn vi får " "inn», sa Max." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3960 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" @@ -7104,8 +7641,8 @@ msgstr "" "(«fryktelige», ifølge Cards Against Humanitys reklame), blir dette et artig " "og morsomt spill." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3970 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -7119,8 +7656,8 @@ msgstr "" "Offisielle utvidelsespakker er tilgjengelig, og også flere offisielle " "temapakker samt internasjonale utgaver." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3978 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -7132,8 +7669,8 @@ msgstr "" "enn én million mennesker har lastet ned spillet etter at selskapet begynte å " "loggføre tallene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -7147,8 +7684,8 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielle vilkårene. Muligheten til å tilpasse spillet, er som et helt " "nytt spill i seg selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3992 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " @@ -7158,8 +7695,8 @@ msgstr "" "gratis nedlasting, åpenhet for fans til å remikse spillet – det som gir " "spillet solid kultstatus." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -7168,8 +7705,8 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" "Suksessen deres er ikke et resultat av en storstilt plan. Cards Against " @@ -7180,11 +7717,11 @@ msgstr "" "hit, så de bestemte seg for å legge det ut på nettet som en gratis PDF. Folk " "begynte å spørre om de kunne betale for å få spillet trykket for dem, og til " "slutt bestemte de seg å kjøre en Kickstarter for å finansiere trykkingen. De " -"satt Kickstarter-målet til \\$4,000 – og fikk inn \\$15,000. Spillet ble " -"utgitt offisielt i mai 2011." +"satt Kickstarter-målet til $4,000 – og fikk inn $15,000. Spillet ble utgitt " +"offisielt i mai 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4010 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " @@ -7194,59 +7731,59 @@ msgstr "" "de åtte grunnleggerne aldri hatt et møte hvor de bestemte seg for å gjøre " "dette til en kontinuerlig virksomhet. «På en måte hendte det bare», sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4016 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" "Men denne fortellingen om en «lykkelig tilfeldighet» står i motsetning til " "markedsføringbegavelsen. Akkurat som spillet, er Cards Against Humanity sitt " -"kjennemerke er distanse og minnenedverdighet. Det er vanskelig å glemme en " -"virksomhet som kaller OSS-en på sin hjemmeside: \"Dine dumme spørsmål.\"" +"kjennemerke er distanse og minneneverdighet. Det er vanskelig å glemme en " +"virksomhet som kaller sine ofte besvarte spørsmål på hjemmesiden sin «Dine " +"dumme spørsmål»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4022 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" -"Som de fleste kvalitetssatirer er det imidlertid mer en vits enn vulgaritet " -"og sjokk. Selskapets markedsføring rundt Black Friday illustrerer dette " +"Som de fleste kvalitetssatirer består vitsen av mer enn vulgaritet og " +"sjokkeffekter. Selskapets markedsføring rundt Black Friday illustrerer dette " "spesielt godt. For dem utenfor USA er Black Friday begrepet for dagen etter " "Thanksgiving-helligdagen, den største handledagen i året. Det er en utrolig " -"viktig dag for Cards Against Humanity, som det er for alle deres forhandlere " +"viktig dag for Cards Against Humanity, slik den er det for alle forhandlere " "i USA. Max sa at de strevde med hva de skulle gjøre med Black Friday fordi " -"de ikke ønsker å støtte det han kalte «en orgie av forbruk», som dagen er " -"blitt, spesielt siden den følger etter en dag som handler om å være " -"takknemlig for hva du har. I 2013 besluttet de, etter rådslaging, å ha et " -"salg der Everything Costs \\$5 More sale ( Alt koster \\$ 5 Mer salg.)." +"de ikke ønsker å støtte det han kalte «forbruksorgien», som dagen er blitt " +"til, spesielt siden den følger etter en dag som handler om å være takknemlig " +"for hva du har. I 2013 besluttet de, etter rådslaging, å ha et «alt koster 5 " +"dollar mer»-salg." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4036 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " "People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" -"«Vi svettet natten før Black Friday, og lurte på om våre fans ville hate oss»" -", sa han. «Men det fikk oss til å le, så vi gikk ut med det. Og folk " +"«Vi svettet natten før Black Friday, og lurte på om våre fans ville hate " +"oss», sa han. «Men det fikk oss til å le, så vi gikk ut med det. Og folk " "oppfattet helt klart spøken»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4041 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -7258,34 +7795,33 @@ msgstr "" "bare å være ærlig med folk», sa Max. «Det sjokkerer folk at det er åpenhet " "om hva du gjør»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4048 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" "Max sammenlignet det også med en stor improvisasjonsscene. «Hvis vi gjør noe " "litt revolusjonært og uventet, vil publikum være med på spøken. Ett år laget " -"de spøken Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5, hvor folk bokstavelig talt " -"betalte dem fem dollar uten grunn. Fansen ville gjøre spøken morsommere ved " -"å gjøre den vellykket. De fikk inn \\$70,000 på én dag." +"de spøken Give Cards Against Humanity $5, hvor folk bokstavelig talt betalte " +"dem fem dollar uten grunn. Fansen ville gjøre spøken morsommere ved å gjøre " +"den vellykket. De fikk inn $70,000 på én dag." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" "Denne bemerkelsesverdige tilliten de har hos sine kunder var det som " @@ -7299,11 +7835,11 @@ msgstr "" "verste kostnaden ved å bruke CC, ville jeg betalt dét hundre ganger, fordi " "det er så mange fordeler»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4069 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." @@ -7314,8 +7850,8 @@ msgstr "" "til å bruke spillet, og kopiere, tilpasse, og åpent reklamere for det de har " "laget. I dag finnes det tusenvis av utvidelser fra tilhengere av spillet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4077 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -7327,16 +7863,16 @@ msgstr "" "situasjonen der vi er en av de best markedsført spillene i verden, og vi har " "aldri brukt en krone på markedsføring»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4084 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." @@ -7351,14 +7887,14 @@ msgstr "" "bare en e-post til dem som bruker spillet kommersielt, og det er slutten på " "det. Det har bare vært en håndfull tilfeller der de har måttet hyre advokat." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4098 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" @@ -7370,15 +7906,15 @@ msgstr "" "tonen i kortene gir folk inntrykk av at det er enkelt å skrive dem, men det " "er faktisk mye arbeid og ordkløveri»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4108 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" @@ -7391,8 +7927,8 @@ msgstr "" "først når det opprinnelige arbeidet er ferdig og publisert, og idet folk " "lager sine egne tilpasninger til spillet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4119 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -7406,25 +7942,24 @@ msgstr "" "tjene penger – vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere vitser og spill», " "sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4126 msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" -"Faktisk har selskapet gitt mer enn \\$4 millioner til forskjellige " +"Faktisk har selskapet gitt mer enn $4 millioner til forskjellige " "veldedighetsorganisasjoner og formål. «Kort er ikke vår plan for livet», sa " "Max. «Vi har andre interesser og hobbyer. Vi er opptatt av andre ting som " "skjer i våre liv. Mye av vår aktivisme som vi har utført springer ut fra at " "vi tar ut ting fra resten av våre liv og kanaliserer noe av spenningen i " "spillet inn i det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4134 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -7439,26 +7974,26 @@ msgstr "" "arbeid betyr nødvendigvis å gi opp noe av mulighetene til å hente ut mer " "penger fra kunder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4142 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " "strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your values, and " "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" -"«Det er ikke riktig for alle å legge ut alt under CC-lisensiering», sa Max. «" -"Hvis du har som eneste mål å tjene masse penger, er ikke CC beste strategi. " +"«Det er ikke riktig for alle å legge ut alt under CC-lisensiering», sa Max. " +"«Hvis du har som eneste mål å tjene masse penger, er ikke CC beste strategi. " "Denne forretningsmodellen snakker imidlertid om dine verdier, og hvem du er " "og hvorfor du lager ting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3211 -msgid "## The Conversation" -msgstr "## The Conversation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4150 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "The Conversation" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4153 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " @@ -7468,27 +8003,31 @@ msgstr "" "forskningsamfunnet og levert direkte til publikum over Internett. Grunnlagt " "2011 i Australia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3217 -msgid "theconversation.com" -msgstr "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4160 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" -"Inntektsmodell: Betaling fra innholdsleverandørene (universiteter betaler " -"kontingent for å ha sine fakulteter som forfattere), donasjonsfinansiering" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling fra " +"innholdsleverandørene (universiteter betaler kontingent for å ha sine " +"fakulteter som forfattere), donasjonsfinansiering" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" -msgstr "Intervjuet: Andrew Jaspan, grunnlegger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4167 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4175 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -7504,8 +8043,8 @@ msgstr "" "at han forlot The Age i 2005, forsvant ikke hans bekymring for fremtidens " "journalistikk. Andrew forpliktet seg til å koke opp en alternativ modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4185 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -7519,8 +8058,8 @@ msgstr "" "etter journalistikk med dybde og substans, men var bekymret for økende fokus " "på det spekulative." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4192 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -7557,15 +8096,15 @@ msgstr "" "frakoblet det. De er en enorm offentlig ressurs, men ikke så bra på å " "presentere sin kompetanse til det bredere publlikum." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " @@ -7582,8 +8121,8 @@ msgstr "" "den blir publisert. Sammenlign dette med journalister som bare plukker og " "velger sitater, og skriver hva enn de måtte ønske." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -7605,8 +8144,8 @@ msgstr "" "Conversation lansert som en uavhengig nyhetsside i Australia. Alt som " "publiseres i Conversation lisensieres åpent med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -7624,36 +8163,43 @@ msgstr "" "som en kilde til pålitelig informasjon til vårt felles beste. Kjerneoppgaven " "deres er enkel: Å gi leserne en pålitelig kilde til bevisbasert informasjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4250 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" "Andrew jobbet hardt for å gjenoppfinne en metodikk for å lage pålitelig, " "troverdig innhold. Han innførte strenge nye arbeidsrutiner, prinsipper og " -"koder for utføringen.1 Disse inkluderer full åpenhet om hvem hver forfatter " -"er (med sin relevante kompetanse); hvem som finansierer forskningen deres; " -"og om det er noen potensielle eller faktiske interessekonflikter. Viktig er " -"det også hvor innholdet kommer fra, og selv om det kommer fra universitets- " -"og forskningssamfunnet, må det fremdeles være helt åpent. Conversation " +"koder for utføringen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse " +"inkluderer full åpenhet om hvem hver forfatter er (med sin relevante " +"kompetanse); hvem som finansierer forskningen deres; og om det er noen " +"potensielle eller faktiske interessekonflikter. Viktig er det også hvor " +"innholdet kommer fra, og selv om det kommer fra universitets- og " +"forskningssamfunnet, må det fremdeles være helt åpent. Conversation " "befinner seg ikke bak betalingsmur. Andrew tror at tilgang til informasjon " "er et likhetsspørsmål – alle skal ha tilgang, som tilgang til rent vann. " "Conversation er forpliktet til et åpent og gratis Internett. Alle bør ha " "gratis tilgang til innholdet deres, kunne dele det, eller publiserere det på " "nytt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4265 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -7675,14 +8221,14 @@ msgstr "" "lisensen, og etter Andrews syn, er Creative Commons sentral i alt " "Conversation gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4277 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" "Når leserne kommer over Conversation, virker det som om de liker det de " "finner, og anbefaler det til venner, kolleger, og sine nettverk. Leserskaren " @@ -7691,8 +8237,8 @@ msgstr "" "Twitter og Facebook), og ved å være en akkreditert leverandør til Google " "News." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4285 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -7709,8 +8255,8 @@ msgstr "" "ikke den modellen. De har ingen reklame og er et ikke-for-profitt -" "foretagende." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4294 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -7728,8 +8274,8 @@ msgstr "" "universiteter over hele verden. Conversation ønsker å jobbe med " "universitetsforskere fra enda flere deler av verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4304 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -7746,8 +8292,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette ville sikre den nåværende tjenesten, og hjelpe til med å forbedre " "dekning og funksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4313 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -7761,11 +8307,11 @@ msgstr "" "finansierere .\" Tidlige deltakerne kan angis som \"grunnleggermedlemmer\", " "med plass i det redaksjonelle rådgivende styre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4320 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -7780,8 +8326,8 @@ msgstr "" "lesekretsen representerer, hvor artikkelen er viderepublisert, og antall " "lesere per artikkel." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -7796,10 +8342,10 @@ msgstr "" "på en konferanse, samarbeide, sende et bidrag til en journal og konsultere " "et selskap om et emne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4338 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" @@ -7807,8 +8353,8 @@ msgstr "" "medlemskap. Med Conversation kan universiteter engasjere offentligheten, og " "vise at de er verdifulle." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4343 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -7823,26 +8369,13 @@ msgstr "" "mulig å bygge opp både et offentlig gode, og inndrive operasjonelle " "inntekter samtidig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3376 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4485 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5764 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "Nettlenke" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "theconversation.com/us/charter" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "Cory Doctorow" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3380 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" -msgstr "## Cory Doctorow" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4355 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." @@ -7850,27 +8383,32 @@ msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow er en science fiction-forfatter, aktivist, blogger og " "journalist med base i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" -msgstr "craphound.com og boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4358 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> og <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4361 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" -"Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier (boksalg), betal-hva-du-vil, " -"salg av rettigheter til bokoversettelser" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier (boksalg), betal-hva-du-vil, salg av rettigheter til bokoversettelser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 12. januar 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4365 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 12. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4373 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -7883,11 +8421,11 @@ msgstr "" "han ikke er en merkevare. «For meg er merkevarebygging idéen om at du kan ta " "en ting som har visse kvaliteter, fjerne kvalitetene og så gå i gang med å " "selge det», sa han. «Jeg er ikke der ute for å prøve å finne ut hvordan man " -"blir en merkevare. Jeg gjør det som egger meg i det å arbeide et sinnssykt " +"blir en merkevare. Jeg gjør det som egger meg i det å arbeide et utallig " "antall timer fordi det er det aller viktigste jeg vet hvordan skal gjøres»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4382 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " @@ -7896,9 +8434,8 @@ msgstr "" "Cory kaller seg entreprenør. Han liker å si at hans suksess kom fra å gjøre " "ting folk tilfeldigvis liker, for så å ikke være i veien når de deler det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3412 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4387 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -7913,12 +8450,12 @@ msgstr "" "sitt arbeid publisert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Cory er medredaktør av " "det populære CC-lisensierte nettstedet Boing Boing, der han skriver om " "teknologi, politikk, opphavsrett og programvarepatenter. Han har også " -"skrevet flere sakprosa-bøker, inkludert den nyeste \"Information Doesn’t " -"Want to Be Free\", om måtene innholdsprodusenter kan skaffe seg et levebrød " -"i Internett-alderen." +"skrevet flere sakprosa-bøker, inkludert den nyeste «Information Doesn’t Want " +"to Be Free», om måtene innholdsprodusenter kan skaffe seg et levebrød i " +"Internett-alderen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4398 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " @@ -7928,8 +8465,8 @@ msgstr "" "betalt på foredragsarrangementer, og eksperimenterer med betal-hva-du-vil-" "modeller for sitt arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4403 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -7937,7 +8474,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -7960,19 +8497,19 @@ msgstr "" "ektheten forsvinne fra det jeg gjør, og kvaliteten som fører folk til å like " "det jeg gjør, ville bli borte»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" "Cory har blitt økonomisk vellykket, men penger er ikke hans viktigste " "motivasjon. I begynnelsen i boka «Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free» " @@ -7985,8 +8522,8 @@ msgstr "" "skrev for å få mat på bordet og tak over hodet, skrev jeg for å holde meg " "selv frisk»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4433 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -8004,8 +8541,8 @@ msgstr "" "opprettet for å prøve å stoppe kopieringen». Med andre ord symboliserer " "bruken av CC-lisenser hans verdensbilde." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4443 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -8021,15 +8558,15 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielle fordelene ved lisensiering med CC opp mot å reservere alle " "rettigheter, mener han at han har solgt flere bøker ved å bruke en CC-lisens " "enn han ville ha gjort uten. Cory sier at hans mål er å overbevise folk om " -"at de skal betale ham for sitt arbeid». Jeg startet med å ikke kalle dem " +"at de skal betale ham for sitt arbeid. «Jeg startet med å ikke kalle dem " "tyver», sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -8048,8 +8585,8 @@ msgstr "" "energien, og gi ut boken min gratis i et format som var beregnet for " "spredning»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4466 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -8063,12 +8600,12 @@ msgstr "" "lisensiering med hell på dette tidspunktet fordi han var i startfasen. Nå " "sier de at det er som følge av hans etablerte forfatterskap." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4474 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" @@ -8078,9 +8615,8 @@ msgstr "" "veien for folk som vil dele sin kjærlighet til deg med andre, høres opplagt " "ut, men det er oppsiktsvekkende hvor mange som ikke synes det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3495 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4482 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -8088,30 +8624,29 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" -msgstr "" -"Ved å gjøre sitt arbeid tilgjengelig med CC-lisenser lar har se sine mest " -"ihuga tilhengere som sine ambassadører. \"Å være åpen for fan-aktivitet gjør " -"deg til en del av samtalen om hva tilhengere gjør med ditt arbeide, og " -"hvordan de kommuniserer med det. sa han. Corys egen nettside framhever " -"regelmessig kule ting hans publikum har gjort med hans arbeide. Ulikt " -"selskaper som Disney, som tenderer til å ha et hendene vekk-forhold til sin " -"fanskare, har han en nær sameksistens med sitt publikum. \"Å engasjerer ditt " -"publikum kan ikke garantere suksess\", sa han. \"Og Disney er et eksempel å " -"merke seg, i det at de tross alt er det mest vellykkede selskapet i den " -"kreative industrien. Dog ser jeg min sannsynlighet for å bli Disney heller " -"usannsynlig, så jeg bør ta all den hjelp jeg kan få." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3508 -#, fuzzy +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +msgstr "" +"Ved å gjøre sitt arbeid tilgjengelig med CC-lisenser gjør at han kan se på " +"sine mest ihuga tilhengere som sine ambassadører. «Å være åpen for fan-" +"aktivitet gjør deg til en del av samtalen om hva tilhengere gjør med ditt " +"arbeid, og hvordan de kommuniserer med det», sa han. Corys egen nettside " +"framhever regelmessig kule ting hans publikum har gjort med hans arbeid. " +"Ulikt selskaper som Disney, som tenderer til å ha et hendene vekk-forhold " +"til sin fanskare, har han en nær sameksistens med sitt publikum. «Å " +"engasjerer ditt publikum kan ikke garantere suksess», sa han. «Og Disney er " +"et eksempel å merke seg, idet det tross alt er det mest vellykkede selskapet " +"i den kreative industrien. Dog regner jeg med at sannsynligheten for å bli " +"som Disney er heller liten, så jeg bør ta all den hjelp jeg kan få»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4497 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -8125,18 +8660,17 @@ msgstr "" "Hans første bok ble publisert med den mest restriktive Creative Commons-" "lisensen, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). Den tillater kun " "helhetlig kopiering for ikke-kommersielle formål. Hans senere arbeider kom " -"ut under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), som gir " -"folk retten til å endre hans arbeider for ikke-kommersielle formål, men bare " -"hvis de deler på like lisensvilkår. Før han utgav sitt arbeid under en CC-" -"lisens som tillater bearbeidelser, selger han alltid retten til å oversette " -"boka til andre språk til en forlagsmann først. Han ønsker å nå nye " -"potensielle kjøpere i andre deler av verden, og tror det er vanskeligere å " -"få folk til å betale for oversettelser hvis det allerede finnes " -"uprofesjonelle oversettelser tilgjengelig gratis." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3520 -#, fuzzy +"ut under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike-lisensen (CC BY-NC-SA), som " +"gir folk retten til å endre hans arbeider for ikke-kommersielle formål, men " +"bare hvis de deler på like lisensvilkår. Før han utgir sitt arbeid under en " +"CC-lisens som tillater bearbeidelser, selger han alltid retten til å " +"oversette boka til andre språk til en kommersiell forlegger først. Han " +"ønsker å nå nye potensielle kjøpere i andre deler av verden, og tror det er " +"vanskeligere å få folk til å betale for oversettelser hvis det allerede " +"finnes uprofesjonelle oversettelser tilgjengelig gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4512 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -8146,66 +8680,64 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" -"I hans bok \"Information Doesn't Want to Be Free\", holder Cory løvetannen " -"opp mot lyset av sin filosofi. De produserer tusener av frø hver vår, og de " -"blåses for alle vinder i alle retninger. Strategien er å maksimalisere " -"antall tilfeldigheter som må på plass for at den skal kunne videreføre sin " -"hærkomst. Likeledes, sier han at det finnes mange der ute som ønsker å kjøe " -"kreative arbeider eller kompensere forfattere for dem, på en eller annen " -"måte. \"Desto flere plasser ditt arbeide kan finne sitt publikum, desto " -"større er sjansen for at en potensiell kunde skal springe ut av asfalten.\" " -"skrev han. Kopiene andre gjør av arbeidet koster meg ingenting, og " -"presenterer muligheten for at jeg får noe tilbake.\"" +"I sin bok «Information Doesn't Want to Be Free», sammenligner Cory sin " +"filosofi med løvetannen. De produserer tusener av frø hver vår, og de blåses " +"for alle vinder i alle retninger. Strategien er å maksimalisere antall " +"tilfeldigheter som må på plass for at den skal kunne videreføre sin " +"herkomst. Likeledes sier han at det finnes mange der ute som ønsker å kjøpe " +"kreative arbeider, eller kompensere forfattere for dem, på en eller annen " +"måte. «Desto flere plasser ditt arbeid kan finne sitt publikum, desto større " +"er sjansen for at en potensiell kunde skal dukke opp», skrev han. «Kopiene " +"andre gjør av arbeidet koster meg ingenting, og gjør det mulig at jeg vil få " +"noe tilbake»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4526 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" "Bruk av en CC-lisens i sitt arbeid øker sjansen for at det skal deles viden " "rundt på nettet. Han unngår DRM (Digital rights management) – og nytter " -"åpent høvet til å ville avskaffe slikt – av lignende grunner. DRM har " -"effekten av å prøve å binde et verk til en spesiell plattform. Denne " -"digitale låsen vil i tur medføre at forfatterne mister kontroll over eget " -"arbeide, og overleverer kontrollen til plattformen. Han kaller det Corys " -"første lov: «Hver gang noen putter en lås på noe som tilhører deg, og ikke " -"ønsker å gi deg nøkkelen, er den ikke der i hensikt å gavne deg»." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3538 -#, fuzzy +"åpent høvet til å ville avskaffe slikt – av lignende grunner. DRM har som " +"effekt å prøve å binde et verk til en spesiell plattform. Denne digitale " +"låsen vil i sin tur medføre at forfatterne mister kontroll over eget arbeid, " +"og overleverer kontrollen til plattformen. Han kaller det Corys første lov: " +"«Hver gang noen putter en lås på noe som tilhører deg, og ikke ønsker å gi " +"deg nøkkelen, er den ikke der i hensikt å gagne deg»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4536 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " "ways to reach his audience without relying upon major platforms that will " "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" -"Cory opererer under premisset om at artister nyter godt av flere, snarere " -"enn færre plasser tilgjengelig for deres arbeide. Internett har åpnet opp de " -"krokene, men DRM er designet for å begrense dem. \"På den ene siden kan vi i " -"god tro gjøre vårt arbeide tilgjengelig for et vidt publikum,\" sa han. \"På " -"den andre siden, gjør forlagsholderne vi tradisjonelt har gått til det " -"vanskeligere å komme unna dem.\" Cory ser kontinuerlig etter måter å nå sitt " -"publikum uten å måtte ha med store plattformer som ønsker å ta kontrollen " -"over hans arbeide å gjøre." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3547 -#, fuzzy +"Cory opererer under premisset at artister nyter godt av flere, snarere enn " +"færre plasser tilgjengelig for sitt arbeid. Internett har åpnet opp disse " +"veiene, men DRM er designet for å begrense dem. «På den ene siden kan vi i " +"god tro gjøre vårt arbeid tilgjengelig for et bredt publikum», sa han. «På " +"den andre siden gjør formidlerne vi tradisjonelt har gått til det " +"vanskeligere å komme unna dem». Cory ser kontinuerlig etter måter å nå sitt " +"publikum på uten å måtte stole på store plattformer som ønsker å ta " +"kontrollen over hans arbeid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4547 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -8216,40 +8748,39 @@ msgid "" "creator’s work. He is planning to try his own pay-what-you-want experiment " "soon." msgstr "" -"Cory sier at hans nettbaserte boksalg har vært lavere enn sine konkurrenter, " -"og han mener noe av det skriver seg til bruken av CC-lisensiering i det at " -"det gjør arbeidene tilgjengelige gratis. Han tror dog at folk er villige til " -"å betale for innhold de liker, selv når det er tilgjengelig gratis, så lenge " -"det er enkelt å gjøre. Han traff helt blink i bruken av Humble Bundle, en " -"plattform som tillater folk å betale det de vil, for DRM-frie versjoner av " -"et knippe arbeider. Han planlegger å sette sitt eget betal-hva-du-vil -" -"eksperiment ut i livet snart." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3556 -#, fuzzy +"Cory sier at hans nettbaserte e-boksalg har vært lavere enn sine " +"konkurrenters, og han mener noe av det skriver seg til bruken av CC-" +"lisensiering, idet det gjør arbeidene tilgjengelige gratis. Han tror dog at " +"folk er villige til å betale for innhold de liker, selv når det er " +"tilgjengelig gratis, så lenge det er enkelt å gjøre. Han traff helt blink i " +"bruken av Humble Bundle, en plattform som tillater folk å betale det de vil, " +"for DRM-frie versjoner av et knippe arbeider. Han planlegger å sette sitt " +"eget betal-hva-du-vil -eksperiment ut i livet snart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4558 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" "Tilhengere er i særdeleshet villig til å betale når de føler seg personlig " -"tilknyttet artisten. Cory arbeider hardt for å knytte de personlige båndene. " -"Én måte han gjør dette på er å svare personlig på hver eneste e-post han " -"får. \"Hvis du ser på artisters historikk, vil du se at de fleste dør i " -"elendighet,\" \"Det betyr at for artister, må vi finne måter å støtte oss " -"selv, trass i at den gemene hops drifter tar annen retning, når kopiretten " -"slutter å produsere. Å sikre sin artistiske karriére for fremtiden er på " -"mange måter noe som handler om å holde kontakten med dem som har blitt rørt " -"av ditt arbeide.\"" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3562 +"knyttet til artisten. Cory arbeider hardt for å knytte de personlige " +"båndene. Én måte han gjør dette på er å svare personlig på hver eneste e-" +"post han får. «Hvis du ser på artisters historikk, vil du se at de fleste " +"dør i elendighet», sier han. «Det betyr at for artister må vi finne måter å " +"støtte oss selv på, når publikums smak tar en annen retning, når " +"opphavsretten slutter å produsere. Å sikre sin artistiske karriére for " +"fremtiden er på mange måter noe som handler om å holde kontakten med dem som " +"har blitt rørt av ditt arbeid»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4569 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -8259,63 +8790,67 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Corys realisme om vanskeligheten rundt det å leve av kunsten gjør seg ikke " "gjeldende som pessimisme rundt internettalderen. Isteden sier han at det " -"faktum at det er vanskelig å livnære seg som artist, ikke er noe nytt. Det " -"som er nytt, skriver han i sin bok, «er hvor mange måter det går an å lage " +"faktum at det er vanskelig å livnære seg som artist, ikke er noe nytt. «Det " +"som er nytt», skriver han i sin bok, «er hvor mange måter det går an å lage " "ting på, og hvordan man får dem inn i andre folks sinn og hender»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "Det har aldri vært lettere å rette tankene i løvetannens baner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 -msgid "## Figshare" -msgstr "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4581 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "Figshare" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4584 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" "Figshare er et selskap som er basert på fortjeneste, og tilbyr et online " -"oppbevaringssted der forskere kan bevare og dele resultatet av sin " -"forskning, inkludert tall, datasett, bilder og videoer. Grunnlagt i 2011 i " -"Storbritannia." +"(nettbasert) oppbevaringssted der forskere kan bevare og dele resultatet av " +"sin forskning, inkludert tall, datasett, bilder og videoer. Grunnlagt i 2011 " +"i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3573 -msgid "figshare.com" -msgstr "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4590 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3575 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4592 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" -"Inntektsmodell: Plattform som tilbyr betalte tjenester til " -"innholdsleverandører" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Plattform som tilbyr " +"betalte tjenester til innholdsleverandører" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3577 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 28. januar 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4595 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 28. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3579 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" -msgstr "Intervjuet: Mark Hahnel, grunnlegger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4598 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4606 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" @@ -8328,8 +8863,8 @@ msgstr "" "Forskningsresultater formidles på en måte som den gjeldende modellen for " "vitenskapelig disiplinpublisering ikke tillater." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4617 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " @@ -8339,8 +8874,8 @@ msgstr "" "penger? Hvordan vet vi at du er her om fem år? Kan du, som er for " "fortjeneste, være å stole på? Svarene har utviklet seg over tid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4622 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -8357,8 +8892,8 @@ msgstr "" "sin forskning fullstendig, ville føre til flere sitater, og være bedre for " "hans karriere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -8370,8 +8905,8 @@ msgstr "" "han trodde det ville vært mulig å putte sitt forskningsarbeid på nett, og " "dele det med alle. Dernest begynte han å arbeide med en løsning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4638 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " @@ -8381,8 +8916,8 @@ msgstr "" "gi dem varige identifikatorer – nettadresser som alltid peker tilbake til " "originalobjektet for å sikre at forskningen kan siteres på lang sikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4644 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -8394,12 +8929,12 @@ msgstr "" "Mark valgte digitale objektidentifikatorer (DOI-er) for å møte behovet for " "vedvarende identifikatorer. I DOI-systemet blir et objekts metadata lagret " "som en serie nummer i DOI-navnet. Å referere til et objekt ved sitt DOI er " -"mer stabilt enn å bruke nettadressen, fordi plasseringen av et objekt (" -"nettsiden eller -adressen) ofte kan endre seg. Mark gikk i partnerskap med " +"mer stabilt enn å bruke nettadressen, fordi plasseringen av et objekt " +"(nettsiden eller -adressen) ofte kan endre seg. Mark gikk i partnerskap med " "DataCite for å tilby DOI-er for forskningsdata." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4653 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -8413,10 +8948,10 @@ msgstr "" "fagfeller, gikk han for CC0 (tilsvarende offentlig eie) for datasett og CC " "BY (Attribution) for figurer, videoer og datasett." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4661 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." @@ -8426,11 +8961,11 @@ msgstr "" "Folk startet å kommentere på bloggen hans at de ønsket å gjøre det samme. Så " "han åpnet det opp for dem også." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4667 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." @@ -8442,26 +8977,25 @@ msgstr "" "programvarekode, brukte Mark MIT-lisensen, men GNU og Apache-lisenser kan " "også brukes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3643 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4675 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" "Mark trengte investeringer for å gjøre dette til et skalerbart produkt. " -"Etter noen mislykkede finansieringinitiativ, uttrykte UK-baserte Digital " +"Etter noen mislykkede finansieringsinitiativ, uttrykte UK-baserte Digital " "Science interesse, men insisterte på en mer levedyktig forretningsmodell. De " -"gjorde en innledende investering, og sammen de kom opp med en freemium som " +"gjorde en innledende investering, og sammen kom de opp med en freemium som " "forretningsmodell. (Ifølge Wikipedia er Freemium en forretningsmodell hvor " "vanligvis en digital tjeneste eller anvendelse som programvare, media, spill " -"eller internett-tjeneste, er tilgjengelig gratis, men at man må betale for " +"eller Internett-tjeneste, er tilgjengelig gratis, men at man må betale for " "premiumfordeler, funksjonalitet eller virituelle eiendeler.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4682 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -8482,8 +9016,8 @@ msgstr "" "forskere som «Du beholder eierskap. Du lisensierer det. Du krediteres. Vi " "sikrer bare at det varer»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4693 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -8501,8 +9035,8 @@ msgstr "" "statiske ikke-interaktive PDF-filer, ble interessert i å få Figshare til å " "gi dem denne funksjonaliteten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4703 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -8510,11 +9044,11 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." msgstr "" "Figshare utvidet sin forretningmodell til å omfatte tjenester for " "tidsskrifter. Figshare begynte å leie ut plass til store datamengder til " @@ -8528,12 +9062,12 @@ msgstr "" "Springer Nature, PLOS, og Taylor og Francis, for å nevne noen, og har " "overbevist dem om å bruke Creative Commons-lisenser for dataene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4717 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " @@ -8547,37 +9081,37 @@ msgstr "" "Figshare. Figshare har igjen diversifisert (spredt) sin forretningsmodell, " "og lagt til tjenester for institusjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4727 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" "Figshare tilbyr nå en rekke avgiftsbaserte tjenester til institusjoner, " "inkludert sin egen miniutgave av Figshare for institusjoner (kalt Figshare " -"for Institutions) som gir et sikkert rom for insitutsjonenes forskningsdata " +"for Institutions) som gir et sikkert rom for institusjonenes forskningsdata " "i skyen. Tjenestene inkluderer ikke utleie av plass, men databeregninger, " "dataformidling og administrasjon av brukergrupper. Figshares arbeidsflyt og " "tjenestene de tilbyr for institusjoner, tar hensyn til behovene til " "bibliotekarer og administratorer, samt av forskerne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." msgstr "" "Som med forskere og utgivere, oppmuntret Figshare-institusjoner om å dele " "sin forskning med CC BY (Attribution) og data med CC0 (for offentligheten). " @@ -8589,8 +9123,8 @@ msgstr "" "mindre liberale lisenser som CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " "(Attribution-ShareAlike) eller CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4750 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -8608,8 +9142,8 @@ msgstr "" "CERN-prosjekt med åpen kildekode tilby alle Creative Commons-lisensene uten " "noen negative konsekvenser, bestemte han seg å følge etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -8624,29 +9158,49 @@ msgstr "" "effekten. Hvis data viste at CC BY er mer slagkraftig, tror Mark at flere og " "flere forskere og institusjoner vil gjøre den til sin valgte lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4773 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4776 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4768 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Figshare har et programmeringsgrensesnitt (API - Application Programming " "Interface) som gjør det mulig å hente data fra Figshare, og bruke det i " "andre programmer. Som eksempel delte Mark et Figshare-datasett som viste " "publiseringsabonnementskostnader betalt av høyere utdanningsinstitusjoner i " -"Storbritannia til ti store publiseringsforlag.1) Figshare sitt API " -"muliggjør bruk av den dataen i et program av en helt annen forsker, som " -"konverterer dataen til en visuelt interessant graf, hvilket enhver seer kan " -"endre ved å endre variablene.2)" +"Storbritannia til ti store publiseringsforlag.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Figshare sitt API muliggjør bruk av den dataen i et program av " +"en helt annen forsker, som konverterer dataen til en visuelt interessant " +"graf, hvilket enhver seer kan endre ved å endre variablene.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4779 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -8667,29 +9221,36 @@ msgstr "" "programvarekoder, og om universiteter skulle tilbys muligheten til å bruke " "Creative Commons-lisenser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4794 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4790 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." msgstr "" "Mark sier at suksessen handler delvis om å være på rett sted til rett tid. " "Han tror også at oppdelingen av Figshare sin modell over tid har vært " "nøkkelen til suksess. Figshare tilbyr nå et helhetlig tjenestetilbud til " -"forskere, forleggere, og institusjoner.3) Hvis han hadde begrenset seg til " -"inntjening fra «premium»-abonnementer, tror han det ville blitt vanskelig " -"for Figshare.Til å begynne med var deres hovedbrukere akademikere i starten " -"og slutten av karrieren. Det har kun vært fordi kronerullerne krevde åpen " -"lisensiering at Figshare nå brukes av allmenningen." +"forskere, forleggere, og institusjoner.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Hvis han hadde begrenset seg til inntjening fra «premium»-" +"abonnementer, tror han det ville blitt vanskelig for Figshare.Til å begynne " +"med var deres hovedbrukere akademikere i starten og slutten av karrieren. " +"Det har kun vært fordi kronerullerne krevde åpen lisensiering at Figshare nå " +"brukes av allmenningen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4801 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -8703,8 +9264,8 @@ msgstr "" "trafikken deres kommer fra Google. Et søsterselskap kalt Altmetric sporer " "bruken av Figshare av andre, inkludert Wikipedia og nyhetskilder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4809 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -8729,105 +9290,96 @@ msgstr "" "bare er en støtte for åpen tilgang til forskning, men at den gjør folk i " "stand til å samarbeide og gjøre nye funn." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3769 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "figshare.com/features" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3771 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" -msgstr "## Figure.NZ" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "Figure.NZ" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4827 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ er en veldedig bistandsorganisasjon som lager en nettbasert " "dataplattform myntet på å gjøre data gjenbrukbar og enkel å forstå seg på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3777 -msgid "figure.nz" -msgstr "figure.nz" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4832 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -"Inntektsmodell: Plattform som tilbyr betalte tjenester til skapere, " -"bidragsytere, legatmidler" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Plattform som tilbyr " +"betalte tjenester til skapere, bidragsytere, legatmidler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 3. mai 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4837 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 3. mai 2016" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4839 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3784 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" -msgstr "Intervjuet: Lillian Grace, grunnlegger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4848 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/" +"NZDFF_harness-the-power.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/" +"NZDFF_harness-the-power.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4847 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " -"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " -"said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " -"meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " -"she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" -"not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " -"businesses, and their country. But there’s a big difference between " -"availability and accessibility of information. Data is spread across " -"thousands of sites and is held within databases and spreadsheets that " -"require both time and skill to engage with. To use data when making a " -"decision, you have to know what specific question to ask, identify a source " -"that has collected the data, and manipulate complex tools to extract and " -"visualize the information within the data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ " -"to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." +"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace said there are thousands of valuable " +"and relevant data sets freely available to us right now, but most people " +"don’t use them. She used to think this meant people didn’t care about being " +"informed, but she’s come to see that she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to " +"be informed about issues that matter—not only to them, but also to their " +"families, their communities, their businesses, and their country. But " +"there’s a big difference between availability and accessibility of " +"information. Data is spread across thousands of sites and is held within " +"databases and spreadsheets that require both time and skill to engage with. " +"To use data when making a decision, you have to know what specific question " +"to ask, identify a source that has collected the data, and manipulate " +"complex tools to extract and visualize the information within the data set. " +"Lillian established Figure.NZ to make data truly accessible to all, with a " +"specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" "I forskningsartikkelen «Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data», " -"presentert på New Zealand Data Futures Forum i 2014,1 sa Figure.NZ sin " -"grunnlegger Lillian Grace at det er tusenvis av verdifulle og relevante " -"datasett fritt tilgjengelige for oss akkurat nå, men de fleste bruker dem " -"ikke. Hun tenkte gjerne at dette betydde at folk ikke bryr seg om å være " -"informert, men etter hvert har hun kommet til at hun tok feil. Nesten alle " -"ønsker å bli informert om saker som betyr noe – ikke bare for dem, men også " -"for deres familier, deres lokalsamfunn, deres virksomheter og landet deres. " -"Men det er stor forskjell mellom tilgangen og tilgjengeligheten på " -"informasjon. Data er spredt over tusenvis av nettsteder, og ligger i " -"databaser og regneark som det krever både tid og dyktighet å sette seg inn " -"i. For å bruke data når det skal tas en beslutning, må du vite hvilket " -"spesifikt spørsmål du skal stille, identifisere en kilde som har samlet inn " -"dataene, og håndtere komplekse verktøy for å trekke ut og vise frem " -"informasjonen i datasettet. Lillian etablerte Figure.NZ for å gjøre data " -"virkelig tilgjengelig for alle, med spesielt fokus på New Zealand." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3812 +"presentert på New Zealand Data Futures Forum i 2014,<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> sa Figure.NZ sin grunnlegger Lillian Grace at det " +"er tusenvis av verdifulle og relevante datasett fritt tilgjengelige for oss " +"akkurat nå, men de fleste bruker dem ikke. Hun tenkte gjerne at dette " +"betydde at folk ikke bryr seg om å være informert, men etter hvert har hun " +"kommet til at hun tok feil. Nesten alle ønsker å bli informert om saker som " +"betyr noe – ikke bare for dem, men også for deres familier, deres " +"lokalsamfunn, deres virksomheter og landet deres. Men det er stor forskjell " +"mellom tilgangen og tilgjengeligheten på informasjon. Data er spredt over " +"tusenvis av nettsteder, og ligger i databaser og regneark som det krever " +"både tid og dyktighet å sette seg inn i. For å bruke data når det skal tas " +"en beslutning, må du vite hvilket spesifikt spørsmål du skal stille, " +"identifisere en kilde som har samlet inn dataene, og håndtere komplekse " +"verktøy for å trekke ut og vise frem informasjonen i datasettet. Lillian " +"etablerte Figure.NZ for å gjøre data virkelig tilgjengelig for alle, med " +"spesielt fokus på New Zealand." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4866 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -8847,13 +9399,13 @@ msgstr "" "for å kunne forstå grunnleggende fakta kreves noen ganger data og forskning " "du ofte må betale for." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4877 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -8873,8 +9425,8 @@ msgstr "" "å gi tjenester til dem som ønsker å åpne sine data, og presentere dem " "visuelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4891 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -8885,15 +9437,15 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" "Hvordan fungerer det? Figure.NZ datakilder fra andre organisasjoner, " "inkludert bedrifter, offentlige dataarkiv, etater og akademikere. Figure.NZ " -"importerer og ekstraherer data, og deretter validerer og standardiserer det –" -" med et klart øye for hva som vil være best for brukere. Deretter gjør de " +"importerer og ekstraherer data, og deretter validerer og standardiserer det " +"– med et klart øye for hva som vil være best for brukere. Deretter gjør de " "data tilgjengelige med en rekke standardiserte skjemaer, lesbare både for " "mennesker og maskiner, og med innholdsinformasjon om kildene, lisensene og " "typer data. Figure.NZ har et diagramdesignverktøy som lager enkel strek-, " @@ -8904,21 +9456,31 @@ msgstr "" "andre kan bruke, endre, remikse og distribuere Figure.NZ-data og -grafer så " "lenge de henviser til den opprinnelige kilden og Figure.NZ." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4917 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4908 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgstr "" "Lillian karakteriserer avgjørelsen om å bruke Creative Commons som et naivt " "hell. Det ble først anbefalt henne av en kollega. Lillian brukte tid til å " @@ -8928,20 +9490,20 @@ msgstr "" "viste seg å bli. New Zealands regjeringen har en åpen tilgang og et " "lisensieringsrammeverk kalt NZGOAL, som gir veiledning for etater og organer " "når de legger ut opphavsrettsbeskyttet og ikke-opphavsrettsbeskyttet arbeid " -"og materiale.2) Målet er å standardisere lisensiering av arbeid regjeringen " -"har opphavsrett til, og hvordan det kan gjenbrukes igjen, og det gjør den " -"med Creative Commons-lisenser. Som et resultat er 98 prosent av alle " -"forvaltningsorganers data Creative Commons-lisensiert, noe som passer fint " -"til Figure.NZs beslutning." +"og materiale.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Målet er å " +"standardisere lisensiering av arbeid regjeringen har opphavsrett til, og " +"hvordan det kan gjenbrukes igjen, og det gjør den med Creative Commons-" +"lisenser. Som et resultat er 98 prosent av alle forvaltningsorganers data " +"Creative Commons-lisensiert, noe som passer fint til Figure.NZs beslutning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4924 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " @@ -8959,17 +9521,17 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem, at de kan stole på motivene til Figure.NZ. Folk ser dem som " "vokter og pålitelig kilde." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4937 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -8994,11 +9556,11 @@ msgstr "" "myndighetene, eller enhver organisasjon, å finne sin posisjon i markedet, " "gjøre seg forskjellig, og knytte sin merkevare til det hele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4956 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" @@ -9007,8 +9569,8 @@ msgstr "" "eneste del av forretningsmodellen har vært fokusert på hvem som kommer til å " "få verdi fra dataene og de visuelle fremstillingene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4962 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -9017,7 +9579,7 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " @@ -9029,15 +9591,15 @@ msgstr "" "setter pris på Figure.NZs evne til å gjøre det raskere, enklere, og bedre " "enn de kan selv. Kunder oppfordres til å hjelpe sine brukere med å finne, " "bruke og gjøre ting med dataene some tilgjengeliggjøres på Figure.NZs " -"nettsted. Kundene kontrollerer hva som blir lagt ut, og lisensbetingelsene (" -"selv om Figure.NZ anbefaler Creative Commons-lisensen). Figure.NZ betjener " +"nettsted. Kundene kontrollerer hva som blir lagt ut, og lisensbetingelsene " +"(selv om Figure.NZ anbefaler Creative Commons-lisensen). Figure.NZ betjener " "også brukere som ønsker at en bestemt ansamling diagrammer, for eksempel til " "deres hjemmeside eller årsrapport. Å ta betaling av organisasjoner som vil " "gjøre sine data tilgjengelige, gjør det mulig for Figure.NZ å gjøre sitt " "nettsted gratis for alle brukere, og virkelig demokratisere data." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4978 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -9061,38 +9623,51 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke ressurser som må til for å gjennomføre arbeid som aldri har blitt " "gjort før." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4996 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4991 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"En annen forretningsvei er det Figure.NZ kaller «partnere». ASB BANK og " -"Statistics New Zealand er partnere som støtter Figure.NZ i sitt foretagende. " -"Som ett eksempel kan det nevnes at deres støtte har gjort Figure.NZ i stand " -"til å opprette Business Figures, en spesiell måte for forretninger å finne " -"nyttig data uten å måtte vite hvilke spørsmål de skal stille.3)" +"En annen forretningsvei Figure.NZ er det Figure.NZ kaller «partnere». ASB " +"BANK og Statistics New Zealand er partnere som støtter Figure.NZ i sitt " +"foretagende. Som ett eksempel kan det nevnes at deres støtte har gjort " +"Figure.NZ i stand til å opprette Business Figures, en spesiell måte for " +"forretninger å finne nyttig data uten å måtte vite hvilke spørsmål de skal " +"stille.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" -"Figure.NZ har også faste bidragsytere.4) De donerer til formål de bryr seg " -"om, noe som gjør Figure.NZ direkte i stand til å samle data på akkurat disse " -"områdene. Givere har ikke innvirkning på hva som tas med eller ekskluderes." +"Figure.NZ har også faste bidragsytere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> De donerer til formål de bryr seg om, noe som gjør Figure.NZ " +"direkte i stand til å samle data på akkurat disse områdene. Givere har ikke " +"innvirkning på hva som tas med eller ekskluderes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5005 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" "Figure.NZ godtar også filantropiske donasjoner, som brukes til å tilby mer " @@ -9100,8 +9675,8 @@ msgstr "" "å byttehandle støttefunksjoner. Som en veldedig operasjon, er donasjoner " "skattefritatt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -9123,15 +9698,15 @@ msgstr "" "bli mer effektiv. Snarere enn vekst innomhus, vokser de og bygger opp " "eksterne tilknytninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5023 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" "Nettsiden til Figure.NZ viser grafikk og data fra en rekke kategorier, " @@ -9142,8 +9717,8 @@ msgstr "" "folk å tenke, ikke å tenke for dem. Figure.NZ ønsker å skape intuitive " "opplevelser, ikke brukermanualer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5033 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -9163,12 +9738,12 @@ msgstr "" "dele data om et bestemt emne, for eksempel «kan du dele dataene for " "vannkvalitet»? Hvis de har data, reagerer de raskt; hvis ikke, prøver de å " "identifisere organisasjonene som kan ha dem, og bygger en bro slik at " -"dataene kan legges inn på Figure.NZ sitt nettsted. Samlet sett søker " -"Figure.NZ å være et sted for folk der de kan være nysgjerrige, og ha tilgang " -"til å tolke data om emnene de er interessert i." +"dataene kan legges inn på Figure.NZ sitt nettsted. Samlet sett søker Figure." +"NZ å være et sted for folk der de kan være nysgjerrige, og ha tilgang til å " +"tolke data om emnene de er interessert i." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5047 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -9184,8 +9759,8 @@ msgstr "" "ved å ha tilgang til informasjon kunne treffe beslutninger på vegne av " "andre, om det så var på vegne av et land eller selskaper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " @@ -9193,25 +9768,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "«Men nå lever vi i en verden der det er enkelt å dele informasjon og " "kommunisere viden rundt. Fremtiden vi går i møte i den verdenen vi er i nå, " -"er best tjent med at alle kan ta godt informerte beslutninger»." +"er best tjent med at alle kan ta gode beslutninger basert på god " +"informasjon»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5062 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" -"«Bruk av tall og data til å fatte godt informerte beslutninger er et av " -"områdene der manglene er størst. Vi bruker virkelig ikke tall som en del av " -"vår tenkning og forståelse ennå»." +"«Bruk av tall og data til å fatte gode beslutninger basert på god " +"informasjon er et av områdene der manglene er størst. Vi bruker virkelig " +"ikke tall som en del av vår tenkning og forståelse ennå»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5068 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " @@ -9227,8 +9803,8 @@ msgstr "" "vedrørende data. Vi tror fortsatt at kun noen få spesialutdannede mennesker " "kan analysere og tenke med tall»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5079 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -9240,26 +9816,26 @@ msgstr "" "og et nettverk av relasjoner for muliggjøring av dette. Det som er å se på " "Figure.NZ er titusenvis av grafer, kart og data»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5086 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" "«Figure.NZ ser dette som et slags nytt alfabet som kan hjelpe folk å " "analysere det de ser rundt seg. En måte å reflektere omkring " -"samfunnsinformasjon. En innfartsåre i det å delta i samtaler som former " -"beslutningsprosesser, der langt overskrider den personlige erfaringen. Den " -"langsiktige verdien og effekten lar sage vanskelig tallvist måle, men målet " -"er å hjelpe borgeres forståelse og samarbeid på mer opplyste måter for å " -"forme fremtiden»." +"samfunnsinformasjon. Et middel til å delta i samtaler som former " +"beslutningsprosesser som overskrider den personlige erfaringen. Den " +"langsiktige verdien og effekten lar seg vanskelig måle, men målet er å " +"hjelpe borgeres forståelse og samarbeid på mer opplyste måter for å forme " +"fremtiden»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -9271,74 +9847,53 @@ msgstr "" "er deres fokus nå fullt ut utførelsen av Figure.NZs arbeid i New Zealand, og " "realiseringen av «nettverkseffekten» – at brukere dramatisk øker egen og " "andres nytteverdi ved bruk av tjenesten. Creative Commons er kjernen som " -"gjør denne nettverkeseffekten mulig." - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guineanere-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "figure.nz/business/" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "figure.nz/patrons/" +"gjør denne nettverkseffekten mulig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4012 -#, fuzzy -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" -msgstr "## Knowledge Unlatched" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5104 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" +msgstr "Knowledge Unlatched" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5107 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" -"Knowledge Unlatched er et veldedig samfunnsinteresse-selskap som bringer " +"Knowledge Unlatched er et veldedig samfunnsinteresseselskap som bringer " "biblioteker sammen for å finansiere utgivelser av bøker med åpen tilgang. " "Grunnlagt 2012 i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4018 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" -msgstr "knowledgeunlatched.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4020 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" -msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (spesialisert)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5114 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Folkefinansiering " +"(spesialisert)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 26. februar 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5117 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 26. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" -msgstr "Intervjuobjekt: Frances Pinter, grunnlegger" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5120 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4040 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5128 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -9348,7 +9903,7 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." @@ -9356,44 +9911,44 @@ msgstr "" "Seriegrunnlegger dr. Frances Pinter har vært i forkant av innovasjon i " "forlagsbransjen i nesten førti år. Hun grunnla det UK-baserte Knowledge " "Unlatched med oppgaven å gi åpen tilgang til vitenskapelige bøker. For " -"Frances fungerer ikke dagens systemet for vitenskapelige " -"bokpubliseringsystem for alle, og spesielt ikke for monografier i humaniora " -"og samfunnsvitenskap. Knowledge Unlatched er har forpliktet seg til å endre " -"dette og har arbeidet sammen med biblioteker for å skape en bærekraftig " -"alternativ modell for publisering vitenskapelige bøker, deling av kostnadene " -"for monografier (utgitt under en Creative Commons-lisens) og, på lang sikt, " -"spare kostnader. Siden lanseringen, har Knowledge Unlatched mottatt flere " -"priser, inkludert IFLA/Brill Open Access-prisen for 2014 og en Curtin " -"University Commersial Innovation Award-pris for innovasjon i utdanning i " -"2015." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 -msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"Frances fungerer ikke dagens system for vitenskapelige bokpubliseringssystem " +"for alle, og spesielt ikke for monografier i humaniora og samfunnsvitenskap. " +"Knowledge Unlatched har forpliktet seg til å endre dette, og har arbeidet " +"sammen med biblioteker for å skape en bærekraftig alternativ modell for " +"publisering av vitenskapelige bøker, deling av kostnadene for monografier " +"(utgitt under en Creative Commons-lisens) og, på lang sikt, spare kostnader. " +"Siden lanseringen, har Knowledge Unlatched mottatt flere priser, inkludert " +"IFLA/Brill Open Access-prisen for 2014, og en Curtin University Commersial " +"Innovation Award-pris for innovasjon i utdanning i 2015." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5144 +msgid "" +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" "Dr. Pinter har vært i akademiske publisering mestedelen av sin karriere. " -"Omtrent for ti år siden, ble hun kjent med Creative Commons grunnleggeren " -"Lawrence Lessig og ble interessert i Creative Commons som et verktøy for " -"både beskytte innhold på nettet og fordele det gratis for brukere." +"Omtrent for ti år siden ble hun kjent med Creative Commons grunnlegger " +"Lawrence Lessig, og ble interessert i Creative Commons som et verktøy for " +"både å beskytte innhold på nettet, og fordele det gratis for brukere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5151 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " "Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went " "up, not down." msgstr "" -"Ikke lenge etter, drev hun et prosjekt i Afrika som overbeviste utgivere i " -"Uganda og Sør-Afrika til å legge noe av innholdet sitt på nettet gratis med " -"en Creative Commons-lisens, for å se hva skjedde. Salget gikk opp, ikke ned." +"Ikke lenge etter drev hun et prosjekt i Afrika som overbeviste utgivere i " +"Uganda og Sør-Afrika om å legge noe av innholdet sitt på nettet gratis med " +"en Creative Commons-lisens, for å se hva som skjedde. Salget gikk opp, ikke " +"ned." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5157 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -9403,45 +9958,46 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." msgstr "" "I 2008 valgte Bloomsbury Academic, et nytt forlag under Bloomsbury " -"Publishing i Storbritannia, henne til å tå for oppstarten av dette forlaget " -"i London. Som en del av lanseringen, overbeviste Frances Bloomsbury om " -"differensiere ved å legge ut monografier gratis på nettet med en Creative " -"Commons-lisens (BY-NC eller BY-NC-ND, dvs. Attribution-NonCommercial eller " -"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs)). Dette ble sett på som risikabelt, " -"ettersom den største kostnaden for utgivere til trykningsstadiet. Hvis alle " -"kunne lese den elektroniske boken gratis, ville det ikke være salg av tykte " -"bøker i det hele, og kostnadene forbundet med å få boken skrevet går tapt. " -"Overraskende nok, fant Bloomsbury at salg av trykte versjoner av disse " -"bøkene var 10 til 20 prosent høyere enn normalt. Frances fant det " -"interessant at den gratis Creative Commons-lisensierte boken på nettet " -"fungerer som et markedsføringsredskap for det trykte formatet." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4071 +"Publishing i Storbritannia, å la henne til å stå for oppstarten av dette " +"forlaget i London. Som en del av lanseringen overbeviste Frances Bloomsbury " +"om å differensiere ved å legge ut monografier gratis på nettet med en " +"Creative Commons-lisens (BY-NC eller BY-NC-ND, dvs. Attribution-" +"NonComskrevetmercial eller Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs). Dette ble " +"sett på som risikabelt, ettersom den største kostnaden for utgivere er å få " +"en bok frem til trykningsstadiet. Hvis alle kunne lese den elektroniske " +"boken gratis, ville det ikke være salg av trykte bøker i det hele, og " +"kostnadene forbundet med å få boken trykket går tapt. Overraskende nok fant " +"Bloomsbury at salg av trykte versjoner av disse bøkene var 10 til 20 prosent " +"høyere enn normalt. Frances fant det interessant at den gratis Creative " +"Commons-lisensierte boken på nettet fungerer som et markedsføringsredskap " +"for det trykte formatet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5174 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" -"Frances begynte å se på kundens interesse i tre former for boken: 1) " -"Creative Commons-lisensierte gratis online bok i PDF-skjemaet, 2) den trykte " -"boken og 3) en digital versjon av boken på en aggregator plattform med " -"forbedrede funksjoner. Hun tenkte på dette som \"iskrem model\": gratis PDF " -"var vaniljeis, den trykte boken var en iskrem, og forbedret e-boken var en " +"Frances begynte å se på kundens interesse i tre former av boken: 1) Creative " +"Commons-lisensierte gratis online-bok i PDF-skjemaet, 2) den trykte boken, " +"og 3) en digital versjon av boken på en aggregator-plattform med forbedrede " +"funksjoner. Hun tenkte på dette som «iskrem model»: gratis PDF var " +"vaniljeis, den trykte boken var en iskrem, og den forbedrede e-boken var en " "iskrem sundae." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5183 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -9457,23 +10013,23 @@ msgstr "" "eller gjøre en hel haug med interessante ting med den trykte boken og e-" "boken - kjeksisen eller iskuler med pynt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5192 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" "Denne ideen likner betalingen for artikkelbehandlingen som tidsskifter med " -"åpen tilgang, krever av forskere for å dekke publiseringskostnadene. Frances " +"åpen tilgang krever av forskere for å dekke publiseringskostnadene. Frances " "begynte å tenke på en koalisjon av biblioteker som betalte kostnadene frem " -"til trykking - en \"bok-prosessavgift\" - og gi alle i verden en åpen " -"tilgangs-versjon av bøker utgitt med en Creative Commons-lisens." +"til trykking – en «bok-prosessavgift» – og gi alle i verden en åpen tilgangs-" +"versjon av bøker utgitt med en Creative Commons-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5200 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -9485,15 +10041,16 @@ msgid "" "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" "Denne ideen tok virkelig tak i henne. Hun hadde egentlig ikke et navn for " -"det men begynte å snakke om det og lage presentasjoner for å se om det var " -"interesse. Jo mer hun snakket om det, jo mer folk avtalt det hadde appell. " -"Hun tilbød en flaske champagne for alle som kunne komme opp med et godt navn " -"for ideen. Hennes mann kom opp med Knowledge Unlatched, og etter to år for å " -"opparbeide interesse, besluttet hun å gå videre og starte et \"community " -"interest company\" (et engelsk begrep for non-profit samfunnsforetak) i 2012." +"det, men begynte å snakke om det, og lage presentasjoner for å se om det var " +"noe interesse. Jo mer hun snakket om det, jo mer ble folk enige om at det " +"hadde appell. Hun tilbød en flaske champagne for alle som kunne komme opp " +"med et godt navn for ideen. Hennes mann kom opp med Knowledge Unlatched, og " +"etter to år for å opparbeide interesse, besluttet hun å gå videre og starte " +"et «community interest company» (et engelsk begrep for non-profit " +"samfunnsforetak) i 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5211 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" @@ -9501,8 +10058,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hun beskriver forretningsmodellen i en artikkel med tittel Knowledge " "Unlatched: Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." @@ -9510,8 +10067,8 @@ msgstr "" "Utgivere tilbyr utgivelser for salg som avspeiler opprinnelige kostnader " "bare via Knowlegde Unlatched." -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." @@ -9519,8 +10076,8 @@ msgstr "" "Frittstående bibliotek velger titler enten som individuelle titler eller som " "samlinger (slik de gjør fra bibliotekleverandører i dag)." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5230 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." @@ -9528,8 +10085,8 @@ msgstr "" "Utvalgene deres blir sendt til Knowledge Unlatched der de titlene som kan " "kjøpes spesifiseres og prisene angis." -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5236 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -9541,99 +10098,113 @@ msgstr "" "hver av titlene som ble valgt av et minimumsantall biblioteker for å få " "dekket Title Fee-gebyret." -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5245 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" "Forlagene gjør de utvalgte titler tilgjengelige med Open Access (med en åpen " -"lisens som Creative Commons eller lignende) og får så utbetalt Title Fee-" +"lisens som Creative Commons eller lignende), og får så utbetalt Title Fee-" "beløpet som er den summen som er innbetalt fra bibliotekene." -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4115 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5255 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5252 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Forlag gjør trykte bøker, e-Pub og andre digitale versjoner av valgte " -"titler tilgjengelig for medlems-biblioteker til rabattert pris, noe som " -"avspeiler deres bidrag til Title Fee og ansporer til medlemskap.1" +"titler tilgjengelig for medlemsbiblioteker til rabattert pris, noe som " +"avspeiler deres bidrag til Title Fee, og ansporer til medlemskap." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5260 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" -"Første runde av denne modellen bragte med seg unnfanging av en samling på 28 " -"nåværende titler fra tretten anerkjente lærde forlag. Målet var å ha få med " -"to hundre bibliotek i samarbeidet. Kostnaden av pakken per bibliotek hadde " -"et øvre tak på 1680 amerikanske dollar, som er en gjennomsnittspris på 60 " -"dollar per bok, men til slutt var det nesten tre hundre bibliotek som delte " -"på utgiftene, og per bok kom de ned i under 43 dollar per bok." +"Første runde av denne modellen resulterte i en samling på 28 gjeldende " +"titler fra tretten anerkjente vitenskapelige forlag. Målet var å få med to " +"hundre bibliotek i samarbeidet. Kostnaden av pakken pr. bibliotek hadde et " +"øvre tak på 1680 amerikanske dollar, som er en gjennomsnittspris på 60 " +"dollar pr. bok, men til slutt var det nesten tre hundre bibliotek som delte " +"på utgiftene, og pr. bok kom de ned i under 43 dollar pr. bok." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5271 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5270 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." -msgstr "" -"Creative Commons-versjoner, av alle 28 bøker er fremdeles fritt tilgjengelig " -"på nett.4 De fleste lisensiert CC BY-NC eller CC BY-NC-ND. Forfatterne har " -"kopiretten, ikke forleggeren, og forhandler valg av lisens som del av " -"publiseringsavtalen. Frances har merket seg at de fleste forfattere ønsker å " -"beholde kontroll over kommersiell og videre bruk av deres arbeide. " -"Forleggere lister opp bøkene i sine kataloger, og tillegg av ikke-" -"kommersiell begrensning i Creative Commons-lisens betyr at forfatterne " -"fortsetter å motta salær for salg av fysiske kopier." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4142 -#, fuzzy +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons-versjoner av alle 28 bøker er fremdeles fritt tilgjengelig " +"på nett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De fleste bøker er " +"lisensiert med CC BY-NC eller CC BY-NC-ND. Forfatterne har kopiretten, ikke " +"forleggeren, og forhandler valg av lisens som del av publiseringsavtalen. " +"Frances har merket seg at de fleste forfattere ønsker å beholde kontroll " +"over kommersiell og videre bruk av deres arbeid. Forleggere lister opp " +"bøkene i sine kataloger, og tillegg av ikke-kommersiell begrensning i " +"Creative Commons-lisens betyr at forfatterne fortsetter å motta salær " +"(royalty) for salg av fysiske kopier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" "Det er tre kostnadsvariabler å ta høyde for i hver runde: Den sammenlagte " -"kostnaden spist av forleggerne, total kostnad for ervervelse av alle bøkene " -"for bibliotekene, og individuell pris per bok. Avgiften forleggerne tar for " -"hver tittel er fast, og Knowledge Unlatched regner ut total mengde for " -"unnfanging av alle bøkene samtidig. Kostnaden for én ordre for hvert " -"bibliotek er satt \"i verste fall\", basert på et minimum av deltagende " -"biblioteker. Kostnaden reduserer deretter for hvert ekstra bibliotek som " -"deltar." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 -#, fuzzy +"kostnaden pålagt av forleggerne, total kostnad for ervervelse av alle bøkene " +"for bibliotekene, og individuell pris pr. bok. Avgiften forleggerne tar for " +"hver tittel er fast, og Knowledge Unlatched beregner totalbeløpet for alle " +"bøkene samtidig. Kostnaden for én ordre for hvert bibliotek er satt «i " +"verste fall», basert på et minimum av deltagende biblioteker. Kostnaden " +"reduserer deretter for hvert ekstra bibliotek som deltar." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5293 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -9642,32 +10213,31 @@ msgid "" "libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" "Den andre runden, som også har latt seg gjennomføre, unnfanget 78 bøker fra " -"26 forleggere. I denne runden, eksperimenterte Frances med størrelsen og " -"formen på det som ble tilbudt. Bøker ble pakket i åtte pakker delt inn per " +"26 forleggere. I denne runden eksperimenterte Frances med størrelsen og " +"formen på det som ble tilbudt. Bøker ble pakket i åtte pakker, delt inn pr. " "emne (inkludert antropologi, historie, litteratur, media og kommunikasjon, " -"og politikk), hvorav omkring 10 bøker ble forært hver pakke. Tre hundre " -"biblioteker verden over må binde seg til unnfanging av minst seks av åtte " -"pakker for at det skulle bli noe av. Gjennomsnittskostnaden per bok var " -"snaut 50 dollar. Unnfangingsprosessen tok omtrent ti måneder. I første rekke " -"telefonsamtaler til forleggerne for å ta rede på titler, dernest forming av " +"og politikk), på omkring 10 bøker pr. pakke. Tre hundre biblioteker verden " +"over må binde seg til unnfanging av minst seks av åtte pakker for at det " +"skulle bli noe av. Gjennomsnittskostnaden pr. bok var snaut 50 dollar. " +"Unnfangingsprosessen tok omtrent ti måneder. Det startet med en rekke " +"telefonsamtaler til forleggerne for å få rede på titler, dernest forming av " "en ansvarsgruppe fra bibliotekhold for å velge titler, innhenting av " "forfattersamtykke, avtaleskriving med bibliotekene, tilhørende fakturering, " "og til sist, unnfanging." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5308 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" -"Mest langdrektig var prosessen med å få bibliotekene til å skrive seg opp og " -"sende avgårde kronasje. Omkring fem måneder, for å passe kjøpssykluser, " -"budsjettrunder, og bibliotekkomiteers forsamling." +"Mest langtrekkende var prosessen med å få bibliotekene til å love og å sende " +"avgårde midler. Det tar omkring fem måneder, da bibliotekets innkjøp må " +"passe inn i kjøpssykluser, budsjettrunder, og bibliotekkomiteers møter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5314 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -9680,13 +10250,12 @@ msgstr "" "Knowledge Unlatched informerer og rekrutterer biblioteker på sosiale media, " "e-postlister, listetjenere, og bibliotekforbund. Av de tre hundre " "bibliotekene som deltok i første runde, fant 80 prosent av dem veien i runde " -"to, med anslagsvis 80 nye tilkomne. Knowledge Unlatched arbeider ikke bare " -"med enkeltstående biblioteker, men også konsortier, noe som har fått enda " -"flere biblioteker med i laget." +"to, og det er anslagsvis 80 nye som deltar. Knowledge Unlatched arbeider " +"ikke bare med enkeltstående biblioteker, men også konsortier, noe som har " +"fått enda flere biblioteker med i laget." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4172 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5324 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " @@ -9694,62 +10263,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Knowledge Unlatched utvider tilbudet, til 150 nye titler i andre halvdel av " "2016. Tidligere innlemmelser er også med, og i 2017 vil journaler komme til " -"også. Fri tilgang på alt." +"også, med fri tilgang på alt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4176 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5329 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" -"De har aktivt valgt monografier som første boktype å unnfange. Monografier " -"er grunnleggende og viktige, men også vanskelige å holde varme i den lukkede " -"forlagsmodellens kalde grep." +"De har aktivt valgt å unnfange monografier som første boktype. Monografier " +"er grunnleggende og viktige, men det er også vanskelig å fortsette i den " +"lukkede standard publiseringsmodellenen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4184 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5335 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " "it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second round, it " "took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" -"Forlagskost for ervervelse av første digitale kopi av en monografi er 5000 " -"dollar til 50.000 dollar. En god monografi beløper seg til 10-15k. De selger " -"typisk ikke mange eksemplarer. Hvis tallene i tidligere tider var 3000, kan " -"man regne 300 som vår tids motsats. Det gjør unnfanging av monografier til " +"Kostnaden for utgiveren for ervervelse av første digitale kopi av en " +"monografi er mellom 5000 dollar til 50 000 dollar. En god monografi beløper " +"seg til mellom 10 000 til 15 000 dollar. Monografier selger vanligvis ikke " +"mange eksemplarer. Hvis tallene i tidligere tider var 3000, kan man som " +"motsats regne 300 i vår tid. Det gjør unnfanging av monografier til " "lavrisikosport for forleggere. I første runde tok det fem måneder å få med " -"13 av dem, i andre gikk det ikke mer enn en måned før 26 av dem gikk " -"hverandres ærend." +"13 av dem, i andre runde gikk det ikke mer enn en måned for å få 26." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5352 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5345 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " "you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing " -"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" +"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Forfatterne tjener vanligvis ikke mye i godtgjørelse for bruk fra " "monografier. Royalty varierer fra ingenting, til 5 til 10 prosent av det " "som kommer inn. Verdien for forfatteren er oppmerksomheten de får. Når boken " "deres blir lest, øker omtalen. Åpen tilgang gjennom frikjøpsunnfangelse " "genererer mange flere nedlastinger og derfor mer oppmerksomhet. (På " -"hjemmesiden til Knowledge Unlatched, finner du intervjuer med tjueåtte " +"hjemmesiden til Knowledge Unlatched, finner du intervjuer med de tjueåtte " "forfatterne fra den første omgangen i beskrivelsen av erfaring og fordelene " -"ved å delta.)5" +"ved å delta.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5355 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -9762,30 +10337,30 @@ msgstr "" "Bibliotekenes budsjetter blir stadig presset, delvis på grunn av veksten i " "journalabonnementer. Selv uten budsjettbegrensninger, beveger akademiske " "biblioteker seg vekk fra å kjøpe fysiske kopier. Katalogoppføringen i et " -"akademisk bibliotek vanligvis en lenke til dit boken måte ligge. Eller, hvis " -"de har nok elektronisk lagringsplass, kan de laste ned den digitale filen " -"til sin digitale kildebrønn. Bare som et neste alternativ vurdere de å " -"anskaffe en trykt bok, og hvis de gjør det, kjøper de den separat fra den " +"akademisk bibliotek er vanligvis en lenke til dit boken måte ligge. Eller, " +"hvis de har nok elektronisk lagringsplass, kan de laste ned den digitale " +"filen til sin digitale kildebrønn. Bare som et neste alternativ vurderer de " +"å anskaffe en trykt bok, og hvis de gjør det, kjøper de den separat fra den " "digitale versjonen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5366 msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." msgstr "" "Knowlegde Unlatched tilbyr biblioteker et overbevisende økonomisk argument. " "Mange av de deltakende bibliotekene ville ha kjøpt en kopi av monografien " -"uansett, men isteden for å betale \\$95 for en trykket bok eller \\$150 for " -"en digital flerbrukskopi, betaler de \\$50 for unnfangelsen. Det koster dem " -"mindre, og det åpner boken ikke bare for de deltakende bibliotekene, men for " -"hele verden." +"uansett, men isteden for å betale 95 dollar for en trykket bok eller 150 " +"dollar for en digital flerbrukskopi, betaler de 50 dollar for unnfangelsen. " +"Det koster dem mindre, og det åpner boken ikke bare for de deltakende " +"bibliotekene, men for hele verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -9797,197 +10372,180 @@ msgid "" "the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been downloaded nearly eighty " "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" -"Ikke bare er økonomien fornuftig, men det er veldig helt på linje med " -"bibliotekets oppgaver. De deltakende bibliotekene betale mindre enn de ville " -"ha gjort i den lukkede modellen, og boken med åpen tilgang er tilgjengelig " -"for alle biblioteker. Mens dette betyr at biblioteker som ikke deltar kan " -"bli sett på som gratispassasjerer i bibliotekverdenen. Velstående " -"biblioteker brukes til å betale mer enn fattigere biblioteker og aksepterer " -"at en del av pengene deres brukes til å støtte åpen tilgang. \"" -"Gratispassasjer\" er mer som et samfunnsansvar. Ved utgangen av mars 2016, " -"ble bøkene i førsterunden lastet ned nesten åtti tusen ganger i 175 land." +"Ikke bare er økonomien fornuftig, men det er helt på linje med bibliotekets " +"oppgaver. De deltakende bibliotekene betaler mindre enn de ville ha gjort i " +"den lukkede modellen, og boken med åpen tilgang er tilgjengelig for alle " +"biblioteker. Mens dette betyr at biblioteker som ikke deltar kan bli sett på " +"som gratispassasjerer i bibliotekverdenen, er velstående biblioteker vant " +"til å betale mer enn fattigere biblioteker, og aksepterer at en del av " +"pengene deres brukes til å støtte åpen tilgang. «Gratispassasjer» er mer som " +"et samfunnsansvar. Ved utgangen av mars 2016 ble bøkene i førsterunden " +"lastet ned nesten åtti tusen ganger i 175 land." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5386 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" "For utgivere, forfattere og bibliotekarer er Knowledge Unlatched-modellen " -"for monografier en vinn-vinn-vinn." +"for monografier en vinn-vinn-situasjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5390 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" -"I første runde, ble Knowledge Unlatched-kostnader dekket av bevilgninger og " -"donasjoner. I andre runde, sikter de på å vise at modellen er bærekraftig. " +"I første runde ble Knowledge Unlatcheds kostnader dekket av bevilgninger og " +"donasjoner. I andre runde tar de sikte på å vise at modellen er bærekraftig. " "Biblioteker og utgivere betale hver en serviceavgift på 7,5 prosent som går " -"til Knowlegde Unlatcheds driftskostnader. Med planer å utvide i senere " -"omganger, regner Frances med at de kan få inn igjen kostnadene fullt ut når " -"de er frikjøper to hundre bøker om gangen. I fortsettelsen, vil Knowledge " +"til Knowlegde Unlatcheds driftskostnader. Med planer om å utvide i senere " +"omganger, regner Frances med at de kan få dekket kostnadene fullt ut når de " +"frikjøper to hundre bøker om gangen. I fortsettelsen vil Knowledge " "Unlatched investere i teknologi og prosesser. Fremtidige planer inkluderer " "frikjøp av tidsskifter og eldre bøker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." -msgstr "" -"Frances mener at Knowlegde Unlatched finner nye måter å sette pris på faglig " -"innhold. Det handler om å vurdere hvor mange mennesker som kan finne, nå og " -"bruke innholdet uten at betaling kommer i veien. Knowledge Unlatched åpner " -"nye muligheter og atferd i den digitale verden. I Knowlegde Unlatched-" -"modellen er den innholdsskapende prosessen akkurat det samme som den alltid " -"har vært, men økonomien er forskjellig. For Frances er Knowledge Unlatched " -"knyttet til fortiden, men på vei inn i fremtiden, utvikling snarere enn " -"revolusjon." - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "www.oapen.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "www.hathitrust.org" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4248 -#, fuzzy -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4250 -#, fuzzy -msgid "## Lumen Learning" -msgstr "## Lumen Learning" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +msgstr "" +"Frances mener at Knowlegde Unlatched finner nye måter å sette pris på faglig " +"innhold på. Det handler om å vurdere hvor mange mennesker som kan finne, få " +"tilgang til og bruke innholdet uten at betaling kommer i veien. Knowledge " +"Unlatched åpner nye muligheter og atferd i den digitale verden. I Knowlegde " +"Unlatched-modellen er den innholdsskapende prosessen akkurat det samme som " +"den alltid har vært, men økonomien er forskjellig. For Frances er Knowledge " +"Unlatched knyttet til fortiden, men på vei inn i fremtiden, en utvikling " +"snarere enn en revolusjon." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5413 +msgid "Lumen Learning" +msgstr "Lumen Learning" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5416 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" "Lumen Learning, et selskap til inntekts ervervelse, er myntet på opplæring " -"av utdanningsinstitusjoner i bruk av åpne pedagogiske ressurser (OER). " -"Grunnlagt 2013 i USA." +"av utdanningsinstitusjoner i bruk av åpne pedagogiske ressurser (OER - open " +"educational resources). Grunnlagt 2013 i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -#, fuzzy -msgid "lumenlearning.com" -msgstr "lumenlearning.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5423 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for tilpassede " +"tjenester, gi finansiering" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4257 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" -msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester, gi finansiering" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5426 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 21. desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4259 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" -msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5429 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekter</emphasis>: David Wiley og Kim " +"Thanos, medgrunnleggere" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" -msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: David Wiley og Kim Thanos, medgrunnleggere" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5443 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5437 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" -"Etablert av den åpne utdanning-visjonære dr. David Wiley og utdanning-" -"teknologi-strateg Kim Thanos, skal Lumen Learning forbedre studieresultater, " -"bringe nye ideer til pedagogikken, samt gjøre utdanning rimeligere ved å " -"tilrettelegge det å ta i bruk åpne pedagogiske ressurser. I 2012, slo David " -"og Kim seg sammen om et stipend-finansiert prosjekt kalt Kaleidoscope Open " -"Course Initiative.1 Det involverte en rekke helt åpne generelle " -"utdanningskurs, fordelt på åtte videregående skoler, hovedsakelig med elever " -"i risikosonen. Målet var å redusere lærebokskostnadene, og samarbeide for å " -"forbedre kursene for å hjelpe elevene å lykkes. David og Kim overskred disse " -"målene: Kostnaden for nødvendige lærebøker erstattet med OER, ble redusert " -"til null dollar, og gjennomsnittlig student-suksess økte med fra 5 til 10 " -"prosent, sammenlignet med tidligere år. Etter en ny runde med finansiering, " -"deltok tilsammen mer enn tjuefem institusjoner som alle nyttiggjorde seg av " -"dette prosjektet. Det endret yrkesfremtiden for David og Kim å se den " -"virkningen dette initiativet hadde for lavinntektelever. David og Kim søkte " -"ytterligere finansiering fra Bill og Melinda Gates Foundation, som ba dem om " -"å lage en plan for å utvikle sitt arbeid, slik at det ble økonomisk " -"bærekraftig. Det ble da besluttet å opprette Lumen Learning." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4292 +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" +"Etablert av den åpne utdanningsvisjonære dr. David Wiley og " +"utdanningsteknologistrateg Kim Thanos, skal Lumen Learning forbedre " +"studieresultater, bringe nye ideer til pedagogikken, samt gjøre utdanning " +"rimeligere ved å tilrettelegge det å ta i bruk åpne pedagogiske ressurser. I " +"2012, slo David og Kim seg sammen om et stipendfinansiert prosjekt kalt " +"Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Det involverte en rekke helt åpne generelle utdanningskurs, fordelt på " +"åtte videregående skoler, hovedsakelig med elever i risikosonen. Målet var å " +"redusere lærebokskostnadene, og samarbeide for å forbedre kursene for å " +"hjelpe elevene å lykkes. David og Kim overskred disse målene: Kostnaden for " +"nødvendige lærebøker erstattet med OER, ble redusert til null dollar, og " +"gjennomsnittlig studentsuksess økte med fra 5 til 10 prosent, sammenlignet " +"med tidligere år. Etter en ny runde med finansiering, deltok til sammen mer " +"enn tjuefem institusjoner som alle nyttiggjorde seg av dette prosjektet. Det " +"endret yrkesfremtiden for David og Kim å se den virkningen dette initiativet " +"hadde for lavinntektselever. David og Kim søkte ytterligere finansiering fra " +"Bill og Melinda Gates Foundation, som ba dem om å lage en plan for å utvikle " +"sitt arbeid, slik at det ble økonomisk bærekraftig. Det ble da besluttet å " +"opprette Lumen Learning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5460 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" -"David og Kim gikk vekslet mellom dette skulle organiseres basert på " +"David og Kim vekslet mellom hvorvidt dette skulle organiseres basert på " "nonprofit eller fortjeneste. Nonprofit ville gjøre det mer tilpasset " -"utdanningssektoren, men mente at de i tilfelle stadig måtte være på jakt " -"etter penger og søke de stadig ville være stadig pengeinnsamlingen og søke " -"veldedighetsdonasjoner. Slike donsasjoner krever også at pengene brukes på " -"bestemte måter for bestemte resultater. Hvis du lærer ting underveis, endres " -"forutsetningen for hvordan du tenker donasjonen skal brukes, er det ofte " -"ikke mye fleksibilitet til å gjøre det." +"utdanningssektoren, men betydde at de i tilfelle stadig måtte være på jakt " +"etter penger, og søke tilskudd fra veldedighetsdonasjoner. Slike donasjoner " +"krever også at pengene brukes på bestemte måter for bestemte resultater. " +"Hvis du lærer ting underveis, endres forutsetningen for hvordan du tenker " +"donasjonen skal brukes, er det ofte ikke mye fleksibilitet til å gjøre det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5470 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -9996,16 +10554,16 @@ msgid "" "and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, " "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" -"Men bygd på fortjeneste, vil de måtte overbevise utdanningsinstitusjoner for " -"å betale for hva Lumen hadde å tilby. På den positive siden, ville de har " -"mer kontroll over hva de skal gjøre med inntekter og investeringspenger; De " -"kunne ta avgjørelser å investere eller bruke dem på forskjellig måte basert " -"på situasjonen og skiftende muligheter. Til slutt valgte de fortjeneste-" -"modellen, en annen modell og tilnærming til en økonomisk bærekraftig " -"utvikling." +"Men bygd på fortjeneste, vil de måtte overbevise utdanningsinstitusjoner om " +"å betale for hva Lumen hadde å tilby. På den positive siden ville de har mer " +"kontroll over hva de skal gjøre med inntekter og investeringspenger; de " +"kunne ta avgjørelser om å investere eller bruke dem på forskjellig måte " +"basert på situasjonen og skiftende muligheter. Til slutt valgte de " +"fortjenestemodellen, en annen modell og tilnærming til en økonomisk " +"bærekraftig utvikling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5479 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -10019,8 +10577,8 @@ msgstr "" "det offentlige rom, eller er utgitt med en åpen lisens som tillater andres " "frie bruk og gjenbruk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5487 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -10028,7 +10586,7 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" @@ -10039,46 +10597,47 @@ msgstr "" "tilnærminger og tilbud. I dag tilpasser ikke de så mye som de pleide, og i " "stedet pleier de å jobbe med kunder som kan bruke hyllevaren deres. Lumen " "erfarer at institusjoner og lærere generelt er veldig flinke til å se " -"verdien i det Lumen bidrar med og er villig til å betale for den. Å hjelpe " -"vanskeligstilte elevgrupper har gjort Lumen veldig pragmatisk; De beskriver " -"hva de tilbyr i kvantitative termer - med tall og fakta, og på en måte som " -"er svært elev-fokusert. Lumens Learning hjelper høyskoler og universiteter -" - -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +"verdien i det som Lumen bidrar med og er villig til å betale for den. Å " +"hjelpe vanskeligstilte elevgrupper har gjort Lumen veldig pragmatisk: De " +"beskriver hva de tilbyr i kvantitative termer - med tall og fakta, og på en " +"måte som er svært elev-fokusert. Lumens Learning hjelper høyskoler og " +"universiteter –" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5503 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "å erstatte dyre lærebøker i kurs med mange påmeldinger med OER;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5509 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" -"Og fra første dag gi lærestedets studenter tilgang til Lumens helt " +"og fra første dag gi lærestedets studenter tilgang til Lumens helt " "tilpassbare OER kursmateriell gjennom institusjonens system for " "læringshåndtering;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" -"Måle forbedringer i studentsuksess med beregninger som gjennomstrømning, " -"utholdenhet, og kursfullførelse; Og" +"måle forbedringer i studentsuksess med beregninger som gjennomstrømning, " +"utholdenhet, og kursfullførelse; og" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5522 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" -"samarbeide med fakultetet o å gjøre kontinuerlige forbedringer i OER basert " -"på kunnskap om studentens studiefremgang." +"samarbeide med fakultetet for å gjøre kontinuerlige forbedringer i OER " +"basert på kunnskap om studentens studiefremgang." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5528 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -10089,28 +10648,26 @@ msgstr "" "Lumen har utviklet en rekke åpne, Creative Commons-lisensierte kursopplegg " "for mer enn seksti fag. Alle kurs er fritt og offentlig tilgjengelig rett " "fra deres hjemmeside. De kan kopieres og brukes av andre så lenge de gir " -"henvisning til Lumen Learning og følger betingelsene i Creative Commons-" +"henvisning til Lumen Learning, og følger betingelsene i Creative Commons-" "lisensen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4339 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5536 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" "Så finnes det også tre typer medfølgende tjenester som koster penger. Ett " "alternativ, som Lumen kaller Candela courseware, tilbyr sammenknytting med " "institusjonens læringsbehandligssystem, teknisk og pedagogisk støtte, og " "sporing av effektivitetsgrad. Candela courseware koster institusjonene ti " -"dollar per deltagende student." +"dollar pr. deltagende student." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4345 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5544 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -10121,18 +10678,17 @@ msgstr "" "utvider med personaliserte læringsteknologier, som studieplaner, " "automatiserte meldinger, og vurderinger, og hjelper instruktører med å finne " "og støtte studentene som trenger det mest. Waymaker-utdanningsløp koster 25 " -"dollar per deltagende student." +"dollar pr. deltagende student." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4352 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5551 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" "Den tredje forretningsførselen, i emning, er tilbud om støtte og veiledning " "for institusjoner og offentlige systemer som søker å utvikle fullstendige " @@ -10141,9 +10697,8 @@ msgstr "" "graden (både påkrevde og valgfrie) ved å erstatte kommersielle skolebøker og " "andre dyre ressurser med OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4367 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5560 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -10163,19 +10718,18 @@ msgstr "" "på toppen av deres gratisfag, akkurat som solenergiselskaper tilbyr verktøy " "og tjenester som hjelper folk å bruke en kilde som er gratis. Lumens " "forretningsmodell fokuserer på å få institusjonene til å betale, ikke " -"studentene. Med prosjekter før Lumens tid, lærte David og kim at studenter " +"studentene. Med prosjekter før Lumens tid, lærte David og Kim at studenter " "som har tilgang til alt skolemateriell fra dag én lykkes bedre. Hvis " "studentene skulle ha betalt, ville Lumen måtte ha begrenset tilgangen. Helt " "fra starten var deres holdning at de ikke ville putte materialet bak en " "betalingsmur. Lumen investerer ingenting i teknologier og prosesser for " "begrensing av tilgang, ingen digitale rettighetsbegrensninger, ingen " -"tidsbomber. Dog dette har vært en utfordring fra et forretningsmessig " +"tidsbomber. Selv om dette har vært en utfordring fra et forretningsmessig " "perspektiv, har det sett i forhold til fri tilgang, generert masse godvilje " "i samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4376 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5577 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -10188,36 +10742,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Som oftest finansieres utviklingen av fagene deres av læringsinstitusjonen " "Lumen har kontakt med. Ved konstruksjon av nye fag, jobber Lumen typisk med " -"fakultetet som etterhvert vil stå for opplæringen i det. De er ofte del av " -"institusjonen som betaler Lumen, men noen ganger må Lumen utvide staben og " -"kontakte fakultetet fra andre institusjoner. Først identifiserer fakultetet " -"læringsverdien av faget. Lumen søker så opp, ordner og rensker den beste OER " -"de kan finne i så henseende, som fakultetet så etterser." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4386 -msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +"fakultetet som etter hvert vil stå for opplæringen i de nye kurset. De er " +"ofte del av institusjonen som betaler Lumen, men noen ganger må Lumen utvide " +"staben og kontakte fakultetet fra andre institusjoner. Først identifiserer " +"fakultetet læringsverdien av faget. Lumen søker så opp, ordner og rensker " +"den beste OER de kan finne i så henseende, som fakultetet så etterser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5588 +msgid "" +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." msgstr "" "Noen ganger liker fakultetet den OER som finnes, men ikke presentasjonen av " "den. Den åpne lisensieringen lar Lumen plukke og velge blant bilder, videoer " "og annen media for å tilpasse og skreddersy faget. Lumen lager nytt innhold " "for å dekke svakheter i det som finnes der allerede. Kartotekførsel av " "elementer og tilbakemelding for studenter om fremgangen er områder der " -"innhold ofte må lages. Når et fag først er lager, putter Lumen det på sin " +"innhold ofte må lages. Når et fag først er laget, putter Lumen det på sin " "plattform med alle henvisninger og lenker til opprinnelige kilder, og alt av " -"Lumens innhold blir gitt en Henvisning (CC BY)-lisens." +"Lumens innhold blir gitt en henvisning – Attribusjon (CC BY)-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4392 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5599 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -10231,9 +10784,8 @@ msgstr "" "samme på alle sider. Dette fungerer dog ikke helt ved sammenblanding av " "forskjellig OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4401 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5607 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -10245,15 +10797,16 @@ msgid "" "each page." msgstr "" "Å remikse OER fører ofte med seg flere henvisninger, på hver side av hvert " -"fag—tekst fra ett sted, bilder fra et annet, og videoer fra et tredje. Noe " -"lisensert henvisning (CC BY), andre ting Henvisng-På-Like-Vilkår (CC BY-SA). " -"Hvis informasjonen legges i selve fagteksten, finner man det fra " -"fakultetshold ofte vanskelig å endre og studentene ser på det som en " +"fag – tekst fra ett sted, bilder fra et annet, og videoer fra et tredje. " +"Noen er lisensert som henvisning (CC BY) (Attribution (CC BY)), andre ting " +"som henvisning-På-Like-Vilkår (CC BY-SA) (Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-" +"SA)) . Hvis informasjonen legges i selve fagteksten, finner man det fra " +"fakultetshold ofte vanskelig å endre, og studentene ser på det som en " "distraksjon. Lumen har håndtert denne utfordringen ved å samle lisens og " "henvisninger som metadata, for å få det til å vises på slutten av hver side." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5618 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -10267,22 +10820,22 @@ msgstr "" "presentasjoner, jungeltelegrafen, og anbefalinger. Noen ganger overstiger " "antall generelle henvendelser Lumens salgskapasitet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5626 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." msgstr "" "For å styre etterspørselen og lykkes med prosjekter, er strategien deres å " "være proaktiv og fokusere på hva som skjer i høyere utdanning i ulike " -"regioner i USA, og følge med på hva som skjer på systemnivå og som passer " +"regioner i USA, og følge med på hva som skjer på systemnivå, og som passer " "til hva Lumen kan tilby. Et godt eksempel er Virginias offentlige college-" "system, som bygger opp Z-grader. David og Kim sier det er ni andre " "amerikanske stater med lignende aktivitet på systemnivå, der Lumen " @@ -10290,8 +10843,8 @@ msgstr "" "ressurser for Lumens del, prioriterer de dem som vil ha innvirkning på " "størst antall elever." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5639 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -10304,13 +10857,13 @@ msgstr "" "Som bedrift er Lumen forpliktet til åpenhet. Det er to hovedanliggender det " "ikke forhandles om: Lumens bruk av CC BY, den frieste av Creative Commons-" "lisensene, for alt materiale de lager; og tilgang fra første dag for elever. " -"Å ha hendene over dyna gjør det også mulig å samarbeide med " -"utdanningssektoren for å løse andre utfordringer, og arbeide med " -"institusjoner for å identifisere nye forretningsmodeller som realiserer " -"institusjonens mål, mens bærekraften i Lumen beholdes." +"Å ha klare vilkår gjør det også mulig å samarbeide med utdanningssektoren " +"for å løse andre utfordringer, og arbeide med institusjoner for å " +"identifisere nye forretningsmodeller som realiserer institusjonens mål, mens " +"bærekraften i Lumen beholdes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5649 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -10326,28 +10879,29 @@ msgstr "" "noe som folk ville være forbeholdne med å betale for? Hvordan sikrer man at " "investeringen i den mangfoldige utdanningssektoren lager i OER, ikke blir " "utnyttet? Lumen mener at vi alle trenger å være klar over hvordan vi drar " -"nytte av og bidrar til dette åpne samfunnet." +"nytte av, og bidrar til dette åpne samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5659 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" -"I OER-sektoren er det eksempler på organisasjoner og selv institusjoner, som " -"fungerer som gratispassasjerer. Noen bare tar og bruker åpne ressurser uten " -"å betale noe eller bidra med noe tilbake. Andre gir tilbake minimumsbeløpet " -"så de kan redde ansikt. Bærekraft vil kreve at de som bruker åpne ressurser " -"gir tilbake et beløp som synes rimelig eller til og med gir tilbake generøst." +"I OER-sektoren er det eksempler på organisasjoner, og til og med " +"institusjoner, som fungerer som gratispassasjerer. Noen bare tar og bruker " +"åpne ressurser uten å betale noe eller bidrar med noe tilbake. Andre gir " +"tilbake minimumsbeløpet så de kan redde ansikt. Bærekraft vil kreve at de " +"som bruker åpne ressurser, gir tilbake et beløp som synes rimelig, eller til " +"og med gir tilbake generøst." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5668 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -10357,35 +10911,45 @@ msgid "" "using." msgstr "" "Lumen sporer institusjoner som går inn og bruker det gratis innholdet. De " -"kontaktet disse institusjonene i forkant med et anslag over hvor mye elevene " -"sparer og oppmuntrer dem til å bytte til en betalt modell. Lumen forklarer " +"kontakter disse institusjonene i forkant med et anslag over hvor mye elevene " +"sparer, og oppmuntrer dem til å bytte til en betalt modell. Lumen forklarer " "fordelene med en betalt modell: Et mer interaktivt forhold til Lumen; " "integrasjon med institusjonens læringsplattform; garantert støtte for " "fakultet og studenter; og fremtidige bærekraft med finansiert støtte til " "utvikling og forbedring av den OER-en de bruker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5679 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" +"Lumen arbeider hardt for å være en god deltaker i OER-samfunnet. For David " +"og Kim er en god deltaker en som gir mer enn man tar, legger til ting av " +"unik verdi, og er veldig gjennomsiktig for hva de tar fra dette samfunnet, " +"hva de gir tilbake, og hva de tar penger for. Lumen mener dette er " +"byggesteinene i en bærekraftig modell, og tilstreber en riktig balanse av " +"alle disse faktorene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5688 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " "structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is " "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" +"Lisensiering med CC BY av alt innholdet de produserer er en viktig del av å " +"gi mer verdi enn de tar. De har også jobbet hardt for å finne den rette " +"strukturen for deres verdiøkning, og hvordan de skal pakkes på en måte som " +"er forståelig, og som kan gjentas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -10396,9 +10960,17 @@ msgid "" "funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with angel capital. " "Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." msgstr "" +"I høstesemesteret 2016 hadde Lumen åttiseks ulike åpne kurs, samarbeid med " +"nittito institusjoner, og hadde mer enn syttifem tusen elev og student-" +"påmeldinger. Lumen fikk tidlig oppstartsfinansiering fra Bill og Melinda " +"Gates Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, og Shuttleworth Foundation. Siden da " +"har Lumen også trukket til seg investorfinansiering. De siste tre årene har " +"Lumen vært omtrent 60 prosent donasjonsfinansiert, 20 prosent med inntekter " +"og 20 prosent finansiert av engelinvestorer. Fremover er strategien deres å " +"erstatte donasjoner med inntekter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5706 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -10408,44 +10980,55 @@ msgid "" "people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about " "trust." msgstr "" +"Ved å lage Lumen Learning, sier David og Kim at de har landet på løsninger " +"de aldri hadde forestilt seg, og det er fortsatt mye læring. For dem er åpne " +"forretningsmodeller et voksende felt, der vi alle lærer gjennom deling. " +"Deres viktigste anbefalinger for andre som ønsker å basere seg på åpne " +"modeller, er å forplikte seg til å åpne ressursene offentlig, og la folk " +"vite hvor du står, og ikke vike tilbake. Det er et spørsmål om tillit." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4487 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4489 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5717 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "Jonathan Mann" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5720 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann er en sanger og låtskriver som er mest kjent som «Song A Day»-" +"fyren. Han holder til i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> og <ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann." +"bandcamp.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5726 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for tilpassede " +"tjenester, Betal-hva-du-vil, folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling " +"for personlige versjoner (inntekter fra foredrag og musikalske opptredener)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4500 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5731 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 22. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5739 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -10456,9 +11039,17 @@ msgid "" "and motivation. He has been hired by major conferences to write songs " "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann tenker på sin forretningsmodell som «luring» – å gripe nesten " +"enhver anledning han ser for å tjene penger. Hoveddelen av inntekten hans " +"kommer fra å skrive sanger på oppdrag for folk og bedrifter, men han har en " +"rekke inntektskilder. Han har tilhengere på folkefinansieringsiden Patreon. " +"Han får annonseinntekter fra YouTube og Bandcamp, der han legger ut all sin " +"musikk. Han får inntekter fra å holde foredrag om kreativitet og motivasjon. " +"Han er blitt engasjert til større konferanser for å skrive sanger som " +"oppsummerer hva innlederne har sagt i konferansens sesjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5750 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -10469,33 +11060,51 @@ msgid "" "conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time " "magazine." msgstr "" +"Hans gründeregenskaper er kombinert med en vilje til å handle raskt. En " +"perfekt illustrasjon på hans evne til å handle raskt kom i 2010 da han leste " +"at Apple hadde en konferanse dagen etter for å rette opp i et rot knyttet " +"til iPhone 4. Han besluttet å skrive og sende en sang om iPhone 4 den dagen, " +"og dagen etter fikk han en telefon fra de PR-ansvarlige hos Apple som ville " +"bruke og fremme hans video på Apple-konferansen. Sangen gikk viralt, og " +"erfaringen ga ham oppslag i Time magazine." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5761 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " "holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily songwriting, and he is " "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" +"Jonathans vellykkede «luring» handler også om god gammeldags utholdenhet. " +"Han holder på i det åttende året på rad med å skrive en sang hver dag. Han " +"holder Guinness verdensrekord for sammenhengende daglig låtskriving, og han " +"er viden kjent som «song-a-day guy» («sang-hver-dag-fyren»)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5768 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" +"Han falt inn i denne rollen, helt naturlig, ved å gripe en tilfeldig " +"mulighet en venn varslet ham om for syv år siden, en hendelse kalt Fun-A-Day " +"(Moro-hver-dag), der folk forventes å skape et kunstverk hver dag i trettien " +"dager i strekk. Han hadde behov for et nytt prosjekt, så han bestemte seg " +"for å skrive og legge ut en sang hver dag. Han la til en videokomponent til " +"sangene fordi han visste at det var mer sannsynlig at folk så på en video på " +"nettet enn bare lyttet til lydfiler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5778 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -10507,41 +11116,70 @@ msgid "" "incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will " "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 -msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Han hadde en virkelig en god tid da han tok utfordringen med tretti-en-" +"dager. Så han bestemte seg for å se om han kunne fortsette med det i ett år. " +"Han har aldri stoppet. Han har skrevet og lagt ut en ny sang bokstavelig " +"talt hver dag, syv dager i uken, siden han startet prosjektet i 2009. Når " +"han ikke skriver sanger som oppdrag for klienter, skriver han sanger om hva " +"han har i tankene den dagen. Sangene hans er fengende og mest muntre, men " +"inneholder ofte minst en undertone av et dypere tema eller mening. Noen " +"ganger er de svært personlige, som sangen han skrev sammen med den forrige " +"kjæresten for å kunngjøre bruddet. Regn eller solskinn, syk eller frisk, " +"Jonathan skriver og legger ut en sang hver eneste dag. Hvis han er på et " +"fly, eller ellers uten tilgang til Internett innen tidsfristen, forbereder " +"han seg, og får noen andre til å legge ut sangen for ham." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5794 +msgid "" +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " "more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write " "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" +"Over tid ble en-sang-om-dagen-jobben grunnlaget for hans levebrød. I " +"begynnelsen tjente han pengene på to måter. Først var ved å delta på et " +"bredt spekter av konkurranser, og vinne en håndfull. Den andre var om de " +"sporadiske sangene og videoene i ulik grad gikk viralt, noe som ville gi " +"flere seere ,og betydde at flere mennesker som ønsket at han skulle skrive " +"sanger for dem. I dag tjener han mesteparten av pengene sine på den måten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5803 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" +"Hans nettsted forklarer hans opptreden som «å ta ethvert budskap fra " +"superenkelt til det helt kompliserte, og formidle budskapet til en dyptfølt, " +"morsom og uvanlig sang». Han tar $ 500 for å produsere en sang og $ 300 for " +"en akustisk sang. Han har vært leid inn for produktlanseringer, bryllup, " +"konferanser og til og med oppstartskampanjer som den som finansierte " +"produksjonen av denne boken." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5812 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" +"Jonathan kan ikke huske når akkurat han først hørte om Creative Commons, men " +"han begynte å bruke CC-lisenser til sine sanger og videoer så snart han " +"oppdaget dette alternativet. «CC virker som en så lett beslutning», sier " +"Jonathan. «Jeg forstår ikke hvordan noe annet kunne være fornuftig. Det " +"virker så åpenbart at du skulle ønske at ditt arbeid skulle kunne deles»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5820 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -10551,9 +11189,16 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said. “That is how music has worked since the beginning of time. " "Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" +"Sangene hans er i hovedsak markedsføring av tjenestene hans, og det er " +"åpenbart at jo videre sangene spres, jo bedre. Å bruke CC-lisenser hjelper " +"til med å smøre hjulene, lar folk få vite at Jonathan tillater, og " +"oppfordrer dem til å kopiere og samhandle med, og remikse hans musikk. «Hvis " +"du lar noen lage en coverlåt, remikser den, eller bruke deler av den, er det " +"hvordan musikk skal fungere», sier Jonathan. «Det er hvordan musikk har vært " +"fra tidenes begynnelse. Vår meg-meg, min-min kultur har undergravd det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5830 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -10561,9 +11206,14 @@ msgid "" "build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of that,” " "Jonathan said." msgstr "" +"Det er noen mennesker som brer hans sanger ganske regelmessig, og han ville " +"aldri stengt. Men han erkjenner det er mye mer han kunne gjøre for å bygge " +"et fellesskap. «Det er all denne konvensjonelle visdommen om hvordan man " +"bygger opp et publikum på nettet, og jeg vanligvis ikke tror jeg gjør noe av " +"det», sa Jonathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5837 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -10573,9 +11223,16 @@ msgid "" "sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of writing custom songs for " "clients." msgstr "" +"Han har en fangruppe han dyrker på Bandcamp, men det er ikke hans " +"hovedfokus. «Jeg har et kjernepublikum som har holdt fast i virkelig lang " +"tid, noen enda lenger enn jeg har laget en sang om dagen», sa han. «Det er " +"også overganger der noen er innom og får det de trenger, og deretter går " +"videre». Å fokusere mindre på å bygge et fellesskap enn andre artister er " +"fornuftig, gitt at Jonathans primære inntektskilde er å skrive egendefinerte " +"sanger for klienter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -10583,17 +11240,25 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" +"Jonathan kjenner igjen hva som er naturlig for ham, og benytter disse " +"ferdighetene. Gjennom praktisering av daglig låtskriving innså han at han " +"har en gave til å omsette kompliserte temaer til enkle begreper, og omsette " +"dem til musikk. I sin sang «Hvordan velge et hovedpassord» forklarte " +"Jonathan prosessen med å lage et sikkert passord i en dum, enkel sang. Han " +"ble ansatt for å skrive sangen for en klient som ga ham et langt teknisk " +"blogginnlegg som han trakk informasjonen ut av. Som en god (og sjelden) " +"journalist oversatte han tekniske begreper til noe forståelig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5859 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -10602,18 +11267,34 @@ msgid "" "about or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that " "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4621 +"Når han har fått i oppdrag av en klient å skrive en sang, ber han dem først " +"om å sende en liste med snakkepunkter og annen informasjon som de ønsker å " +"ha med i sangen. Han legger alt dette i en tekstfil, og begynner å flytte " +"ting rundt omkring, klippe og lime, til budskapet begynner å samle seg. Det " +"første han prøver å få taket på er kjernen i budskapet og å utvikle " +"refrenget. Så han ser han etter koblinger eller deler som kan gi rytme. Hele " +"arbeidsprosessen ligner virkelig god journalistikk, men sluttproduktet er " +"selvfølgelig en sang i stedet for nyheter. «Det er noe om å bli utfordret og " +"tvunget til å ta informasjon som ikke ser ut som om den skal synges om, " +"eller virker som den passer til en sang», sa han. «Jeg synes at denne " +"kreative utfordringen er veldig tilfredsstillende. Jeg liker å gå vill i den " +"prosessen»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5874 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" +"Jonathan innrømmer at i en ideell verden ville han bare skrive musikken han " +"ønsket å skrive, heller enn hva kunder ansetter ham for å skrive. Men hans " +"forretningsmodell handler om å utnytte sin styrke som låtskriver, og han har " +"funnet en måte å holde det interessant for seg selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -10625,20 +11306,36 @@ msgid "" "reasons; he is best at using his own unique style rather than mimicking " "others." msgstr "" +"Jonathan bruker nesten hvert eneste mulige verktøy for å tjene penger på sin " +"kunst, men han har grenser han ikke vil overskride. Han vil ikke skrive " +"sanger om ting han fundamentalt ikke tror på, og det prinsippet har til " +"tider ført til at han har avslått jobber. Han vil heller ikke gå for langt " +"fra sin naturlige stil. «Min stil er enkel («dum»), så jeg kan egentlig ikke " +"gi plass til folk som ønsker noe supert alvorlig», sier Jonathan. «Jeg gjør " +"det jeg gjør veldig lett, og det er en del av hvem jeg er». Jonathan har " +"ikke påtatt seg å skrive reklamesnutter av samme grunn. Han er best på å " +"bruke sin egen unike stil i stedet for å etterligne andres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5893 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" +"Jonathans en sang-hver-dag-forpliktelse (a song-a-day commitment) " +"eksemplifiserer kraften av vane og gnissel (mot). Konvensjonell visdom om " +"kreativ produktivitet, medregnet råd i bøker som bestselgeren The Creative " +"Habit av Twyla Tharp, understreker rutinemessig viktigheten av ritual og " +"handling. Ingen planlegging kan erstatte verdien av enkel praksis og det å " +"bare gjøre. Jonathan Manns arbeid er en levende legemliggjøring av disse " +"prinsippene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5902 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -10646,79 +11343,111 @@ msgid "" "comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song " "might be better." msgstr "" +"Når han snakker om sitt arbeid, snakker han om hvor mye en sang-om-dagen-" +"prosessen har endret ham. Mer enn å se et hvilket som helst arbeid som " +"edelt, og bli sittende fast i å gjøre det perfekt, har han blitt komfortabel " +"med bare å gjøre det. Hvis sangen i dag er en miss, kan morgendagens sang " +"bli bedre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5909 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" +"Jonathan synes å ha denne mentaliteten om sin karriere mer generelt. Han " +"eksperimenterer stadig med måter å leve på, mens han deler sitt arbeid så " +"mye som mulig, og ser hva som holder vann. Mens han har prestasjoner han er " +"stolt av, som å være i Guinness rekordbok, eller har sin sang som ble brukt " +"av Steve Jobs, sier han at aldri føler seg virkelig vellykket." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5917 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" +"«Suksess føles som det er slutt», sa han. «Til en viss grad vil ikke en " +"kreativ person noensinne føle seg helt fornøyd, fordi da vil så mye av det " +"du driver med være borte.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4657 -msgid "## Noun Project" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5923 +msgid "Noun Project" +msgstr "Noun Project" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4661 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5926 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" +"Noun Project er et for-profit selskap som tilbyr en nettplattform som viser " +"visuelle ikoner fra et globalt nettverk av designere. Stiftet i 2010 i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4663 -msgid "thenounproject.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4665 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5933 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling av et " +"transaksjonsgebyr, betaling for tilpassede tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4667 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5936 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 6. oktober 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4669 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5939 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, " +"medgrunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5947 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" +"Noun Project oppretter og deler visuelt språk. Det er millioner som bruker " +"Noun Project-symboler til å forenkle kommunikasjon på tvers av grenser, " +"språk og kulturer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5952 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" +"Den opprinnelige ideen til Noun Project fikk medgrunnlegger Edward Boatman " +"da han var student på skolen for arkitekturdesign. Han hadde alltid laget " +"mange skisser, og begynte å trekke på det som fascinerte ham som barn; som " +"tog, redwood-trær (kjempesequoiatrær) og bulldosere. Han begynte å tenke på " +"hvor flott det ville være om han hadde et enkelt bilde eller lite ikon for " +"hvert enkelt objekt eller begrep i verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5960 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -10726,31 +11455,59 @@ msgid "" "provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could " "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" +"Når Edward dro til jobben i et arkitektfirma, måtte han lage en mengde " +"presentasjonsoppsett for klienter. Men å finne høykvalitetskilder for " +"symboler og ikoner var vanskelig. Han kunne ikke finne noe nettsted som " +"kunne skaffe dem. Kanskje kunne hans idé om å lage et ikon-bibliotek faktisk " +"hjelpe dem som var i lignende situasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5968 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" +"Med sin partner, Sofya Polyakov, begynte han å samle symboler til et " +"nettsted, og skrive en forretningsplan. Inspirasjonen kom fra boken " +"«Professoren og galningen», som nedtegner bruken av folkefinansiering for å " +"lage Oxford English Dictionary i 1870. Edward begynte å forestille seg " +"folkefinansiering av ikoner og symboler fra frivillige designere over hele " +"verden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5979 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5976 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4709 +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." +msgstr "" +"Så ble Edward permittert i nedgangstiden, noe som viste seg å være en viktig " +"katalysator. Han bestemte seg å gi sin idé en sjanse, og i 2010 lanserte " +"Edward og Sofya Noun Projectet med en Kickstarter-kampanje, den gang " +"Kickstarter var i sin barndom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De " +"trodde det ville være en god måte å introdusere deres idé for det globale " +"nettsamfunnet. Målet var å få inn $1,500, men på tjue dager de fikk over " +"$14,000. Da skjønte de at ideen deres hadde potensiale til å bli noe mye " +"større." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5985 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -10758,9 +11515,14 @@ msgid "" "drawings just gathering “digital dust” on their hard drives. It’s easy to " "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" +"De laget en plattform der symboler og ikoner kan lastes opp, og Edward " +"begynte å rekruttere talentfulle designere til å bidra med sin design, en " +"prosess som han beskriver som relativt lett å selge. Mange designere har " +"gamle tegninger som bare samlet «\"digitalt støv» på harddiskene sine. Det " +"er lett å overbevise dem om endelig å dele dem med verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4717 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5993 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -10769,18 +11531,28 @@ msgid "" "reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the relationship they " "have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet har i dag om lag syv tusen designere fra hele verden. Men " +"ikke alle innleveringer er tillatt. Noun Projectet har en kvalitetskontroll " +"som betyr at bare de beste arbeidene blir en del av samlingen. De sørger for " +"å gi oppmuntrende, konstruktive tilbakemeldinger når de avviser et arbeid, " +"som bibeholder og bygger videre på forholdet de har med sitt globale " +"fellesskap av designere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6002 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " "Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a " "business model around free content." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons er en integrert del i Noun Project sin forretningsmodell; " +"denne beslutningen ble inspirert av Chris Andersons bok Free: The Future of " +"Radical Price, som ga Edward ideen om at du kan bygge en forretningsmodell " +"rundt gratis innhold." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6009 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -10793,115 +11565,197 @@ msgid "" "want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, " "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" +"Edward visste at han ønsket å tilby et gratis visuelt språk samtidig som det " +"ble gitt noe beskyttelse og belønning for bidragsytere. Det er en spenning " +"mellom disse to målene. For Edward bringer Creative Commons-lisensene denne " +"idealismen og forretningsmuligheten elegant sammen. Han valgte Attribution " +"(CC BY)-lisensen, som betyr at folk kan laste ned ikoner gratis, og endre " +"dem, og også bruke dem kommersielt. Kravet om å henvise til den opprinnelige " +"kreative personen sikrer at skaperen kan bygge et omdømme, og få global " +"anerkjennelse for sitt arbeid. Hvis de bare vil tilby et ikon som folk kan " +"bruke uten å gi noen kreditt for det, kan de bruke CC0 til å legge arbeidet " +"ut i det offentlige rom." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6023 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" +"Noun Projects forretningsmodell og metode for å generere inntekter har " +"utviklet seg signifikant over tid. Deres opprinnelige plan var å selge T-" +"skjorter med ikoner, som Edward i ettertid sier var en forferdelig idé. De " +"fikk en masse e-post fra folk sier de elsket ikonene. Men spurte om de kunne " +"betale et gebyr i stedet for å gi referanse. Reklamebyråer ønsket (blant " +"andre) å holde markedsføring og presentasjonsmateriale rent og uten " +"referanseuttalelser. For Edward: «Det var da lyspæren vår sa poff»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6033 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" +"De spurte sitt globale nettverk av designere om de ville være åpne for å " +"motta en beskjeden godtgjørelse i stedet for referanse. Designere så det som " +"en vinn-vinn-situasjon. Ideen om at du kan tilby design gratis og ha et " +"globalt publikum, og kanskje til og med tjene litt penger, var ganske " +"spennende for de fleste designere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6040 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4772 +"Noun Projectet adopterte først en modell der å bruke et symbol uten å gi " +"referanse ville koste $1,99 per ikon. Modellens andre trinn er å legge til " +"en abonnementskomponent, der det vil være en månedlig avgift opp til et " +"visst antall ikoner - ti, femti, hundre eller fem hundre. Imidlertid likte " +"ikke brukere disse skarpe telle-alternativene. De foretrakk å prøve ut mange " +"lignende ikoner for å se hva som fungerte best før de til slutt velger den " +"de ville bruke. Så Noun Project flyttet over til en ubegrenset modell, der " +"brukerne har ubegrenset tilgang til hele biblioteket for en fast " +"månedsavgift. Denne tjenesten kalles NounPro og koster $9,99 per måned. " +"Edward sier denne modellen fungerer bra: Bra for kunder, bra for skapere, og " +"bra for plattformen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6054 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4776 -msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." +msgstr "" +"Kundene begynte så å be om en grenseflate med et programmeringsverktøy (API " +"- Application Programming Interface ), som ville tillate direkte tilgang til " +"Noun Projectets ikoner og symboler fra andre programmer. Edward visste at " +"ikonene og symbolene ville være verdifulle i mange ulike sammenhenger, og at " +"det var umulig å vite hvilke på forhånd, så de bygde en API med mye " +"fleksibilitet. De visste at de fleste API-programmer ønsker å bruke ikonene " +"uten referanse, og API ble derfor bygget uten å kunne gi referanser. Du kan " +"bruke gratis det som kalles «Playgound API» for å teste hvordan den passer " +"med hva du skal bruke den til. Men full implementering vil kreve kjøp av en " +"API Pro-versjon." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6068 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet deler inntektene med sine internasjonale designere. For " +"engangskjøp deles inntektene 70 prosent til designer og 30 prosent til Noun " +"Projectet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." +msgstr "" +"Inntektene fra premiumkjøp (abonnement og API-alternativene) deles litt " +"annerledes. På slutten av hver måned, deles den totale inntekten fra " +"abonnementer mellom Noun Project samlede antall nedlastinger, noe som gir " +"en pris pr. nedlasting; - for eksempel kan det bli $ 0.13 pr. nedlasting for " +"denne måneden. For hver nedlasting deles inntektene 40 prosent til designer " +"og 60 prosent til Noun Projectet. (For API-bruk er det pr. bruk, i stedet " +"for pr. nedlasting.) Noun Projectets andel er høyere denne gangen, etter " +"som det stiller opp med en større andel av tjenesten til brukeren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6085 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6157 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet prøver å være helt åpne om hvilken struktur godtgjøringen har." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De pleier å overkommunisere dette " +"overfor innholdsleverandørene fordi å bygge tillit har høyeste prioritet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6089 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " "creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to " "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" +"For de fleste innholdsleverandører som bidrar til Noun Projectet er det ikke " +"en fulltidsjobb, men noe som kommer i tillegg. Edward kategoriserer " +"månedslønnen for leverandørene i tre hovedkategorier: Nok penger til å kjøpe " +"øl, nok til å betale regningene, og de mest vellykkede av alle, nok til å " +"betale husleien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6096 msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4814 +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet lanserte nylig en ny app kalt Lingo. Designere kan bruke " +"Lingo til å organisere ikke bare deres Noun Project-ikoner og symboler, men " +"også sine egne bilder, illustrasjoner, UX design (UX - User eXperience), og " +"så videre. Du bare drar visuelle elementer direkte inn i Lingo og lagrer " +"dem. Lingo fungerer også for team slik at folk kan dele bilder med hverandre " +"og søke gjennom sine kombinerte samlinger. Lingo er gratis til personlig " +"bruk. I en pro-versjon for $ 9,99 pr. måned kan du legge til gjester. En " +"team-versjon til $ 49,95 pr. måned lar opptil til tjuefem gruppemedlemmer " +"samarbeide - og vise, bruke, redigere og legge til nye ressurser i andres " +"samlinger. Og hvis du abonnerer på NounPro, kan du åpne Noun Projectet " +"direkte fra Lingo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6110 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -10909,37 +11763,54 @@ msgid "" "design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas " "visually." msgstr "" +"Noun Project gir massevis av verdi bort gratis. En svært stor andel av deres " +"omtrent en million medlemmer har en gratis konto, men det er fortsatt mange " +"betalte kontoer fra digital designere, reklame- og designbyråer, lærere og " +"andre som trenger å kommunisere ideer visuelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6117 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" +"For Edward er «å lage, dele og feire verdens visuell språk» det viktigste " +"ved hva de gjør; det er deres uttalte formål. Det skiller dem fra andre som " +"tilbyr grafikk, ikoner eller utklipp." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6123 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" +"Noun Projects designere er enige. Når det kartlegges hvorfor de deltar i " +"Noun Project, rangerer designere sine grunner slik: 1) for å støtte Noun " +"Projects hovedoppgave, 2) for å fremme sin egen personlige merkevare, og 3) " +"for å tjene penger. Det er påfallende å se at pengene kommer på tredjeplass " +"og hovedoppgaven først. Hvis du ønsker å engasjere et globalt nettverk av " +"bidragsytere, er det viktig å ha et oppdrag utover det å tjene penger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6132 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " "genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and credibility. " "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" +"Fra Edvards synspunkt er Creative Commons sentral i deres hovedoppgave med å " +"dele og gi sosial nytte. Å bruke Creative Commons gjør Noun Projects oppdrag " +"genuint, og innledningsvis genererte det mye trekkraft og troverdighet. CC " +"kommer med et innebygd fellesskap med brukere og tilhengere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6139 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -10949,30 +11820,49 @@ msgid "" "it. But you need to continue to foster that community through other " "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" +"Edward fortalte oss «Ikke undervurder kraften i et kraftig engasjert " +"fellesskap rundt produktet eller firmaet. De vil virkelig kjempe for deg om " +"du blir hengt ut i media. Hvis du går i gang og velger å arbeide med " +"Creative Commons, tar du det første skrittet til å bygge et stort " +"fellesskap, og plugger deg til et virkelig fantastisk fellesskap følger med. " +"Men du må fortsette å fostre det fellesskapet med andre initiativer, og " +"fortsette å gi det næring»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6149 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " "profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also " "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet fremmer den andre motivasjonen til dem som laget det; å " +"fremme en personlig merkevare – ved å koble hvert ikon og symbol til " +"designerens navn og profilside. Hver profil viser hele samlingen deres. " +"Brukerne kan også søke i ikonene etter designerens navn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6156 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." +msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet bygger også fellesskap gjennom Iconathoner – hackathon-" +"eventer for ikoner.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I samarbeid med " +"en sponsororganisasjon foreslår Noun Prosjektet et tema (f.eks bærekraftig " +"energi, matbank, gerilja hagearbeid, menneskerettigheter) og en liste over " +"ikoner som trengs, som designere blir bedt om å lage på arrangementet. " +"Resultatene vektes og legges til Noun Projectet med CC0-lisens slik at de " +"kan brukes gratis av alle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6165 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -10982,73 +11872,78 @@ msgid "" "world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has " "been key to that goal." msgstr "" +"Å gi en gratis produktversjon som tilfredsstiller mange kunders behov, har " +"faktisk gjort det mulig for Noun Projectet å bygge en betalt versjon med en " +"serviceorientert modell. Noun Projectets suksess ligger i å skape tjenester " +"og innhold som er en strategisk blanding av gratis og betalt,og samtidig " +"være tro mot sitt oppdrag – å skape, dele og feire verdens visuelle språk. Å " +"integrere Creative Commons i modellen har vært nøkkelen til å nå dette målet." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4866 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4868 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6176 +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "Open Data-instituttet" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6179 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" +"Open Data Institute er et uavhengig nonprofit foretak som kobler, utstyrer " +"og inspirerer folk rundt om i verden til å innovere med data. Grunnlagt i " +"2012 i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4874 -msgid "theodi.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6186 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Stipendier og " +"offentlig finansiering, betaling for tilpassede tjenester, donasjoner" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6189 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjudato</emphasis>: 11. november 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6192 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, teknisk " +"direktør" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6200 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" +"Det London-baserte Open Data Institute (ODI) ble etablert av Sir Tim Berners-" +"Lee og Sir Nigel Shadbolt i 2012, og tilbyr datatrening, arrangementer, " +"konsulenttjenester og forskning. For ODI er Creative Commons-lisenser " +"sentrale både når de lager sin egen forretningsmodell og de kundene deres " +"lager. CC BY (Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), og CC0 " +"(plassert i det offentlige rom), alle har en avgjørende rolle i ODIs oppgave " +"å hjelpe folk rundt i verden å innovere med data." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -11060,9 +11955,18 @@ msgid "" "can help citizens improve their lives by better understanding what is " "happening around them." msgstr "" +"Data underbygger planlegging og beslutningsprosesser på alle " +"samfunnsområder. Værdata hjelper bønder til å å vite når de skal plante sine " +"avlinger, flytidsdata fra flyselskaper hjelper oss å planlegge vår reise, " +"data om lokale boliger informerer om byplanleggingen. Når dataene er ikke " +"bare nøyaktige og og i rett tid, men er åpne og tilgjengelige, åpnes nye " +"muligheter. Åpne data kan være en ressurs for bedrifter til å bygge nye " +"produkter og tjenester. De kan hjelpe regjeringer til å måle fremgang, " +"forbedre effektiviteten og målrette investeringer. Det kan hjelpe borgere " +"til å forbedre sine liv ved å bedre forstå hva som skjer rundt dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6222 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -11070,31 +11974,53 @@ msgid "" "policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data " "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" +"Open Data Institutet sin forretningsplan for 2012 – 2017 starter ved å " +"beskrive visjonen om å etablere seg som et verdensledende senter, og å " +"forske og være nyskapende med mulighetene som åpner seg med den britiske " +"regjeringens åpne datapolitikk. (Regjeringen var en pioner i åpen politikk " +"og åpne-data-initiativer.) Den fortsetter med å si at ODI vil –" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" +"demonstrere den kommersielle verdien av åpne offentlige data, og hvordan " +"åpen data-politikk berører dette;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6238 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" +"utvikle eksempler på de økonomiske fordelene – og forretningsmodeller for " +"åpne data." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6244 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" +msgstr "hjelpe britiske bedrifter å bruke åpne data; og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6249 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6249 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"vise hvordan åpne data kan forbedre offentlige tjenester. <placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6254 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -11103,29 +12029,45 @@ msgid "" "cuts across both, with an emphasis on where they overlap—with open data.” " "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" +"ODI er veldig klar på hvordan de ønsker å lage åpne forretningsmodeller, og " +"definere hva dette betyr. Jeni Tennison, ODIs tekniske direktør, sier det " +"slik: «Det er et helt åpent økosystem – fri programvare, åpen regjering, " +"åpen tilgang til forskning – og et helt økosystem av data. ODIs arbeid går " +"tvers over begge, med vekten på der de overlapper – med åpen data». ODIs " +"særlige fokus er å vise åpne datas potensiale for å gi inntekter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6264 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" +"Som et uavhengig nonprofit-foretak sikret ODI seg £ 10 millioner over fem år " +"fra den britiske regjeringen via Innovate UK, et byrå som fremmer innovasjon " +"innen vitenskap og teknologi. Med denne finansiering må ODI sikre seg " +"tilsvarende midler fra andre kilder, der noen ble oppnådd ved en $ 4,75 " +"millioner investering fra Omidyar Network." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6272 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" +"Jeni startet som utvikler og teknisk arkitekt for data.gov.uk, den britiske " +"regjeringens banebrytende åpne-data-initiativ. Hun hjalp til med å gjøre " +"datasett fra regjeringens avdelinger tilgjengelige åpne data. Hun begynte " +"ODI i 2012 i oppstartfasen, som en av seks personer. Nå er det rundt seksti " +"ansatte." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -11133,19 +12075,32 @@ msgid "" "establishes some stability, but also keeps them motivated to go out and " "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" +"ODI bestreber seg på at halvdelen av det årlige budsjett skal kommer fra UKs " +"regjering og donasjoner fra Omidyar, og den andre halvdelen fra prosjekt-" +"basert forskning og kommersielle oppdrag. Etter Jenis syn, har denne " +"balansen i inntektskilder gitt noe stabilitet, men den holder dem også " +"motivert til å gå ut og generere tilsvarende inntekter som svar på behov i " +"markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6287 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" +"På den kommersielle siden genererer ODI inntekter ved medlemskap, opplæring " +"og rådgivning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6302 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6291 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -11153,11 +12108,21 @@ msgid "" "corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " "members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the " "benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members " -"are listed on their website.)2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4967 +"are listed on their website.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Du kan delta i ODI som personlig eller kommersielt medlem. Individuelle " +"medlemskap er betal-hva-du-kan, med alternativer fra £1 til £100. Medlemmer " +"mottar nyhetsbrev og relatert kommunikasjon og rabatt på ODIs kurs og " +"årssamling, og de kan vise et ODI-tilhenger merke på sin hjemmeside. " +"Kommersielle medlemskap er delt inn i to klasser: Små og mellomstore " +"bedrifter og ideelle organisasjoner som betaler £720 per år, og selskaper og " +"offentlige organisasjoner som betaler £2200 året. Kommersielle medlemmer " +"har større muligheter til å koble seg til og samarbeide, utnytte fordelene " +"med åpne ddata, og åpne opp for nye forretningsmuligheter. (Alle medlemmer " +"er listet på nettsiden deres). <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6305 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -11170,9 +12135,19 @@ msgid "" "sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so they can " "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" +"ODI gir standardisert opplæringskurs i åpne data der alle kan melde seg på. " +"Den opprinnelige ideen var å tilby et intensivt og akademisk diplom i åpne " +"data, men det ble raskt klart det ikke var noe marked for det. I stedet " +"tilbød de fem dager lange offentlige opplæringskurs, som senere er redusert " +"til tre dager. Nå er det mest populære kurset på en dag. Avgiften, i tillegg " +"til den tiden det krever, kan være en barriere for deltakelse. Jeni sier: " +"\"De fleste av de som kunne betale vet ikke at de trenger det. De fleste som " +"vet at de trenger det, kan ikke betale.\" Offentlige organisasjoner gir noen " +"ganger kuponger til sine ansatte, så de kan delta som en form for faglig " +"utvikling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6319 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -11181,9 +12156,15 @@ msgid "" "their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The training " "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" +"ODI tilpasser trening for klienter, som det er mer etterspørsel. Tilpasset " +"opplæring vanligvis kommer gjennom en etablert forhold med en organisasjon. " +"Treningsprogrammet er basert på en definisjon av åpen-data kunnskap som " +"gjelder for organisasjonen og ferdighetene som trengs i deres høyt nivå " +"ledere, administrasjon og teknisk personale. Opplæring til å generere stor " +"interesse og engasjement." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6328 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -11191,9 +12172,14 @@ msgid "" "public, and hundreds of people and organizations attend and participate. In " "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" +"Opplæring om åpne data er også en del av ODIS årssamling, der foredrag og " +"presentasjoner viser frem resultater fra ODI og medlemmer fra hele " +"økosystemet. Billetter til eventen er offentlig tilgjengelig, og hundrevis " +"av besøkende og organisasjoner er til stede og deltar. I 2014 var det fire " +"tematiske spor og over 750 deltakere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6336 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -11202,23 +12188,33 @@ msgid "" "on government, but ODI is working to shift more toward commercial " "organizations." msgstr "" +"I tillegg til medlemskap og trening utfører ODI rådgiving og bistand med " +"teknisk-data støtte, teknologiutvikling, endringsledelse, politikk og på " +"andre områder. ODI har rådgitt store kommersielle organisasjoner, små " +"bedrifter og internasjonale myndigheter. I øyeblikket er fokus på " +"regjeringen, men ODI arbeider med å skifte mer til kommersielle " +"organisasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4992 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6345 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" +"På den kommersielle siden synes følgende verdistanspunkter å være resonable:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6351 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" +"Data-drevet innsikt. Bedrifter trenger data utenfra for å få mer innsikt. " +"Bedrifter kan generere verdi og mer effektivt følge sine egne mål når de " +"også åpner opp sine egne data. Store data er et hett tema." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6359 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -11226,18 +12222,27 @@ msgid "" "is to invite other people to help while still maintaining organizational " "autonomy." msgstr "" +"Åpen nyskapning. Mange store bedrifter er klar over at de ikke innoverer " +"godt. En måte de kan skape noe nytt på er å åpne opp sine data. ODI " +"oppmuntrer dem til å gjøre det, selv om det viser problemer og utfordringer. " +"Nøkkelen er å invitere andre til å hjelpe, og samtidig opprettholde " +"organisatorisk uavhengighet." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6368 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " "business is just thinking about open data as a way to be transparent and " "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" +"Samfunnsansvar. Mens dette klinger for bedrifter, advarer ODI mot å ha det " +"som den eneste grunnen for å gjøre data åpne. Hvis en virksomhet er bare " +"tenker åpne som en måte å være gjennomsiktig og ansvarlig, kan de glippe i " +"effektivitet og muligheter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6377 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -11246,69 +12251,123 @@ msgid "" "contracted as a service provider to international governments, which " "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" +"I sine tidlige år ønsket ODI å fokusere utelukkende på Storbritannia. Men i " +"sitt første år, ønsket store delegasjoner fra regjeringer, fra over 50 land, " +"å lære mer om den britiske regjeringens åpen-data-praksis og hvordan ODI så " +"den kunne omdannes til økonomiske verdier. De ble leid inn som en " +"tjenesteleverandør til internasjonale orgnisasjoner, som signaliserte et " +"behov for å sette opp internasjonale ODI \"noder.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" +"Noder er linsensiering av ODI regionalt eller på bynivå. Arrangert av " +"eksisterende (for-fortjeneste eller ideelle) organisasjoner, opererer de " +"lokalt, men er en del av det globale nettverket. Hver ODI-node vedtar et " +"charter, et sett med styrende prinsipper og regler som ODI driver. De " +"utvikler og levere opplæring, kobler mennesker og virksomheter gjennom " +"medlemskap og arrangementer, og kommuniserer åpent-data historier fra sin " +"del av verden. Det er tjuesju ulike noder i nitten land. ODI-noder betaler " +"en liten avgift for å være en del av nettverket og bruke varemerket." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6400 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6398 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"ODI driver også programmer for å bistå grunder-foretak i Storbritannia og " +"Europa for å utvikle bærekraftig virksomhet rundt åpne data, der de tilbyr " +"veiledning, gir råd, lærer opp og til og med skaffer kontorlokaler. " +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6404 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" +"En stor del av ODIS forretningsmodell dreier seg om å bygge fellesskap. " +"Medlemskap, opplæring, konferanser, konsulenttjenester, noder og oppstart " +"programmer oppretter et stadig voksende nettverk av åpne-data brukere og " +"ledere. (Faktisk har ODI selv noe som kalles Open Data Leaders Network.) For " +"ODI er fellesskapet nøkkelen til suksess. De vier mye tid og krefter til å " +"bygge det ut, ikke bare på Internett, men gjennom det som skjer ansikt til " +"ansikt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6418 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6413 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"ODI har laget et nettbasert verktøy som organisasjoner kan bruke til å " +"vurdere de juridiske, praktiske, tekniske og sosiale aspektene åpne data. " +"Hvis det er av høy kvalitet, kan organisasjonen oppnå ODIS Open Data " +"Certificate, et globalt anerkjent merke som signaliserer at deres åpne data " +"er nyttige, pålitelige, tilgjengelige, synlige og støttet. <placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " "data, development of open-data tools and standards, and how to deploy open " "data at scale." msgstr "" +"Atskilt fra kommersielle aktiviteter, genererer ODI finansiering med " +"forskningsmidler. Forskning omfatter å dokumentere virkningen av åpne data, " +"å utvikle åpne-data-verktøy og standarder, og hvordan du skalerer opp " +"utplasseringen av åpne data." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6427 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " "to use Creative Commons licenses rather than creating new “open licenses” of " "their own." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons 4.0-lisenser dekker databaserettigheter og ODI anbefaler CC " +"BY, CC BY-SA, og CC0 for datautgivelser. ODI oppfordrer utgivere av data å " +"bruke Creative Commons-lisenser i stedet for å opprette nye egne \"åpne " +"lisenser\"." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6433 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -11317,7 +12376,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -11325,125 +12384,143 @@ msgid "" "According to Jeni, “The biggest lesson we have learned is that it is " "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5073 +"For ODI, er åpent kjernen i det de gjør. De legger også ut enhver " +"programvare-kode de produserer med open-source-programvare lisenser, og " +"publikasjoner og rapporter er under CC BY eller CC BY-SA lisenser. ODIs " +"oppgave er å koble sammen og utstyre folk verden over slik at de kan skape " +"noe nytt med data. Å spre historier, forskning, veiledning og kode med åpne " +"lisenser er avgjørende for å klare den oppgaven. Det viser også at det er " +"fullt mulig å generere bærekraftige inntektsstrømmer som avhengig av " +"restriktiv lisensiering av innhold, data eller kode. Folk betaler for å få " +"opplæring av ODI eksperter, ikke for innholdet av opplæringen; folk betaler " +"for råd ODI gir dem, ikke for metodikken de bruker. Å produsere åpent " +"innhold, data og kildekode hjelper til med å etablere troverdighet og fører " +"videre til de betalte tjenestene de tilbyr. Ifølge Jeni er \"den største " +"lærdommen vi har fått er at det er fullt ut mulig å være åpen, få kunder og " +"tjene penger.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6451 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" +"For å tjene som bevis for en vellykket åpne forretningsmodell og avkastning " +"på investeringer, har ODI et offentlig skjermbilde med nøkkelindikatorer for " +"leveranse. Her er noen beregninger fra 27 April 2016:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6459 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " "nodes and ODI start-ups have generated since joining the ODI program: £44.5 " "million" msgstr "" +"Totalsummen kontantinvesteringer åpnet opp som direkte investeringer i ODI, " +"konkurransefinansiering, direkte kontrakter, partnerskap og inntekt som ODI-" +"noder og ODI start-ups generert siden de begynte i ODI programmet: 44,5 " +"millioner pund" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6467 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Antall aktive medlemmer og noder over hele verden: 1350" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6473 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Totalt salg siden ODI starte: 7.44 millioner pund" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6478 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" +"Totalt antall unike personer nådd siden ODI startet, persolig og på nettet: " +"2,2 millioner" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Totalt antall Open Data Certificater opprettet: 151,000" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5085 -msgid "" -"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6490 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6489 msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" +"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: " +"5,080<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Totalt antall personer trent av ODI og nodene siden ODI startet: " +"5,080<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5096 -msgid "## OpenDesk" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6496 +msgid "OpenDesk" +msgstr "OpenDesk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6499 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Opendesk er et inntektsbasert selskap som tilbyr en nettplattform som kobler " +"sammen møbeldesignere verden over med kunder og lokale beslutningstakere som " +"virkeliggjør designene. Grunnlagt i 2014 i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5102 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5104 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6507 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8922 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling med et " +"transaksjonsgebyr" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6510 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\"> Intervjudato</emphasis>: 4. november 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6513 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\"> Intervjuet</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou og Joni " +"Steiner, medgrunnleggere" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6521 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " "bring the designs to life. Opendesk and the designer receive a portion of " "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" +"Opendesk er en nettplattform som kobler møbeldesignere verden over ikke bare " +"med kunder, men også med lokale registrerte produsenter som bringer " +"designene til liv. Opendesk og designeren får en del av hvert salg fra " +"produsentene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6527 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -11459,18 +12536,36 @@ msgid "" "two projects ultimately went on separate paths, with Wikihouse becoming a " "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +"Medgrunnlegger Nick Ierodiaconou og Joni Steiner studerte og arbeidet sammen " +"som arkitekter. De laget også produkter. Den førte klienten deres var Mint " +"Digital, som hadde en interesse for åpne lisenser. Nick og Joni utforsket " +"digital fabrikasjon og Mints interesse for åpen lisensiering fikk dem til å " +"tenke på hvordan åpen kildekode verdenen kan samhandle og gjelder fysiske " +"varer. De forsøkte å designe noe for sin klient som var også reproduserbart. " +"Som de sa, besluttet de å \"sende oppskriften, men ikke varer.\" De skapte " +"design som bruker programvare, satt dette under en åpen lisens, og fikk det " +"produsert lokalt nær klienten. Dette var starten på ideen om Opendesk. Ideen " +"til Wikihouse - et annet åpent prosjekt var rettet mot å gjøre bolig " +"tilgjengelig bolig for alle - startet som diskusjoner rundt bordet. De to " +"prosjektene ble til slutt separate linjer, Wikihouse ble ideelt og Opendesk " +"et foretak basert på inntekter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6544 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " "way that was even close to realistic or competitive. The design community " "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" +"Da Nick og Joni startet arbeidet med å opprette Opendesk, var det mange " +"spørsmål om distribuert produksjon hadde livets rett. Ingen gjorde det på en " +"måte som engang var nær å være realistisk eller konkurransedyktig. " +"Designfellesskapet hadde intensjonen, men å oppfylle denne visjonen var " +"fortsatt langt unna." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6551 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -11481,9 +12576,18 @@ msgid "" "ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the wheel " "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Og nå vokser denne sektoren, og Nick og Joni er svært interessert i " +"kommersialiseringsaspektene ved den. Som en del av å finne en " +"forretningsmodell, begynte de undersøke immaterielle rettigheter og " +"alternativer for lisensiering. Det var et tornefullt område, spesielt for " +"design. Akkurat hvilke deler av et design er det mulig å åndsverkbeskytte? " +"Hva er patenterbart? Hvordan kan å tillate digital deling og distribusjon " +"veies mot designerens ønske om å fortsatt beholde eierskap? Til slutt, de " +"bestemte det var ikke nødvendig å gjenoppfinne hjulet og avgjorde å bruke " +"Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -11491,17 +12595,25 @@ msgid "" "their designs were sold. Coming up with a business model was going to be " "complex." msgstr "" +"Når de utformet Opendesk-systemet, hadde de to mål. De ønsket at alle, hvor " +"som helst i verden, skulle kunne laste ned design slik at de kunne brukes " +"lokalt, og de ønsket en levedyktig modell som var til fordel for designere " +"når deres design ble solgt. Det viste seg å være komplekst å kommer opp med " +"en forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6569 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" +"De mye tankvirksomhjet i tre retninger; potensialet for sosial deling, å " +"tillate designere å velge sin lisens, og effekten disse valgene ville ha på " +"forretningsmodellen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6574 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -11509,39 +12621,69 @@ msgid "" "choose from the full suite of Creative Commons licenses, deciding for " "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" +"I støtten for sosiale deling, argumenterte Opendesk aktivt for (men krever " +"ikke) åpne lisensiering. Og Nick og Joni er bryr seg ikke om hvilken " +"Creative Commons-lisens som brukes. Det er opp til designeren. De kan være " +"proprietære eller valgt fra hele pakken med Creative Commons-lisenser, og " +"selv bestemme seg for hvor åpen eller lukket de ønsker å være." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6585 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6582 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"For det meste elsker designere tanken på å dele innhold. De forstår at du " +"få positive tilbakemeldinger når du er referert til, hva Nick og Joni kalt " +"\"omdømme-glød\". Og Opendesk gjør en fantastisk jobb med å profilere " +"designere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6588 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " "with the designer not getting any benefits. So most Opendesk designers " "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" +"Mens designere i hovedsak synes personlig deling er greit, er det et problem " +"at noen tar design og produksjon av møbler i bulk, mens designeren ikke " +"sitter igjen med noen fordeler. Så de fleste Opendesk designere velger " +"Attribution-NonCommercial lisensen (CC BY-NC)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6595 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" +"Alle kan laste ned et design og lage produktet selv, forutsatt at det ikke " +"er for kommersielt bruk, og det har vært mange nedlastinger. Eller brukere " +"kan kjøpe produktet fra Opendesk eller fra en registrert produsent i " +"Opendesks nettverk på forespørsel. Nettverket av Opendesks produsenter " +"består i dag både av dem som benytter digital fabrikasjon med en datastyrt " +"CNC (Computer Numeric Control)) maskin som lager former av treplater etter " +"spesifikasjonene i designfilen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6612 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6605 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -11549,153 +12691,220 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 -msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Produsenter har nytte av å være en del av Opendesks nettverk. Å lage møbler " +"for lokale kunder er betalt arbeid og Opendesk gir virksomhet for dem. Joni " +"sa: \"Å finne et helt nettverk og et fellesskap av produsenter var ganske " +"enkelt fordi vi bygget en hjemmeside hvor folk kan skrive om hva de kan " +"gjøre. Byggingen av fellesskapet og gå fremover har skjedd ved å lære av " +"produsent-fellesskapet.\" Opendesk har nå samarbeid med hundrevis av " +"produsenter i land over hele verden. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6615 +msgid "" +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" +"Produsentene er en viktig del av Opendesk forretningsmodell. Modellen ceres " +"bygger på sitater fra produsentene. Hvordan vises på Opendesks nettsted:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6620 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" +"Når kundene kjøper et Opendesk-produkt direkte fra en registrert produsent, " +"betaler de:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6626 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" +"Produksjonskostnadene som angitt av produsenten (som dekker materiale og " +"lønnskostnader slik at produktet kan bli produsert og mulige ekstra " +"monteringskostnader)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6633 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" +"en designavgift til designeren (en designavgift som betales til designer " +"hver gang designen deres brukes)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6639 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" +"en prosentsats Opendesk-plattformen (den støtter infrastrukturen og den " +"kontinuerlige utviklingen av plattformen som trengs for å bygge ut " +"markedsplassen vår)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6646 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" "party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own channels—this " "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" +"en prosentsats til kanalen der salget er gjort (for øyeblikket dette er " +"Opendesk, men i fremtiden ønsker vi å åpne denne opp for tredjeparts selgere " +"som kan selge Opendesk produkter gjennom egne kanaler. Dette dekker salgs- " +"og markedsførings- avgifter for den kanalen det gjelder)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6655 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" +"en lokal leveransekostand (levering er vanligvis belastet fra produsenten, " +"men i noen tilfeller kan den bli betalt til en tredjepart som står for " +"leveringen)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6662 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " "happy to quote for assembly on-site and designers may offer bespoke design " "options)" msgstr "" +"kostnader for eventuelle tilleggstjenester kunden velger, som montering på " +"stedet (tilleggstjenester er skjønnsmessige, i mange tilfelle vil " +"produsentene gjerne ha med montering på stedet og designere kan tilby " +"skreddersydde designvalg)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6671 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5218 -msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6670 +msgid "" +"local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"lokale merverdiavgift (avhengig av hvor kunden og produsenten er) " +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6676 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "De går så i detalj om hvordan produsentens tilbud settes sammen:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" +msgstr "" +"Når en kunde ønsker å kjøpe en Opendesk får de en et åpent oppsett av " +"avgifter inkludert produksjonskostnadene, designgebyr, Opendesk " +"plattformavgift og kanalavgifter. Hvis en kunde velger for å kjøpe ved å " +"komme i direkte kontakt med en registrert lokale maker som bruker en " +"nedlastet Opendesk-fil, er produsenten ansvarlig for at designgebyret, " +"Opendesks plattformavgift og kanalavgifter er inkludert i alle tilbud på " +"salgstidspunktet. Prosentavgiften er alltid basert på de underliggende " +"produksjonskostnadene, og er vanligvis fordelt som følger:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6692 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" +"produksjonskostnader: fabrikasjon, etterbehandling, og andre kostnader som " +"angitt av produsenten (unntatt eventuelle tjenester som levering eller " +"montering på stedet)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6699 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" -msgstr "" +msgstr "designavgift: 8 prosent av produksjonskostnadene" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6704 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" -msgstr "" +msgstr "plattformavgift: 12 prosent av produksjonskostnadene" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6709 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" -msgstr "" +msgstr "kanalavgift: 18 prosent av produksjonskostnadene" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6714 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "mva: gjeldende (avhenger av produkt og hvor salget skjer)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6719 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" +"Opendesk deler inntektene med fellesskapets designere. Ifølge Nick og Joni, " +"er en typisk designeravgift på rundt 2,5 prosent, så Opendesks 8 prosent er " +"mer generøs, og gir en høyere verdi til designeren." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6725 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" +"Opendesk nettsted har bakgrunnshistorier om designere og beslutningstakere. " +"Denis Fuzii publiserte design for Valovi Chair fra sitt studio i São Paulo. " +"Hans design er lastet ned over fem tusen ganger i nittifem land. I.J. CNC " +"Services er Ian Jinks, en profesjonell produsent basert i Storbritannia. En " +"stor andel av hans virksomhet kommer fra Opendesk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6733 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" +"For å administrere ressurser og være effektiv, har Opendesk så langt " +"fokusert på en svært smale nisje - hovedsakelig kontormøbler med en estetikk " +"preget av enkelhet, og som bruker bare én type materiale og en " +"produksjonsteknikk. Dette tillater dem å være mer strategiske og gi mer " +"forstyrrelse i markedet ved å få ting i salg raskt med konkurransedyktige " +"priser. Det gjenspeiler også deres visjon om å skape reproduserbare og " +"funksjonelle produkter ." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6742 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -11703,9 +12912,15 @@ msgid "" "more social, eco-friendly alternative to mass-production and an affordable " "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" +"På sin hjemmeside, beskriver Opendesk hva de gjør som \"åpen produksjon\": " +"\"Designere får en global distribusjonskanal. Produsenter får lønnsomme " +"jobber og nye kunder. Du får designprodukter uten designerprislappen, et mer " +"sosialt og\n" +"miljøvennlig alternativ til masseproduksjon, og en rimelig måte å kjøpe " +"skreddersydde produkter.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -11713,21 +12928,38 @@ msgid "" "community; it’s a great story to tell. It certainly sets apart Opendesk " "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" +"Nick og Joni sier at kunder liker at møblene har et kjent opphav. Folk liker " +"at møbler deres er laget av en viss internasjonal designer, men er laget av " +"en produsent i lokalsamfunnet. Det er en fin historie å fortelle. Den " +"skiller absolutt Opendesk møbler fra vanlige masseproduserte varer fra en " +"butikk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6763 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6758 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" +"Nick og Joni har en fellesskap-basert tilnærming til å definere og utvikle " +"Opendesk, og forretningsmodellen for \"åpen produksjon\". De er de " +"engasjerende strategene og utøverne som kjennetegner denne nye bevegelsen. " +"De har en egen Open Making nettsted, som omfatter et manifest, et " +"feltveiledning og en invitasjon til å bli involvert i Open Making-" +"fellesskapet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Folk kan sende inn " +"ideer og diskutere prinsipper og forretningspraksis de ønsker å se brukt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6767 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -11735,60 +12967,76 @@ msgid "" "of furniture with it. As a consequence, most Opendesk designers choose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" +"Nick og Joni snakket mye med oss om åndsverk (Intellectual Property (IP)) og " +"kommersialisering. Mange av designerne deres frykter tanken på at noen " +"skulle ta en av deres design-filer og lage og selge et uendelig antall " +"møbler med den. Som en konsekvens, velger de fleste Opendesk-designere " +"Attribution-NonCommercial lisensen (CC BY-NC)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6775 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" +"Opendesk etablerte et sett av prinsipper for hva fellesskapet vurderer som " +"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell bruk. Deres hjemmeside fastslår:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6779 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det er en utvetydig kommersiell bruk når noen:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6784 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "krever en avgift eller får en fortjeneste ved å lage en Opendesk" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "selger (eller baserer et kommersiell tjeneste på) en Opendesk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6794 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" +"Det følger av dette at ikke-kommersiell bruk er når du lager et Opendesk-" +"produkt selv, uten å få wn kommersiell fordel eller en økonomisk " +"kompensasjon. For eksempel kvalifiserer disse som ikke-kommersielle:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6802 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" +"du er en med sin egen CNC maskin, eller har tilgang til en delt CNC-maskin, " +"og vil ersonlig kutte til og lage noen få møbler selv" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" +"du er en student (eller lærer) og bruker design-filer til pedagogiske formål " +"eller opplæring (og ikke har tenkt å selge de som blir laget)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6816 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" +"du jobber ideelt og får møbler skåret ut av frivillige, eller av ansatte i " +"digitale verktøyrom, eller i åpne brukerrom" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5313 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6822 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -11798,82 +13046,89 @@ msgid "" "that works for all stakeholders—designers, channels, manufacturers, and " "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" +"Hvorvidt eller ikke folk teknisk gjør ting som impliserer IP, har Nick og " +"Joni funnet at folk har en tendens til å etterkomme ønskene til " +"bidragsyterne ut fra en følelse av rettferdighet. De har funnet ut at " +"atferdsøkonomi kan erstatte noen av de vanskelige juridiske spørsmålene. I " +"sin forretningsmodell, prøver Nick og Joni å flytte fokuset på IP og bygge " +"en åpen forretningsmodell som fungerer for alle interessenter - designere, " +"kanaler, produsenter og forbrukere. For dem ligger verdien Opendesk skaper i " +"\"åpne,\" ikke i IP." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6833 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" +"Oppgaven til Opendesk er å relokalisere produksjonen, noe som endrer måten " +"vi tenker på om hvordan varer blir laget. Kommersialisering er integrert i " +"formålet deres, og de har startet beregningen av hvor vellykket det er, ved " +"spore hvor mange produsenter og designere som får inntektsgivende arbeid " +"gjennom Opendesk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6840 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" +"Som en global plattform for å produsere lokalt, har Opendesks " +"forretningsmodell vært bygd på ærlighet, åpenhet og inkludering. Som Nick og " +"Joni beskriver det, legger de ut ideer som får trekkraft, - og deretter " +"stoler de på folk." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6847 +msgid "OpenStax" +msgstr "OpenStax" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6850 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " "Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" +"OpenStax er en ideell organisasjon som gir gratis, åpent lisensierte " +"lærebøker for innledende college kurs med mange innregistrerte, og Advanced " +"Placement-kurs. Grunnlagt i 2012 i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5339 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6857 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntjeningsmodell</emphasis>: " +"Donasjonfinansiering, betaling for tilpassede tjenester, betaling for " +"fysiske kopier (læreboksalg)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6861 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 16 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6864 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\"> Intervjuet</emphasis>: David Harris, sjefsredaktør" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6872 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -11885,22 +13140,39 @@ msgid "" "customizable educational materials, all licensed with Creative Commons and " "available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" +"OpenStax er en utvidelse av et program kalt Connexions, som ble startet i " +"1999 av dr. Richard Baraniuk, Victor E. Cameron, professor i elektonikk og " +"datavitenskap ved Rice University i Houston, Texas. Frustrert av " +"begrensningene til tradisjonelle lærebøker og kurs, ønsker dr. Baraniuk å gi " +"forfattere og elever en måte å dele og fritt tilpasse pedagogisk materiell " +"så som kurs, bøker og rapporter. I dag Connexions (nå kalt OpenStax CNX) er " +"en av verdens beste biblioteker med tilpassbare læremidler, alle lisensiert " +"med Creative Commons og tilgjengelig til alle, hvor som helst, når som helst " +"- gratis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6884 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" +"I 2008, i en topplederrolle på WebAssign mens han så på måter å redusere " +"risikoen som fulgte med å stole på utgivere, begynte David Harris å " +"undersøke åpne pedagogiske ressurser (OER) og oppdaget Connexions. Et og et " +"halvt år senere mottok Connexions mottatt en donasjon for å øke bruken av " +"OER slik at det kan oppfylle behovene til elever som ikke hadde råd " +"lærebøker. David gikk ombord for på være å spydspiss i dette arbeidet. " +"Connexions ble OpenStax CNX; Oppgaven å lage åpne lærebøker ble OpenStax " +"College, nå ganske enkelt kalt OpenStax." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6895 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -11912,21 +13184,48 @@ msgid "" "the expectation that this would lead to rapid growth through easy downstream " "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" +"David hadde med seg en dyp forståelse av den beste praksisen for å " +"publisere, sammen med hvor utgivere var ineffektivit. Etter Davids syn er " +"fagfellevurdering og høye standarder for kvalitet, kritisk viktig om du " +"enkelt vil skalere. Bøkene må ha en logisk innretning og rekkefølge, de må " +"eksistere som en helhet og ikke som stykker, og de må være lett å finne. " +"Arbeidsgruppe-hypotesen for lanseringen av OpenStax var å produsere en " +"nøkkelferdig lærebok profesjonelt, ved å investere i innsats først, med en " +"forventning om at dette ville føre til rask vekst gjennom enkel nedstrøms " +"tilpasninger av fakulteter og studenter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6907 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5395 +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" +msgstr "" +"I 2012 ble OpenStax College lansert som en ideelt foretak med mål å " +"produsere høy kvalitets, fagfellevurderte fullfarge lærebøker som skulle " +"være tilgjengelig gratis for de ti mest benyttede collegekursene i landet. I " +"dag nærmer de seg raskt nærmer seg dette antallet. Det finnes data som " +"beviser suksessen til deres opprinnelige ansalg for hvor mange studenter de " +"kunne hjelpe, og hvor mye penger de kan hjelpe til med å få spart. " +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Profesjonelt produsert innhold " +"skalerer raskt. Uten noen som sto for salget!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6917 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -11935,9 +13234,16 @@ msgid "" "appealing. OpenStax encourages students to talk to their professor and " "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" +"OpenStax lærebøker er alle Attribution (CC BY)-lisensiert, og hver lærebok " +"er tilgjengelig som PDF, e-bok, eller som websider. De som ønsker en fysisk " +"kopi kan kjøpe en til en overkommmelig pris. Gitt kostnaden for for " +"utdanning og studentbelåningen i Nord-Amerika, er lærebøker som gratis eller " +"svært rimelige svært attraktivt. OpenStax oppfordrer studenter til å snakke " +"med sine professor og bibliotekarer om disse lærebøker og argumentere for at " +"de blir brukt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6926 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -11945,36 +13251,62 @@ msgid "" "unlimited access. And with the CC BY license, teachers are free to delete " "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" +"Lærere inviteres til å prøve ut ett enkelt kapittel fra en av lærebøker med " +"studentene. Hvis det går bra, blir de oppfordret til å ta i bruk hele boken. " +"De kan bare lime inn en URL-adresse i deres kurspensumet for fri og " +"ubegrenset tilgang. Med kopi av CC BY-lisensen, står lærerne fritt til å " +"sløyfe kapitler, lage endringer, og tilpasse hvilken som helst bok til deres " +"behov." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6934 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " "material to accompany a textbook, OpenStax also provides slide " "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" +"Noen lærere kan poste korrigeringer, foreslå eksempler på vanskelige " +"begreper eller bli frivillig som redaktør eller forfatter. Mange lærere vil " +"også supplerende materiale som kan følge med en lærebok. OpenStax også " +"lysarkpresentasjoner, samlinger av tester, nøkler til svar, og så videre \n" +",og så videre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6945 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Institusjoner kan fremheves ved å tilby studentene en rimeligere utdanning " +"gjennom bruk av OpenStax lærebøker; Det er enda en lærebok-sparekalkulator " +"som de kan bruke til å se hvor mye elevene ville spare. OpenStax holder en " +"løpende liste over institusjoner som har tatt sine lærebøker. <placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6948 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " "adopted a model that embraces open licensing and relies on an extensive " "network of partners." msgstr "" +"I motsetning til tradisjonelle utgivernes monolittiske tilnærming med å " +"kontrollere immateriell eiendomsrett, distribusjon, og så mange andre " +"aspekter, har OpenStax tatt i bruk en modell med åpen lisensiering og et " +"omfattende nettverk av samarbeidspartnere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6954 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -11985,9 +13317,17 @@ msgid "" "supporting technology is probably still going to require philanthropic " "investment." msgstr "" +"Up-front finansiering av en profesjonelt produserte alle farger " +"nøkkelferdige lærebok er dyrt. For denne delen av deres modell avhengig " +"OpenStax av filantropi. De har utgangspunktet vært finansiert av Vilhelm og " +"Flora Hewlett Foundation, av Laura og John Arnold Foundation, Bill og " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, de 20 Million sinn Foundation, Maxfield " +"grunnlaget, Calvin K. Kazanjian Foundation og ris Universitetet. Å utvikle " +"flere titler og støttende teknologi er trolig fortsatt kommer til å kreve " +"filantropisk investering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6965 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -11997,34 +13337,58 @@ msgid "" "physics problems, with problem-specific feedback, detailed solutions, and " "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" +"Men pågående arbeid vil ikke lene seg på donasjoner operasjoner, men i " +"stedet på inntekter via et økosystem av over 40 partnere, der en partner kan " +"tar kjerneinnhold fra OpenStax og legger til funksjoner som den kan skape " +"inntekter fra. For eksempel tar WebAssign, et online lekse- og " +"vurderingverktøy, den fysiske boken og legger til algoritmegenererte " +"fysikkproblemer med problemet-spesifikke tilbakemeldinger, detaljerte " +"løsninger og opplæringstøtte. Mot et gebyr er WebAssigns ressurser er " +"tilgjengelige for studenter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6975 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" +"Et annet eksempel er Odigia, som har endret OpenStax bøker til interaktive " +"læringserfaringer og laget flere verktøy for å måle og fremme " +"studentengasjement. Odigia lisensierer sin læringsplattform til " +"institusjoner. Partnere som Odigia og WebAssign gir en prosentandel av " +"inntektene de tjener tilbake til OpenStax, som avgifter til å støtte Odigas " +"formål. OpenStax har allerede publisert revisjoner av sine titler, slik som " +"Introduction to Sociology 2e, der disse midlene er brukt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6985 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5459 +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." +msgstr "" +"-etter Davids syn tillater denne tilnærmingen at markedet kan operere med " +"topp effektivitet. Openstaxs partnere trenger ikke å bekymre deg for å " +"utvikle lærebokinnhold, for de frigjøres fra disse utviklingskostnadene ved " +"å la dem fokusere på hva de gjør best. Med OpenStax lærebøker gratis " +"tilgjengelig, kan de tilby sine tjenester til lavere kostnad - ikke gratis, " +"men sparer fortsatt studentene for utgifter. OpenStax har ikke bare fordeler " +"bare ved å motta avgifter til støtte for sitt formål, men også ved gratis " +"publisitet og markedsføring. OpenStax har ingen salgsorganisasjon; partnerne " +"er der ute med sitt materiale som et utstillingsvindu." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6997 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -12032,36 +13396,57 @@ msgid "" "like OpenStax in comparison with incumbents. David looks forward to sharing " "these findings with the community." msgstr "" +"Openstaxs kostnad for å verve en enkelt student er veldig lav og er en " +"brøkdel av hva tradisjonelle aktører i markedet møter. I år er Tyton " +"Partners faktisk i gang med å vurdere kostnadene for salg av OER-er som " +"OpenStax med partnere. David ser frem til å dele disse funnene med " +"fellesskapet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7005 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" +"Mens OpenStax-bøker er tilgjengelig på nettet gratis, vil mange studenter " +"fortsatt ønske en trykket utgave. Gjennom et partnerskap med en trykke- og " +"kurerselskap tilbyr OpenStax en komplett løsning som skalerer. OpenStax " +"selger titusenvis av bøker. En OpenStax lærebok i sosiologikoster rundt " +"tjueåtte dollar, en brøkdel av hva sosiologilærebøker vanligvis koster. " +"OpenStax holder prisene lave, men har som mål å ha en liten margin på hver " +"solgte solgt, som også bidrar til den pågående virksomheten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." +msgstr "" +"Campus-baserte bokhandlere er del av det OpenStax løsningen. OpenStax " +"samarbeider med NACSCORP (National Association of College Stores " +"Corporation) om å gi ut versjoner av sine lærebøker til butikkene. Mens " +"totalkostnadene for læreboka er betydelig mindre enn en tradisjonell " +"lærebok, kan bokhandlere fortsatt få en fortjeneste på salg. Noen ganger " +"bruker studenter det de sparer på en rimeligere bok til å kjøpe andre ting i " +"bokhandelen. Og OpenStax prøver å bryte dyre virkemåten med et overdrevent " +"omfang av retur - ved å ha en ingen-retur politikk. Dette fungerer bra, " +"siden de trykte titlene deres tydeligvis selger ut nesten hundre prosent." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7028 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -12070,9 +13455,14 @@ msgid "" "It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that is " "reasonable." msgstr "" +"David tenker på OpenStax modellen som \"OER 2.0.\" Så hva er OER 1.0? Ser en " +"historisk på OER, er mange OER initiativ lokalt finansiert av institusjoner " +"eller departementer. Etter Davids syn resulterer dette i innhold som har høy " +"lokal verdi, men vedtas sjelden nasjonalt. Det er derfor over tid vanskelig " +"å kunne vise en rimelig tilbakebetaling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -12084,28 +13474,51 @@ msgid "" "the publisher released the rights back to the authors. The second model is " "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" +"OER 2.0 handler om OER skal blir brukt og vedtatt på nasjonalt nivå helt fra " +"starten. Dette krever en større investering i forkant, men lønner seg " +"gjennom bredere geografisk spredning. OER 2.0 prosessen for OpenStax " +"omfatter to utviklingsmodeller. Først er hva David Caller anskaffelsen av " +"modellen, der OpenStax kjøper rettigheter fra utgiver eller forfatter for en " +"allerede publisert bok og og med foretar en bred revisjon av den. OpenStax " +"fysikk-lærebok, for eksempel, ble lisensiert fra forfatter etter at " +"utgiveren ga tilbake rettighetene til forfatterne. Den andre modellen er å " +"utvikle en bok fra bunnen av, et godt eksempel er deres biologibok." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7049 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5521 +"Prosessen likner for begge modeller. Først ser de på omfanget og sekvensen " +"til eksisterende lærebøker. De spør som hva trenger kunden? Hvor har " +"studenter utfordringer? Så identifiserer de potensielle forfattere, og har " +"en grundig evaluering, bare én av ti forfattere slipper igjennom. OpenStax " +"setter sammen et team av forfattere som kommer sammen for å utvikle en mal " +"for et kapittel og sammen skrive det første utkastet (eller reviderer det, i " +"oppkjøpsmodellen). (OpenStax lager ikke bøker med bare en enkelt forfatter, " +"ettersom David sier risikerer en da at prosjektet går lenger enn planlagt.) " +"Utkastet er fagfellevurdert med ikke mindre enn tre vurderinger av hvert " +"kapittel. Et utkast nummer to blir laget, med kunstnere som lager " +"illustrasjoner og bilder sammen med teksten. Boken blir er deretter redigert " +"jfor å sikre at den er grammatisk korrekt og med samme stemme. Til slutt går " +"den i produksjon og gjennom en endelig korrekturlesing. Hele prosessen er " +"svært tidkrevende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7067 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -12115,9 +13528,17 @@ msgid "" "authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them and " "they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" +"Alle involverte i denne prosessen får betalt. OpenStax stoler ikke på " +"frivillige. Forfattere, korrekturlesere, illustratører og redaktører får " +"alle betalt et forskuddshonorar. OpenStax bruker ikke en royalty-modell. En " +"bestselgende forfatter kan tjene mer penger med den tradisjonelle " +"publiseringsmodellen, men det gjelder kanskje bare 5 prosent av alle " +"forfattere. Fra Davids perspektiv, tjener 95 prosent av alle forfattere " +"bedre med OER 2.0-modellen, da det ikke noen risiko for dem da pengene er " +"forhåndsbetalt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7077 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -12126,66 +13547,89 @@ msgid "" "OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their materials. By enabling " "frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" +"David tenker på Attribution licensen (CC BY) som \"innovasjonslisensen\". De " +"er sentralt for formålet med OpenStax, å la folk bruke lærebøkene deres i på " +"innovative måter uten å måtte spørre om tillatelse. Det frigjør hele " +"markedet har vært sentralt for at OpenStax skulle kunne få partnerne. " +"Materialet til OpenStax tilpasses mye. Ved å åpne for farksjonsfri remiksing " +"gir CC lærere kontroll og akademisk frihet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5538 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7086 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" +"Å bruke CC av er også et godt eksempel på strategier som tradisjonelle " +"utgivere ikke kan bruke. Tradisjonelle utgivere må stole på opphavsretten " +"for å hindre kopiering og investere tungt i å følge opp digitale rettigheter " +"for å sikre sine bøker ikke blir delt. Ved hjelp av CC BY, unngår OpenStax " +"måtte håndtere digitale rettigheter og medfølgende kostnader. OpenStax-bøker " +"kan kopieres og deles igjen og igjen. CC BY endrer betingelsene og utnytter " +"ineffektiviteten i det tradisjonelle markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7096 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" +"Per 16. september 2016, kan OpenStax vise endel imponerende resultater. Her " +"fra OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet i den seneste presse-informasjonen:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7103 msgid "Books published: 23" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Bøker publisert: 23" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7108 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Studenter som har brukt OpenStax: 1,6 millioner" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7113 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" +msgstr "Penger spart for studenter: 155 millioner dollar" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7118 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" +msgstr "Penger spart for studenter i studieåret 2016/17: 77 millioner dollar" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7124 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " "are two-year colleges, 835 four-year colleges and universities, and 344 " "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" +"Skoler som har brukt OpenStax: 2,668 (dette tallet viser alle institusjoner " +"som bruker minst én OpenStax lærebok. Av 2,668 skoler er 517 to-årig " +"høgskoler, 835 fire års høgskoler og universiteter, og 344 høyskoler og " +"universiteter utenfor USA)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7133 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " "math (STEM) fields. Large scale adoption in the United States is seen as a " "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" +"Mens OpenStax har hittil vært fokusert på USA, skjer den utenlandske " +"spendingen spesielt på feltene innen vitenskap, teknologi, ingeniørfag og " +"matematikk (STEM). Storskala spredning i USA sees på som en nødvendig " +"forutsetning for internasjonal interesse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7140 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -12193,9 +13637,14 @@ msgid "" "terrific if OpenStax could provide access to free textbooks through the " "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" +"OpenStax har primært fokusert på innledende college kurs hvor det er mange " +"registrerte, men de begynner å tenke vertikalt - på et bredt tilbud for en " +"bestemt gruppe eller et bestemt behov. David synes det ville være veldig bra " +"hvis OpenStax kan gi tilgang til gratis lærebøker gjennom hele pensumet, for " +"eksempel for en sykepleierutdanning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -12206,76 +13655,103 @@ msgid "" "an open business model based on Creative Commons, OpenStax is making it " "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" +"Til slutt, for OpenStax suksess er ikke bare om spreding av lærebøker og " +"besparelser for studentene. Det er et menneskelig aspekt ved arbeidet, som " +"det er vanskelig å kvantifisere, men er utrolig viktig. De får e-" +"postmeldinger fra studenter om hvordan OpenStax reddet dem fra vanskelige " +"valg som å kjøpe mat eller en lærebok. OpenStax ønsker også å vurdere " +"effekten bøker deres har på læringseffektiviteten, utholdenheten og " +"fullførelsen. Ved å bygge på en åpen forretningsmodell basert på Creative " +"Commons, gjør OpenStax det mulig for alle studenter som ønsker å skaffe seg " +"en utdanning å kunne få den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7161 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" +msgstr "Amanda Palmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7164 +msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "Amanda Palmer er en musiker, kunstner og skribent. Basert i USA." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7168 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 -msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Folkefinansiering " +"(abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske kopier, varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 15 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7185 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5588 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/" +"amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-" +"swift/#44e20ce46d67\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/" +"amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-" +"swift/#44e20ce46d67\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7183 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " -"sustain her creative work. 1" +"sustain her creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Siden starten på sin karriere, har Amanda Palmer vært på det hun kaller en «" +"reise med ingen veikart, \"kontinuerlig eksperimentet med å finne nye måter " +"å opprettholde sin skapende arbeid på.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"" +"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7188 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" +"I sin bestselgerbok, \"The Art of Asking\", formulerer Amanda nøyaktig hva " +"hun har vært og hva hun fortsetter å strebe etter, - \"det ideelle " +"punktet ... der kunstneren fritt kan dele og direkte føler etterklangen av " +"sine kunstneriske gaver til samfunnet, og leve av det.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7195 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" +"Mens hun for egen del synes å ha funnet dette vellykkede stedet, er Amanda " +"den første til å erkjenne at det ikke er noen snarvei. Hun mener den " +"digitale tidsalderen både er en spennende og frustrerende tid for skaperen. " +"\"På den ene side, har vi denne vakre delingen,\" sa Amanda. \"På den andre " +"siden, har du en haug med forvirrede kunstnere som lurer på hvordan man " +"tjener penger til å kjøpe mat så vi kan lage mer kunst.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7204 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -12288,9 +13764,20 @@ msgid "" "to make it worth coming back the next day, enough people to help me make " "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +"Amanda begynte sin kunstneriske karriere som en gateartist. Hun kunne kle " +"seg i en antikk brudekjole, male ansiktet hvitt, stå på en stabel med " +"melkekasser og levere ut blomster til fremmede som en del av en taus, " +"dramatisk, opptreden. Hun samlet inn penger i en lue. Fleste gikk forbi " +"henne uten å stoppe, men en noen viktige få stoppet for å se og legge noen " +"penger i lua for å vise sin takknemlighet. I stedet for dvele ved de fleste " +"menneskene som ignorerte henne, følte hun takknemlig for dem som stoppet. " +"\"Alt jeg trengte var... noen mennesker,\" skrev hun i sin bok. «Nok folk. " +"Nok til å gjøre det verdt komme tilbake neste dag, nok folk til å hjelpe meg " +"til å betale husleia og sette mat på bordet. Nok så jeg kunne fortsette å " +"gjøre kunst.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7218 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -12300,22 +13787,38 @@ msgid "" "no interest in Amanda’s view of success. They wanted hits, but making music " "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" +"Amanda har kommet langt fra etter sine gateartistdager, men karrieren hennes " +"dominseres fortsatt av den samme følelsen, å finne måter å nå \"sitt " +"publikum i mengden\" og føle takknemlighet når hun gjør det. Med hennes " +"band, Dresden Dolls, prøvde Amanda den tradisjonelle veien med å signere med " +"et plateselskap. Det virket ikke av en rekke årsaker, men en av dem var at " +"selskapet hadde absolutt ingen interesse for Amandas syn på suksess. De " +"ønsket slagere, men å lage musikk for massene var aldri hva Amanda og " +"Dresden Dolls var ment å skulle gjøre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7229 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" +"Etter at hun forlot plateselskapet i 2008, begynte hun å eksperimentere med " +"ulike måter å leve på. Hun ga ut musikk direkte til publikum uten involverer " +"en mellommann, la ut digitale filer på \"betal hva du vil\"-basis og solgte " +"CDer og vinyl. Hun gjorde også penger på live-opptredener og varesalg. Til " +"slutt, i 2012 besluttet hun å prøve seg på en slags folkefinansiering som vi " +"alle vet så godt hva er i dag. Hennes Kickstarter-prosjektet startet med et " +"mål på $ 100 000, og hun fikk inn $1,2 millioner. Det er fortsatt et av de " +"mest vellykkede Kickstarter-prosjektene gjennom tidene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7241 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -12326,9 +13829,17 @@ msgid "" "thing” basis. All of the content she makes is made freely available under an " "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" +"I dag, har Amanda byttet fra folkefinansiering til spesifikke prosjekter, " +"men får stedet får jevn økonomisk støtte fra sin fan base på Patreon, et " +"nettsted for folkefinansiering som lar artister å få regelmessige donasjoner " +"fra fans. Mer enn åtte tusen mennesker har meldt seg til å støtte henne så " +"hun kan lage musikk, kunst, og andre kreative \"ting\" som hun blir " +"inspirert til å gjøre. Regelmessige tar hun initiativ på en \"per gang\"-" +"basis. Alt innhold hun lager gjøres fritt tilgjengelig med en Attribution-" +"NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7252 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -12342,18 +13853,30 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 -msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." +msgstr "" +"Hennes musikk og kunst med Creative Commons lisenser begrenser utvilsomt " +"hennes valgmuligheter for hvordan hun skaffer et levebrød. Men å dele sitt " +"arbeid har vært en del av hennes modell siden begynnelsen av hennes " +"karriere, selv før hun oppdaget Creative Commons. Amanda sier Dresden Dolls " +"brukte å få ti e-poster per uke fra fans som spurte om de kunne brukes " +"hennes musikk i forskjellige prosjekter. De sa ja til alle forespørsler, så " +"lenge det ikke var for et helt inntektsgivende formål. Samtidig brukte de en " +"kort-form avtale skrevet av Amanda selv. \"Jeg fikk alle til å signere den " +"kontakten så jeg ikke gjorde bandet sårbart for at noen senere skjer brukte " +"vår musikk i en Camel sigarettannonse,\" Amanda sa. Straks hun oppdaget " +"Creative Commons, var det en lett beslutning å ta i bruk lisensene fordi det " +"ga dem en mer formell og standardisert måte å gjøre hva de hadde gjort hele " +"tiden. En ikke-kommersiell lisensene var en naturlig tilpasning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7270 +msgid "" +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" "Amanda omfavner måten tilhengerne hennes deler og bygger videre på musikken " "hennes. I \"The Art of Asking\" skrev hun at noen av tilhengerne har laget " @@ -12362,8 +13885,8 @@ msgstr "" "slags konkurranse, synes Amanda det er flott. «Jeg startet med dette fordi " "jeg ønsket å dele musikkgleden,» sier hun." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7278 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -12372,9 +13895,15 @@ msgid "" "did most our early fans know where I lived and where we practiced, but most " "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" +"Dette er symbolsk for at nesten alt hun gjør i sin karriere, er motivert av " +"et ønske om tilknytning til fansen. I starten av karrieren, startet bandet " +"med konserter i hjemmeselskaper. Ettersom samlingene vokste, og linjen " +"mellom fans og venner ble helt uskarpe. \"Ikke bare visste våre tidligste " +"fans hvor jeg bodde, og der vi øvde, og de fleste av dem hadde også vært på " +"kjøkkenet mitt,\" skrev Amanda i \"The Art of Asking\"." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5688 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7287 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -12385,32 +13914,54 @@ msgid "" "of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to listen. " "“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" +"Selv om fanbase nå er stor og global, fortsetter hun å søke denne typen " +"menneskelig kobling med fansen. Hun søker ut personlig kontakt med fansen i " +"hver sjanse hun kan få. Hennes suksessfulle Kickstarter omfattet femti " +"konserter på hjemmeselskaper for tilhengere. Hun tilbringer timer med " +"signering etter opptredene. Det hjelper at Amanda har en dynamisk, og " +"engasjerende personlighet som umiddelbart trekker folk til henne, men en " +"stor del av hennes evne til å få kontakt med folk er viljen hennes til å " +"lytte. \"Lytte raskt og omsorg umiddelbart er en ferdighet for seg selv,\" " +"skrev Amanda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7299 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" +"En del av tilknytningen fansen føler til Amanda er hvor mye de vet om hennes " +"liv. Snarere enn å prøve å skape en offentlig person eller et bilde, lever " +"hun i hovedsak livet som en åpen bok. Hun har skrevet åpent om utrolig " +"personlige heendelser i livet sitt, og hun er ikke redd for å være sårbar. Å " +"ha den slags tillit til fansen - tilliten som kreves for å være virkelig " +"ærlig - avler tillit fra fansen i retur. Når hun møter fans for første gang " +"etter en forestilling, kan de helt riktig føle at de kjenner henne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7309 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" +"\"Med sosiale medier, er vi så opptatt med at bildet ser akseptabelt ut så " +"vi glemmer at vi glemmer at å være menneske og viser feilene og utsette " +"sårbarhet faktisk lager en dypere forbindelse enn det å bare å se fantastisk " +"ut.\" sa Amanda. \"Alt i vår kultur er forteller oss noe annet. Men min " +"erfaring har vist meg at risikoen for gjør seg selv sårbar er nesten alltid " +"verdt det.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7318 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -12420,9 +13971,16 @@ msgid "" "her use of Creative Commons licenses. Because that is what you do with your " "friends—you share." msgstr "" +"Ikke bare oppgir hun intime detaljer om sitt liv til dem, hun sover på deres " +"sofaer, lytter til deres historier, gråter med dem. Kort sagt, behandler hun " +"fansen som venner på nesten alle mulige måter, selv når de er fullstendig " +"fremmede. Denne mentaliteten, at fans er venner - er helt sammenvevd med " +"Amanda suksess som kunstner. Det er også vevd sammen med sin bruk av " +"Creative Commons-lisenser. Fordi det er det du gjør med vennene dine, - du " +"deler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7328 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -12432,9 +13990,16 @@ msgid "" "from people who know and trust you. People who feel personally invested in " "your success." msgstr "" +"Etter år med investert tid og energi i å bygge tillit til fansen, har hun en " +"sterkt nok forhold til dem til å be om støtte gjennom Betal-hva-du-vil " +"donasjoner, Kickstarter, Patreon, eller selv å be dem å ta et i tak på en " +"konsert. Som Amanda forklarer det, folkefinansiering (noe som er virkelig " +"hva alle disse forskjellige tingene er) er å om be om støtte fra folk som " +"kjenner og stoler på deg. Personer som føler at de personlig har investert i " +"din suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7338 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -12442,9 +14007,14 @@ msgid "" "band encouraged people to dress up for their shows. They consciously " "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" +"\"Når du åpent, virkelig stoler mennesker, tar de ikke bare ta vare på deg, " +"de blir dine allierte, din familie,\" skrev hun. Det er virkelig en følelse " +"av samhold hos kjernen av hennes fans. Fra starten av \"Amanda and her band" +"\" oppfordret hun folk til å kle seg opp til sine forestillinger. De dyrket " +"en bevisst følelse av tilhørighet til \"denne rare lille familien.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7346 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -12454,9 +14024,16 @@ msgid "" "them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way that is joyful to " "you.”" msgstr "" +"Slik intimitet med fans er ikke mulig eller egentlig ønskelig for alle " +"artister. \"Jeg tar det ikke for gitt at jeg tilfeldigvis er den typen " +"person som elsker å danse omkring med fremmede,\" sa Amanda. \"Jeg erkjenner " +"at det ikke nødvendigvis er forestilling om å ha det trivelig. Alle gjør det " +"forskjellig. Å gjenta hva jeg har gjort, fungere ikke for andre hvis det " +"ikke er l glede for dem. Det gjelder å finne en måte å kanalisere sin energi " +"på som gleder deg.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5746 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -12469,9 +14046,19 @@ msgid "" "describes it as casting a net. It starts with the art and then the bond " "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" +"Men mens Amanda frydefullt samhandler med fansen og involverer dem i sitt " +"arbeid så mye som mulig, beholder hun en jobb primært for seg selv, å skrive " +"musikken. Hun elsker kreativiten som fansen bruker og tilpasser sitt arbeid, " +"men med vilje involverer hun dem ikke i den første fasen av sitt " +"kunstneriske arbeid. Og selvfølgelig, sangene og musikken er det først " +"trekke folk til Amanda Palmer. Det er bare når hun har koblet til mennesker " +"gjennom musikken sin at hun så kan begynne å bygge bånd på et mer personlig " +"nivå, både personlig og på nettet. I sin bok beskriver Amanda det som å " +"kaste et nett. Det starter med kunst og deretter styrkes bindingen med " +"menneskelige relasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7368 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -12480,67 +14067,75 @@ msgid "" "through a capitalist lens. There is no more satisfying end goal than having " "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" +"For Amanda er hele poenget med å være kunstner å etablere og opprettholde " +"denne kontakten. \"Det høres så banalt ut,\" sa hun, \"men min erfaring, med " +"førti år på denne planeten, har gitt meg en åpenbar sannhet, at forbindelse " +"med mennesker føles så mye bedre og mer dypere enn nærmer kunst gjennom en " +"kapitalistisk linse. Det er ikke noe mer tilfredsstillende mål enn at noen " +"forteller deg at hva du gjør virkelig er av verdi for dem. \"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7377 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" +"Som hun forklarer det, når en fan gir henne en ti dollar seddel, er det " +"vanligvis hva de med det sier at pengene symboliserer at musikken ga dem noe " +"av dypere verdi. For Amanda er kunst ikke bare et produkt, det er en " +"relasjon. Sett slik, er det Amanda gjør i dag ikke så forskjellig fra hva " +"hun gjorde som ung gateartist. Hun deler sin musikk og andre kunstneriske " +"gaver. Hun deler seg selv. Og istedenfor å presse folk til å hjelpe henne, " +"hun lar dem gjøre det." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5766 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\\" -"#44e20ce46d67" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5768 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7388 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLOS (Public Library of Science - Offentlig vitenskapsbibliotek)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" +"PLOS (Public Library of Science) er en ideell organisasjon som utgir et " +"bibliotek av akademiske tidsskrifter og annen vitenskapelig litteratur. " +"Grunnlagt i år 2000 i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5774 -msgid "plos.org" -msgstr "plos.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7396 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7398 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\"> inntekter modell</emphasis>: Innholdsleverandører " +"betaler en artikkelprosessavgift for å bli publisert i tidsskiftet" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7402 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 7. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7404 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Louise Page, utgiver" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7412 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -12554,23 +14149,42 @@ msgid "" "access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released under " "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5805 +"The Public Library av Science (PLOS) startet i 2000 når tre ledende forskere " +"- Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown og Michael Eisen - startet en " +"underskriftskampanje på nettet. De ba forskere om å stoppe sende til " +"artikler til journaler som ikke gjorde den fulle teksten aav artiklene fritt " +"tilgjengelig umiddelbart eller innen seks måneder. Selv om titusenvis " +"signerte oppropet, fulgte de fleste ikke. I august 2001 kunngjorde Patrick " +"og Michael at de ville starte sine egne ideelle publiseringsoperasjon for å " +"gjør akkurat hva begjæringen lovet. Med oppstartstøtte fra Gordon og Betty " +"Moore Foundation, ble PLOS lansert for å gi ut nye tidsskrifter med åpen " +"tilgang for biomedisin, med forskningsartikler utgitt med Attribution (CC " +"BY)-lisenser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7426 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" +"Tradisjonelt starter vitenskapelig publisering med at en forfatter sender et " +"manuskript til en utgiver. Etter interne tekniske og etiske betraktninger " +"blir artikkelen deretter gjennomgått å avgjøre om kvaliteten på arbeidet er " +"akseptabel for publisering. Så snart den er akseptert, tar utgiveren " +"artikkelen gjennom prosessen med redigering, sats og eventuell publisering i " +"en trykket eller elektronisk publikasjon. Tradisjonelle journalutgivere får " +"dekket kostnader og tjener på abonnementer til biblioteker eller en avgift " +"fra brukere som ønsker å lese journalen eller artikkelen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7437 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -12582,64 +14196,102 @@ msgid "" "research slows the dissemination of this research and advancement of the " "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" +"For Louise Page, den gjeldende utgiveren av PLOS, gir denne tradisjonelle " +"modellen forskjellsbehandling. Tilgang er begrenset til dem som kan betale. " +"Mest forskning er finansiert via offentlige organer, dvs med offentlige " +"midler. Det er urettferdig at publikum, som finansierte forskningen, blir " +"pålagt å betale en gang til for tilgang til resultatene. Ikke alle vil råd " +"til å betale de stadig økende abonnementsavgiftene utgiverne krever, " +"spesielt når bibliotekenes budsjetter reduseres. Begrenset tilgang til " +"resultatene av vitenskapelig forskning bremser formidling av denne " +"forskningen og utvikling av fagfeltet. Det var på tide med en ny modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5825 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7449 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" +"Denne nye modellen ble kjent som åpen tilgang. Det er gratis og med åpen " +"tilgang på Internett. Åpne forskningsartikler liggerer ikke bak en " +"betalingsvegg og krever ikke pålogging. En viktig fordel med åpen tilgang er " +"at den tillater folk å fritt bruke, kopiere og distribuere artikler, som de " +"er primært publisert under en Attribution (CC BY)-lisens (som bare krever at " +"brukeren angir passende henvisning). Og enda viktigere, beslutningstakere, " +"klinikere, gründere, lærere og studenter verden rundt har fri og betimelig " +"tilgang til den nyeste forskningen umiddelbart ved publisering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7461 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " "billed upon acceptance for publishing. There are no additional charges based " "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" +"Imidlertid krever åpen tilgang at forretningsmidellen for " +"forskningspublisering må gjennomgås på nytt. Heller enn å kreve en " +"abonnementsavgift for journalen, besluttet PLOS å snu modellen på hodet og " +"kreve et publiseringsgebyr, kjent som en artikkelbehandlingskostnad. Denne " +"forskuddsavgiften, vanligvis betalt av den som finansierer forskningen " +"elleforfatterens institusjon, dekker utgifter som redaksjonell gjennomgang, " +"organisering av fagfellevurdering, journalproduksjon, plass på nettet og " +"fremleggelse. Avgifter er per artikkel og faktureres ved aksept for " +"publisering. Det er ingen ekstrakostnader basert på antall ord, tegninger, " +"tall eller andre elementer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7473 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" +"Å beregne artikkelbehandlingsavgiften krever å ta med alle kostnader " +"forbundet med å publisere tidsskriftet og fastsette en kostnad per artikkel " +"som samlet dekker kostnadene. For PLOSs tidsskrifter i biologi, medisin, " +"genetikk, beregningsbiologi, forsømte tropiske sykdommer og patogener, " +"varierer betalingen for artikkelbehandlingen fra $2250 til $2900. Betalingen " +"for artikkelpublikasjoner i PLOS ONE, et tidsskrift startet i 2006, er like " +"under $1500." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7482 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" +"PLOS mener at mangel på midler ikke bør være en barriere for publisering. " +"Siden begynnelsen, har PLOS gitt betalingstøtte til enkeltpersoner og " +"institusjoner for å hjelpe forfattere som ikke har råd til kostnadene for " +"artikkelbehandling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7488 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -12648,28 +14300,51 @@ msgid "" "community and giving the authors exposure. And this encourages other authors " "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +"Louise identifiserer markedsføring som et område med stor forskjell mellom " +"PLOS og tradisjonelle tidsskriftutgivere. Tradisjonelle tidsskriter må " +"investere tungt i ansatte, bygninger og infrastruktur for å markedsføre sine " +"tidsskrifter og overbevise kunder om å abonnere. Å begrense tilgang til " +"abonnenter betyr at verktøy for å administrere tilgangskontroll blir " +"nødvendig. De bruker millioner av dollar på systemer for tilgangskontroll, " +"ansatte som administrerer dem og selgere. Med PLOSs åpen tilgang " +"publisering er det ikke behov for disse massive utgiftene; artiklene er fri, " +"åpen og tilgjengelig for alle ved publikasjon. I tillegg pleier " +"tradisjonelle utgivere å bruke mer på markedsføring til biblioteker, som til " +"slutt betaler for abonnementet. PLOS gir bedre service for forfattere ved å " +"fremme deres forskning direkte til forskningsfellesskapet og gi forfatterne " +"eksponering. Og dette oppfordrer andre forfattere til å sende sitt arbeid " +"for publisering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" +"For Louise, ville PLOS ikke eksistert uten Attribution license (CC BY). " +"Denne gjør det veldig klart hvilke rettigheter som er knyttet til innholdet " +"og gir en sikker måte for forskere å gjør sitt arbeid tilgjengelig, og " +"samtidig sikre de får anerkjennelse (riktige henvisninger). For PLOS, er alt " +"dette knyttet opp mot hvordan de mener forskningsinnhold skal bli publisert " +"og spredd." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7513 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" +"PLOS har også en bred åpen-data-politikk. For å få sine forskningsartikler " +"publisert, må PLOS sine bidragsytere også gjøre data tilgjengelige i en " +"offentlig kildebrønn og gi en erklæring om data-tilgjengelighet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7518 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -12678,18 +14353,29 @@ msgid "" "notch. PLOS has to function as well as or better than other premier " "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" +"Kostnadene til forretningsvirksomhet som følger med åpen-tilgang-modellen " +"følger fortsatt i stor grad den eksisterende publiseringsmodellen. PLOS " +"tidsskrifter er bare på nettet, men det redaksjonelle, fagfellevurdering, " +"produksjon, layout, og publiseringstadier er de samme som for en " +"tradisjonell utgiver. De redaksjonelle gruppene må være av klasse. PLOS må " +"fungere like godt eller helst bedre enn andre fremtredende tidsskrifter, " +"slik at forskerne har et valg om hvor de vil publisere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7527 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " "journal, and the prestige associated with it. PLOS journals rank high, even " "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" +"Forskere er påvirket av rangeringer av tidsskrifter, som gjenspeiler " +"plasseringen til en journal på sitt fagfelt, den relativ vanskeligheten av " +"publiseres i det tidsskriftet, og prestisjen knyttet til det. PLOS journaler " +"rangerer høyt, selv om de er relativt nye." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7533 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -12698,9 +14384,15 @@ msgid "" "CC BY licensing of PLOS research articles ensures easy access for readers " "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" +"Hvordan forskere blir kjent og det avtrykk de gir baseres delvis hvor mange " +"ganger andre forskere siterer deres artikler. Louise sier når forskere vil " +"oppdage og lese andres arbeid innen eget felt, de går til en oppsummerer " +"eller en søkemotor, og vanligvis ikke vanligvis til en bestemt journal. CC " +"BY-lisensiering av PLOSs forskningsartikler sikrer en enkel tilgang for " +"lesere og genererer flere tilslag og sitater for forfattere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7542 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -12708,9 +14400,14 @@ msgid "" "big impact. In 2012 to 2014, they published more open-access articles than " "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" +"Louise mener at åpen tilgang har vært en stor suksess. Å vokse fra en " +"bevegelse ledet av en liten kadre av forskere til noe som er nå utbredt og " +"brukes i en eller annen form av enhver tidsskiftutgiver. PLOS har hatt en " +"stor virkning. Fra 2012 til 2014 publisere de flere artikler enn BioMed " +"Central, den opprinnelige åpen tilgang utgiveren, eller noen andre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5924 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7550 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -12718,12 +14415,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -12732,26 +14429,53 @@ msgid "" "the value of the PLOS ONE model and are now offering their own " "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5928 +"PLOS forstyrret ytterligere den tradisjonelle modellen for " +"tidsskriftspublisering med det banebrytende konseptet med et megatidsskift. " +"Megatidsskriftet PLOS ONE, lansert i 2006, er et akademisk tidsskrift med " +"fagfellevurdering og åpen tilgang, som er mye større enn et tradisjonelt " +"tidsskift, men publiserer tusenvis av artikler per år og nyter godt av " +"stordriftsfordeler. PLOS ONE har et bredt omfang, dekker naturvitenskap og " +"medisin så vel som som samfunnsvitenskap og humaniora. Gjennomgangen og den " +"redaksjonelle prosessen er mindre subjektiv. Artiklene er akseptert for " +"publisering basert på om de er teknisk gode i stedet for oppfattet viktighet " +"eller relevans. Dette er svært viktig i dagens debatt om integritet og " +"reproduserbarhet i forskningen fordi negative eller ikke-resultater nå også " +"kan publiseres, noe som som generelt avvises av tradisjonelle journaler. " +"PLOS ONE, er som alle PLOS-tidsskriftene bare på nettet og ikke som " +"trykksaker. PLOS overfører besparelsene stordriftsfordelene gir til " +"forskere og publikum ved å senke kostnadene til artikkelbehandlingen, som er " +"lavere enn for andre tidsskrifter. PLOS ONE er det største tidsskriftet i " +"verden, og har virkelig lagt listen for storskala-publisering av akademiske " +"artikler. Andre utgivere ser verdien av PLOS ONE-modellen og tilbyr nå egne " +"tverrfaglige fora for å publisere all solid vitenskap." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7574 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" +"Louise skisserte noen andre aspekter av forretningsmodellen for " +"forskningstidsskrifter som PLOS eksperimenterer med, der hun beskriver hver " +"som en slags skyvekontroll som kan justeres for å endre gjeldende praksis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7579 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" +"En skyvekontroll gir tidspunktet for publikasjonen. Tidspunktet for " +"publikasjon kan forkortes etterhvert som tidsskiftene blir flinkere til å gi " +"raskere beslutninger for forfattere. Men er det alltid en avveining mot " +"omfanget, jo større volum med artikler, jo mer tid vil godkjenningsprosessen " +"uunngåelig ta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7586 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -12763,18 +14487,32 @@ msgid "" "public. An open-review process can also ensure everyone gets credit; right " "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" +"Fagfellevurdering er en annen del av prosessen som kan endres. Det er mulig " +"å redefinere hva fagfellevurdering egentlig er, når den skal skje, og hva " +"som utgjør den endelige artikkelen for publisering. Louise snakket om " +"potensialet for å skifte til en åpen-vurderings-prosess, som legger vekt på " +"åpenhet i stedet for dobbelt-blinde vurderinger. Louise mener vi beveger oss " +"inn i en retning der det egentlig er fordelaktig for en forfatter å kjenne " +"til hvem som gjennomgår artikkelen deres og for den som gjennomgår å vite at " +"deres vurdering vil være offentlig. En åpen-vurderings-prosess kan også " +"sikre alle får anerkjennelse; akkurat nå, er anerkjennelsen begrenset til " +"utgiver og forfatter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7598 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " "outcomes, we’d learn from what didn’t work. It could also reduce how much " "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" +"Louise sier at forskning med negative resultater er nesten like viktige som " +"positive resultater. Hvis tidsskifter publiserte mer forskning med negative " +"resultater, ville vi lære hva som ikke fungerte. Det kan også redusere hvor " +"mye av forskning hjulet som blir gjenoppfunnet rundt i verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7605 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -12783,122 +14521,180 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." +msgstr "" +"En annen justerbar praksis er å dele artikler i en tidlig utkastfase. " +"Publisering av forskning i et tidsskrift kan ta lang tid fordi artikler må " +"gjennomgå en omfattende fagfellevurdering. Behovet for å raskt sirkulere " +"aktuelle resultater i en vitenskapelige samfunn har ført til en praksis med " +"å distribuere forhåndsutkast av dokumenter som ennå ikke har gjennomgått " +"fagfellevurdering. Dokumentutkast utvider prosessen med fagfellevurdering, " +"slik at forfatterne mottar en tidlig tilbakemelding fra en bred gruppe av " +"knutepunkter som kan hjelpe med å revidere og forberede artikkelen før den " +"leveres inn. Å sette til side fordelene med dokumentutkast er " +"forfatterbekymringer for ikke å komme først med å legge frem resultater fra " +"sin egen forskning. Andre forskere kan se funn som forfatteren av " +"dokumentutkastet ennå ikke har tenkt på. Imidlertid vil dokumentutkast " +"hjelpe forskere med å få ut sine funn tidlig og etablere forrang. En stor " +"utfordring er at forskerne ikke har mye tid til å kommentere dokumentutkast." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7623 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " "these changes the current form factor for what constitutes a research " "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" +"Hva som utgjør et tidsskrift kan også endres. Ideen om en vitenskapelig " +"artikkel som skrives ut, innbundet, og i en bibliotek-stabel, er utdatert. Å " +"være digital og på nettet åpner opp for nye muligheter, for eksempel et " +"levende dokument som utvikler seg over tid, inkludering av lyd og video og " +"interaktivitet, som diskusjon og anbefalinger. Selv størrelsen på hva blir " +"publisert kan endres. Med disse forandringene vil den gjeldende formfaktoren " +"for hva som utgjør en vitenskapelig artikkel også gjennomgå endringer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7637 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7641 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5992 +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +msgstr "" +"Etterhvert som tidsskifter skaleres opp og nye tidsskifter kommer, skyves " +"mer og mer informasjon ut til leserne, noe som gir opplevelsen å føle at man " +"drikker fra en brannslange. For å begrense dette, aggregerer og " +"tilrettelegger PLOS innhold fra PLOS sine tidsskifter og sitt nettverk av " +"blogger.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De tilbyr også Article-" +"Level Metrics, som hjelper brukere med å vurdere hvilken forskning som er " +"mest relevant for selve feltet, basert på ulike indikatorer die bruk, " +"sitater, sosiale bokmerker og formidlingsaktivitet, omtale i media og " +"blogger, diskusjoner og rangeringer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +" Louise mener at tidskriftsmodellen kan utvikle seg til å gi en mer " +"brukervennlig og interaktiv brukeropplevelse, inkludert en måte for leserne " +"å kommunisere med forfattere på." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7646 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" +"Det store bildet for PLOS fremover er å kombinere og justere disse " +"eksperimentelle praksiser på måter som fortsetter å forbedre tilgjengelighet " +"og formidling av forskning, samtidig som integritet og pålitelighet sikres. " +"Måtene dette henger sammen på er komplekst. Prosessen med å endre- og " +"justere er ikke lineær. PLOS ser seg selv som en svært fleksibel utgiver som " +"er interessert i å utforske all omordninger som forskningspublisering kan " +"gi, sammen med forfattere og lesere som er åpne for eksperimentering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7656 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" +"For PLOS er suksess ikke om overskudd. Suksess er å beviser at forskning kan " +"kommuniseres raskt og i økonomisk skala, til fordel for forskere og " +"samfunn. CC BY-lisensen gjør det mulig for PLOS å publisere på en måte som " +"er ubundet, åpen og rask, samtidig som man sikrer at forfatterne får " +"anerkjennelse for sitt arbeid. Mer enn to millioner forskere, akademikere og " +"klinikere besøker PLOS hver måned, der mer enn 135,000 kvalitetsartikler kan " +"leses gratis." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" +"Til slutt, for PLOS, forfatterne og leserne, er suksessen å gjøre forskning " +"overskuelig, tilgjengelig og reproduserbar, til fremme av vitenskap." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rijksmuseum" +msgstr "Rijksmuseum" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" +"Rijksmuseum er det nederlandske nasjonale museum for kunst og historie. " +"Grunnlagt i 1800 i Nederland" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6020 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7681 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " -"(museum admission), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Donasjoner og statlig " +"finansiering, betaling for personlig versjon (museumsadgang), og varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6022 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7685 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 11 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7688 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, datasjef for " +"samlingsinformasjonen" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7696 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -12913,25 +14709,46 @@ msgid "" "going on for so long, the museum became largely forgotten by the public. Out " "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6053 +"Rijksmuseum, Nederlands nasjonalmuseum for kunst og historie, har vært " +"plassert i sin nåværende bygning siden 1885. Den monumentale bygningen fikk " +"mer enn 125 års intensiv bruk før trengte en grundig oppussing. I 2003 var " +"museet stengt for oppussing. Asbest ble funnet i taket, og selv om museet " +"var planlagt å være stengt i bare tre til fire år, tok renoveringen ti år. " +"Samtidig ble samlingen flyttet til en annen del av Amsterdam, som ga en " +"fysisk avstand til kuratorene. Av nødvendighet begynte de å digitalt å " +"fotografere samlingen og lage metadata (informasjon om hvert objekt til å " +"sette inn en database). Når renoveringen pågikk så lenge, ble museet i stor " +"grad glemt av publikum. Fra disse omstendighetene dukket det opp en ny og " +"mer åpen modell for museet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7712 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" +"Da Lizzy Jongma begynte i Rijksmuseum i 2011 som et dataansvarlig, var " +"personalet lei av situasjonen de var i. De innså også selv at med den nye og " +"større plassen, ville det fortsatt ikkevære mulig å vise mye av hele " +"samlingen - med åtte tusen av over en million - representerte det 1 " +"prosent. Personalet begynte å utforske måter å uttrykke seg på, å ha noe å " +"vise for alt arbeidet de hadde utført. Rijksmuseum er hovedsakelig " +"finansiert av nederlandske skattebetalere, så var det en måte for museet å " +"gir fordelen tilbake til publikum mens det var lukket? De begynte å tenke på " +"å dele Rijksmuseums samling med bruk av informasjonsteknologi. Og de satt " +"opp en kortkatalog som en database over hele samlingen på nettet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7726 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -12940,25 +14757,46 @@ msgid "" "of the one hundred most important pieces in the Rijksmuseum collection? That " "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" +"Det var effektivt men litt kjedelig. Det var bare data. En hacker-samling de " +"ble invitert til, fikk dem å begynne å snakke om hendelser som dette som om " +"det hadde potensiale. De likte ideen å invitere folk til å gjøre kule ting " +"med sin samling. Hva med å gi tilgang til digitale representasjoner av de " +"hundre viktigste gjenstandene i Rijksmuseums samlinger? Som til slutt førte " +"til at hvorfor ikke legge hele samlingen ut på nettet?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6073 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7737 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7735 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6084 +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." +msgstr "" +"Deretter sier Lizzy, Europeana kom. Europeana er Europas digitale bibliotek, " +"museum og arkiv for kulturarv. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> som " +"en nettportal til museumsamlinger over hele Europa, hadde Europeana blitt en " +"viktig nettplattform. I oktober 2010 utga Creative Commons CC0 og sitt " +"offentlig domene merke som verktøy folk kan bruke som gratis, fri for kjente " +"opphavsrettigheter. Europeana var den første store brukeren av CC0 for å gi " +"metadata om sin innsamling og det offentlige merke for millioner av digitale " +"verk i samlingen sin. Lizzy sier Rijksmuseum i utgangspunktet denne " +"endringen i praksis litt skummel, men samtidig stimulerte det til enda mer " +"diskusjon om hvorvidt Rijksmuseum skal følge etter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -12970,9 +14808,18 @@ msgid "" "down people who use the Rijksmuseum collection. And anyway, restricting " "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" +"De forsto at de ikke \"eier\" samlingen og ikke realistisk kunne realistisk " +"overvåke og håndheve samsvar med de restriktive lisensvilkårene de for tiden " +"benyttet. For eksempel var mange kopier og versjoner av Vermeers Het " +"Melkmeisje (i sin samling) var allerede på nettet, mange av dem med svært " +"dårlig kvalitet. De kunne tilbringe tid og penger på å passe på bruken, men " +"det vil trolig være nytteløst og ville ikke få folk til å slutte å bruke " +"bildene deres på nettet. De endte opp med å tenke at det var fullstendig " +"bortkastet tid å jakte på mennesker som brukte Rijksmuseums samling. Og " +"uansett, å begrense tilgangen for folk var dem de irriterte mest skolebarn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7762 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -12982,12 +14829,23 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6106 +"I 2011 begynte Rijksmuseum å lage digitale bilder av verk kjent for å være " +"uten opphavsrettigheter tilgjengelig på nettet ved å bruke Creative Commons " +"CC0 til å plassere verkene i den offentlige sfæren. Et bilde med middels " +"oppløsning ble tilbudt gratis, mens en høyoppløsningsversjon kostet € 40. " +"Folk begynte å betale, men Lizzy sier at å inn pengene var et mareritt, " +"spesielt fra utenlandske kunder. De administrative kostnadene oppveide ofte " +"inntektene og inntekten etter kostnader var trukket fra var relativt lav. I " +"tillegg, å måtte betale for et bilde av et arbeid i det offentlige domenet " +"fra en samling eid av den nederlandske regjeringen (dvs, betalt av publikum) " +"var omstridt og frustrerende for noen. Lizzy sier de hadde mange heftige " +"debatter om hva de skulle gjøre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7776 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -12998,9 +14856,17 @@ msgid "" "out making 150,000 high-quality images of their collection available, with " "the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." msgstr "" +"I 2013 endret Rijksmuseum sin forretningsmodell. De ga Creative Commons " +"lisenser til sine bilder med høy kvalitet og la dem ut på nettet gratis. " +"Digitalisering koster fortsatt penger. Imidlertid bestemte de seg å avgrense " +"separate digitaliseringsprosjekter og finne sponsorer villig til å " +"finansiere hvert prosjekt. Dette viste seg for å være en vellykket strategi, " +"genererte stor interesse fra sponsorer og mindre administrativt arbeidefor " +"Rijksmuseum. De startet med å gjøre 150.000 høykvalitetsbilder fra samlingen " +"sin tilgjengelig, med det mål å få hele samlingen på nettet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7787 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -13015,19 +14881,19 @@ msgid "" "life by visiting the actual museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7802 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7810 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -13041,32 +14907,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7830 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7824 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7833 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7844 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -13074,8 +14945,8 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7851 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -13087,46 +14958,79 @@ msgid "" "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7871 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7875 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; 2014-" +"prisen: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/" +">; 2015-prisen: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7887 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6196 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7893 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7899 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -13136,14 +15040,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -13151,91 +15055,64 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6231 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7921 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7941 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6243 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7944 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 -msgid "www.shareable.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7948 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7950 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7953 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 24. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6255 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7956 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7964 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -13247,10 +15124,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7975 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -13260,8 +15137,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7987 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -13271,8 +15148,8 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7996 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -13284,11 +15161,11 @@ msgid "" "grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8007 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -13297,8 +15174,8 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8018 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -13310,15 +15187,15 @@ msgid "" "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8029 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -13326,8 +15203,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8043 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -13341,8 +15218,8 @@ msgid "" "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8057 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -13353,65 +15230,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8067 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8074 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8084 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8096 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8106 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8113 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -13428,60 +15305,66 @@ msgid "" "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8130 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6402 -msgid "## Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8141 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8146 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8148 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for tilpassede " +"tjenester, legatmidler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6412 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8153 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8160 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8168 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -13489,8 +15372,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8175 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -13499,29 +15382,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8186 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8183 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8192 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8200 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -13529,19 +15418,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8206 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8215 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -13550,15 +15445,15 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8223 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " @@ -13566,19 +15461,25 @@ msgid "" "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8242 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8238 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8246 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -13586,29 +15487,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6503 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8253 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8261 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8269 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -13618,22 +15520,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8291 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -13641,41 +15543,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8297 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8306 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8315 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8324 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -13683,8 +15585,9 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8330 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -13693,22 +15596,29 @@ msgid "" "contrasts this with traditional publishers who charge over and over again " "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" +"For Mark var en viktig beslutning for forretningsdriften til Siyavula å " +"fokusere på hvordan de la verdi på toppen av sin grunnleggende tjeneste. De " +"tar betalt kun hvis de legger til unik verdi. Selve innholdet i læreboken " +"er overhodet ikke unikt, så Siyavula ser ikke poenget med å låse det ned å " +"ta betalt for det. Mark nevner at dette er svært forskjellig fra hvordan " +"tradisjonelle forleggere tar betalt om og om igjen for det samme innholdet " +"uten å legge noen til verdien av det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6579 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8339 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8350 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -13718,40 +15628,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8359 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8370 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8367 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8374 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8384 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -13761,8 +15676,8 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8392 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -13774,30 +15689,30 @@ msgid "" "government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8403 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8413 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8421 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -13809,8 +15724,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8432 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -13818,20 +15733,20 @@ msgid "" "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8439 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8447 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " @@ -13844,60 +15759,47 @@ msgid "" "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6681 -msgid "## SparkFun" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8463 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8466 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8470 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6688 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8472 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier (elektroniske salg)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6690 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8475 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 29. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8478 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -13906,8 +15808,8 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8493 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -13915,8 +15817,8 @@ msgid "" "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8499 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -13926,8 +15828,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8508 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -13937,16 +15839,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8517 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " "It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8523 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -13957,55 +15859,55 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8533 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6750 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8542 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8553 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8562 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8571 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -14014,29 +15916,29 @@ msgid "" "young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8579 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8585 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6793 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8596 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -14047,8 +15949,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6804 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8607 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -14062,20 +15964,20 @@ msgid "" "human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8621 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8631 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -14084,24 +15986,24 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8638 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8650 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -14109,8 +16011,8 @@ msgid "" "source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8661 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -14120,8 +16022,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8670 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -14135,49 +16037,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6858 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8684 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8687 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 -msgid "teachaids.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8692 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6868 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8696 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8699 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8707 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -14191,8 +16096,8 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8726 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -14212,8 +16117,8 @@ msgid "" "pieces of information." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8746 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -14226,20 +16131,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8758 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6933 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8764 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -14250,8 +16155,8 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8779 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -14261,8 +16166,8 @@ msgid "" "everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8787 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -14272,8 +16177,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8796 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -14288,8 +16193,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8811 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -14305,15 +16210,15 @@ msgid "" "eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8827 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -14325,23 +16230,23 @@ msgid "" "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8859 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -14353,20 +16258,20 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8870 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7030 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -14380,8 +16285,8 @@ msgid "" "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8893 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -14391,8 +16296,8 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -14402,47 +16307,52 @@ msgid "" "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7046 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8920 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8925 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 26. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8928 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"medgrunnegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8936 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8945 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -14453,8 +16363,8 @@ msgid "" "readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8955 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -14465,8 +16375,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8965 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -14475,57 +16385,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8972 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8980 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8990 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7134 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -14533,43 +16449,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9024 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9040 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9032 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9043 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9054 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -14581,18 +16502,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9065 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9073 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -14600,8 +16521,8 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9079 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -14610,8 +16531,8 @@ msgid "" "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9087 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -14623,8 +16544,8 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9098 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -14634,11 +16555,11 @@ msgid "" "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9108 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -14648,8 +16569,8 @@ msgid "" "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9120 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -14666,8 +16587,8 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9137 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -14679,57 +16600,48 @@ msgid "" "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9149 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9152 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9157 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7253 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9159 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7255 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9161 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 18 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9164 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9173 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -14738,16 +16650,16 @@ msgid "" "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9184 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9189 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -14762,8 +16674,8 @@ msgid "" "organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9203 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -14771,19 +16683,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7296 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9210 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9219 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -14796,37 +16708,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9231 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9254 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -14835,11 +16747,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9269 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -14849,8 +16761,17 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9293 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9281 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -14862,26 +16783,27 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9299 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9309 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -14892,11 +16814,11 @@ msgid "" "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9320 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -14904,8 +16826,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -14913,8 +16835,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9335 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -14922,8 +16844,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9342 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -14931,553 +16853,566 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7411 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7413 -msgid "## Bibliography" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 +msgid "Bibliography" +msgstr "Bibliografi" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9353 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7422 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9359 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9364 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9367 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9371 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9382 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9388 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" -"paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9394 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9398 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7459 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9408 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9412 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9416 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9428 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9432 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9436 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7487 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9443 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9448 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9453 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9457 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9462 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9469 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7508 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9473 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9478 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" -"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7515 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9484 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9488 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, og Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, og " +"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7526 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9498 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9515 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9519 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7545 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9523 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9527 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7551 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9531 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9535 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9538 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7568 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9555 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9559 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7574 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9563 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9567 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9573 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, og Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9579 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, og Adam Smith. Value " +"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. En " +"forhåndsvisning av denne boken er tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9585 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9589 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9597 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" -"\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9603 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" -"cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9609 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9619 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9623 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9627 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7624 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9631 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9635 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9639 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9643 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9647 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9664 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9668 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9672 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9680 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9686 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9691 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9696 +msgid "Acknowledgments" +msgstr "Takk til" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9698 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -15485,17 +17420,21 @@ msgid "" "Flora Hewlett Foundation for the initial seed funding that got us started on " "this project." msgstr "" +"Vi vil spesielt takke daglig leder for Creative Commons Ryan Merkley, styret " +"for Creative Commons, og alle våre kolleger for deres entusiastiske støtte " +"til vårt arbeid. En spesiell takk til William and Flora Hewlett Foundation " +"for startstøtten som fikk oss i gang med prosjektet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7685 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9710 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -15504,17 +17443,21 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9718 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" "editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable feedback. " "Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" +"Denne boken ble mulig takket være den generøse støtten til de 1 687 " +"Kickstarter-støttespillerne som er listet opp under. Vi vil spesielt takke " +"våre mange med-redaktører som leste tidlige utkast av verket vårt og ga " +"uvurderlige tilbakemeldinger. Ektefølt takk til dere alle." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9724 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -15606,10 +17549,10 @@ msgstr "" "William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, " "Yancey Strickler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9775 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -15620,7 +17563,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -15633,7 +17576,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -15661,7 +17604,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -15691,7 +17634,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -15699,7 +17642,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -15723,7 +17666,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -15772,7 +17715,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -15843,7 +17786,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -15853,7 +17796,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -15863,7 +17806,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -15952,7 +17895,7 @@ msgstr "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -16271,13 +18214,23 @@ msgstr "" "Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier Moisant, Xueqi Li, " "Yancey Strickler, Yann Heurtaux, Yasmine Hajjar, Yu-Hsian Sun, Yves " "Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis og Joshua de Haan, " -"ZeMarmot Open Movie" +"ZeMarmot Open Movie." -#~ msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +#~ msgid "Made With Creative Commons" #~ msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" -#~ msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#~ msgstr "Paul Stacey og Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Enterprise engagements" +#~ msgstr "Enterprise engagements" + +#~ msgid "Different views on resources" +#~ msgstr "Forskjellige syn på ressurser" + +#~ msgid "Long ago" +#~ msgstr "For lenge siden" + +#~ msgid "State takeover of the commons" +#~ msgstr "Statlig overtagelse av allmenningen" -#~ msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -#~ msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" +#~ msgid "Today" +#~ msgstr "I dag"