X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/blobdiff_plain/a795c7a7201105f1c340d9632895fe0285ef74cc..b83e1256b5b3e66f554ffb403156af827bd6c8dc:/po/es/mwcc.po diff --git a/po/es/mwcc.po b/po/es/mwcc.po index 456d3d0..2e329ab 100644 --- a/po/es/mwcc.po +++ b/po/es/mwcc.po @@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-08-18 10:28-0500\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-08-31 16:05+0000\n" -"Last-Translator: Luis Enrique Amaya González " -"\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-25 07:15+0000\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-03-03 05:28+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Spanish " "\n" "Language: es\n" @@ -17,36 +16,98 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" -"X-Generator: Weblate 2.17-dev\n" +"X-Generator: Weblate 2.20-dev\n" "X-Poedit-Bookmarks: -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,46\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2 +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "es" + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"" +msgstr "" +"Este libro se publica bajo una licencia CC BY-SA, lo cual significa que " +"usted puede copiarlo, redistribuirlo, remezclarlo, transformarlo, y " +"construir sobre su contenido para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, " +"mientras dé el crédito apropiado, provea un enlace a la licencia, e indique " +"si se realizaron cambios. Si remezcla, transforma, o construye sobre el " +"material, debe distribuir sus contribuciones bajo el mismo licenciamiento " +"que el material original. Detalles de licenciamiento: " + +#. type: Content of:
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" Mexico City\n" +" " +msgstr "" +" Ciudad de México\n" +" " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +" 2017 Creative Commons " +" Gunnar Wolf " +msgstr "" +" 2017 Creative Commons " +" Gunnar Wolf " + +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 msgid "Made with Creative Commons" msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4 -msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "Paul Stacey y Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "Stacey" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "por Paul Stacey y Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:10 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -msgstr "© 2017, Creative Commons." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." +msgstr "© 2017, por la Creative Commons Foundation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:13 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." @@ -54,113 +115,39 @@ msgstr "" "Publicado bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual (CC " "BY-SA), versión 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:15 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:17 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Portada y diseño de interiores por Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:19 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Edición de contenido por Grace Yaginuma" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:21 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -msgstr "Ilustraciones por Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:23 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "Libro descargable disponible en madewith.cc" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:25 -msgid "Publisher:" -msgstr "Editor:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:27 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "Libros Ctrl+Alt+Delete" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:29 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:31 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "2200 Copenhagen N" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:33 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "Dinamarca" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:35 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "www.cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:37 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:39 -msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "Impresión:" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:41 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:43 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:45 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:47 -msgid "Poland" -msgstr "Polonia" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:55 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" msgstr "" -"Este libro se publica bajo una licencia CC BY-SA, lo cual significa que " -"usted puede copiarlo, redistribuirlo, remezclarlo, transformarlo, y " -"construir sobre su contenido para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, " -"mientras dé el crédito apropiado, provea un enlace a la licencia, e indique " -"si se realizaron cambios. Si remezcla, transforma, o construye sobre el " -"material, debe distribuir sus contribuciones bajo el mismo licenciamiento " -"que el material original. Detalles de licenciamiento: creativecommons.org/" -"licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +"ISBN: POR-SER-DECIDIDO (PDF), POR-SER-DECIDIDO (ePub), POR-SER-DECIDIDO " +"(Edición de papel)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ilustraciones por Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." +msgstr "Editor: Gunnar Wolf." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "Libro descargable disponible en <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:59 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " @@ -170,11 +157,11 @@ msgstr "" "Commons y los patrocinadores de nuestra campaña de financiamiento en la " "plataforma Kickstarter.com." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:66 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 msgid "" -"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " -"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " "this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " "average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " "sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " @@ -187,18 +174,18 @@ msgstr "" "pensar a mucha mayor profundidad acerca de todo tipo de cosas diferentes de " "lo que tenemos la oportunidad de hacer en nuestras vidas diarias.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:70 -msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:72 -msgid "## Foreword" -msgstr "## Prefacio" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "Prefacio" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:80 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -216,8 +203,8 @@ msgstr "" "a la búsqueda de modelos viables de negocio mediante CC “una cortina de " "humo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:86 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -231,8 +218,8 @@ msgstr "" "razón principal de ser es hacer del mundo un mejor lugar, no lucrar. El " "dinero es un medio para un fin social, no el fin mismo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:92 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -241,45 +228,46 @@ msgid "" "course, someone always wins the lottery.”" msgstr "" "En el estudio de caso acerca de Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cita " -"las palabras de Cory de su libro La Información no Quiere ser Libre: " +"las palabras de Cory de su libro _La Información no Quiere ser Libre_: " "”Hacerse artista porque puedes hacerte rico es como comprar boletos de " "lotería porque quieres hacerte rico. Podría funcionar, pero muy " "probablemente no lo hará. Sin embargo, claro, alguien siempre se gana la " "lotería.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:99 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" "Hoy en día, los derechos de autor son como un boleto de lotería — todos " -"tienen uno, y casi nadie gana. Lo que no te dicen es que si eliges compartir " -"tu trabajo, los rendimientos pueden ser significativos y duraderos. Este " -"libro está lleno de historias de quienes toman riesgos mucho mayores que los " -"dos dólares que pagamos por un boleto de lotería, y sin embargo cosechan las " -"recompensas que surgen de perseguir sus pasiones y vivir según sus valores." +"tienen uno, y casi nadie gana. Lo que no dicen es que, para quien elige " +"compartir su trabajo, los rendimientos pueden ser significativos y " +"duraderos. Este libro está lleno de historias de quienes toman riesgos mucho " +"mayores que los dos dólares que pagamos por un boleto de lotería, y sin " +"embargo cosechan las recompensas que surgen de perseguir sus pasiones y " +"vivir según sus valores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:105 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" -"Así que no es acerca del dinero. Sin embargo, sí lo es. Encontrar los medios " -"para continuar creando y compartiendo frecuentemente requiere de algunos " -"ingresos. Max Temkin, de Cards Against Humanity, lo explica muy bien en su " -"estudio de caso: ”No hacemos chistes y juegos para hacer dinero — Hacemos " -"dinero para poder seguir haciendo más chistes y juegos.”" +"Así que no es acerca del dinero. Pero, al mismo tiempo, sí lo es. Encontrar " +"los medios para continuar creando y compartiendo frecuentemente requiere de " +"algunos ingresos. Max Temkin, de _Cards Against Humanity_, lo explica muy " +"bien en su estudio de caso: ”No hacemos chistes y juegos para hacer dinero — " +"Hacemos dinero para poder seguir haciendo más chistes y juegos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:113 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -294,10 +282,10 @@ msgstr "" "Considerando esto, Creative Commons inició este proyecto de libro. Con la " "guía de Paul y Sarah, el proyecto inició para definir y fomentar los mejores " "modelos de negocios abiertos. Paul y Sarah fueron los autores ideales para " -"escribir Hecho con Creative Commons." +"escribir _Hecho con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:121 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -311,15 +299,15 @@ msgstr "" "innovación dominen a la inequidad y escasez que hoy en día definen a lo peor " "del capitalismo. A él lo impulsa la fuerza que tienen las conexiones humanas " "entre las comunidad de creadores. Es más observador que la mayoría, y esto " -"lo ha hecho un mejor educador, un investigador perspicaz, y también un hábil " -"jardinero. Tiene una voz fresca y calma que transmite la pasión que inspira " -"a sus colegas y a su comunidad." +"ha hecho de él un mejor educador, un investigador perspicaz, y también un " +"hábil jardinero. Tiene una voz fresca y calma que transmite la pasión que " +"inspira a sus colegas y a su comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:131 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " @@ -337,8 +325,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ella es práctica, detallista y lista. Es la persona con quien más disfruto " "debatir de mi equipo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:140 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -346,7 +334,7 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" "Como coautores, Paul y Sarah se complementan perfectamente. Investigaron, " @@ -356,11 +344,11 @@ msgstr "" "construir el procomún y compartirlo con el mundo. Se mantuvieron abiertos a " "nuevas ideas, incluyendo la posibilidad de que sus teorías iniciales " "requirieran refinamiento o estuvieran completamente equivocadas. Eso " -"requiere coraje, y llevó a que el libro resulte mejor, al ser interesante, " +"requiere de valor, y llevó a que el libro resulte mejor, al ser interesante, " "honesto y útil." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:146 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " @@ -375,8 +363,8 @@ msgstr "" "remezclarlo o adaptarlo con atribución. Es, por sí mismo, un ejemplo de un " "modelo de negocios abierto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:153 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -390,33 +378,33 @@ msgstr "" "El resto fue provisto por los generosos donantes y colaboradores de CC. A " "fin de cuentas, resultó uno de los proyectos de libro más exitosos de " "Kickstarter, rompiendo dos objetivos extendidos, e involucrando a más de " -"1,600 donantes — la mayoría de ellos, apoyando por primera vez a Creative " -"Commons." +"1,600 donantes — para la mayoría de ellos, su primera contribución a " +"Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:162 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" -"Paul y Sarah trabajaron abiertamente durante todo el proyecto, publicando " -"sus planes, borradores, estudios de caso y análisis, temprano y " +"Paul y Sarah trabajaron de forma abierta durante todo el proyecto, " +"publicando sus planes, borradores, estudios de caso y análisis, temprano y " "frecuentemente, e involucraron a comunidades en todo el mundo para ayudar a " "escribir este libro. Conforme sus opiniones divergían y sus intereses se " "fueron definiendo más claramente, dividieron sus voces y decidieron " "mantenerlas por separado en el producto final. Trabajar de esta manera " "requiere tanto de humildad como de confianza en sí mismo, y sin duda llevó a " -"que Hecho con Creative Commons resultara un mejor proyecto." +"que _Hecho con Creative Commons_ resultara un mejor proyecto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:167 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" @@ -424,10 +412,10 @@ msgstr "" "Son parte de algo más grande que ellos mismos, y lo que nos ofrecen a todos " "es un gran regalo. Lo que reciben a cambio es gratitud, y una comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:174 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " @@ -442,8 +430,8 @@ msgstr "" "CC han ayudado a tantos para compartir de la forma que les gusta y con un " "público global." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:186 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -462,20 +450,21 @@ msgstr "" "una comunidad colabore en conjunto para crear algo nuevo, o puede ser " "simplemente una colección de personas de ideas afines que se conocen y se " "reúnen alrededor de intereses o creencias comunes. Hasta cierto grado, " -"simplemente ser Hecho con Creative Commons automáticamente trae consigo un " -"cierto elemento de comunidad, ayudando a conectarte a terceros como tú que " -"reconocen y son atraídos por los valores simbolizados por usar CC.” Amanda " -"Palmer, la otra música perfilada en el libro, seguramente agregaría esto de " -"su estudio de caso: ”No hay un objetivo más satisfactorio que el que alguien " -"te diga que lo que haces genuinamente resulta valioso para ellos.”" +"simplemente ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ automáticamente trae consigo un " +"cierto elemento de comunidad, ayudando a conectar con terceros como uno " +"mismo que reconocen y son atraídos por los valores simbolizados por usar " +"CC.” Amanda Palmer, la otra música perfilada en el libro, seguramente " +"agregaría esto de su estudio de caso: ”No hay un objetivo más satisfactorio " +"que el que alguien te diga que lo que haces genuinamente les resulta " +"valioso.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:195 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." @@ -484,13 +473,13 @@ msgstr "" "busque una receta o una hoja de ruta. Quienes buscan perseguir un fin " "social, construir algo grandioso mediante la colaboración, o unirse a una " "comunidad global poderosa y creciente, seguramente resultarán satisfechos. " -"Hecho con Creative Commons ofrece un conjunto de valores y principios " +"_Hecho con Creative Commons_ ofrece un conjunto de valores y principios " "claramente articulados capaces de cambiar al mundo, algunas herramientas " "esenciales para explorar tus propias oportunidades de negocios, y dos " "docenas de dosis de inspiración pura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:203 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -500,7 +489,7 @@ msgid "" "groups, in communities, among strangers, among people they come to know, and " "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" -"En el artículo de revisión de Stanford Law de 1996, el fundador de CC, " +"En el artículo publicado en Stanford Law Review de 1996, el fundador de CC, " "Lawrence Lessig, escribió: ”El ciberespacio es un lugar. Hay gente que vive " "ahí. Experimentan ahí todas las cosas que experimentan en el espacio real. " "Para algunos, incluso experimentan más. Y lo experimentan no como individuos " @@ -508,46 +497,45 @@ msgstr "" "experimentan grupalmente, en comunidades, entre extraños, entre gente que " "van conociendo, de quienes se van haciendo amigos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:209 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" "Estoy increíblemente orgulloso de que Creative Commons pueda publicar este " "libro para las muchas comunidades que hemos llegado a conocer y amar. Estoy " -"agradecido con Paul y Sarah por su creatividad y conocimientos, y para las " -"comunidades globales que nos han ayudado a traértelo. Como dice Jonathan " +"agradecido con Paul y Sarah por su creatividad y conocimientos, y con las " +"comunidades globales que nos han ayudado a difundirlo. Como dice Jonathan " "Nightingale, miembro del consejo de CC, ”todo está hecho de gente.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:211 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -"Ese es el verdadero valor de las cosas que están Hechas con Creative Commons." +"Ese es el verdadero valor de las cosas que están _Hechas con Creative " +"Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:213 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:215 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -msgstr "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:217 -msgid "## Introduction" -msgstr "## Introducción" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "Introducción" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:220 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." @@ -555,8 +543,8 @@ msgstr "" "Este libro muestra al mundo cómo el compartir puede ser bueno para los " "negocios — Pero con un giro adicional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:230 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -574,14 +562,14 @@ msgstr "" "objetivo no era identificar una fórmula para modelos de negocio que usaran " "Creative Commons, sino que recopilar ideas frescas y ejemplos dinámicos que " "detonaran modelos nuevos e innovadores, y ayudar a terceros a seguir su " -"ejemplo, construyendo sobre lo que ya ha demostrado funcionar. Al inicio, " +"ejemplo, construyendo sobre lo que ya ha demostrado funcionar. Al principio, " "enmarcamos nuestra investigación en términos comerciales familiares. Creamos " "un ”lienzo de modelo de negocios abiertos” en blanco, una herramienta " "interactiva en línea que ayudara a la gente para diseñar y analizar su " "modelo de negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:237 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " @@ -592,12 +580,12 @@ msgstr "" "Gracias a la generosa contribución de nuestros patrocinadores del " "Kickstarter, iniciamos este proyecto identificando y seleccionando un grupo " "diverso de creadores, organizaciones y negocios que utilizan Creative " -"Commons de forma integral — Lo que llamamos ser Hecho con Creative Commons. " -"Los entrevistamos y escribimos sus historias.Analizamos lo que escuchamos y " -"profundizamos en la literatura." +"Commons de forma integral — Lo que llamamos ser _Hecho con Creative " +"Commons_. Los entrevistamos y escribimos sus historias.Analizamos lo que " +"escuchamos y profundizamos en la literatura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:240 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." @@ -606,27 +594,27 @@ msgstr "" "manera original de enmarcar el trabajo no cuadró con las historias que " "escuchábamos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:246 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" "Aquellos a quienes entrevistábamos no eran los típicos negocios vendiendo a " -"los consumidores y buscando maximizar sus ingresos y la rentabilidad. En vez " -"de ello, estaban compartiendo para hacer del mundo un mejor lugar, creando " +"los consumidores y buscando maximizar sus ingresos y rentabilidad. En vez de " +"ello, estaban compartiendo para hacer del mundo un mejor lugar, creando " "relaciones y una comunidad alrededor de los trabajos que compartían, y " -"generando ganancias no hacia un crecimiento ilimitado, sino que para " +"generando ganancias, no buscando un crecimiento ilimitado, sino que para " "sostener sus operaciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:252 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " "Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" @@ -634,11 +622,11 @@ msgstr "" "Frecuentemente no les gustaba escuchar que se describiera lo que hacían como " "un modelo de negocios abierto. Su emprendimiento iba más allá que eso, era " "algo diferente. Algo que no únicamente genera valor económico, sino que " -"también valor social y cultural. Algo que involucra la conexión humana. Ser " -"Hecho con Creative Commons no es ”negocios como siempre.”" +"también valor social y cultural. Algo que involucra conexión humana. Ser " +"_Hecho con Creative Commons_ no es ”negocios como siempre.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:260 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -647,23 +635,23 @@ msgid "" "who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed " "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" -"Tuvimos que repensar la concepción de este proyecto. No ocurrió de la noche " -"a la mañana. Entre otoño de 2015 y 2016, documentamos nuestros pensamientos " -"en publicaciones de blog en Medium y con actualizaciones de estado " -"periódicas a nuestros patrocinadores de Kickstarter. Intercambiamos " +"Tuvimos que repensar la concepción de este proyecto, y no ocurrió de la " +"noche a la mañana. Entre otoño de 2015 y 2016, documentamos nuestros " +"pensamientos en publicaciones de blog en Medium y con actualizaciones de " +"estado periódicas a nuestros patrocinadores de Kickstarter. Intercambiamos " "borradores de estudios de caso y análisis con nuestros co-creadores de " "Kickstarter, quienes nos ayudaron con invaluables ediciones, " "retroalimentación y consejos. Nuestra forma de cambiar cambió dramáticamente " "en el transcurso de un año y medio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:269 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" @@ -671,13 +659,13 @@ msgstr "" "comprender y describir lo que estábamos aprendiendo. Aprender el uno del " "otro ha sido uno de los grandes goces de este trabajo, y, esperamos, algo " "que convirtió al producto final en algo mucho más rico de lo que podría " -"serlo si alguno de nosotros hubiera afrontado este proyecto en solitario. " -"Preservamos nuestras voces a lo largo del camino, y vas a poder sentir " -"nuestros enfoques diferentes pero complementarios según leas las diferentes " -"secciones." +"serlo si uno de nosotros hubiera afrontado este proyecto en solitario. " +"Preservamos nuestras voces a lo largo del camino, con lo que se proyectan " +"nuestros enfoques diferentes pero complementarios a lo largo de las " +"diferentes secciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:273 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." @@ -686,8 +674,8 @@ msgstr "" "puede leerse más o menos independientemente. El libro está estructurado en " "dos partes principales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:280 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 msgid "" "Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " "He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " @@ -700,12 +688,11 @@ msgstr "" "escala escrito por Paul. Presenta un contexto histórico para el procomún " "digital, describiendo las tres maneras en que la sociedad ha administrado " "los recursos y compartido la riqueza — El procomún, el mercado y el estado. " -"Sugiere pensar más allá de los términos de negocios y mercado, y " -"elocuentemente defiende la importancia de compartir y enriquecer al procomún " -"digital." +"Sugiere pensar más allá de términos de negocios y mercado, y elocuentemente " +"defiende la importancia de compartir y enriquecer al procomún digital." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:289 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -716,16 +703,16 @@ msgid "" "values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" "La imagen general continúa con el capítulo de Sarah, quien considera qué " -"significa ser exitosamente Hecho con Creative Commons. Si bien hacer dinero " -"es una parte del total, también está el conjunto de valores del interés " -"público y el tipo de conexiones humanas que dan verdadero significado al " -"compartir. Esta sección delinea las maneras en que los creadores, " -"organizaciones y negocios que entrevistamos obtienen sus ingresos, cómo " -"impulsan el interés público y viven según sus valores, y cómo impulsan " -"conexiones con la gente con quienes comparten." +"significa ser exitosamente _Hecho con Creative Commons_. Si bien hacer " +"dinero es parte del rompecabezas, también se considera el conjunto de " +"valores del interés público y el tipo de conexiones humanas que dan " +"verdadero significado al compartir. Esta sección delinea las maneras en que " +"los creadores, organizaciones y negocios que entrevistamos obtienen sus " +"ingresos, cómo impulsan el interés público y viven según sus valores, y cómo " +"impulsan conexiones con la gente con quienes comparten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:295 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " @@ -738,8 +725,8 @@ msgstr "" "al modelo de todos los derechos reservados del derecho de autor tradicional— " "son las únicas maneras de hacer dinero." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:300 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " @@ -750,19 +737,19 @@ msgstr "" "participamos en las entrevistas, nos dividimos la escritura de estos " "perfiles." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:304 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" -"Claro, nos complace hacer el presente libro disponible bajo un " -"licenciamiento Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual. Por favor copia, " -"distribuye, traduce, localiza y construye sobre de este trabajo." +"Claro, nos complace publicar el presente libro bajo un licenciamiento " +"Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual. Por favor copia, distribuye, " +"traduce, localiza y construye sobre de este trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:310 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -771,148 +758,180 @@ msgid "" "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" "Escribir este libro nos ha transformado e inspirado. La forma en que ahora " -"vemos y pensamos acerca de lo que significa ser Hecho con Creative Commons " -"ha cambiado irrevocablemente. Esperamos que este libro inspire a ti y a tu " -"empresa a utilizar Creative Commons y, al hacerlo, contribuya a transformar " -"nuestra economía y al mundo para mejor." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:312 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" -msgstr "*Paul y Sarah*\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# Part 1" -msgstr "# Parte 1" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 -msgid "# The Big Picture" -msgstr "# El panorama completo" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 -msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" -msgstr "## Beneficios del procomún digital" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:320 +"vemos y pensamos acerca de lo que significa ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ " +"ha cambiado irrevocablemente. Esperamos que este libro inspire a los " +"lectores y a sus empresas a utilizar Creative Commons y, al hacerlo, " +"contribuya a transformar nuestra economía y al mundo para mejor." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Paul y Sarah </emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "El panorama completo" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" +msgstr "El nuevo mundo del procomún digital" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" msgstr "Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:328 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " "So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " "childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " -"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " -"as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jonathan Rowe de forma elocuente describe al procomún como «el aire y los " +"Jonathan Rowe describe de forma elocuente al procomún como «el aire y los " "océanos, la red de especies, la naturaleza salvaje y la corriente de agua—" "todas son partes del procomún. También lo son el idioma y el conocimiento, " "las aceras y las plazas públicas, las historias infantiles y los procesos " "democráticos. Algunas partes del procomún son regalos de la naturaleza, " "otras son producto del esfuerzo humano. Algunas son nuevas, como la " -"Internet; otras son antiguas como la tierra y la caligrafía.»1" +"Internet; otras son antiguas como la tierra y la caligrafía.»<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" -"En Hecho con Creative Commons, nos enfocamos en nuestra era actual del " -"procomún digital, un procomún de trabajos producidos por humanos. Este " +"En _Hecho con Creative Commons_, nos enfocamos en nuestra era actual del " +"procomún digital, un procomún de trabajos producidos por personas. Este " "procomún atraviesa una amplia variedad de áreas, incluyendo patrimonio " "cultural, educación, investigación, tecnología, arte, diseño, literatura, " -"entretenimiento, negocios y datos. Los trabajos producidos por humanos en " -"todas estas áreas son cada vez más digitales. La Internet es un tipo global " -"de procomún digital. Los individuos, organizaciones y negocios que " +"entretenimiento, negocios y datos. Los trabajos producidos por personas en " +"todas estas áreas son, cada vez más, digitales. La Internet es un tipo " +"global de procomún digital. Los individuos, organizaciones y negocios que " "perfilamos en nuestros casos de estudio usan Creative Commons para compartir " "sus recursos en línea a través de la Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with commoning. " -"Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social practice of " -"commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a community of " -"users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" "Sin embargo, el procomún no es sólo acerca de recursos compartidos. También " "es acerca de las prácticas sociales y valores que los dirigen. Un recurso es " -"un sustantivo, pero liberar—poner un recurso en el procomún—es un verbo.2 " -"Las personas creadoras, organizaciones y negocios que perfilamos están todas " -"comprometidas con comunalizar. Su uso de Creative Common les involucra en la " -"práctica social de la liberación, gestionando recursos de una forma " -"colectiva con una comunidad de usuarios.3 La liberación es guiada por un " -"conjunto de valores y normas que balancean los costos y beneficios de la " -"empresa con aquellos de la comunidad. Se le da especial atención al acceso " -"equitativo, uso y sostenibilidad." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:350 -msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" -msgstr "### El procomún, el mercado y el Estado" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:355 +"un sustantivo, pero _comunalizar_ —poner un recurso en el procomún— es un " +"verbo.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Las personas creadoras, " +"organizaciones y negocios que perfilamos están todas comprometidas con " +"comunalizar. Su uso de Creative Commons les involucra en la práctica social " +"de la comunalización, gestionando recursos de una forma colectiva con una " +"comunidad de usuarios.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> La " +"liberación es guiada por un conjunto de valores y normas que balancean los " +"costos y beneficios de la empresa con aquellos de la comunidad. Se le da " +"especial atención al acceso equitativo, uso y sostenibilidad." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "El procomún, el mercado y el Estado" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Históricamente, han habido tres formas de gestionar recursos y compartir " -"riquezas: el procomún (gestionado de forma colectiva), el Estado (i.e., el " -"gobierno) y el mercado—con los dos últimos siendo hoy las formas dominantes.4" +"riquezas: el procomún (gestionado de forma colectiva), el Estado (esto es, " +"el gobierno) y el mercado—con los dos últimos siendo hoy las formas " +"dominantes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:363 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." msgstr "" "Las organizaciones y los negocios en nuestros casos de estudio son únicas en " -"la forma en que participan en el procomún, mientras se siguen involucrando " -"con el mercado y/o el Estado. El grado de involucramiento con el mercado o " -"Estado varía. Algunas operan ante todo como procomún con mínima o ninguna " -"dependencia del mercado o Estado.5 Otras son parte del mercado o Estado, y " -"dependen de estos para su sotenibilidad financiera. Todas operan como " -"híbridos, mezclando las normas del procomún con las del mercado o Estado." +"la forma en que participan en el procomún, al tiempo que se mantienen " +"involucrados con el mercado y/o el Estado. El grado de involucramiento con " +"el mercado o Estado varía. Algunas operan ante todo como procomún con mínima " +"o ninguna dependencia del mercado o Estado.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Otras son parte del mercado o Estado, y dependen de estos para su " +"sotenibilidad financiera. Todas operan como híbridos, mezclando las normas " +"del procomún con las del mercado o Estado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" -"Fig 1. es una representación de cómo una empresa puede tener niveles " +"La Fig. 1. es una representación de cómo una empresa puede tener niveles " "variables de involucramiento con el procomún, el Estado y el mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -933,8 +952,8 @@ msgstr "" "se ve a sí misma como principalmente de un tipo o de otro afecta el balance " "de normas bajo las cuales operan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -944,39 +963,62 @@ msgid "" "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" "Todos nuestros casos de estudio generan dinero como medio de subsistencia o " -"sostenibilidad. El dinero es, ante todo, del mercado. Encontrar formas de " -"generar ingresos manteniéndose fiel a los valores fundamentales del procomún " -"(por lo general expresados en declaraciones de la misión) es un reto. " -"Gestionar la interacción y el involucramiento entre el procomún y el mercado " -"requiere un toque ágil, un fuerte sentido de valores y la habilidad de " -"mezclar lo mejor de ambos." +"sostenibilidad. El dinero pertenece, ante todo, al mercado. Encontrar formas " +"de generar ingresos manteniéndose fiel a los valores fundamentales del " +"procomún (por lo general expresados en la definición de su misión) es un " +"reto. Gestionar la interacción y el involucramiento entre el procomún y el " +"mercado requiere un toque ágil, un fuerte sentido de valores y la habilidad " +"de mezclar lo mejor de ambos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " "build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, " "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" -"El Estado juega un rol importante en promover el uso y la adopción del " -"procomún. Los programas y financiamiento del Estado pueden contribuir y " -"construir el procomún de forma deliberada. Más allá del dinero, leyes y " -"regulaciones con respecto a propiedad, derechos de autor, negocios y " -"finanzas pueden ser designadas para promover el procomún." +"El Estado juega un papel importante en la promoción del uso y la adopción " +"del procomún. Los programas y financiamiento del Estado pueden contribuir y " +"construir el procomún de forma deliberada. Más allá del dinero, pueden " +"diseñarse las leyes y regulaciones con respecto a propiedad, derechos de " +"autor, negocios y finanzas para promover el procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:486 #, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " +#| "engagement with commons, state, and market." +msgid "Enterprise engagement with commons, state and market." +msgstr "" +"La Fig. 1. es una representación de cómo una empresa puede tener niveles " +"variables de involucramiento con el procomún, el Estado y el mercado." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:482 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.5417in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:648 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:777 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:819 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:904 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:492 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -988,38 +1030,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Es útil entender cómo el procomún, el mercado y el Estado gestionan los " "recursos de forma diferente, y no solo prara aquellos que se consideran ante " -"todo como un procomún. Para negocios u organizaciones gubernamentales que " -"quiere involucrarse y usar el procomún, saber cómo el procomún opera les " -"ayudará a entender la mejor forma para hacerlo. Participar en el uso del " -"procomún en la misma forma en la que lo harían en el mercado o Estado no es " -"una estrategia para el éxito." +"todo como un procomún. Para empresas u organizaciones gubernamentales que " +"quieren involucrarse y aprovechar los bienes comunales, saber cómo éstos " +"operan les ayudará a encontrar la mejor forma para hacerlo. Participar en el " +"uso del procomún en la misma forma en la que lo harían en el mercado o " +"Estado no resultaría una estrategia exitosa." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:503 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "Los cuatro aspectos de un recurso" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:402 -msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" -msgstr "### Los cuatro aspectos de un recurso" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:508 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” en Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:410 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:505 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." msgstr "" "Como parte de su trabajo ganador del Premio Nobel, Elinor Ostrom desarrolló " "un marco conceptual para analizar cómo los recursos naturales se gestionan " -"en un procomún.6 Su marco conceptual considera cosas como las " -"características biofísicas de recursos communes, los actores de la comunidad " -"y las interacciones que tienen lugar entre estas, reglas en uso y " -"resultados. El marco conceptual ha sido simplificado y generalizado para " -"aplicar al procomún, el mercado y el Estado para este capítulo." +"en un procomún.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Su marco conceptual " +"considera cosas como las características biofísicas de recursos communes, " +"los actores de la comunidad y las interacciones que tienen lugar entre " +"ellos, reglas en uso y resultados. El marco conceptual ha sido simplificado " +"y generalizado para aplicar al procomún, el mercado y el Estado para este " +"capítulo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:521 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -1027,29 +1083,39 @@ msgid "" "rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with " "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" -"Para comparar y contrastar las formas en las que el procomún, el mercado y " -"el Estado trabaja, consideremos cuatro aspectos de la gestión de recursos: " -"características del recruso, las personas involucradas y el proceso que " -"usan, las normas y reglas que desarrollan para gobernar el uso, y finalmente " -"el uso real del recurso junto con los resultados de ese uso (ver Fig. 2)." +"Para comparar y contrastar las formas en las que los bienes comunales, el " +"mercado y el Estado trabajan, consideremos cuatro aspectos de la gestión de " +"recursos: características del recruso, las personas involucradas y los " +"procesos que siguen, las normas y reglas que desarrollan para gobernar el " +"uso, y finalmente el uso real del recurso junto con los resultados de ese " +"uso (ver Fig. 2)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:535 #, fuzzy +#| msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgid "Four aspects of resource management" +msgstr "Aspectos de administración del recurso" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:531 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"6.5in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:421 -msgid "#### Characteristics" -msgstr "#### Características" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:541 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "Características" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:543 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" @@ -1058,34 +1124,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Los recursos tienen características particulares o atributos que afectan la " "forma en que pueden ser usados. Algunos recursos son naturales; otros son " -"producidos por humanos. Y—de forma significativa para el procomún de hoy—los " -"recursos pueden ser físicos o digitales, lo que afecta el potencial " -"inherente del recuros." +"producidos por personas. Y —de forma significativa para el procomún de hoy—" +"los recursos pueden ser físicos o digitales, lo que afecta el potencial " +"inherente del recurso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:550 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " "resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a " "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" -"Los recursos físicos existen en un suministro limitado. Si yo tengo un " -"recurso físico y se lo doy a usted, yo ya no lo tengo más. Cuando un recurso " -"se retira y se usa, el suministro se vuelve escaso o agotado. La escasez " +"Los recursos físicos existen en cantidades limitadas. Si yo tengo un recurso " +"físico y se lo doy a otra persona, yo ya no lo tengo más. Cuando un recurso " +"se retira y se usa, la disponibilidad total se reduce o agota. La escasez " "puede resultar en una rivalidad competitiva por el recurso. Las empresas " -"hechas con Creative Commons por lo general se basan en lo digital, pero " -"algunos de nuestros casos de estudio también producen recursos en forma " +"_hechas con Creative Commons_ por lo general se basan en medios digitales, " +"pero algunos de nuestros casos de estudio también producen recursos en forma " "física. Los costos de producir y distribuir un bien físico por lo general " "requieren que se involucren con el mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:561 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -1093,39 +1159,39 @@ msgid "" "depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an " "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" -"Los recursos físicos son agotables, exclusivos y tienden a la rivalidad. Los " -"recursos digitales, por otra parte, no son agotables, exclusivos ni tienden " -"a la rivalidad. Si yo comparto un recurso digital con usted, ambos tenemos " -"el recurso. Dárselo a usted no significa que yo ya no lo tengo más. Los " -"recursos digitales pueden ser almacenados, copiados y distribuidos de forma " -"infinita sin agotarse, y a un costo cercano a cero. La abundancia, en lugar " -"de la escasez, es una característica inherente de los recursos digitales." +"Los recursos físicos son agotables, exclusivos y rivales. Los recursos " +"digitales, por otra parte, no son agotables, exclusivos ni rivales. Si yo " +"comparto un recurso digital con alguna persona, ambos tenemos el recurso. " +"Dárselo a alguien no significa que yo ya no lo tenga. Los recursos digitales " +"pueden ser almacenados, copiados y distribuidos de forma infinita sin " +"agotarse, y a un costo cercano a cero. La abundancia, y ya no de la escasez, " +"es una característica inherente de los recursos digitales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:571 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" -"La naturaleza no agotable, sin exclusividad y que no tiende a la rivalidad " -"de los recursos digitales significa que las reglas y normas para " -"gestionarlos pueden (y deben) ser diferentes de cómo los recursos físicos " -"se gestionan. Sin embargo, este no es siempre el caso. Los recursos " -"digitales con frecuencia se hacen escasos de forma artificial. Poner " -"recursos digitales en el procomún los hace libres y abundantes." +"La naturaleza no agotable, no exclusiva y no rival de los recursos digitales " +"significa que las reglas y normas para gestionarlos pueden (y deben) ser " +"diferentes de cómo los recursos físicos se gestionan. Sin embargo, este no " +"es siempre el caso. Los recursos digitales con frecuencia se hacen escasos " +"de forma artificial. Poner recursos digitales en el procomún los hace libres " +"y abundantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:579 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" "Nuestros casos de estudio con frecuencia gestionan recursos híbridos, que " @@ -1137,16 +1203,16 @@ msgstr "" "gestionados de forma gratuita y abierta, pero se cobra dinero por convertir " "un recurso digital en uno físico." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:590 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." msgstr "" "Mas allá de esta idea de físico contra digital, el procomún, el mercado y el " "Estado conciben a los recursos de forma diferente (ver Fig. 3). El mercado " @@ -1154,16 +1220,16 @@ msgstr "" "los cuales se extrae valor. El Estado ve a los recursos como bienes públicos " "que brindan valor a los ciudadanos. El procomún ve a los recursos como " "bienes comunes, que brindan riqueza común, extendiéndose más allá de las " -"fronteras del Estado para ser pasadas a futuras generaciones en una forma " -"sin disminuciones o mejorada." +"fronteras del Estado para ser pasadas a futuras generaciones de forma no " +"disminuída y, en ocasiones, mejorada." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:469 -msgid "#### People and processes" -msgstr "#### Personas y procesos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:601 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "Personas y procesos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:603 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " @@ -1173,15 +1239,15 @@ msgstr "" "usan para gestionar recursos. Los procesos usados definen quienes tienes " "tienen voz, así como la forma en que un recurso se gestiona." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:481 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:608 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" "En el Estado, un gobierno de oficiales elegidos es responsable de gestionar " "recursos en nombre del público. Los ciudadanos que producen y usan esos " @@ -1190,8 +1256,8 @@ msgstr "" "como empleados, establecen presupuestos, implementan programas y gestionan " "recursos con base en prioridades y procedimientos del gobierno." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:488 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:617 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -1208,66 +1274,82 @@ msgstr "" "con frecuencia producidas en masa, y vendidas a consumidores sobre la base " "de una transacción de efectivo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:502 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:628 msgid "" -"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." msgstr "" -"En contraste con el Estado y el mercado, los recursos en un procomún son " -"gestionados de forma más directa por las personas involucradas.7 Creadores " -"de recursos producidos por humanos pueden ponerlos en el procomún por " -"escogencia personal. No se requiere permiso del Estado o el mercado. " -"Cualquier persona puede participar en el procomún y determinar por sí misma " -"el alcance al cual quiere estar involucrada—como contribuyente, usuario o " -"administrador. Las personas involucradas no incluyen solo a aquellas que " -"crean y usan recursos, sino también a aquellas afectadas por el resultado " -"de su uso. Quién se es afecta su opinión, acciones que puede tomar, y el " -"alcance de la toma de decisiones. En el procomún, la comunidad como un todo " -"gestiona los recursos. Los recursos puestos en el procomún usando Creative " -"Commons requieren que los usuarios den crédito al creador original. Conocer " -"a la persona detrás del recurso vuelve al procomún menos anónimo y más " -"personal." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 -#, fuzzy +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:626 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" +"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"4.2362in\"}" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:507 -msgid "#### Norms and rules" -msgstr "#### Normas y reglas" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:512 +"En contraste con el Estado y el mercado, los recursos en un procomún son " +"gestionados de forma más directa por las personas involucradas.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creadores de recursos producidos por personas " +"pueden ponerlos en el procomún por escogencia personal. No se requiere " +"permiso del Estado o el mercado. Cualquier persona puede participar en el " +"procomún y determinar por sí misma el alcance al cual quiere estar " +"involucrada—como contribuyente, usuario o administrador. Las personas " +"involucradas no incluyen solo a aquellas que crean y usan recursos, sino " +"también a aquellas afectadas por el resultado de su uso. Quién se es afecta " +"su opinión, acciones que puede tomar, y el alcance de la toma de decisiones. " +"En el procomún, la comunidad como un todo gestiona los recursos. Los " +"recursos puestos en el procomún usando Creative Commons requieren que los " +"usuarios den crédito al creador original. Conocer a la persona detrás del " +"recurso vuelve al procomún menos anónimo y más personal." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:653 +msgid "How the market, commons and state concieve of resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:649 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "Normas y reglas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:662 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" -"Las interacciones sociales entre personas, y los procesos usados por el " -"Estado, el mercado y el procomún, evolucionan normas sociales y reglas. " -"Estas normas y reglas definen permisos, asignan derechos y resuelven " +"Las interacciones sociales entre personas, y los procesos empleados por el " +"Estado, el mercado y los bienes comunales, evolucionan en normas sociales y " +"reglas. Estas normas y reglas definen permisos, asignan derechos y resuelven " "disputas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:668 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -1277,75 +1359,92 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "La autoridad del Estado está gobernada por las constituciones nacionales. " "Las normas relacionadas con las prioridades y la toma de decisiones son " -"definidas por oficiales elegidos y procesos parlamentarios. Las reglas de " +"definidas por mandatarios electos y procesos parlamentarios. Las reglas del " "Estado se expresan a través de políticas, regulaciones y leyes. El Estado " "influencia las normas y reglas del mercado y el procomún a través de las " "reglas que pasa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:522 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:676 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" -"Las normas de mercado son influenciadas por economías y competición por " -"recursos escasos. Las reglas del mercado siguen a la propiedad, negocios y " -"leyes financieras definidas por el Estado." +"Las normas del mercado reciben influencia de la economía y la competencia " +"por recursos escasos. Las reglas del mercado siguen a la propiedad, negocios " +"y leyes financieras definidas por el Estado." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:688 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:681 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Como con el mercado, el procomún puede ser influenciado por políticas de " -"Estado, regulaciones y leyes. Pero las normas y reglas de un procomún son en " -"gran parte definidas por la comunidad. Ellas ponderan costos y beneficios " -"individuales contra los costos y beneficios de la comunidad entera. No solo " -"se le da consideración a la eficiencia económica sino que también a la " -"equidad y sostenibilidad.9" +"Como con el mercado, los bienes comunales pueden recibir influencia de " +"políticas de Estado, regulaciones y leyes. Pero las normas y reglas de un " +"bien comunal son en buena medida definidas por la comunidad. Ellas ponderan " +"costos y beneficios individuales contra los costos y beneficios de la " +"comunidad entera. No solo entra en juego la eficiencia económica sino que " +"también a la equidad y sostenibilidad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:531 -msgid "#### Goals" -msgstr "#### Objetivos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "Objetivos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:536 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:695 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " "how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the " "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" -"La combinación de los aspectos que hemos discutido hasta ahora—las " +"La combinación de los aspectos que hemos discutido hasta ahora —las " "características inherentes de los recursos, personas y procesos, y normas y " -"reglas—modelan cómo los recursos son usados. El uso también está " +"reglas— modelan cómo los recursos son empleados. El uso también está " "influenciado por los diferentes objetivos que tiene el Estado, el mercado y " "el procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:543 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:707 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." msgstr "" -"En el mercado, en enfoque es en maximizar la utilidad de un recurso. Lo que " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:702 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." +msgstr "" +"En el mercado, en enfoque es maximizar la utilidad de un recurso. Lo que " "pagamos por los bienes que consumimos se ve como un objetivo medible de la " "utilidad que brinda. El objetivo entonces se vuelve maximizar el valor " -"monetario total en la economía.10 Unidades consumidas se traducen en ventas, " -"ingresos, ganancia y crecimiento, y estas todas son formas de medir los " -"objetivos del mercado." +"monetario total en la economía.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Unidades consumidas se traducen en ventas, ingresos, ganancia y crecimiento, " +"y estas todas son formas de medir los objetivos del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:717 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -1361,25 +1460,26 @@ msgstr "" "aplica sus recursos hacia estos propósitos. Los objetivos del Estado se " "reflejan en mediciones de calidad de vida." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:726 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" -"En el procomún, el objetivo es maximizar acceso, equidad, distribución, " -"participación, innovación y sostenibilidad. Usted puede medir el éxito " -"viendo cuántas personas accesan y usan un recurso; cómo es la distribución " -"de usuarios a través de género, ingresos, y ubicación; si una comunidad se " -"está formando para extender y mejorar los recursos; y si los recursos están " -"siendo usados de formas innovadoras para beneficio personal y social." +"Por lo que respecta a los bienes comunales, el objetivo es maximizar acceso, " +"equidad, distribución, participación, innovación y sostenibilidad. Se puede " +"medir el éxito observando cuántas personas accesan y usan un recurso; cómo " +"es la distribución de usuarios a través de género, ingresos, y ubicación; si " +"una comunidad se está formando para extender y mejorar los recursos; y si " +"los recursos están siendo usados de formas innovadoras para beneficio " +"personal y social." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:735 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " @@ -1391,13 +1491,13 @@ msgstr "" "de su capacidad para utilizar y balancear de forma estratégica estos " "diferentes aspectos de la gestión de recursos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:564 -msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "### Una corta historia del procomún" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "Una corta historia del procomún" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:745 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -1406,15 +1506,15 @@ msgid "" "from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches " "about the commons." msgstr "" -"Usar al procomún para gestionar recursos es parte de una larga continuidad " -"histórica. Sin embargo, en la sociedad contemporánea, el mercado y el Estado " -"dominan el discurso de cómo los recursos se gestionan de la mejor forma. Es " -"raro que el procomún tan siquiera se considere como una opción. El procomún " -"ha desaparecido conciencia y consideración en gran parte. No hay reportes " +"Usar al procomún para gestionar recursos es parte de un largo contínuo " +"histórico. Sin embargo, en la sociedad contemporánea, el mercado y el Estado " +"dominan el discurso de cuál es la mejor manera de gestionar los recursos. Es " +"raro que el procomún siquiera se considere como una opción. El procomún ha " +"desaparecido de la conciencia y consideración en gran parte. No hay reportes " "noticiosos o discursos acerca del procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:754 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -1422,67 +1522,105 @@ msgid "" "commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its " "history." msgstr "" -"Pero los más de 1100 millones de recursos licenciados con Creative Commons " -"alrededor del mundo son indicaciones de un movimiento de las bases hacia el " +"Pero los más de 1,100 millones de recursos licenciados con Creative Commons " +"alrededor del mundo son indicadores de un movimiento de las bases hacia el " "procomún. El procomún está haciendo un resurgimiento. Para entender la " -"resiliencia de el procomún en su actual renovación, es útil saber algo de su " -"historia." +"resiliencia del procomún y comprender su actual renovación, es útil saber " +"algo de su historia." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:765 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." +msgstr "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:761 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" msgstr "" "Por siglos, las personas indígenas de las sociedades preindustrializadas " "gestionaron recursos de forma colectiva como un procomún, incluyendo agua, " -"comida, leña, irrigación, pesca y caza, y muchas otras cosas.11 No había " -"mercado, ni economía global. El estado en la forma de soberanos influenciaba " -"el procomún pero de ninguna forma lo controlaba. La participación social " -"directa en el procomún era la forma principal con la cuál se gestionaban los " -"recursos y se satisfacían las necesidades. (Fig. 4 ilustra el procomún con " -"relación a el Estado y el mercado.)" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:589 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" -msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:597 -msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"comida, leña, irrigación, pesca, caza, y muchas otras cosas.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> No había mercado, ni economía global. El estado " +"en la forma de soberanos influenciaba el procomún pero de ninguna forma lo " +"controlaba. La participación social directa en el procomún era la forma " +"principal con la cuál se gestionaban los recursos y se satisfacían las " +"necesidades. (La Fig. 4 ilustra el procomún con relación a el Estado y el " +"mercado.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:782 +msgid "In preindustrialized society." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:778 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:791 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:795 +msgid "" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" -"A esto le sigue una larga historia del estado (un monarca o soberano) " +"A esto le sigue una larga historia del Estado (un monarca o soberano) " "tomando control sobre el procomún para sus propios propósitos. A esto se le " -"llama cercamiento del procomún.12 En días antiguos, las masas eran " -"desalojadas de la tierra, se levantaban vallas y cercas, se pasaban leyes y " -"se establecía seguridad para prohibir el acceso.13 De forma gradual, los " +"llama cercamiento del procomún.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Antíguamente, las masas eran desalojadas de la tierra, se levantaban vallas " +"y cercas, se aprobaban leyes y se vigilaba el espacio para prohibir el " +"acceso.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> De forma gradual, los " "recursos se volvieron propiedad del estado y el estado se volvió la forma " -"principal por la que los recursos se gestionaban. (Ver Fig. 5)." +"principal mediante la cual los recursos se gestionaban. (Ver Fig. 5)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:609 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:804 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " "With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " -"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " "into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " "the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " "revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " @@ -1495,24 +1633,31 @@ msgstr "" "ciudades. Con el surgimiento de la revolución industrial, la tierra y los " "recursos se volvieron bienes que se vendían a negocios para soportar la " "producción. Las monarquías evolucionaron a parlamentos elegidos. Las masas " -"se volvieron trabajadores ganando dinero por operar maquinaria industrial. " -"Leyes financieras, de negocios y de propiedad fueron revisadas por los " -"gobiernos para soportar mercados, crecimiento y productividad. La Fig. 6 " -"muestra cómo hoy el mercado es el medio principal por el cuál los recursos " -"son gestionados." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:612 -#, fuzzy +"se volvieron trabajadores ganando dinero a cambio de la operación de " +"maquinaria industrial. Leyes financieras, de negocios y de propiedad fueron " +"revisadas por los gobiernos para apoyar a mercados, crecimiento y " +"productividad. La Fig. 6 muestra cómo hoy el mercado es el medio principal " +"por el cuál los recursos son gestionados." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:818 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:824 +msgid "The commons is gradually superseded by the state." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:820 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:616 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:830 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." @@ -1521,28 +1666,39 @@ msgstr "" "beneficios del mercado se han contrarrestado por la distribución desigual y " "la sobreexplotación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:835 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " "tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" "La sobreexplotación fue el tema de el influyente ensayo de Garret Hardin, " -"«La tragedia de los comunes,» publicado en Science en 1968. Hardin argumenta " -"que todos en un procomún buscan maximizar la ganancia personal y continuar " -"haciéndolo incluso cuando los limites del procomún son alcanzados. El " -"procomún es entonces trágicamente agotado al punto en el que ya no puede " -"soportar a nadie. El ensayo de Hardin se volvió aceptado de forma extensa " -"como cierto y una justificación para la propiedad privada y los libre " -"mercados." +"«La tragedia de los comunes,» publicado en la revista Science en 1968. " +"Hardin argumenta que en un procomún todos buscan maximizar la ganancia " +"personal y continuar haciéndolo incluso cuando se alcanzan los limites del " +"bien comunal. Éste es entonces trágicamente agotado al punto en el que ya no " +"puede soportar a nadie. El ensayo de Hardin se volvió aceptado de forma " +"extensa como cierto y una justificación para la propiedad privada y los " +"libre mercados." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:862 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” en Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:642 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:845 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1558,27 +1714,28 @@ msgid "" "situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " "resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " -"collective action.14" +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Sin embargo, hay una seria falla en «La tragedia de los comunes» de Hardin—" -"es ficticia. Hardin en realidad no estudió cómo el procomún real funciona. " -"Elinor Ostrom ganó el Premio Nobel de economía de 2009 por estudiar " -"diferentes procomunes alrededor del mundo. El trabajo de Ostrom mostró que " -"los recursos naturales del procomún pueden ser gestionados de forma exitosa " -"por comunidades locales sin ninguna regulación por autoridades centrales o " -"sin privatización. El gobierno y la privatización no son las únicas dos " -"opciones. Hay una tercera forma: gestión por las personas, donde aquellas " -"que son impactadas de forma directa están involucradas de forma directa. Con " -"recursos naturales, hay una localidad regional. Las personas en la región " -"son las más familiares con el recurso natural, tienen la dirección más " -"directa e historia compartida, y por lo tanto son las mejor situadas para " -"gestionarlos. El enfoque de Ostrom hacia la gobernancia de los recursos " -"naturales rompió con la convención; ella reconoció la importancia del " -"procomún como una alternativa al mercado o Estado para solucionar problemas " -"de acción colectiva.14" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:652 +"es ficticia. Hardin en realidad no estudió cómo funcionan los bienes " +"comunales reales. Elinor Ostrom ganó el Premio Nobel de economía de 2009 por " +"estudiar diferentes procomunes alrededor del mundo. El trabajo de Ostrom " +"mostró que los recursos naturales del procomún pueden ser gestionados de " +"forma exitosa por comunidades locales sin ninguna regulación por parte de " +"autoridades centrales y sin privatización. El gobierno y la privatización no " +"son las únicas dos opciones. Hay una tercera forma: gestión por las " +"personas, donde aquellas que son impactadas de forma directa están " +"involucradas de forma directa. Con recursos naturales, hay una localidad " +"regional. Las personas en la región están más familiarizadas con el recurso " +"natural, tienen la relación más directa e historia compartida, y por lo " +"tanto son las mejor situadas para gestionarlos. El enfoque de Ostrom hacia " +"la gobernanza de los recursos naturales rompió con la convención; ella " +"reconoció la importancia del procomún como una alternativa al mercado o " +"Estado para solucionar problemas de acción colectiva.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:868 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1589,40 +1746,51 @@ msgid "" "while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more " "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" -"Hardin falló en no considerar la dinámica social actual del procomún. Su " -"modeló asumió que la gente en el procomún actúa de forma autónoma, por puro " +"Hardin omitió considerar la dinámica social actual del procomún. Su modeló " +"asumió que la gente en el procomún actúa de forma autónoma, por puro " "egoísmo, sin interacción o consideración de otros. Pero como Ostrom " -"encontró, en realidad, gestionar recursos del procomún en conjunto forma una " -"comunidad y fomenta el discurso. Esto naturalmente genera normas y reglas " -"que ayudan a las personas a trabajar de forma colectiva y asegurar un " +"encontró, en realidad, gestionar recursos del procomún en conjunto _forma_ " +"una comunidad y fomenta la discusión. Esto naturalmente genera normas y " +"reglas que ayudan a las personas a trabajar de forma colectiva y asegurar un " "procomún sostenible. De forma paradójica, mientras el ensayo de Hardi se " "llamó La tragedia de los comunes, este pudo haberse titulado de forma más " "precisa La tragedia del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:662 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:884 +msgid "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." +msgstr "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” en Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:880 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." msgstr "" "La historia de Hardin se basa en la premisa de recursos agotables. Los " "economistas se han enfocado casi exclusivamente en la mercados basados en la " -"escasez. Muy poco se sabe acerca de cómo funciona la abundancia.15 El " -"surgimiento de información tecnológica y la Internet ha llevado a una " -"explosión en recursos digitales un nuevos medios para compartir y " -"distribuir. Los recursos digitales nunca se pueden agotar. Sin embargo, la " -"ausencia de un modelo teórico de cómo funciona la abundancia ha llevado al " -"mercado a hacer que los recursos digitales sean artificialmente escasos y " -"que sea posible aplicar las normas y reglas usuales del mercado." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:667 +"escasez. Muy poco se sabe acerca de cómo funciona la abundancia.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> El surgimiento de información tecnológica y la " +"Internet ha llevado a una explosión en recursos digitales y a nuevos medios " +"para compartir y distribuir. Los recursos digitales no se pueden agotar " +"jamás. Sin embargo, la ausencia de un modelo teórico de cómo funciona la " +"abundancia ha llevado al mercado a hacer que los recursos digitales sean " +"artificialmente escasos y que sea posible aplicar las normas y reglas " +"usuales del mercado." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:895 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " @@ -1633,66 +1801,87 @@ msgstr "" "digitales, en realidad no hay justificación para la escasez artificial. La " "norma de los trabajos digitales financiados por el Estado debería ser que " "estén disponibles de forma libre y abierta para el público que pagó por " -"estos." +"ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:902 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:909 +msgid "How the market, the state and the commons look today." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " -"height=\"3.389in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:672 -msgid "### The Digital Revolution" -msgstr "### La revolución digital" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:916 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "La revolución digital" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:676 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:918 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" -"En los primeros días de la computación, las personas programadoras y " -"desarrolladoras aprendieron de cada una compartiendo programas. En los años " -"1980, el movimiento de software libre codificó esta práctica de compartir en " -"un conjunto de principios y libertades:" +"En los primeros días de la computación, programadores y desarrolladores " +"aprendieron unos de otros compartiendo programas. En los años 1980, el " +"movimiento de software libre codificó esta práctica de compartir en un " +"conjunto de principios y libertades:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:926 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." msgstr "" "La libertad de ejecutar un programa de software de la forma en que desee, " "para cualquier propósito." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:932 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" "La libertad de estudiar cómo funciona un programa de software (porque el " -"acceso al código fuente ha sido dado de forma libre), y cambiarlo para que " -"haga la computación cómo usted lo desee." +"acceso al código fuente ha sido dado de forma libre), y modificarlo para que " +"realice el cómputo como lo requiera cada quién." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." msgstr "La libertad de redistribuir copias." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:946 +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." msgstr "" -"La libertad de distribuir a otras personas copias de versiones modificadas.16" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, último acceso 30 de diciembre " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:687 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:944 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"La libertad de distribuir a otras personas copias de versiones modificadas." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:955 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." @@ -1700,8 +1889,16 @@ msgstr "" "Estos principios y libertades constituyen un conjunto de normas y reglas que " "tipifican un procomún digital." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:970 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” última modificación 22 de noviembre " +"de 2016." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:959 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1711,48 +1908,64 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." -msgstr "" -"A finales de los años 1990, para hacer el acto de compartir código fuente y " -"la colaboración más atractiva a las compañías, la iniciativa de programas de " -"código abierto convirtió estos principios en licencias y estándares para " -"gestionar el acceso y la distribución de programas. Los beneficios del " -"código abierto—tales como confiabilidad, escalabilidad y calidad verificada " -"por revisión de pares independientes—se volvió ampliamente reconocida y " -"aceptada. A los clientes les gustaba la forma en que el código abierto les " -"daba el control sin quedarse encerrados en tecnología privativa y cerrada. " -"Los programas de código abierto y libre también generaron un efecto de red " -"en donde el valor de un producto o servicio incrementa con el número de " -"personas usándolo.17 El crecimiento dramático de la misma Internet le debe " -"mucho al hecho de que nadie tenía un candado propietario sobre los " -"protocolos centrales de Internet." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:709 +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" +"A finales de los años 1990, para hacer del acto de compartir código fuente y " +"de la colaboración más algo atractivo para las compañías, la iniciativa de " +"programas de código abierto (_Open Source Initiative_) convirtió estos " +"principios en licencias y estándares para gestionar el acceso y la " +"distribución de programas. Los beneficios del código abierto —tales como " +"confiabilidad, escalabilidad y calidad verificada por revisión de pares " +"independientes— se volvieron ampliamente reconocidos y aceptados. A los " +"clientes les gustaba la forma en que el código abierto les daba el control " +"sin quedarse encerrados en tecnología privativa y cerrada. Los programas de " +"código abierto y libre también generaron un efecto de red en donde el valor " +"de un producto o servicio incrementa con el número de personas usándolo." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> El crecimiento dramático de la " +"misma Internet le debe mucho al hecho de que nadie tenía un candado " +"propietario sobre los protocolos centrales de Internet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:985 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” en The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:977 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" -"Mientras los programas de código abierto funcionan como un procomún, muchos " -"negocios y mercados se construyeron a su alrededor. Los modelos de negocio " -"basados en licencias y estándares de programas de código abierto " +"Al tiempo que los programas de código abierto funcionan como un procomún, " +"muchos negocios y mercados se construyeron a su alrededor. Los modelos de " +"negocio basados en licencias y estándares de programas de código abierto " "evolucionaron junto con organizaciones que gestionaron el código de " "programas bajo principios de abundancia en lugar de escasez. El ensayo de " "Eric Raymond «El caldero mágico» hace un gran trabajo al analizar la " "economía y los modelos de negocio asociados a los programas de código " -"abierto.18 Estos modelos pueden brindar ejemplos de enfoques sostenibles " -"para aquellos Hechos con Creative Commons." +"abierto.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Estos modelos pueden " +"brindar ejemplos de enfoques sostenibles para aquellos _Hechos con Creative " +"Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:994 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1765,7 +1978,7 @@ msgid "" "others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s " "permission." msgstr "" -"No es sólo acerca de la abundancia de la disponibilidad de activos " +"No se trata únicamente de la abundancia de la disponibilidad de activos " "digitales, sino también acerca de la abundancia de la participación. El " "crecimiento del personal de computación, información tecnológica, y de la " "Internet ha hecho posible la participación masiva en la producción de " @@ -1773,32 +1986,44 @@ msgstr "" "muchas otras formas de contenidos digitales pueden ahora ser fácilmente " "creados y distribuidos por casi cualquiera. A pesar de este potencial de " "abundancia, estos trabajos digitales por defecto están gobernados por leyes " -"de derechos de autor. Bajo el derecho de autor, un trabajo digital es la " +"de derechos de autor. Bajo dicho marco normativo, un trabajo digital es la " "propiedad del creador, y, por ley, otras personas están excluidas para " "accesarlo y usarlo sin el permiso del creador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1013 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1007 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Pero a las personas les gusta compartir. Una de las formas en las que nos " "definimos a nosotros mismos es compartiendo contenido valioso y entretenido. " "Hacer esto aumenta y nutre las relaciones, busca cambiar opiniones, impulsa " "a la acción e informa a otras personas acerca de quiénes somos y qué nos " -"importa. Compartir nos hace sentir más involucrados con el mundo.19" +"importa. Compartir nos hace sentir más involucrados con el mundo." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:728 -msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "### El nacimiento de Creative Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1021 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "El nacimiento de Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1023 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1816,8 +2041,19 @@ msgstr "" "una forma sencilla y estándar de conceder permisos de derechos de autor a su " "trabajo creativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1044 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, último acceso el 30 de " +"diciembre de 2016, <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/" +"licensing-considerations/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1032 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1828,64 +2064,74 @@ msgid "" "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." msgstr "" "Las licencias Creative Commons tienen un diseño de tres capas. Las normas y " -"reglas de cada licencia primero son expresadas en un texto completamente " -"legal como el que utilizan los abogados. Esta capa se llama el código legal. " -"Pero como la mayoría de personas creadoras y usuarias no son abogados, esta " -"licencia también tiene una escritura del procomún, que expresa los permisos " -"en lenguaje simple que personas regulares pueden leer y entender " -"rápidamente. Este actúa como una interfaz amistosa para el usuario de la " -"capa del código legal que tiene por debajo. La tercera capa es una legible " -"por máquinas, que vuelve sencillo que la Web sepa que un trabajo está " -"licenciado bajo Creative Commons al expresar permisos en una forma que " -"sistemas de software, motores de búsqueda y otros tipos de tecnología puedan " -"entender.20 Tomadas en conjunto, estas tres capas asegura que creadores, " -"usuarios e incluso la Web misma entiendan las normas y reglas asociadas con " -"contenidos digitales en el procomún." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:756 +"reglas de cada licencia primero son expresadas en un lenguaje legal pleno " +"como el que utilizan los abogados. Esta capa se llama el código legal. Pero " +"como la mayoría de personas creadoras y usuarias no son abogados, esta " +"licencia también tiene un título del procomún, que expresa los permisos en " +"lenguaje simple que personas regulares pueden leer y entender rápidamente. " +"Este actúa como una interfaz amistosa para el usuario de la capa del código " +"legal subyacente. La tercera capa es una intelegible por computadoras, que " +"facilita que la Web sepa que un trabajo está licenciado bajo Creative " +"Commons al expresar permisos en una forma que sistemas de software, motores " +"de búsqueda y otros tipos de tecnología puedan entender.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tomadas en conjunto, estas tres capas aseguran que " +"creadores, usuarios e incluso la Web misma entiendan las normas y reglas " +"asociadas con contenidos digitales que forman parte del procomún." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1052 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" -"En 2015, habían más de mil millones de trabajos licenciados bajo Creative " +"En 2015, había más de mil millones de trabajos licenciados bajo Creative " "Commons en un procomún global. Estos trabajos fueron vistos en lína 136 mil " "millones de veces. Las personas están usando licencias Creative Commons " -"alrededor de todo el mundo, en treinta y cuatro idiomas. Estos recursos " -"incluyen fotos, trabajos artísticos, artículos de investigación en revistas, " -"recursos educativos, música y otras pistas de audio y vídeos." +"alrededor del mundo, en treinta y cuatro idiomas. Estos recursos incluyen " +"fotos, trabajos artísticos, artículos de investigación en revistas, recursos " +"educativos, música y otros tipos de audio y vídeos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1065 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" msgstr "" "Artistas, fotógrafos, músicos y cineastas usan Creative Commons, pero " "también lo hacen museos, gobiernos, industrias creativas, fabricantes y " "editores. Millones de sitios web usan licencias CC, incluyendo importantes " -"plataformas como Wikipedia y Flickr, y otras más pequeñas como blogs.21 Las " -"personas usuarias de Creative Commons son diversas y abarcan muchos sectores " -"diferentes. (Nuestros casos de estudio fueron escogidos para reflejar esa " -"diversidad.)" +"plataformas como Wikipedia y Flickr, y otras más pequeñas como blogs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Las personas usuarias de Creative " +"Commons son diversas y abarcan muchos sectores diferentes. (Nuestros casos " +"de estudio fueron escogidos buscando reflejar esa diversidad.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1073 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " "movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " @@ -1901,12 +2147,12 @@ msgstr "" "estimulada por el movimiento de cultura libre, un movimiento social que " "promueve la libertad de distribuir y modificar trabajos creativos. El " "movimiento de cultura libre ve un procomún como algo que brinda beneficios " -"significativos comparado con las leyes de derechos de autor. Este ethos del " -"intercambio libre en un procomún alinea el movimiento de cultura libre con " -"el movimiento del software libre y de código abierto." +"significativos comparado con las leyes de derechos de autor. Este _ethos_ " +"del intercambio libre en un procomún alínea al movimiento de cultura libre " +"con el movimiento del software libre y de código abierto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1085 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1921,159 +2167,246 @@ msgstr "" "permisos legales para que cualquier persona pueda accesar, usar y modificar " "de forma libre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1098 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” última modificación el 24 de " +"setiembre de 2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" +"Open_Government_Partnership\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government reforms. " -"Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure works " -"funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " -"them." +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." msgstr "" "El Estado está involucrándose cada vez más en apoyar los movimientos " -"abiertos. El Open Government Partnership fue lanzado en 2011 para brindar " -"una plataforma internacional para que los gobiernos se vuelvan más abiertos, " -"que puedan rendir mejor sus cuentas y dar una respuesta más oportuna a sus " -"ciudadanos. Desde entonces ha crecido de ocho países participantes a " -"setenta. 22 En todos estos países, el gobierno y la sociedad civil están " -"trabajando juntos para desarrollar e implementar reformas ambiciosas de " -"gobierno abierto. Los gobiernos están adoptando Creative Commons cada vez " -"más para asegurar que los trabajos financiados con dólares de los " -"contribuyentes sean abiertos y libres para el público que pagó por estos." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:792 -msgid "### The Changing Market" -msgstr "### El mercado cambiante" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:804 +"abiertos. La Asociación de Gobierno Abierto («Open Government Partnership») " +"fue lanzada en 2011 para brindar una plataforma internacional para que los " +"gobiernos se vuelvan más abiertos, que rindan mejor cuentas y den una " +"respuesta más oportuna a sus ciudadanos. Desde entonces ha crecido de ocho " +"países participantes a setenta.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> En " +"todos estos países, el gobierno y la sociedad civil están trabajando juntos " +"para desarrollar e implementar reformas ambiciosas de gobierno abierto. Los " +"gobiernos están adoptando Creative Commons cada vez más para asegurar que " +"los trabajos financiados con dinero de los contribuyentes sean abiertos y " +"libres para el público que pagó por ellos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1109 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "El mercado cambiante" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1117 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "Capra y Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1125 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "Ibid., 116." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1111 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "El mercado de hoy está dirigido en gran parte por un capitalismo global. Los " -"sistemas legales y financieros están estructurados para soportar la " +"sistemas legales y financieros están estructurados para dar soporte a la " "extracción, privatización y el crecimiento corporativo. Una percepción de " "que el mercado es más eficiente que el Estado ha llevado a la continua " "privatización de muchos recursos naturales, utilidades, servicios e " -"infraestructuras públicas.23 Mientras este sistema ha sido altamente " -"eficiente en generar consumismo y un crecimiento en el producto interno " -"bruto, el impacto en el bienestar humano ha sido mixto. Contrarrestando los " -"crecientes estándares de vida y las mejoras en salud y educación, están las " -"siempre crecientes desigualdad social, pobreza, deterioro de nuestro " -"ambiente natural y los rompimientos de la democracia.24" +"infraestructura pública.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Mientras " +"este sistema ha sido altamente eficiente para generar consumismo y un " +"crecimiento en el producto interno bruto, el impacto en el bienestar humano " +"ha sido mixto. Contrarrestando los crecientes estándares de vida y las " +"mejoras en salud y educación, están las siempre crecientes desigualdad " +"social, pobreza, deterioro de nuestro ambiente natural, y los rompimientos " +"de la democracia.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1135 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" +"La Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” último acceso el 15 de febrero de 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida." +"se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:810 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1129 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "A la luz de estos retos hay un creciente reconocimiento de que el " "crecimiento del PIB no debe ser un fin en si mismo, que el desarrollo " "necesita ser inclusivo social y económicamente, que la sostenibilidad " "ambiental es un requisito y no una opción, y que necesitamos balancear mejor " -"el mercado, el Estado y la comunidad.25" +"el mercado, el Estado y la comunidad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1146 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated por LabGov " +"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italia: Ciudad de " +"Boloña, 2014), <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/" +"Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-" +"cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1156 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"El sitio web de Seoul Sharing City es <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr" +"\"/>; para Amsterdam Sharing City, vaya a <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Estas revelaciones ha llevado a un resurgimiento de interés en el procomún " "como una forma de hacer posible ese balance. Gobiernos de ciudades como " "Bolonia, Italia, están colaborando con sus ciudadanos para establecer " -"regulaciones para el cuidado y regeneración del procomún urbano.26 Seúl y " -"Amsterdam se llaman a si mismas «ciudades compartidas», buscando hacerse " -"sostenibles y más eficientes en el uso de recursos escasos. Ellas ven el " -"compartir como una forma de mejorar el uso de los espacios públicos, la " -"movilidad, la cohesión social y la seguridada.27" +"regulaciones para el cuidado y regeneración del procomún urbano.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Seúl y Amsterdam se llaman a si mismas " +"«ciudades compartidas», buscando hacerse sostenibles y más eficientes en el " +"uso de recursos escasos. Ellas ven el compartir como una forma de mejorar el " +"uso de los espacios públicos, la movilidad, la cohesión social y la " +"seguridad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:835 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1173 +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" +"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (Nueva York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1163 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." msgstr "" "El mercado por sí mismo ha tomado un interés en la economía compartida, con " "negocios como Airbnb brindando un mercado de pares para alojamiento a corto " "plazo, y Uber brindando una plataforma para viajes compartidos. Sin embargo, " "Airbnb y Uber aún operan mayoritariamente bajo las normas y reglas usuales " "del mercado, haciéndolas menos como un procomún y más como un negocio " -"tradicional que busca ganancias financieras. Mucho de la economía compartida " -"no es sobre el procomún o sobre construir una alternativa a la economía de " -"mercado dirigida por corporaciones; es sobre extender el libre mercado " -"desregulado hacia nuevas áreas de nuestras vidas.28 Aunque ninguna de las " -"personas que entrevistamos en nuestros casos de estudio se describirían a " -"ellas mismas como parte de una economía compartida, de hecho hay algunos " -"paralelismos importantes. Tanto la economía compartida como en el procomún " -"hacen un mejor uso de la capacidad de activos. La economía compartida ve a " -"personas residentes y carros como algo que tiene una capacidad latente " -"sobrante con valor para alquiler. El acceso equitativo del procomún amplía y " -"diversifica el número de personas que pueden usar y derivar valor de un " -"activo." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:845 +"tradicional que busca ganancias financieras. En buena medida, la economía " +"compartida no se trata del procomún o sobre construir una alternativa a la " +"economía de mercado dirigida por corporaciones, sino que de extender el " +"libre mercado desregulado hacia nuevas áreas de nuestras vidas.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Aunque ninguna de las personas que " +"entrevistamos en nuestros casos de estudio se describirían a ellas mismas " +"como parte de una economía compartida, de hecho hay algunos paralelismos " +"importantes. Tanto la economía compartida como en el procomún hacen un mejor " +"uso de la capacidad de activos. La economía compartida ve a las residencias " +"peronales y autos como algo que tiene una capacidad latente sobrante con " +"valor para alquiler. El acceso equitativo del procomún amplía y diversifica " +"el número de personas que pueden usar y derivar valor de un activo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1195 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing. Nueva impresión con un nuevo prefacio. (New York: " +"Hyperion, 2010), 78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1185 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" "processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " -"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " -"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Una forma en la que los casos de estudio de Hecho con Creative Commons se " +"Una forma en la que los casos de estudio de _Hecho con Creative Commons_ se " "diferencian de aquellos de la economía compartida es en su enfoque en los " "recursos digitales. Los recursos digitales funcionan bajo reglas económicas " "diferentes a las físicas. En un mundo en el que los precios siempre parecen " "subir, la tecnología de la información es una anomalía. El poder de " "procesamiento computacional, almacenamiento y ancho de banda están " "incrementando de forma acelerada, pero en lugar de que los costos suban, " -"estos están bajando. Las tecnologías digitales se están volviendo más " -"rápidas, mejores y más baratas. El costo de cualquier cosa que se construya " -"sobre estas tecnologías siempre va a ir hacia abajo hasta que se acerque a " -"cero.29" +"éstos están bajando. Las tecnologías digitales se están volviendo más " +"rápidas, mejores y más baratas. Los costos de cualquier cosa que se " +"construya sobre estas tecnologías siempre van a bajar hasta que se acerquen " +"a cero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1201 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -2083,40 +2416,53 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" -"Los que están Hechos con Creative Commons están buscando apalancarse con las " -"características inherentes únicas de los recursos digitales, incluyendo la " -"reducción de costos. El uso de tecnologías de gestión de derechos digitales " -"en forma de bloqueos, contraseñas y controles que previenen que los bienes " -"digitales sean accesados, cambiados, replicados y distribuidos es mínimo o " -"inexistente. En su lugar, las licencias de Creative Commons son usadas para " -"sacar contenidos digitales al procomún, tomando ventaja de las " -"características económicas únicas asociadas con ser digital. El propósito es " +"Los que están _Hechos con Creative Commons_ están buscando apalancarse con " +"las características inherentes únicas de los recursos digitales, incluyendo " +"la reducción de costos. El uso de tecnologías de gestión de derechos " +"digitales en forma de bloqueos, contraseñas y controles que previenen que " +"los bienes digitales sean accesados, cambiados, replicados y distribuidos es " +"mínimo o inexistente. En su lugar, las licencias de Creative Commons son " +"usadas para llevar contenidos digitales al procomún, tomando ventaja de las " +"características económicas únicas derivadas del ser digital. El propósito es " "ver que los recursos digitales sean usados tan ampliamente y por tantas " -"personas como sea posible. Maximizar el acceso y la participación es un " -"objetivo común. El propósito es la abundancia sobre la escasez." +"personas como sea posible. Maximizar el acceso y la participación son " +"objetivos comunes. El propósito es la abundancia sobre la escasez." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:863 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1220 +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" +"Jeremy Rifkin. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (Nueva York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014) , 273." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." msgstr "" "El costo incremental de almacenar, copiar y distribuir bienes digitales es " "cercano a cero, lo que hace la abundancia posible. Pero imaginar un mercado " "basado en la abundancia en lugar de en la escasez es tan extraño para la " -"forma en que concebimos la teoría y la práctica económica que cuesta " -"hacerlo.30 Los que están Hechos con Creative Commons son cada uno pioneros " -"en este nuevo paisaje, ideando sus propios modelos y prácticas económicas." +"forma en que concebimos la teoría y la práctica económica que cuesta hacerlo." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Los que están _Hechos con Creative " +"Commons_ son cada uno pioneros en este nuevo paisaje, ideando sus propios " +"modelos y prácticas económicas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:869 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1228 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " @@ -2129,96 +2475,182 @@ msgstr "" "E incluso otras están buscando cambiar las normas y reglas bajo las cuales " "opera el mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:880 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1242 +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" +"Gar Alperovitz. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1251 +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1235 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, worker-" -"owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational forms offer " -"alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " -"market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Para una corporación ordinaria, crear beneficio social como parte de sus " -"operaciones es difícil, y es un requisito legal tomar decisiones que " -"beneficien financieramente a sus accionistas. Pero nuevas formas de negocios " -"están emergiendo. Estas son corporaciones de beneficios y empresas sociales, " -"que amplían sus objetivos de negocios de generar ingresos a hacer un impacto " -"positivo en la sociedad, trabajadores, la comunidad y el ambiente.31 Los " -"negocios que son propiedad de la comunidad, propiedad de trabajadores, " -"cooperativas, gremios, y otras formas organizacionales ofrecen alternativas " -"a la corporación tradicional. De forma colectiva, estas entidades " -"alternativas de mercado están cambiando las reglas y normas del mercado.32" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:887 +"operaciones es difícil, al tiempo que es un requisito legal tomar decisiones " +"que beneficien financieramente a sus accionistas. Pero están emergiendo " +"nuevas formas de negocios. Existen las corporaciones de beneficencia y las " +"empresas sociales, que amplían sus objetivos de negocios de generar ingresos " +"a hacer un impacto positivo en la sociedad, trabajadores, la comunidad y el " +"ambiente.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Los negocios que son " +"propiedad de la comunidad, propiedad de trabajadores, cooperativas, gremios, " +"y otras formas organizacionales ofrecen alternativas a la corporación " +"tradicional. De forma colectiva, estas entidades alternativas de mercado " +"están cambiando las reglas y normas del mercado.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1264 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder e Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). Puede consultarse una previsualización del libro " +"en <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1257 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" -msgstr "" -"«Un libro acerca de modelos de negocios abiertos es como lo describimos en " -"la campaña de Kickstarter para este libro. Usamos un manual llamado " -"Generación de Modelos de Negocio como nuestra referencia para definir justo " -"lo que es un modelo de negocios. Desarrollado a lo largo de nueve años " -"usando un «proceso abierto» que invlucró 470 coautores de cuarenta y cinco " -"países, este es marco de referencia útil acerca de modelos de negocios.33" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:896 +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"«Un libro acerca de modelos abiertos de negocio» es lo que describimos en la " +"campaña de Kickstarter para este libro. Utilizamos un manual llamado " +"_Generación de Modelos de Negocio_ como nuestra referencia para definir " +"precisamente qué es un modelo de negocios. Desarrollado a lo largo de nueve " +"años usando un «proceso abierto» que invlucró 470 coautores de cuarenta y " +"cinco países, es un marco de referencia útil acerca de los modelos de " +"negocios.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1273 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" +"El lienzo de modelo de negocio está disponible para descarga en <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1281 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Hemos puesto el “Lienzo de modelo de negocio abierto,” diseñado por el " +"coautor Paul Stacey, disponible en línea en <ulink url=\"http://docs.google." +"com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. Puede " +"encontrar las Preguntas del lienzo de modelo de negocio abierto que lo " +"acompañan en <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1271 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." -msgstr "" -"Este contiene un «lienzo de modelo de negocios,» que concibe un modelo de " -"negocios como algo que tiene nueve bloques de construcción.34 Este lienzo en " -"blanco puede servir como una herramienta para que cualquier persona diseñe " -"su propio modelo de negocios. Nosotros remezclamos este lienzo de modelo de " -"negocios en un lienzo de modelo de negocios abierto, agregando tres bloques " -"de construcción más, relevantes para empresas del procomún en el mercado " -"híbrido: bien social, licencia Creative Commons, y «tipo de ambiente abierto " -"en el que el negocio encaja.»35 Este lienzo mejorado probó ser útil cuando " +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." +msgstr "" +"Contiene un «lienzo de modelo de negocios,» que concibe un modelo de " +"negocios como algo que tiene nueve bloques de construcción.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Este lienzo en blanco puede servir como una " +"herramienta para que cualquier persona diseñe su propio modelo de negocios. " +"Nosotros lo remezclamos en un lienzo de modelo de negocios abierto, " +"agregando tres bloques de construcción más, relevantes para empresas del " +"procomún en el mercado híbrido: Bien social, licencia Creative Commons, y " +"«tipo de ambiente abierto en el que el negocio encaja.»<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Este lienzo mejorado demostró ser útil cuando " "analizamos los negocios y ayudamos a las empresas de nueva creación a " "planear su modelo económico." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1291 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" "market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " -"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " "values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " "what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " "emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." msgstr "" -"En nuestras entrevistas de estudio de caso, muchas personas expresaron " -"incomodidad al describirse a sí mismas como un modelo de negocios abierto—el " -"término modelo de negocios sugería estar principalmente situadas en el " -"mercado. En dónde usted se sienta en el espectro de procomún-al-mercado " -"afecta la extensión en la cuál usted se ve a sí mismo en el mercado. Entre " -"más central para la misión sean los valores de recursos compartidos y el " -"procomún, menos comodidad habrá al describirse a usted mismo, o describir lo " -"que hace, como un negocio. No todas las personas que tienen esfuerzos Hechos " -"con Creative Commons usan palabras de negocios; para algunas el proceso ha " -"sido experimental, emergente y orgánico, en lugar de ser planeado " +"En nuestras entrevistas a los casos de estudio, muchas personas expresaron " +"incomodidad al describirse a sí mismas como un modelo de negocios abierto —" +"el término _modelo de negocios_ sugería estar principalmente situadas en el " +"mercado. En dónde cada quién se siente en el espectro que va entre el " +"procomún y el mercado afecta hasta dónde se ve a sí mismo en el mercado. " +"Entre más central para la misión sean los valores de recursos compartidos y " +"el procomún, menos comodidad habrá al autodescribirse, o describir lo que " +"hace, como un negocio. No todas las personas que tienen esfuerzos _Hechos " +"con Creative Commons_ usan un lenguaje de negocios; para algunas el proceso " +"ha sido experimental, emergente y orgánico, en lugar de ser planeado " "cuidadosamente usando un modelo predefinido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1312 +msgid "" +"A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this post I " +"wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business Model and How " +"Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at <ulink url=\"http://medium.com/made-" +"with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-" +"generate-revenue-5854d2659b15\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1304 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with " +#| "the market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is " +#| "done vary widely. Donations, pay what you can, memberships, “digital for " +#| "free but physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add " +#| "services, patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of " +#| "how to earn revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking " +#| "see How to Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single " +#| "magic bullet, and each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. " +#| "Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers " +#| "risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability." msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -2226,30 +2658,31 @@ msgid "" "physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add services, " "patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " "revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " -"Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " -"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " -"than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " -"paths to sustainability." -msgstr "" -"Las personas creadoras, los negocios y las organizaciones que perfilamos, " -"todas participan en el mercado para generar ingresos de alguna forma. Las " -"formas en als que esto se hace varían enormemente. Donaciones, pague lo que " -"guste, membresías, «digital gratuito pero físico por un precio,» " -"financiamiento colectivo, emparejamiento, servicios de valor agregado, " -"mecenas… la lista sigue y sigue. (Una descripción inicial de cómo ganar " -"ingresos está disponible a través de una nota de referencia. Para las ideas " -"más recientes vea Cómo traer dinero en la siguiente sección.) 36 No hay una " -"única fórmula mágica, y cada esfuerzo ha ideado formas que les funcionan. " -"Muchos hacen uso de más de una forma. Diversificar los flujos de ingresos " -"reduce el riesgo y brinda múltiples rutas hacia la sostenibilidad." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:920 -msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" -msgstr "### Beneficios del procomún digital" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:925 +"Bring In Money in the next section.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> There is no single magic bullet, and each endeavor has devised ways that " +"work for them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying revenue " +"streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability." +msgstr "" +"Los creadores, negocios y organizaciones que perfilamos, participan en el " +"mercado para generar ingresos de alguna forma. Las formas en las que esto se " +"hace varían enormemente. Donaciones, pague lo que guste, membresías, " +"«digital gratuito pero físico por un precio,» financiamiento colectivo, " +"emparejamiento, servicios de valor agregado, mecenas… la lista sigue y " +"sigue. (Una descripción inicial de cómo ganar ingresos está disponible a " +"través de una nota de referencia. Para las ideas más recientes, sugerimos " +"referirse a _Cómo atraer dinero_ en la siguiente sección).36 No hay una " +"única fórmula mágica, y cada esfuerzo ha ideado mecanismos que les " +"funcionan. Muchos utilizan más de uno de dichos mecanismos. Diversificar los " +"flujos de ingresos reduce el riesgo y ofrece múltiples caminos hacia la " +"sostenibilidad." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1324 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "Beneficios del procomún digital" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1326 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " @@ -2261,8 +2694,8 @@ msgstr "" "para sobrevivir), puede ser menos obvio por qué el mercado podría " "involucrarse con el procomún. El procomún digital ofrece muchos beneficios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:932 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1332 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -2277,14 +2710,14 @@ msgstr "" "con Creative Commons tienen una necesidad reducida de ventas o mercadeo. La " "distribución descentralizada amplifica el suministro y la experiencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1341 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " "The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " "payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " -"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " "them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " "in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " @@ -2302,18 +2735,18 @@ msgstr "" "las personas nivela el campo de juego y promueve la inclusividad, equidad y " "justicia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:954 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1354 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" "El procomún maximiza la participación. Los recursos en el procomún pueden " "ser usados por todas las personas, y estas pueden contribuir. Usar los " @@ -2327,19 +2760,31 @@ msgstr "" "cultura y conocimiento, e incluso en la democracia y muchas otras practicas " "que benefician a la sociedad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:966 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1376 +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1367 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." msgstr "" "El procomún estimula la innovación. Los recursos en manos de más personas " "que los pueden usar llevan a nuevas ideas. La forma en que los recursos del " @@ -2348,16 +2793,17 @@ msgstr "" "esfuerzos que están Hechos con Creative Commons, de forma deliberada " "promueven que las personas usuarias tomen los recursos que están siendo " "compartidos, e innovar con estos. Hacer esto mueve la investigación y " -"desarrollo (I&D) de estar únicamente dentro de la organización a estar en la " -"acomunidad.37 La innovación basada en la comunidad mantendrá una " -"organización o negocio alerta. Esta debe continuar contribuyendo nuevas " -"ideas, absorbiendo y construyendo sobre las innovaciones de otras personas, " -"y supervisar los recursos y la relación con la comunidad." +"desarrollo (I&D) de estar únicamente dentro de la organización a estar " +"en la comunidad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> La innovación " +"basada en la comunidad mantendrá una organización o negocio alerta. Esta " +"debe continuar contribuyendo nuevas ideas, absorbiendo y construyendo sobre " +"las innovaciones de otras personas, y supervisar los recursos y la relación " +"con la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:976 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1385 msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -2370,7 +2816,7 @@ msgstr "" "El procomún impulsa el alcance e impacto. El procomún digital es global. Los " "recursos pueden ser creados por una necesidad local o regional, pero van por " "todas partes generando un impacto global. En el mundo digital, no hay " -"fronteras entre países. Cuando algo es Hecho con Creative Commons, por lo " +"fronteras entre países. Cuando algo es _Hecho con Creative Commons_, por lo " "general es local y global al mismo tiempo: Diseños digitales siendo " "distribuidos globalmente pero manufacturados localmente. Libros o música " "digital siendo distribuida globalmente, pero lecturas y conciertos " @@ -2378,8 +2824,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas creadoras con quienes usan y construyen sobre su trabajo tanto " "local como globalmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1398 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -2388,7 +2834,7 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" @@ -2403,21 +2849,20 @@ msgstr "" "términos financieros. Cada nuevo recurso agregado al procomún brinda valor " "al público y contribuye al valor del procomún en su totalidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1001 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1412 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." msgstr "" "El procomún reúne a las personas en una causa común. El procomún confiere a " "las personas directamente la responsabilidad de gestionar los recursos por " @@ -2432,8 +2877,8 @@ msgstr "" "base de un compromiso social, no en un intercambio monetario, el procomún " "unifica a las personas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1427 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " @@ -2445,22 +2890,22 @@ msgstr "" "del Estado, escoger la gestión de recursos como un procomún debe ser la " "opción favorecida." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1008 -msgid "### Our Case Studies" -msgstr "### Nuestros casos de estudio" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1434 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "Nuestros casos de estudio" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1017 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1436 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" "Las personas creadoras, organizaciones y negocios de nuestros casos de " "estudio operan sin fines de lucro, con fines de lucro y como empresas " @@ -2473,14 +2918,14 @@ msgstr "" "la declaraciones de misión, y no son sólo acerca del resultado financiero " "final." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1023 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1448 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" "Los casos de estudios están basados en las narrativas que nos contaron las y " "los fundadores y el personal clave. En lugar de únicamente usar las finanzas " @@ -2489,8 +2934,8 @@ msgstr "" "una mezcla de cómo los objetivos sociales se están cumpliendo y qué tan " "sostenible es la empresa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1456 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -2508,8 +2953,8 @@ msgstr "" "gráficos y vídeo. Algunos son representaciones digitales de recursos " "físicos. Otros nacen digitales pero pueden convertirse en recursos físicos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1038 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1466 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -2524,8 +2969,8 @@ msgstr "" "participación es abierta a todas las personas sin importar los medios " "monetarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1474 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " @@ -2537,8 +2982,8 @@ msgstr "" "global. Quienes perfilamos provienen de casi cada continente del mundo. " "Construir e interactuar en esta comunidad global conduce al éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1054 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1481 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -2547,7 +2992,7 @@ msgid "" "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " "using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " -"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" @@ -2563,26 +3008,26 @@ msgstr "" "explotar. Construir relación y comunidad. Ser transparente. Defender el " "procomún." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1494 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" "El nuevo procomún digital está aquí para quedarse. Los casos de estudio de " -"Hecho con Creative Commons muestran cómo es posible ser parte de este " +"_Hecho con Creative Commons_ muestran cómo es posible ser parte de este " "procomún, mientras aún se funciona dentro de los sistemas del mercado y el " "Estado. El procomún genera beneficios que ni el mercado ni el Estado pueden " "alcanzar por sí mismos. En lugar de que el mercado o el Estado dominen como " "principales medios de gestión de recursos, una alternativa más balanceada es " "posible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -2599,265 +3044,18 @@ msgstr "" "digital. Las secciones que quedan van más profundo para brindar una guía e " "ideas de cómo trabaja." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1070 -msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "### Notas" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" -"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "Ibid., 15." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "Ibid., 145." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "Ibid., 175." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” en Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " -"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg (New " -"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” en Frischmann, Madison, y Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1514 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" -" 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" -" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24, 2016,\n" -" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" -" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download at\n" -" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions at\n" -" docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at\n" -" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott y\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,\n" -" 2015), 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra y Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System en Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; y Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” en Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" y Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley y Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” en Elliott y\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accesado Diciembre 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” última modificación Noviembre\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” en The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,\n" -" 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accesado Diciembre 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” última modificación\n" -" Setiembre 24,\n" -" 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra y Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accesado Febrero 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna,\n" -" 2014), www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, ir a www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder y Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). Una vista previa del libro " -"está\n" -" disponible en strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. Este lienzo de modelo de negocios está disponible para descarga\n" -" en strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. Nosotros hicimos el “Open Business Model Canvas,” diseñado por el\n" -" coautor Paul Stacey, disponible en línea\n" -" en " -"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit." -"\n" -" También puede encontrar las Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions que lo acompañan.\n" -" en " -"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit." -"\n" -"36. Una lista más completa de flujos de ingreso están disponibles en este\n" -" post que escribí en Medium en Marzo 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, disponible\n" -" en medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-" -"and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 -msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" -msgstr "## Hecho con Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1174 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1516 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1519 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -2865,7 +3063,7 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " @@ -2874,7 +3072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Cuando empezamos este proyecto en agosto de 2015, nos dispusimos a escribir " "sobre modelos de negocios que involucren licencias Creative Common en alguna " -"forma importante—lo que llamamos ser Hecho con Creative Commons. Con la " +"forma importante—lo que llamamos ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_. Con la " "ayuda de nuestros patrocinadores en Kickstarter escogimos veinticuatro " "esfuerzos de todo el mundo que estaban Hechos con Creative Commons. La " "mezcla es diversa, desde un músico individual, a un editor de textos " @@ -2887,8 +3085,8 @@ msgstr "" "sea datos abiertos o diseños de muebles—en una forma que le permite al " "público no solo accessarlo, sino también hacer uso de este." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1197 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1535 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -2907,8 +3105,8 @@ msgstr "" "excavamos en las motivaciones, el rol de las licencias CC, modos de " "generación de ingresos, definiciones de éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1545 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " @@ -2918,8 +3116,8 @@ msgstr "" "era bastante diferente del que se nos estaba revelando en nuestras " "entrevistas e investigaciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1550 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -2936,40 +3134,53 @@ msgstr "" "nada más lo equivocado que sería escribir un libro acerca de ser Hecho con " "Creative Commons usando solo una perspectiva de negocio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1217 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder e Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. Una previsualización del libro está " +"disponible en <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-" +"generation\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1559 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" msgstr "" "De acuerdo con el manual seminal «Business Model Generation», un modelo de " "negocios «describe la justificación de cómo una organización crea, entrega y " -"captura valor.1 Pensar sobre compartir en términos de crear y capturar valor " -"siempre se sintió inapropiadamente transaccional y fuera de lugar, algo que " -"oímos una y otra vez en nuestras entrevistas. Y como Cory Doctorow nos contó " -"en nuestra entrevista con él, «Un modelo de negocios puede significar " -"cualquier cosa que uno quiera que signifique.»" +"captura valor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pensar sobre " +"compartir en términos de crear y capturar valor siempre se sintió " +"inapropiadamente transaccional y fuera de lugar, algo que oímos una y otra " +"vez en nuestras entrevistas. Y como Cory Doctorow nos contó en nuestra " +"entrevista con él, «Un modelo de negocios puede significar cualquier cosa " +"que uno quiera que signifique.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1573 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " "piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped " "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" -"Eventualmente, lo entendimos. Ser Hecho con Creative Commons es más que un " +"Eventualmente, lo entendimos. Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ es más que un " "modelo de negocios. Aunque hablaremos sobre modelos de ingresos específicos " "como una pieza de nuestro análisis (y en más detalle en los casos de " "estudio), lo descartamos como nuestro rubro guía para el libro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1580 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -2988,10 +3199,10 @@ msgstr "" "no hay fórmula. Es probable que haya que descartar esa forma de pensar antes " "de seguir leyendo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1590 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -3002,22 +3213,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "En cada entrevista, empezamos con las mismas preguntas simples. En medio de " "toda la diversidad entre todas las personas creadoras, organizaciones y " -"negocios que perfilamos, había una constante. Ser Hecho con Creative Commons " -"puede ser bueno para el negocio, pero esa no es la razón por la que lo " -"hacen. Compartir trabajo con Creative Commons es, en esencia, una decisión " -"moral. Los beneficios comerciales y otros beneficios individuales son " -"secundarios. La mayoría decidieron usar licencias CC primero, y encontraron " -"un modelo de ingresos luego. Esta fue nuestra primer pista de que escribir " -"un libro únicamente sobre el impacto de compartir en los negocios podría " -"estar un poco desviado." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1246 +"negocios que perfilamos, había una constante. Ser _Hecho con Creative " +"Commons_ puede ser bueno para el negocio, pero esa no es la razón por la que " +"lo hacen. Compartir trabajo con Creative Commons es, en esencia, una " +"decisión moral. Los beneficios comerciales y otros beneficios individuales " +"son secundarios. La mayoría decidieron usar licencias CC primero, y " +"encontraron un modelo de ingresos luego. Esta fue nuestra primer pista de " +"que escribir un libro únicamente sobre el impacto de compartir en los " +"negocios podría estar un poco desviado." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1602 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" "Pero también empezamos a darnos cuenta de algo de lo que significa ser Hecho " @@ -3026,8 +3237,8 @@ msgstr "" "derechos de autor. También representaba un conjunto de valores. Hay un " "simbolismo detrás de usar CC, y ese simbolismo tiene muchas capas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1610 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -3040,7 +3251,7 @@ msgid "" "something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They " "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" -"En un nivel, ser Hecho con Creative Commons expresa una afinidad por los " +"En un nivel, ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ expresa una afinidad por los " "valores de Creative Commons. Aunque hay muchos diferentes sabores de " "licencias CC y casi una infinidad de formas de ser Hecho con Creative " "Commons, el sistema de valores básico está enraizado en una creencia " @@ -3053,12 +3264,12 @@ msgstr "" "de nuestra cultura compartida. Estos reflejan la creencia en promesa de " "compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1267 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1624 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -3077,50 +3288,59 @@ msgstr "" "una transacción de mercado impersonal. Deja abierta la posibilidad de " "conexión." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1273 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1636 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" -"Ser Hecho con Creative Commons no solo demuestra valores conectados a CC y " +"Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ no solo demuestra valores conectados a CC y " "el compartir. También demuestra que algo más que las ganancias dirigen lo " "que usted hace. En nuestras entrevistas, siempre preguntamos cómo se veía el " "éxito para ellos y ellas. Fue maravilloso como pocas veces mencionaron el " "dinero. La mayoría tienen un propósito más profundo y una visión diferente " "del éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1644 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" msgstr "" "La motivación impulsora varía dependiendo del tipo de esfuerzo. Para " "personas creadoras, es por lo general acerca de inspiración personal. En " "cierta forma, nada es nuevo. Como Doctorow escribió, «Las personas creadoras " -"por lo general empiezan haciendo lo que hacen por amor.»2 Pero, cuando se " -"comparte trabajo creativo bajo una licencia CC, esa dinámica es aún más " -"pronunciada. De forja similar, para las personas que innovan con tecnología, " -"por lo general es menos acerca de crear una nueva cosa específica que las " -"hará ricas, y más acerca de resolver un problema específico que tienen. Los " -"creadores de Arduino nos contaron que la pregunta clave al crear algo es " -"«¿Usted, como el creador, querría usarlo? Tiene que tener un uso y " -"significado personal.»" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1293 +"por lo general empiezan haciendo lo que hacen por amor.»<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero, cuando se comparte trabajo creativo bajo una " +"licencia CC, esa dinámica es aún más pronunciada. De forja similar, para las " +"personas que innovan con tecnología, por lo general es menos acerca de crear " +"una nueva cosa específica que las hará ricas, y más acerca de resolver un " +"problema específico que tienen. Los creadores de Arduino nos contaron que la " +"pregunta clave al crear algo es «¿Usted, como el creador, querría usarlo? " +"Tiene que tener un uso y significado personal.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1660 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -3139,8 +3359,8 @@ msgstr "" "mostrarle al mundo que está bien compartir sus contenidos usando una " "licencia Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1670 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -3151,27 +3371,27 @@ msgid "" "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" "Esta dinámica es probablemente una razón por la cual hay tantos ejemplos de " -"ser Hecho con Creative Commons en organizaciones sin fines de lucro. El " +"ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ en organizaciones sin fines de lucro. El " "contenido es el resultado de una labor de amor o una herramienta para " "impulsar el cambio social, y el dinero es como la gasolina para el carro, " "algo que se necesita para seguir andando, pero no un fin en sí mismo. Ser " -"Hecho con Creative Commons es una visión diferente de un negocio o sustento, " -"donde la ganancia no es suprema, y producir bien social y conexiones humanas " -"es integral para el éxito." +"_Hecho con Creative Commons_ es una visión diferente de un negocio o " +"sustento, donde la ganancia no es suprema, y producir bien social y " +"conexiones humanas es integral para el éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1305 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1680 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" "Incluso si la ganancia no es el objetivo final, hay que producir dinero para " -"ser Hecho con Creative Commons con éxito. Como mínimo, hay que hacer " +"ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ con éxito. Como mínimo, hay que hacer " "suficiente dinero para mantener las luces encendidas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1315 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1685 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -3192,54 +3412,79 @@ msgstr "" "posible manejar un negocio que obtiene la misma cantidad de anuncios que sus " "antepasados por una fracción del precio.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1702 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1697 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." msgstr "" "Algunos costos de creación son los mismos que siempre han sido. Toma la " "misma cantidad de tiempo y dinero escribir un artículo para una revista con " "revisión de pares, o pintar una pintura. La tecnología no puede cambiar eso. " "Pero otros costos se reducen dramáticamente con la tecnología, en particular " -"en dominios con elevada producción como el cine.3 El contenido licenciado " -"con CC y el contenido en el dominio público, así como el trabajo de personas " -"que colaboran de forma voluntaria, también puede reducir los costos " -"dramáticamente, si son usados como recursos para crear algo nuevo. Y, por " -"supuesto, está la realidad de que algún contenido sería creado ya sea que a " -"la persona creadora se le pague o no, porque es un trabajo por amor." +"en dominios con elevada producción como el cine.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> El contenido licenciado con CC y el contenido en el dominio " +"público, así como el trabajo de personas que colaboran de forma voluntaria, " +"también puede reducir los costos dramáticamente, si son usados como recursos " +"para crear algo nuevo. Y, por supuesto, está la realidad de que algún " +"contenido sería creado ya sea que a la persona creadora se le pague o no, " +"porque es un trabajo por amor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1336 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1714 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, nueva impresión con un nuevo prefacio (New York: " +"Hyperion, 2010), 224." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1711 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." msgstr "" "Distribuir contenido es casi universalmente más barato que nunca. Una vez " "que el contenido es creado, los costos de distribuir copias digitales son " -"esencialmente cero.4 Los costos de distribuir copias físicas aún son " -"significativos, pero más bajos de lo que han sido históricamente. Y ahora es " -"mucho más sencillo imprimir y distribuir copias físicas bajo demanda, lo que " -"también reduce costos. Dependiendo del tipo de esfuerzo, puede haber una " -"gran cantidad de otros gastos posibles, como mercadeo y promoción, e " -"inclusos gastos asociados con las distintas formas en que se genera dinero, " -"como realizar giras y entrenamiento personalizado." +"esencialmente cero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Los costos de " +"distribuir copias físicas aún son significativos, pero más bajos de lo que " +"han sido históricamente. Y ahora es mucho más sencillo imprimir y distribuir " +"copias físicas bajo demanda, lo que también reduce costos. Dependiendo del " +"tipo de esfuerzo, puede haber una gran cantidad de otros gastos posibles, " +"como mercadeo y promoción, e inclusos gastos asociados con las distintas " +"formas en que se genera dinero, como realizar giras y entrenamiento " +"personalizado." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1736 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1349 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1726 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -3249,10 +3494,11 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." msgstr "" "Es importante reconocer que el mayor impacto de la tecnología en esfuerzos " "creativos es que las personas creadoras ahora pueden pagar los costos de " @@ -3263,17 +3509,18 @@ msgstr "" "poderes del imperio, este es su momento. Donde alguna vez no tenía medios " "para alcanzar una audiencia sin la asistencia de las megacompañías que " "dominan la industria, ahora tiene cientos de formas para hacerlo sin " -"ellas.”5 Antes, la distribución de trabajos creativos involucraba costos " -"asociados con mantener una entidad monolítica, ahora las personas creadoras " -"pueden hacer el trabajo ellas mismas. Esto significa que las necesidades " -"financieras de los esfuerzos creativos pueden ser mucho más modestas." +"ellas.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Antes, la distribución de " +"trabajos creativos involucraba costos asociados con mantener una entidad " +"monolítica, ahora las personas creadoras pueden hacer el trabajo ellas " +"mismas. Esto significa que las necesidades financieras de los esfuerzos " +"creativos pueden ser mucho más modestas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1360 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1743 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " @@ -3294,8 +3541,8 @@ msgstr "" "realidad un nombre exagerado para esto. En realidad, es solo acerca de " "mantener la operación funcionando día a día.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1756 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -3310,8 +3557,8 @@ msgstr "" "camino y adaptándose en tiempo real conforme persiguen esta nueva forma de " "operar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1764 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " @@ -3321,88 +3568,141 @@ msgstr "" "bueno para negocios de formas bastantes predecibles. La primera es cómo " "ayuda a resolver el «problema cero.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1372 -msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" -msgstr "### Problema Cero: ser descubierto" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1769 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "Problema Cero: ser descubierto" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1776 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1790 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1771 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." msgstr "" "Una vez que se crea o colecciona el contenido, el siguiente paso es " "encontrar usuarios, clientes y fanáticos—en otras palabras, su gente. Como " "Amanda Palmer escribió, «Tiene que empezar con el arte. Las canciones " "tuvieron que tocar a la gente al inicio, y significar algo, para que " -"cualquier cosa funcione.»6 No hay ninguna magia para encontrar su gente, y " -"ciertamente no hay ninguna fórmula. El trabajo tiene que conectar con las " -"personas y ofrecerles algún valor artístico y/o utilitario. De cierta forma, " -"esto nunca antes ha sido tan fácil. En línea no estamos limitados por el " -"espacio en los estantes, así que hay espacio para cualquier oscuro interés, " -"gusto y necesidad imaginables. Esto es lo que Chris Anderson llamo la Larga " -"Cola, donde el consumo se vuelve menos acerca de éxitos masivos populares, y " -"más acerca de micromercados para cada nicho particular. Como escrribió " -"Anderson, «Todos somos diferentes, con diferentes gustos y necesidades, y la " -"Internet ahora tiene un lugar para todos estos en una forma que el mercado " -"físico no tuvo.»7 Ya no estamos limitados a lo que apela a las masas." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1400 +"cualquier cosa funcione.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> No hay " +"ninguna magia para encontrar su gente, y ciertamente no hay ninguna fórmula. " +"El trabajo tiene que conectar con las personas y ofrecerles algún valor " +"artístico y/o utilitario. De cierta forma, esto nunca antes ha sido tan " +"fácil. En línea no estamos limitados por el espacio en los estantes, así que " +"hay espacio para cualquier oscuro interés, gusto y necesidad imaginables. " +"Esto es lo que Chris Anderson llamo la Larga Cola, donde el consumo se " +"vuelve menos acerca de éxitos masivos populares, y más acerca de " +"micromercados para cada nicho particular. Como escrribió Anderson, «Todos " +"somos diferentes, con diferentes gustos y necesidades, y la Internet ahora " +"tiene un lugar para todos estos en una forma que el mercado físico no " +"tuvo.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Ya no estamos limitados a lo " +"que apela a las masas." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1803 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1809 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 66." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1813 +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1796 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" "Aunque encontrar a «su gente» en línea es en teoría más sencillo que en el " "mundo analógico, como un asunto práctico puede aún ser difícil ser realmente " "notado. La internet es una manguera de contenidos, una que crece cada " "minuto. Como una persona creadora de contenidos, no solo se compite por " "atención contra más creadoras de contenidos que nunca antes, también se " -"compite contra la creatividad generada fuera del mercado.8 Anderson " -"escribió, «El cambio más grande en la década pasada ha sido el cambio en el " -"tiempo que las personas pasan consumiendo contenidos aficionados en lugar de " -"contenidos profesionales.»9 Para colmo, se debe competir contra el resto de " -"sus vidas también—«amistades, familia, listas de reproducción de música, " -"juegos de fútbol y noches en la ciudad.»10 De algún modo, de alguna forma, " -"tiene que llamar la atención de las personas correctas." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1413 +"compite contra la creatividad generada fuera del mercado.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson escribió, «El cambio más grande en la " +"década pasada ha sido el cambio en el tiempo que las personas pasan " +"consumiendo contenidos aficionados en lugar de contenidos " +"profesionales.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Para colmo, se debe " +"competir contra el resto de sus vidas también—«amistades, familia, listas de " +"reproducción de música, juegos de fútbol y noches en la ciudad.»<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> De algún modo, de alguna forma, tiene que " +"llamar la atención de las personas correctas." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1827 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 62." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1819 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the work. " -"If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting " -"people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgstr "" "Al entrar a la Internet armaos con una mentalidad de todos los derechos " "reservados desde el inicio, con frecuencia está restringiendo el acceso a su " @@ -3411,27 +3711,34 @@ msgstr "" "tradicional de derechos de autor. Incluso un costo diminuto tiene un gran " "efecto en la demanda. A esto se le llama la brecha del penique—la gran " "diferencia en la demanda entre algo que está disponible por un precio de un " -"centavo comparado con un precio de cero.11 Esto no significa que está " -"equivocado cobrar dinero por su contenido. Simplemente significa que debe " -"reconocer el efecto sobre la demanda que tiene el hacerlo. El mismo " -"principio aplica a restringir al acceso a copiar el trabajo. Si su problema " -"es cómo ser descubierto y encontrar a «su gente,» prohibirle a las personas " -"que copien su trabajo y que lo compartan con otros es contraproducente." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1417 +"centavo comparado con un precio de cero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Esto no significa que está equivocado cobrar dinero por su " +"contenido. Simplemente significa que debe reconocer el efecto sobre la " +"demanda que tiene el hacerlo. El mismo principio aplica a restringir al " +"acceso a copiar el trabajo. Si su problema es cómo ser descubierto y " +"encontrar a «su gente,» prohibirle a las personas que copien su trabajo y " +"que lo compartan con otros es contraproducente." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1841 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1837 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Por supuesto, no es que ser descubierto por personas a las que les gusta su " "trabajo le hará rico—lejos de eso. Pero como Cory Doctorow dice, «El " "reconocimiento es una de las muchas precondiciones necesarias para el éxito " -"artístico.»12" +"artístico.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -3451,31 +3758,37 @@ msgstr "" "misión detrás de lo que ellos hacen. Ellos creen que esta decisión ha " "generado una inmensa cantidad de buena voluntad dentro de la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1862 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1856 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "No es solo que restringir el acceso a su trabajo puede socavar su misión " "social. También puede alienar a las personas que más valoran su trabajo " "creativo. Si a las personas les gusta el trabajo, su instinto natural será " "compartirlo con otras. Pero como David Bollier escribió, «Nuestros impulsos " "de naturaleza humana a imitar y compartir—la esencia de la cultura—han sido " -"criminalizados.»13" +"criminalizados.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1866 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" "El hecho de que copiar puede traer penas criminales sin duda desalienta a " "copiarlo, pero copiar con el clic de un botón es demasiado fácil y " @@ -3485,21 +3798,21 @@ msgstr "" "de pan. Y, por supuesto, esto es porque no es así. Compartir un trabajo " "creativo no tiene impacto en la capacidad de nadie más para usarlo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1455 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1875 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-" -"resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain and " -"making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" "Si da por sentado cierta cantidad de copias e intercambio de su trabajo, " "puede investir su tiempo y recursos en otra cosa, en lugar de gastarlos " @@ -3515,48 +3828,61 @@ msgstr "" "imágenes digitales. Pero Lizzy dice que fue un pequeño precio que pagar por " "todas las oportunidades que el compartir desbloqueó para ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1463 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 86." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1891 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" msgstr "" -"Ser Hecho con Creative Commons significa dejar de pensar sobre formas de " +"Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ significa dejar de pensar sobre formas de " "hacer su contenido artificialmente escaso, y en lugar de eso aprovecharlo " -"como el recurso potencialmente abundante que es.14 Cuando se ve la " -"abundancia de la información como una funcionalidad y no un error, se " -"empieza a pensar sobre formas de usar la capacidad ociosa de su contenido " -"para su ventaja. Como mi amigo y colega Eric Steuer dijo una vez, «Usar " -"licencias CC demuestra que usted entiende la Internet.»" +"como el recurso potencialmente abundante que es.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Cuando se ve la abundancia de la información como una " +"funcionalidad y no un error, se empieza a pensar sobre formas de usar la " +"capacidad ociosa de su contenido para su ventaja. Como mi amigo y colega " +"Eric Steuer dijo una vez, «Usar licencias CC demuestra que usted entiende la " +"Internet.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1472 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1906 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1903 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." msgstr "" "Cory Doctorow dice que no le cuesta nada cuando otras personas hacen copias " "de su trabajo, y esto abre la posibilidad de que el pueda obtener algo a " -"cambio.15 De forma similar, quienes hacen las placas Arduino supieron que " -"era imposible para a las personas para que no copiaran su hardware, así que " -"decidieron ni siquiera intentarlo y en lugar de eso buscar los beneficios de " -"ser abiertos. Para ellos, el resultado es una de las piezas de hardware más " -"ubicuas del mundo, con una floreciente comunidad en línea de personas " -"pensadoras e innovadoras que han hecho cosas con su trabajo que nunca " -"hubieran podido hacer de otra manera." +"cambio.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De forma similar, quienes " +"hacen las placas Arduino supieron que era imposible para a las personas para " +"que no copiaran su hardware, así que decidieron ni siquiera intentarlo y en " +"lugar de eso buscar los beneficios de ser abiertos. Para ellos, el resultado " +"es una de las piezas de hardware más ubicuas del mundo, con una floreciente " +"comunidad en línea de personas pensadoras e innovadoras que han hecho cosas " +"con su trabajo que nunca hubieran podido hacer de otra manera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1916 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." @@ -3564,13 +3890,13 @@ msgstr "" "Hay muchas formas de aprovechar el poder de compartir y remezclar para su " "beneficio. Aquí hay unas cuantas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1477 -msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" -msgstr "#### Usar CC para generar una audiencia más grande" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1920 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "Usar CC para generar una audiencia más grande" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1487 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1922 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -3591,8 +3917,8 @@ msgstr "" "tiene una seña que dice Compartir y la otra dice No Compartir (que es lo que " "«©» significa), ¿cuál cree que sea más probable que las personas compartan?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1494 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1934 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -3607,58 +3933,87 @@ msgstr "" "una parte central del valor para autores y autoras académicas que quieren " "alcanzar tantas personas lectoras como sea posible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1506 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1950 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 123." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1943 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." msgstr "" "La idea de que más ojos es igual a más éxito es una forma de la estrategia " "de máximo, adoptada por Google y otras compañías de tecnología. De acuerdo " "con Eric Schmidt de Google, la idea es simple: ”Tomar lo que sea que esté " "haciendo y hacerlo al máximo en términos de distribución. La otra forma de " "decir esto es que dado que los costos marginales de distribución son " -"gratuitos, también es posible poner las cosas en todo lado.”16 Esta " -"estrategia es lo que con frecuencia motiva a las compañías a hacer productos " -"y servicios gratuitos (esto es, sin costo), pero la misma lógica aplica a " -"hacer contenido que se pueda compartir libremente. Como el contenido " -"licenciado con CC es gratis (sin costo) y puede ser copiado de forma libre, " -"el licenciamiento CC lo hace aun más accesible y que sea más probable que " -"prolifere." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 +"gratuitos, también es posible poner las cosas en todo lado.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Esta estrategia es lo que con frecuencia motiva " +"a las compañías a hacer productos y servicios gratuitos (esto es, sin " +"costo), pero la misma lógica aplica a hacer contenido que se pueda compartir " +"libremente. Como el contenido licenciado con CC es gratis (sin costo) y " +"puede ser copiado de forma libre, el licenciamiento CC lo hace aun más " +"accesible y que sea más probable que prolifere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1964 +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "Ibid., 132." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1969 +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "Ibid., 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1959 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " "The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " -"spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because we simply " -"have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " -"following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Si tiene éxito alcanzando más personas usuarias, lectoras, oyentes u otros " "clientes para su trabajo, puede empezar a beneficiarse del efecto de " "arrastre. El simple hecho de que hay otras personas consumiendo o siguiendo " -"su trabajo estimula a otras a querer hacer lo mismo.17 Esto es, en parte, " -"porque simplemente tenemos una tendencia a engancharnos en un comportamiento " -"de manada, pero también es porque un gran número de personas seguidoras es " -"por lo menos un indicador parcial de calidad o utilidad.18" +"su trabajo estimula a otras a querer hacer lo mismo.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Esto es, en parte, porque simplemente tenemos una " +"tendencia a engancharnos en un comportamiento de manada, pero también es " +"porque un gran número de personas seguidoras es por lo menos un indicador " +"parcial de calidad o utilidad.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1516 -msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" -msgstr "#### Usar CC para obtener atribución y reconocimiento de nombre" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1974 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "Usar CC para obtener atribución y reconocimiento de nombre" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki dice, «La medida del éxito de leyes y contratos es qué tan poco " +"frecuentemente son invocados.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1976 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -3668,11 +4023,11 @@ msgid "" "norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " "people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " "anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " -"marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes " -"on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people " -"are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case " -"for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " -"fairness as providing credit." +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" "Cada licencia Creative Commons requiere que se de crédito a la persona " "autora, y que quienes lo reutilicen brinden un enlace de vuelta a la fuente " @@ -3683,15 +4038,15 @@ msgstr "" "sociales, más que la amenaza de aplicar la ley, lo que por lo general motiva " "a la gente a dar atribución y cumplir con los términos de las licencias CC " "de cualquier forma. Esta es la marca de cualquier comunidad que funciona " -"bien, tanto dentro del mercado como de la sociedad en general.19 Las " -"licencias CC reflejan un conjunto de deseos de parte de las personas " -"creadoras, y en una gran mayoría de circunstancias, las personas están " -"inclinadas de forma natural a seguir esos deseos. Esto se da en particular " -"en el caso de algo tan directo y consistente con nociones básicas de " -"justicia, como dar crédito." +"bien, tanto dentro del mercado como de la sociedad en general.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Las licencias CC reflejan un conjunto de deseos " +"de parte de las personas creadoras, y en una gran mayoría de circunstancias, " +"las personas están inclinadas de forma natural a seguir esos deseos. Esto se " +"da en particular en el caso de algo tan directo y consistente con nociones " +"básicas de justicia, como dar crédito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1999 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -3717,14 +4072,14 @@ msgstr "" "con CC es una forma de tener a la mayor cantidad posible de gente viendo y " "citando su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1554 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2013 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " @@ -3744,8 +4099,8 @@ msgstr "" "tangible es parte del poder de su plataforma. La procedencia del diseño es " "una parte especial del producto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2028 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -3762,15 +4117,14 @@ msgstr "" "discursos en línea están plagados de desinformación, ser una fuente " "confiable de información es más valioso que nunca." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1564 -msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" msgstr "" -"#### Utilizar el contenido licenciado con CC como una herramienta " -"publicitaria" +"Utilizar el contenido licenciado con CC como una herramienta publicitaria" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2040 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -3787,8 +4141,13 @@ msgstr "" "con CC. En todos los casos, el contenido licenciado con CC puede atraer y " "llevar a la gente al otro producto o servicio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2062 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2049 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -3797,10 +4156,11 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " "Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " -"bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." msgstr "" "Frances Pinter, de Knowledge Unlatched, nos contó que ella ha visto una y " "otra vez cómo ofrecer contenido licenciado con una licencia CC —esto es, " @@ -3814,11 +4174,11 @@ msgstr "" "Otro ejemplo proviene del advenimiento de la radio. Aunque la industria " "musical no la vio venir (¡e incluso luchó contra ella!), la música gratis en " "la radio funcionó como una forma de publicidad para la versión paga que la " -"gente compraba en las tiendas de música.20 Lo gratuito puede ser una forma " -"de promoción." +"gente compraba en las tiendas de música.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Lo gratuito puede ser una forma de promoción." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2066 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -3828,7 +4188,7 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." @@ -3848,15 +4208,15 @@ msgstr "" "gastan dinero yrecursos publicitando esos servicios (y, por extensión, los " "libros de texto de OpenStax)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1600 -msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2083 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" msgstr "" -"#### Utilizar CC para que otros se comprometan con tu trabajo y participen " +"Utilizar CC para que otros se comprometan con tu trabajo y participen " "activamente" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2086 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " @@ -3868,18 +4228,23 @@ msgstr "" "tecnología digital. La Internet abrió todo un mundo nuevo de posibilidades " "para la participación pública en el trabajo creativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2100 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "Osterwalder y Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2093 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than others. " -"With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the content " -"is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " -"adapt a photo is less important." +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." msgstr "" "Cuatro de las seis licencias de Creative Commons habilitan a los remixadores " "tomar algo, construir sobre o de otra manera adaptar el trabajo. Dependiendo " @@ -3887,24 +4252,63 @@ msgstr "" "diferentes —traducir, actualizar, contextualizar, mejorar, transformar. " "Permite que una obra sea customizada para necesidades particulares, usos, " "personas y comunidades, que es otro valor distintivo para ofrecerle al " -"público.21 La adaptación cambia más el juego en algunos contextos que en " -"otros. Con los materiales educativos, la posibilidad de adaptarlos y " -"actualizar el contenido es de una importancia crítica para su utilidad. Para " -"la fotografía, la posibilidad de adaptar una foto es menos importante." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1627 +"público.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> La adaptación cambia más " +"el juego en algunos contextos que en otros. Con los materiales educativos, " +"la posibilidad de adaptarlos y actualizar el contenido es de una importancia " +"crítica para su utilidad. Para la fotografía, la posibilidad de adaptar una " +"foto es menos importante." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2113 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 67." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2118 +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "Ibid., 58." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 71." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2126 +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (Londres: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2108 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " +#| "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People " +#| "often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result " +#| "they don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny " +#| "act of volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception " +#| "of that thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " +#| "exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had " +#| "a part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " +#| "quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " +#| "replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Esta es una forma de contrarrestar un potencial aspecto negativo de la " "abundancia del contenido libre y abierto descripto más arriba. Como Anderson " @@ -3918,16 +4322,32 @@ msgstr "" "consigo un tipo de satisfacción creativa que nunca puede ser reemplazada " "consumiendo algo creado por otro.25" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2139 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 21." +msgstr "Ibid., 21." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2132 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " +#| "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " +#| "social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " +#| "Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " +#| "matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response " +#| "is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people " +#| "more deeply tied to your work." msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" "media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " "Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " "if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " -"event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " -"to your work." +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." msgstr "" "Comprometerse activamente con el contenido nos ayuda a evitar el tipo de " "consumo sin sentido que conoce muy bien cualquiera que haya revisado durante " @@ -3937,24 +4357,32 @@ msgstr "" "parte del evento”.26 Abrir la puerta a tu contenido puede hacer que la gente " "se conecte más profundamente con tu trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1637 -msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" -msgstr "#### Usar CC para diferenciarse" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2145 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "Usar CC para diferenciarse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2154 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2147 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" "Operar bajo un régimen tradicional de derecho de autor a menudo significa " "operar bajo las reglas de los jugadores establecidos en los medios. Las " @@ -3962,33 +4390,51 @@ msgstr "" "derecho de autor, como utilizar sistemas de gestión digital de derechos " "(DRM, por sus siglas en inglés) y firmar contratos de exclusividad, puede " "atar las manos de los creadores, a menudo a costa de los propios intereses " -"del creador.27 Estar Hecho con Creative Commons significa que se puede " -"funcionar sin esas barreras y, en muchos casos, utilizar la apertura " -"incrementada como una ventaja competitiva. David Harris de OpenStax dijo que " -"ellos específicamente persiguen estrategias que saben que los editores " -"tradicionales no pueden buscar. “No vayas al mercado y juegues según las " -"reglas impuestas”, dijo David. “Cambia las reglas del juego.”" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1651 -msgid "### Making Money" -msgstr "### Hacer dinero" +"del creador.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Estar _Hecho con " +"Creative Commons_ significa que se puede funcionar sin esas barreras y, en " +"muchos casos, utilizar la apertura incrementada como una ventaja " +"competitiva. David Harris de OpenStax dijo que ellos específicamente " +"persiguen estrategias que saben que los editores tradicionales no pueden " +"buscar. “No vayas al mercado y juegues según las reglas impuestas”, dijo " +"David. “Cambia las reglas del juego.”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2166 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "Hacer dinero" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2176 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten " +#| "Nonprofit Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +#| "2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, y Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" +"articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1666 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2168 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo " -"exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " -"recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" "Como cualquier emprendimiento que busca hacer dinero, aquellos que están " "Hechos con Creative Commons tienen que generar algún tipo de valor para su " @@ -3996,24 +4442,31 @@ msgstr "" "no son en realidad los beneficiarios de ese valor. Los donantes, ya sean " "instituciones filantrópicas, gobiernos o individuos interesados, proveen " "dinero a la organización a partir de un sentido de puro altruismo. Esta es " -"la forma en la que opera la donación tradicional sin ánimo de lucro.28 Pero " -"en muchos casos, los flujos de ganancia utilizados por los emprendimientos " -"Hechos con Creative Commons están directamente atados al valor que generan, " -"donde el receptor está pagando por el valor que reciben, como cualquier " -"transacción estándar en el mercado. Aún así, en muchos otros casos,en vez " -"del típico intercambio quid pro quo de dinero por valor que típicamente " -"conduce a las transacciones en el mercado, el receptor entrega dinero a " -"partir de un sentido de reciprocidad." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1674 +"la forma en la que opera la donación tradicional sin ánimo de lucro." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero en muchos casos, los flujos " +"de ganancia utilizados por los emprendimientos Hechos con Creative Commons " +"están directamente atados al valor que generan, donde el receptor está " +"pagando por el valor que reciben, como cualquier transacción estándar en el " +"mercado. Aún así, en muchos otros casos,en vez del típico intercambio quid " +"pro quo de dinero por valor que típicamente conduce a las transacciones en " +"el mercado, el receptor entrega dinero a partir de un sentido de " +"reciprocidad." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2197 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2189 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "La mayoría de los que están Hechos con Creative Commons utilizan una " "variedad de métodos para traer ganancias, algunos de ellos basados en el " @@ -4022,16 +4475,17 @@ msgstr "" "desarrollo son particularmente altos, y luego buscar un flujo (o flujos) " "diferentes de ganancias para los gastos corrientes. Como escribió Shirky, " "“El truco está en saber cuándo los mercados son una forma óptima de " -"organizar las interacciones y cuándo no.”29" +"organizar las interacciones y cuándo no.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" "Nuestros estudios de caso exploran en más detalle los varios mecanismos " @@ -4042,31 +4496,78 @@ msgstr "" "instructivo tomar distancia para observar y ver las cosas desde un nivel más " "alto de abstracción." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1683 -msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Flujos de ganancia basados en el mercado" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2210 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Flujos de ingresos basados en el mercado" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2215 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2222 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " +#| "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" +"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " +"Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1690 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2212 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in " +#| "revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if " +#| "you are Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available " +#| "for free and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium " +#| "business model, any possible market transaction with a consumer of your " +#| "content has to be based on some added value you provide.31" msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "En el mercado, la pregunta central al determinar cómo traer ingresos es qué " "valora la gente y por qué están dispuestos a pagar.30 Por definición, si " -"estás Hecho con Creative Commons, el contenido que proveés está disponible " +"estás _Hecho con Creative Commons_, el contenido que proveés está disponible " "de manera gratuita y no es una bien en el mercado. Al igual que el extendido " "modelo de negocios \"freemium\", cualquier posible transacción en el mercado " "con un consumidor de tu contenido tiene que estar basada en un tipo de valor " "añadido que uno le provee al producto.31" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2238 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2228 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " +#| "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because " +#| "the Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, " +#| "it is difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling " +#| "newspaper industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the " +#| "fact that at least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That " +#| "means you may end up competing with free versions of your own content, " +#| "whether you condone it or not.32 If people can easily find your content " +#| "for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, particularly in a " +#| "context where access to content is more important than owning it. In " +#| "Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether coded into " +#| "either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the force " +#| "of gravity.”" msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -4075,11 +4576,12 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" msgstr "" "De muchas maneras, este es el camino al futuro para todas las empresas de " "contenido. En el mercado, el valor vive en las cosas que son escasas. La " @@ -4095,17 +4597,34 @@ msgstr "" "inscrito en software o en la ley, está simplemente manteniendo un precio en " "contra de la fuerza de la gravedad.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2257 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "Ibid., 231." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2247 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future " +#| "in the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one " +#| "product or service becomes free, as information and content largely have " +#| "in the digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance " +#| "creates a new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other " +#| "than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As " +#| "Anderson says, “It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something " +#| "better or at least different from the free version.”33" msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Por supuesto, esto no significa que las empresas de contenido no tengan " "futuro en el mercado tradicional. En Free, Anderson explica como cuando un " @@ -4117,8 +4636,8 @@ msgstr "" "simplemente ofrcece algo mejor o al menos diferente de la versión gratuita." "\"33" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2261 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -4132,10 +4651,10 @@ msgstr "" "era digital. De hecho, es posible que tengan una ventaja porque ellos puden " "usar la abundancia de contenido para obtener ganancia de algo escaso. " "Tambien se pueden beneficiar de la buena voluntad sostenida por los valores " -"detras de Hecho con Creative Commons." +"detras de _Hecho con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " @@ -4148,30 +4667,52 @@ msgstr "" "licenciado bajo CC funciona como una herramienta de mercadeo del producto o " "servicio asociado con un costo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2277 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." msgstr "Aquí hay algunas de la categorias superiores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1730 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2281 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\\[MARKET-BASED" +#| "\\]*" msgid "" -"#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work * \\[MARKET-BASED" -"\\]*" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Proveer servicio personalizado a los consumidores de tu trabajo *" "\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2291 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "Ibid., 97." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2284 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The " +#| "trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized " +#| "services are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity " +#| "information (everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. " +#| "Customized information (you get something unique and meaningful to you) " +#| "wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and " +#| "cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song " +#| "business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" "En esta era de la abundancia de la información, no sufriremos por falta de " "contenido. El truco es encontrar contenido que se ajuste a nuestras " @@ -4183,33 +4724,62 @@ msgstr "" "artistica y cultural provista por Ártica hasta el negocio de canciones " "personalizadas de Jonathan \"Una-canción-al-dia\" Mann." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1741 -msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2298 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Cobrando por la copia física *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2305 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 107." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2301 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as " +#| "giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital " +#| "content and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly " +#| "successful in domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as " +#| "valuable as the analog version, like book publishing where a significant " +#| "subset of people still prefer reading something they can hold in their " +#| "hands. Or in domains where the content isn’t useful until it is in " +#| "physical form, like furniture designs. In those situations, a significant " +#| "portion of consumers will pay for the convenience of having someone else " +#| "put the physical version together for them. Some endeavors squeeze even " +#| "more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative Commons license that " +#| "only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else can sell physical " +#| "copies of their work in competition with them. This strategy of reserving " +#| "commercial rights can be particularly important for items like books, " +#| "where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be the same " +#| "quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service from " +#| "another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, the " +#| "provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the " +#| "same works based on quality, service, or other traditional business " +#| "principles." msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " -"and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly successful in " -"domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as valuable as the " -"analog version, like book publishing where a significant subset of people " -"still prefer reading something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains " -"where the content isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture " -"designs. In those situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay " -"for the convenience of having someone else put the physical version together " -"for them. Some endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by " -"using a Creative Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which " -"means no one else can sell physical copies of their work in competition with " -"them. This strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly " -"important for items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is " -"likely to be the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one " -"publishing service from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture " -"or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete with other " -"providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional " -"business principles." +"and atoms refer to a physical object).<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> This is particularly successful in domains where the digital version " +"of the content isn’t as valuable as the analog version, like book publishing " +"where a significant subset of people still prefer reading something they can " +"hold in their hands. Or in domains where the content isn’t useful until it " +"is in physical form, like furniture designs. In those situations, a " +"significant portion of consumers will pay for the convenience of having " +"someone else put the physical version together for them. Some endeavors " +"squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative Commons " +"license that only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else can " +"sell physical copies of their work in competition with them. This strategy " +"of reserving commercial rights can be particularly important for items like " +"books, where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be the same " +"quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service from " +"another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, the " +"provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the same " +"works based on quality, service, or other traditional business principles." msgstr "" "En su libro acerca de los creadores culturales, Anderson caracterizó el " "modelo como dar los bits y vender los átomos (donde bits se refiere al " @@ -4232,13 +4802,15 @@ msgstr "" "otros proveedores del mismo trabajo basado en la calidad, servicio, o algún " "otro principio de trabajo tradicional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1764 -msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2329 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Cobrando por la versión en persona *\\[BASADA EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2332 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -4256,13 +4828,15 @@ msgstr "" "originales en persona o paga por asistir a una plática o a un curso de " "capacitación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1774 -msgid "#### Selling merchandise * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2343 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Selling merchandise *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Vendiendo mercancia *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1779 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2346 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " @@ -4274,19 +4848,37 @@ msgstr "" "puedo atestiguar personalmente el poder de una playera de un buen concierto. " "Esto puede ser un flujo de ganancias importante para galerias y museos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2363 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2353 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " +#| "value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. " +#| "In these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an " +#| "entirely different category of people or businesses. Often, those people " +#| "or businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " +#| "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes " +#| "the offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +#| "traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " +#| "Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for" +#| "—there are other services you can provide as well." msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " "offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" -"there are other services you can provide as well." +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." msgstr "" "Algunas veces una via para encontrar un flujo de ganancias basadas en el " "mercado es proveer valor a otras personas distintas a las que consumen tu " @@ -4300,21 +4892,48 @@ msgstr "" "es la única cosa por la que la gente está dispuesta a pagar -- existen otros " "servicios que tambien se pueden proveer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1792 -msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2370 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Cobrando a los anunciantes o promotores *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2382 +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2373 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " +#| "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " +#| "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of " +#| "their audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because " +#| "the number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has " +#| "become essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue " +#| "stream for many content creators, including those who are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the " +#| "advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or " +#| "projects, or of the overall endeavor." msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " "many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " "Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " @@ -4332,16 +4951,19 @@ msgstr "" "anunciante paga por ser un promotor oficial de un contenido o proyecto " "particular, o de toda la empresa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1805 -msgid "#### Charging your content creators * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Cobrando a los creadores de contenido *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO]\\*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2391 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging your content creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"#### Cobrando a los creadores de contenido *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2394 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " "available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " "The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " "of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " @@ -4361,22 +4983,41 @@ msgstr "" "universidades pagan para que sus facultades participen como escritores del " "contenido del website de The Conversation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1817 -msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "#### Cobrando una cuota por transacción *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO]\\*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2408 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "#### Cobrando una cuota por transacción *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2413 +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2411 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " +#| "transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " +#| "model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" +#| "licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " +#| "when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " +#| "platforms make money when service providers transact with their " +#| "customers; for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their " +#| "site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the " +#| "platform." msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" -"licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue when " -"creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other platforms " -"make money when service providers transact with their customers; for " -"example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " -"to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" "Esta es una versión del modelo tradicionale de negocios basado en gestionar " "transacciones entre participantes. 39 La curaduría es un elemento importante " @@ -4389,14 +5030,17 @@ msgstr "" "que alguien en su sitio le paga a un creador para hacer mobilario basado en " "uno de los diseños en su plataforma." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1829 -msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2425 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" "#### Proporcionando un servicio a sus creadores *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2428 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -4413,13 +5057,15 @@ msgstr "" "hacer a la información con la que ellos contribuyen a la plataforma más " "reusable y localizable." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1838 -msgid "#### Licensing a trademark* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2438 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Licensing a trademark *\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Licenciando una marca registrada *\\[BASADO EN EL MERCADO\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2441 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -4439,13 +5085,13 @@ msgstr "" "la marca registrada es una manera de obtener ganancias de algo escaso " "mientras se toma ventaja de la abundancia del contenido bajo CC." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1849 -msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" -msgstr "#### Flujos de ganancia basados en el mercado" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2453 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Flujos de ingresos basados en la reciprocidad" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2455 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " @@ -4457,8 +5103,8 @@ msgstr "" "capturar completamente las vias por las que las empresas que analizamos han " "hecho dinero. No era simplemente acerca de monetizar la escasez." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2462 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -4481,8 +5127,8 @@ msgstr "" "Bollier en Think Like a Commoner, \"No hay cálculo egoísta acerca de que el " "valor dado y recibido sean estrictamente iguales.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1870 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2475 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -4497,27 +5143,48 @@ msgstr "" "Es una función mental vital que ayuda a la especie humana a sobrevivir y " "evolucionar.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2485 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2489 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2483 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " +#| "that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " +#| "relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange " +#| "of value.41" msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Lo que es raro es incorporar este tipo de relaciones en una empresa que " -"también se involucra en el mercado.40 No podemos sino ṕensar que las " +"también se involucra en el mercado.40 No podemos sino pensar que las " "relaciones del mercado como centradas en un intercambio equitativo del " "valor.41" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1877 -msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2494 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" -"#### Membresías y donaciones individuales *\\[BASADAS EN LA RECIPROCIDAD\\]*" +"Membresías y donaciones individuales <emphasis>[BASADAS EN LA RECIPROCIDAD]</" +"emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2497 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -4531,7 +5198,7 @@ msgid "" "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" "Minetras las membresías y las donaciones son modelos de financiamiento no " -"lucrativo, en el contexto de Hecho con Creative Commons, estan atadas " +"lucrativo, en el contexto de _Hecho con Creative Commons_, estan atadas " "directamente a la relación reciproca que es cultivada con los benificiarios " "de su trabajo. Entre más grande sea la cantidad de aquellos que reciben el " "valor del contenido, es más probable que esta estrategia trabaje, dado que " @@ -4542,13 +5209,15 @@ msgstr "" "empresa entera está persiguiendo una misión social, es más probable que esta " "estratega triunfe." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1891 -msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2513 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### El modelo paga lo que quieres *\\[BASADO EN LA RECIPROCIDAD\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2516 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -4569,13 +5238,15 @@ msgstr "" "dar dinero por cosas que valoramos en el mercado, incluso en situaciones en " "donde podríamos encontrar la manera de obtenerlas gratuitamente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1903 -msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2529 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "#### Financiamiento Comunitario *\\[BASADO EN LA RECIPROCIDAD\\]*" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1918 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2532 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -4587,13 +5258,13 @@ msgid "" "community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " "Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" "Los modelos de financiamiento comunitario estan basados en recolectar el " "costo de crear y distribuir el contenido antes de que el contenido sea " -"creado. Si la empresa es Hecha con Creative Commons, cualquiera que quiera " +"creado. Si la empresa es _Hecha con Creative Commons_, cualquiera que quiera " "el trabajo en cuestión puede simplemente esperar hasta que este creado y " "entonces acceder a el gratuitamente. Eso significa, que para que el modelo " "funcione, la gente tiene que preocuparse más que sólo recibir el trabajo. " @@ -4607,8 +5278,8 @@ msgstr "" "el suelo ha sido fertilizado suficientemente, la audiencia pronuncia, sin " "duda alguna: por supuesto.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -4625,13 +5296,13 @@ msgstr "" "presupuesto tienden a dar más por un sentido de correspondencia con la " "comunidad bibliotecaria y con la idea de acceso abierto general." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1927 -msgid "### Making Human Connections" -msgstr "#### Creando Conexiones Humanas" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2561 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "Creando Conexiones Humanas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2563 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -4641,14 +5312,14 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" "Independientemente de como hagan dinero, en nuestras entrevistas, " -"repetidamente escuchamos lenguaje como \"persuadirlos a comprar\" y \"" -"invitarlos a pagar.\" Incluso las escuchamos en conexión con flujos de " +"repetidamente escuchamos lenguaje como \"persuadirlos a comprar\" y " +"\"invitarlos a pagar.\" Incluso las escuchamos en conexión con flujos de " "ganancias que encajan en el mercado. Cory Doctorow nos comentó, \" Tuve que " "convencer a mis lectores de que lo correcto era pagarme.\" Los fundadores de " "la compañía lucrativa Lumen Learning nos mostraron la carta que envían a " @@ -4657,16 +5328,16 @@ msgstr "" "pare-y-desista; es una invitación a pagar porque es lo correcto. Este tipo " "de comportamiento alrededor de lo que podríamos considerar los clientes no " "pagadores es algo de lo que no se escucha desde hace mucho en el mercado " -"tradicional. Pero parece ser parte de tejido de Hecho con Creative Commons." +"tradicional. Pero parece ser parte de tejido de _Hecho con Creative Commons_." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2579 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" "Casi todas las empresas que describimos se apoyan, al menos en parte, en " "gente enla que se invierte en lo que ellos hacen. Entre más cercano sea que " @@ -4675,8 +5346,8 @@ msgstr "" "servicio, ellos estan haciendo conexiones ideologicas, personales y " "creativas con las personas que valoran lo que ellos hacen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1951 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2587 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " @@ -4686,19 +5357,19 @@ msgstr "" "en puros terminos de mercado estaba ligado profundamente a Hacer con " "Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2592 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" "Vine a la investigación con las nociones preconcebidas acerca de lo que es " -"Creative Commons y que significa ser Hecho con Creative Commons. Resulto que " -"yo estaba mal en muchos aspectos." +"Creative Commons y que significa ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_. Resulto " +"que yo estaba mal en muchos aspectos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1964 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2597 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -4709,18 +5380,18 @@ msgid "" "the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of what comes " "with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" -"Obviamente, ser Hecho con Creative Commons significa usar licencias Creative " -"Commons. Eso era lo que yo sabía. Pero en nuestras entrevistas, las personas " -"hablaron de mucho más que sólo permisos de copyright cuando explicaban como " -"cmopartir encajaba en lo que ellos hacen. Yo estaba pensando acerca de " -"compartir muy estrechamente, y como resultado, estaba perdiendo una gran " -"parte del significado contenido dentro de las Creative Commons. En vez de " -"analizar críticamente el rol estrecho y específico de la licencia de " +"Obviamente, ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ significa usar licencias " +"Creative Commons. Eso era lo que yo sabía. Pero en nuestras entrevistas, las " +"personas hablaron de mucho más que sólo permisos de copyright cuando " +"explicaban como cmopartir encajaba en lo que ellos hacen. Yo estaba pensando " +"acerca de compartir muy estrechamente, y como resultado, estaba perdiendo " +"una gran parte del significado contenido dentro de las Creative Commons. En " +"vez de analizar críticamente el rol estrecho y específico de la licencia de " "copyright en la ecuación, es importante no separar el resto de lo que " "acompaña a compartir. Tienes que ampliar la óptica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1976 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2608 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -4733,7 +5404,7 @@ msgid "" "with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, " "with each other." msgstr "" -"Ser Hecho con Creative Commons no es únicamente acerca del simple acto de " +"Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ no es únicamente acerca del simple acto de " "licenciar un material con derechos de autor o copyright bajo un conjunto de " "terminos estandarizados, sino también de comunidad, bienestar social, " "contribuir ideas, expresar un sistema de valores, trabajar juntos. Estos " @@ -4745,12 +5416,12 @@ msgstr "" "impersonal de marcado, sino en conexiones con la gente con la que compartes— " "conexiones contigo, con tú trabajoj, con tús valores, con todos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2622 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" "El resto de la sección explorará algunas de las estrategias comunes que usan " @@ -4758,31 +5429,69 @@ msgstr "" "detras de cada empresa creativa. Para recordarnos que tenemos obligaciones " "con todos. Para recordarnos como es realmente el compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1983 -msgid "#### Be human" -msgstr "#### Ser humano" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2629 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "Ser humano" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1990 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2633 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +#| "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" +"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2631 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" "Los seres humanos son animales sociales, lo que significa que estamos " -"naturalmente inclinados a tratarnos mutuamente bien.42 Pero mientras más " -"lejano seamos de la persona con la que interactuamos, nuestro comportamiento " -"será menos atento. Mientras el Internet ha democratizado la producción " -"cultural, incrementado el acceso al conocimiento y nos ha conectado de " -"maneras extraordinarias, tambien puede hacer fácil que nos olvidemos que " -"estamos tratando con otro ser humano." +"naturalmente inclinados a tratarnos mutuamente bien.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero mientras más lejano seamos de la persona con la " +"que interactuamos, nuestro comportamiento será menos atento. Mientras el " +"Internet ha democratizado la producción cultural, incrementado el acceso " +"al conocimiento y nos ha conectado de maneras extraordinarias, tambien puede " +"hacer fácil que nos olvidemos que estamos tratando con otro ser humano." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2657 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +#| "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." +msgid "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" +"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered. Nueva York: Workman, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2644 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " +#| "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " +#| "licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring " +#| "their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative " +#| "process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin " +#| "Kleon wrote, “Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to " +#| "know where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The " +#| "stories you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people " +#| "feel and what they understand about your work, and how people feel and " +#| "what they understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -4793,7 +5502,8 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Para contrarrestar las tendencias anónimas e impersonales de cómo operamos " "en línea, las corporaciones y los creadores individuales quienes usan las " @@ -4808,8 +5518,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas y lo que ellos entienden acerca de tú trabajo afecta la manera en " "que te valoran a tí.\"43" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2012 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2663 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -4817,9 +5527,8 @@ msgid "" "You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " "suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " "lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." msgstr "" "Un componente crítico para hacer esto efectivamente es no preocuparse acerca " "de ser una \"marca\". Eso significa no preocuparse de ser vulnerable. Amanda " @@ -4831,42 +5540,70 @@ msgstr "" "no solo quiere tu versión primorosa. No se pueden relacionar con ella, al " "menos no de una manera significativa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2683 +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2675 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " "dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" -"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " -"it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." msgstr "" "Este consejo es probablemente más importante para los negocios y las " -"organizaciones porque instintivamente los concebimos como no humanos (" -"aunque en los Estados Unidos, las corporaciones son personas!). Cuando las " +"organizaciones porque instintivamente los concebimos como no humanos " +"(aunque en los Estados Unidos, las corporaciones son personas!). Cuando las " "corporaciones y las organizaciones hacen a la gente detras de ellas más " "perceptible, le recuerda a la gente que están tratando con algo más que una " "entidad corporativa anónima. En el lenguaje de los negocios, esto es acerca " -"de \"humanizar sus interacciones\" con el público.44 Pero no puede ser una " -"representación. No puedes simular ser humano." +"de \"humanizar sus interacciones\" con el público.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Pero no puede ser una representación. No puedes " +"simular ser humano." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2689 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "Sé abierto y responsable" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2023 -msgid "#### Be open and accountable" -msgstr "#### Sé abierto y responsable" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2698 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2703 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2691 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you " +#| "do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told " +#| "us, “One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just " +#| "be honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As " +#| "Amanda Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " +#| "communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " +#| "sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your " +#| "rationale and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "La Transpariencia ayuda a las personas a entender quien eres y porque haces " "lo que haces, pero también inspira confianza. Max Temkin de Cards Against " @@ -4877,51 +5614,102 @@ msgstr "" "endulzar los errores o las malas noticias, sino explicar tu razonamiento y " "de estar preparado para defenderlo cuando la gente es crítica.46" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2037 -msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2712 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2719 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2707 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to " +#| "James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" +#| "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " +#| "cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as " +#| "asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions " +#| "you make, even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-" +#| "consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the " +#| "input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first " +#| "place.48 But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of " +#| "diversity of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to " +#| "get people involved and invested in what you do." +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" -"denominator solutions and" -msgstr "" -"Ser responsable no significa operar bajo concenso. De acuerdo con James " -"Surowiecki, los grupos que operan bajo concenso tienden a utilizar la " -"solución común más básica y" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2047 -msgid "" -"avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy " -"collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then " -"giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting " -"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through " -"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse " -"than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get it right, it " -"can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps endeavors excel. " -"And it is another way to get people involved and invested in what you do." -msgstr "" -"evitan el intercambio de ideas honesto y desprejuiciado que se cultiva en " -"las colaboraciones sanas. 47 En cambio, puede ser tan simple como solicitar " -"un comentario y dar contexto y explicación acerca de la decisión que se ha " -"tomado, incluso si solicitar realimentación e invitar al intercambio de " -"ideas lleva su tiempo. Si no realizas el esfuerzo de responder a los " -"comentarios que recives, puede ser peor que no solicitar esos comentarios en " -"primer lugar. 48 Pero cuando lo haces bien, puede garantizar el tipo de " -"diversidad de pensamientos que ayuda a las empresas a distinguirse." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2049 -msgid "#### Design for the good actors" -msgstr "#### Diseñar para los buenos actores" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2062 +"denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." +msgstr "" +"Ser responsable no significa operar en concenso. De acuerdo a James " +"Surowiecki, los grupos guiados por el concenso tienden a recurrir a las " +"soluciones del menor común denominador y evitan el tipo de intercambio de " +"ideas honesto y desprejuiciado que se cultiva en las colaboraciones sanas. " +"47 En cambio, puede ser tan simple como solicitar un comentario y dar " +"contexto y explicación acerca de la decisiones que se han tomado, incluso si " +"solicitar realimentación e invitar al intercambio de ideas lleva su tiempo. " +"Si no realizas el esfuerzo de responder a los comentarios que recibes, puede " +"ser peor que no solicitar esos comentarios en primer lugar. 48 Pero cuando " +"lo haces bien, puede garantizar el tipo de diversidad de pensamientos que " +"ayuda a las empresas a distinguirse. Y es otro camino para hacer que la " +"gente se involucre y se interese en lo que hace." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2727 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "Diseñar para los buenos actores" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2731 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2736 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2729 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " +#| "own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows " +#| "this is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range " +#| "of needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work " +#| "together and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires " +#| "an assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " +#| "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. " +#| "As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who " +#| "try to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow " +#| "view of what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who " +#| "will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons design for the good actors." msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -4935,8 +5723,8 @@ msgstr "" "relativamente introspectivo sabe que eso es una ficción—somos seres mucho " "más complicados con un amplio rango de necesidades, emociones, y " "motivaciones. De hecho, estamos hechos para trabajar juntos y grantizar la " -"equidad.50 Ser Hecho con Creative Commons requiere creer que la gente " -"actuará mayormente sobre esas motivaciones sociales, ,motivaciones que puden " +"equidad.50 Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ requiere creer que la gente " +"actuará mayormente sobre esas motivaciones sociales, motivaciones que puden " "ser consideradas \"irracionales\" en un sentido económico. Como dijo Pinter " "de Knowledge Unlatched, \"Es mejor ignorar a la gente que trata de " "intimidarte acerca de los aventones. El miedo esta basado en una versión muy " @@ -4944,29 +5732,53 @@ msgstr "" "que actuarán de forma totalmente egoísta, pero las empresas que son Hechas " "con Creative Commons están diseñados para los buenos actores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2754 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2748 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" +#| "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " +#| "assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give " +#| "them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together " +#| "better than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge " +#| "that people are often motivated by something other than financial self-" +#| "interest, we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate " +#| "our social instincts." msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " "people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." msgstr "" "La presunción de que las personas harán lo correcto una profecía " "autocumplida. Shirky escribió en Cognitive Surplus, \"Los sistemas que " "presuponen que la gente actuará de manera que creen bienes públicos, y que " "darles la oportunidades y recompensas por hacerlo, comunmente les permite " -"trabajan juntos mejor que lo que hubieran predicho la economía neoclásica.\"" -"51 Cuando aceptamos que la gente es comunmente motivada por algo más que " +"trabajan juntos mejor que lo que hubieran predicho la economía neoclásica." +"\"51 Cuando aceptamos que la gente es comunmente motivada por algo más que " "interés personal financiero, diseñamos nuestras empresas de maneras que " "inspiren y acentuen nuestros instintos sociales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2771 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2761 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -4975,8 +5787,8 @@ msgid "" "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " "workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" -"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " -"they do." +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." msgstr "" "En vez de tratar de ejercer control sobre el comportamiento de la gente, " "este modo de operar requiere un cierto nivel de confianza. Puede que no nos " @@ -4986,24 +5798,46 @@ msgstr "" "actuen responsable y honestamente. Y es imposible para una organización " "descansar únicamente en los contratos para garantizar que sus trabajadores y " "directivos vivan su obligación.\" Confiamos que la gente —la mayoría " -"desconocidos— hará lo que se supone que debn hacer.52 Y muy comunmente, lo " -"hacen." +"desconocidos— hará lo que se supone que debn hacer.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Y muy comunmente, lo hacen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2083 -msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" -msgstr "#### Trata a los seres humanos como, bueno, humanos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "Trata a los seres humanos como, bueno, humanos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2781 +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2789 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2778 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " +#| "fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 " +#| "Even if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of " +#| "fame, you are better off remembering that the people who follow your work " +#| "are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email " +#| "someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going " +#| "online to communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as " +#| "much as she talks.54" msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " -"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " -"happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are " -"better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. " -"Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. " -"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " -"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Para los creadores, tratar a la gente como humanos significa no tratarlos " "como fans. Como dice Kleon, \"Si tu quieres fans, tienes que ser un fan " @@ -5014,8 +5848,8 @@ msgstr "" "emplea amplias cantidades de tiempo estando en línea para comunicarse con su " "público, haciendo un punto al escuchar tanto como habla. 54" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2793 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " @@ -5026,19 +5860,45 @@ msgstr "" "al asegurarse que sus empleados tienen una interacción personal, uno-a-uno " "con los usuarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2109 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2804 +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2814 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2799 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " +#| "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " +#| "easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as " +#| "anonymous customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from " +#| "contributors are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. " +#| "It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that " +#| "contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by " +#| "simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we " +#| "introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of " +#| "paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically " +#| "change the dynamic.56" msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " "to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Cuando tratamos a las personas como seres humanos, típicamente ellos " "regresan ese tipo de trato. Se llama karma. Pero las relaciones sociales son " @@ -5053,13 +5913,13 @@ msgstr "" "forma de un pago monetario en intercambio por otro valor—puede cambiar la " "dinámica dramáticamente.56" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2111 -msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" -msgstr "#### Establece tus principios y apégate a ellos" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2819 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "Establece tus principios y apégate a ellos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2821 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -5070,7 +5930,7 @@ msgid "" "akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel " "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" -"Ser Hecho con Creative Commons hace una declaración acerca de quién eres y " +"Ser _Hecho con Creative Commons_ hace una declaración acerca de quién eres y " "qué haces. El simbolismo es poderoso. Usar licencias Creative Commons " "demuestra adherencia a un particular tipo de creencias, las cuales generan " "bienestar y conectan a tu trabajo con gente de pensamiento similar. Algunas " @@ -5080,12 +5940,12 @@ msgstr "" "las personas identificarán y se sentirán conectadas con la misión social " "parte de alguna empresa . Regularmente ambas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2833 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " @@ -5101,59 +5961,104 @@ msgstr "" "licencias abiertas ha sido un hecho crítico para su credibilidad en al " "comunidad OER (recursos abiertos educativos) en la que ellos operan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2848 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2844 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" "Cuando tu meta final no es generar ganancias, la gente confia en que no solo " "estas tratando de extraer valor para tu propia ganancia. Las personas notan " -"cuando tienes un sentido del propósito que trasciendo tu interes personal.57 " -"Atrae empleados comprometidos, contribuyentes motivados, y construye " -"confianza." +"cuando tienes un sentido del propósito que trasciendo tu interes personal." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Atrae empleados comprometidos, " +"contribuyentes motivados, y construye confianza." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2138 -msgid "#### Build a community" -msgstr "#### Construye una comunidad" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2854 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "Construye una comunidad" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2148 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2862 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +#| "Media, 2012." +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." +msgstr "" +"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2a. Ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2856 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to like-" -"minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " -"CC." +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." msgstr "" "Los esfuerzos realizados con Creative Commons prosperan cuando se construye " "una comunidad alrededor de lo que hacen. Esto puede ser una comunidad " "colaborando en conjunto para crear algo nuevo, o simplemente ser una grupo " "de gente de intereses similares que se conocen y reúnen alrededor de " -"intereses o creencias similares.58 Hasta cierto grado, simplemente ser Hecho " -"con Creative Commons automáticamente trae consigo un cierto elemento de " -"comunidad, ayudando a conectarlo con otras personas similares que reconocen " -"y son atraídos para los valores que se simbolizan en el uso de CC." +"intereses o creencias similares.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Hasta cierto grado, simplemente ser Hecho con Creative Commons " +"automáticamente trae consigo un cierto elemento de comunidad, ayudando a " +"conectarlo con otras personas similares que reconocen y son atraídos para " +"los valores que se simbolizan en el uso de CC." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2878 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2885 +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2870 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " +#| "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " +#| "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " +#| "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " +#| "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " +#| "environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 " +#| "For organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common " +#| "beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open " +#| "Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building " +#| "the kinds of participative communities that drive open organizations.”60" msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open organizations.”60" +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Sin embargo, para ser sostenible, tiene que trabajar para alimentar a la " "comunidad. La gente tiene que cuidarse—mutuamente y a ti. Una pieza crítica " @@ -5167,17 +6072,45 @@ msgstr "" "construir el tipo de comunidades participativas que dirigen las " "organizaciones abiertas.\"60" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2172 -msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2897 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2901 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2889 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. " +#| "Surowiecki wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. " +#| "It’s difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest " +#| "and not in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the " +#| "members of the group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really " +#| "know each other), considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each " +#| "other’s bona fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people " +#| "within the community the power to create or influence the rules that " +#| "govern the community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-" +#| "down manner, people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn " +#| "leads to disengagement." +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " "ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " "And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " "isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " -"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”61 Building " -"true community requires giving people within the community the power to " -"create or influence the rules that govern the community.62 If the rules are " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " "created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " "voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." msgstr "" @@ -5193,8 +6126,8 @@ msgstr "" "descendiente, la gente siente que no tiene una voz, lo que conlleva a la " "desunión." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2907 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." @@ -5203,13 +6136,54 @@ msgstr "" "conectados alrededor de intereses o valores comunes, es de muchas formas de " "lo que se trata compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2178 -msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" -msgstr "#### Da más a los comunes de lo que te llevas" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2913 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "Da más a los comunes de lo que te llevas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2924 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +#| "Sharing at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr." +#| "org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, Enero 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" +"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2932 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint " +#| "with new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reimpresión " +"con nuevo epílogo. New York: Portfolio, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2915 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " +#| "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially " +#| "what defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on " +#| "the Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t " +#| "about Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained " +#| "how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy " +#| "businesses are purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in " +#| "her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell " +#| "the same product multiple times, by selling access rather than " +#| "ownership.64 That is not sharing." msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -5217,16 +6191,16 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." msgstr "" "La sabiduría común en el mercado dicta que la gente debería extraer la mayor " "cantidad de dinero posible de los recursos. Esto es lo que esencialmente " "define mucho de la así llamada \"economía del intercambio\". En un artículo " -"del sitio web del Harvard Business Review titulado \"The Sharing Economy Isn’" -"t about Sharing at All\" (\"La economía del intercambio no es para nada " +"del sitio web del Harvard Business Review titulado \"The Sharing Economy " +"Isn’t about Sharing at All\" (\"La economía del intercambio no es para nada " "sobre compartir\"), los autores Giana Eckhardt y Fleura Bardhi explicaron " "cómo las transacciones anónimas, orientadas por el mercado, en la mayoría de " "las empresas de la economía del intercambio son puramente para monetizar el " @@ -5235,36 +6209,51 @@ msgstr "" "producto muchas veces, vendiendo el acceso antes que la propiedad.64 Eso no " "es compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2948 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the " +#| "Internet.” BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " +"BBC News, Marzo 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2938 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." msgstr "" "El intercambio requiere añadir tanto o más valor en el ecosistema que el " "valor que uno toma de él. No se puede tratar al contenido abierto " "simplemente como un pozo común de recursos del cual extraer valor. Parte del " "dar de vuelta al ecosistema es contribuir contenido de vuelta al público " -"bajo las licencias CC. Pero no tiene que ser solamente sobre crear contenido;" -" puede ser también sobre añadir valor de otras maneras. La plataforma social " -"de blogging Medium provee valor a su comunidad al incentivar un buen " -"comportamiento, y el resultado es un espacio online con contenido de " -"remarcada buena calidad generado por los usuarios y con pocos trolls.65 " -"Opendesk contribuye a su comunidad al comprometerse a ayudar a sus " -"diseñadores a hacer dinero, en parte al curar y exhibir activamente su " -"trabajo en la plataforma de una manera efectiva." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2209 +"bajo las licencias CC. Pero no tiene que ser solamente sobre crear " +"contenido; puede ser también sobre añadir valor de otras maneras. La " +"plataforma social de blogging Medium provee valor a su comunidad al " +"incentivar un buen comportamiento, y el resultado es un espacio online con " +"contenido de remarcada buena calidad generado por los usuarios y con pocos " +"trolls.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contribuye a su " +"comunidad al comprometerse a ayudar a sus diseñadores a hacer dinero, en " +"parte al curar y exhibir activamente su trabajo en la plataforma de una " +"manera efectiva." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -5282,42 +6271,71 @@ msgstr "" "que refleje el valor contribuido por otros, dando más a quienes contribuyen " "cuando el valor que ellos añaden sobrepasa el valor que tú añadiste." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2211 -msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" -msgstr "#### Involucra a la gente en lo que haces" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2968 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "Involucra a la gente en lo que haces" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2973 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2977 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2984 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3048 +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2970 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of " +#| "people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of " +#| "talent.66 But to make collaboration work, the group has to be effective " +#| "at what it is doing, and the people within the group have to find " +#| "satisfaction from being involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some " +#| "types of creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online " +#| "collaborate best when people can work independently and asynchronously, " +#| "and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can " +#| "make simple improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time" +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "Gracias a Internet, podemos utilizar los talentos y la experiencia de " "personas alrededor del mundo. Chris Anderson lo llama la Larga Cola del " "talento.66 Pero para hacer que la colaboración funcione, el grupo tiene que " "ser efectivo en lo que está haciendo, y la gente en el grupo tiene que " -"encontrar satisfacción al involucrarse.67 Esto es más fácil de facilitar " -"para cierto tipo de trabajo creativo que para otro. Los grupos online que " -"permanecen juntos colaboran mejor cuando la gente puede trabajar de manera " -"independiente y asíncrona, y particularmente para los grupos más grandes con " -"lazos más sueltos, donde los contribuyentes pueden hacer simples mejoras sin " -"un compromiso que demande mucho tiempo." +"encontrar satisfacción al involucrarse.67 Esto es más sencillo de realizar " +"para algunos tipos de trabajos creativos que para otros. Los grupos que se " +"juntan enlinea colaboran mejor cuando la gente puede trabajar de manera " +"independiente y asíncrona, y particularmente para los grupos grandes con " +"vínculos más lejanos, donde los contribuyentes pueden hacer simples mejoras " +"sin un compromiso de tiempo demasiado pesado.68" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2224 -msgid "commitment.68" -msgstr "68" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2997 +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2988 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -5325,7 +6343,8 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Como el éxito de Wikipedia demuestra, editar una enciclopedia en línea es " "exactamente el tipo de actividad perfecta para la co-creación masiva porque " @@ -5333,27 +6352,58 @@ msgstr "" "actuando por su cuenta, son inmensamente valiosas cuando se suman. Este " "mismo tipo de contribuciones pequeñas serían menos útiles para muchos otros " "tipos de trabajo creativo, y la gente está inherentemente menos motivada a " -"contribuir cuando no parece que sus esfuerzos vayan a hacer mucha " -"diferencia.69" +"contribuir cuando no parece que sus esfuerzos vayan a hacer mucha diferencia." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3009 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 154." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3021 +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." +msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2250 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3001 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +#| "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +#| "truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +#| "perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +#| "equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +#| "“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +#| "sharing or a feeling of belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, " +#| "which distributes all of its material for free under CC licensing, is an " +#| "example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping the community to help " +#| "cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a significant amount of " +#| "time and money to develop professional content. For individual creators, " +#| "where the creative work is the basis for what they do, community " +#| "cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician Amanda " +#| "Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +#| "said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, " +#| "the music itself.”71" msgid "" "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. " -"Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement " -"with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was " -"the writing, the music itself.”71" +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Es fácil idealizar las oportunidades de la co-creación global que se dan " "gracias a Internet. De hecho, los ejemples exitosos son verdaderamente " @@ -5366,26 +6416,56 @@ msgstr "" "OpenStax, que distribuye todo su material de manera gratuita con una " "licencia CC, es un ejemplo de está dinámica. En lugar de ayudarse en la " "comunidad para co-crear sus libros escolares, invierten una cantidad " -"significativa de tiempo y dinero en desarrollar contenido profesional.\n" -"\n" -"Para los creadores individuales, la co-creación comunitaria es raramente una " -"parte de la imagen. <em>Su</em> trabajo creativo es la base de lo que hacen. " -"Incluso la música Amanda Palmer, famosa por su nivel de apertura e " +"significativa de tiempo y dinero en desarrollar contenido profesional. Para " +"los creadores individuales, para quienes el trabajo creativo es la base de " +"lo que hacen, la co-creación comunitaria es raramente algo a considerar. " +"Incluso para la música Amanda Palmer, famosa por su nivel de apertura e " "interacción con sus fans, dijo: \"El único área donde no estuve dispuesta a " "recibir aportes era en la escritura, en la música misma\".71" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2261 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3032 +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3039 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the " +#| "Potential within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." +msgstr "" +"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All. Nueva York: Crown, 2013." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3025 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we " +#| "hear the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative " +#| "process in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early " +#| "drafts, and interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get " +#| "feedback. So-called “making in public” opens the door to letting people " +#| "feel more invested in your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial " +#| "approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of " +#| "Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—treating " +#| "ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment where " +#| "collaboration flourishes.73" msgid "" "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " "the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " "in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " "interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " "“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—" -"and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Si bien tendemos a pensar inmediatamente en la co-creación y en el remix " "cuando escuchamos la palabra colaboración, también se puede involucrar a " @@ -5399,17 +6479,41 @@ msgstr "" "las ideas como algo pleno. Esto puede crear un ambiente donde la " "colaboración florece.73" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2270 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3056 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +#| "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." +msgid "" +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." +msgstr "" +"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3045 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding " +#| "a way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +#| "motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " +#| "project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " +#| "Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into " +#| "what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " +#| "thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and " +#| "transition them into active participants.75" msgid "" "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " "way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the project. " -"Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but " -"every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what they do. The " -"goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of " -"consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into " -"active participants.75" +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "No hay una forma de involucrar a la gente en lo que haces. La clave es " "encontrar una forma para que la gente pueda contribuir en sus propios " @@ -5421,267 +6525,20 @@ msgstr "" "consumidores como receptores pasivos de tu contenido y convertirlos en " "participantes activos.75" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2272 -msgid "#### Notes" -msgstr "#### Notas" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" -"Alex Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. Una previsualización del libro está " -"disponible en: strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -msgstr "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "Ibid., 55." -msgstr "Ibid., 55." - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, nueva impresión con un nuevo prefacio (New York: " -"Hyperion, 2010), 224." - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." -msgstr "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." -msgstr "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3065 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Las Licencias Creative Commons" -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3067 msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 -#, fuzzy, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,\n" -" www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2375 -msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" -msgstr "## Las Licencias Creative Commons" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2388 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " -"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " @@ -5700,23 +6557,24 @@ msgstr "" "de derechos que los creadores puedan emplear en sus trabajos, tales como " "patentes o marcas registradas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3081 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "A continuación se presentan las seis licencias:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2393 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3085 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3094 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -5729,17 +6587,19 @@ msgstr "" "las licencias ofrecidas. Se recomienda para máxima diseminación y para uso " "de materiales licenciados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3102 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3111 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -5756,17 +6616,19 @@ msgstr "" "derivados del tuyo llevarán la misma licencia, por lo cual toda obra " "derivada también permitirá el uso con fines comerciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2412 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3121 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3130 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " @@ -5776,17 +6638,19 @@ msgstr "" "fines comerciales y no comerciales por igual, siempre y cuando se haga sin " "modificaciones y te den crédito como autor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2419 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3136 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3145 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -5798,19 +6662,21 @@ msgstr "" "Si bien en los trabajos derivados se debe mantener el crédito hacia ti como " "creador, no tienen la obligación de licenciarlos bajo estos mismos términos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2427 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3152 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3161 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" @@ -5819,17 +6685,19 @@ msgstr "" "comerciales, siempre y cuando le den crédito y licencien sus nuevas " "creaciones bajo los mismos términos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3168 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " -"height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3177 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -5841,8 +6709,8 @@ msgstr "" "compartir su obra con otros siempre y cuando le den crédito, sin dar la " "posibilidad de modificarla de ninguna manera o utilizarla comercialmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3184 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " @@ -5853,17 +6721,19 @@ msgstr "" "administradores de colecciones de trabajos preexistentes creados por autores " "cuyos plazos de derechos de autor han expirado:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2447 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3191 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in\"" -" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3200 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." @@ -5871,17 +6741,19 @@ msgstr "" "CC0 permite a autores y titulares de derechos de autor dedicar sus trabajos " "al dominio público en todo el mundo (”ningún derecho reservado”)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2453 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3205 msgid "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" -"\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" -"![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in\"" -" height=\"1.4689in\"}" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3214 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." @@ -5890,11 +6762,11 @@ msgstr "" "descubrimiento de trabajos que están ya libres de restricciones conocidas de " "derecho autoral." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2466 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3219 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" "ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " "licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " "tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " @@ -5912,13 +6784,13 @@ msgstr "" "abierta para el código y licencias Creative Commons para el contenido " "digital, amplifican su involucramiento y compromiso de compartir." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2478 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3230 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " "license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" "SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " @@ -5938,8 +6810,8 @@ msgstr "" "dedicada a hacer películas a pagarle regalías si lo convierten en un " "largometraje, o evitar que otra compañía venda copias físicas del mismo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3244 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -5947,8 +6819,8 @@ msgid "" "portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " "In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " "revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " -"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. The " -"music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " "popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " "a major record label discover their work." msgstr "" @@ -5964,8 +6836,8 @@ msgstr "" "usuarios porque muchos de ellos siguen soñando con que una etiqueta " "distribuidora descubra su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3257 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -5978,8 +6850,8 @@ msgstr "" "sus materiales educativos por la importancia de enseñar correctamente temas " "médicos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2505 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3264 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -6002,46 +6874,41 @@ msgstr "" "compartidos. Las licencias CC son un intento de estandarizar las normas " "entre distintos dominios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3276 msgid "Note" msgstr "Notas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2511 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3279 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your " +#| "work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called " +#| "“Share Your Work” at" msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" "Para mayor información acerca de las licencias, incluyendo ejemplos y " "recomendaciones acerca de cómo compartir sus obras en el procomún digital, " "diríjase a la página de Creative Commons llamada ”Compartir Su Obra” (”Share " "Your Work” en" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2513 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." -msgstr "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2515 -msgid "# Part 2" -msgstr "# Parte 2" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2517 -msgid "# The Case Studies" -msgstr "# Los estudios de caso" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3287 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "Los estudios de caso" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2525 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3290 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" @@ -6054,11 +6921,11 @@ msgstr "" "de los patrocinadores del Kickstarter, y los otros doce fueron seleccionados " "por nosotros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3300 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." @@ -6069,13 +6936,13 @@ msgstr "" "del emprendimiento y el papel que compartir juega dentro de éste, lo cual es " "en buena medida la manera en que nos fue contado por quienes entrevistamos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2533 -msgid "## Arduino" -msgstr "## Arduino" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3308 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "Arduino" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2536 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3311 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." @@ -6083,53 +6950,64 @@ msgstr "" "Arduino es una plataforma electrónica de fuentes abiertas y una compañía de " "hardware y software con fines de lucro. Fundada en Italia en 2005." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2538 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3316 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3318 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " +#| "shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " +#| "sell Arduino products using their name)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" msgstr "" -"Modelo de ganancia: Cobrar por copias físicas (venta de tarjetas, módulos, " +"Modelo de ingresos: Cobrar por copias físicas (venta de tarjetas, módulos, " "escudos y kits), licenciamiento de la marca registrada (el importe pagado " "por aquellos que quieren vender productos Arduino utilizando su nombre)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2544 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3227 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3323 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4164 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 4 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2546 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3326 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "Entrevistados: David Cuartielles y Tom Igoe, cofundadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2548 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3231 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3586 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3791 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4031 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4268 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4678 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4890 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5117 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5355 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5790 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6035 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6424 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3330 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4171 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4602 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4843 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5124 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5433 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5943 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6196 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6517 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6868 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7408 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7692 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8156 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8932 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "Perfil escrito por Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3334 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -6156,8 +7034,8 @@ msgstr "" "documentación, con la licencia Atribución-CompartirIgual (CC BY-SA), y el " "software bajo la Licencia Pública General (GPL) de GNU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2568 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3348 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -6174,14 +7052,14 @@ msgstr "" "abiertas llamado Processing, una herramienta de programación empleada para " "hacer artes visuales)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3358 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" "”Las razones para hacer a Arduino de fuente abierta son complicadas,” dice " @@ -6191,8 +7069,8 @@ msgstr "" "David dice que esto ”termina fortaleciendo la plataforma mucho más allá de " "lo que pensamos siquiera en construir.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3366 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -6210,14 +7088,14 @@ msgstr "" "compañía, un producto de fuentes abiertas sobrevive. Desde el punto de vista " "de Tom, ”abrir las fuentes facilita confiar en un producto.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3375 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" "Al cerrar la escuela, David y algunos de los otros fundadores de Arduino " @@ -6227,8 +7105,8 @@ msgstr "" "emplear las nuevas tecnologías de formas creativas. Los ingresos de Tinker " "se invirtieron en sostener y mejorar a Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2598 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3384 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -6242,18 +7120,18 @@ msgstr "" "”si hacemos esto, haremos mucho dinero.” Tom dice que ser el propio primer " "cliente lo hace a uno más confiado y convincente al vender el producto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3392 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" "El modelo de negocios de Arduino ha evolucionado con el paso del tiempo —y " @@ -6268,8 +7146,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero manufacturar el producto físico. Mientras sea un producto de calidad " "vendido a un precio razonable, la gente lo comprará." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2623 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3406 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -6297,11 +7175,11 @@ msgstr "" "creadores ha contribuido con una increíble cantidad de conocimiento " "accesible, útil tanto para novatos como para expertos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3420 msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " @@ -6314,8 +7192,8 @@ msgstr "" "Querían precios que les trajeran muchos clientes, aunque suficientemente " "altos para sostener el negocio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2636 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3428 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -6329,8 +7207,8 @@ msgstr "" "uno exitosamente se aplican. Dice David, ”si hace esas otras cosas bien, " "compartir las cosas bajo un modelo abierto únicamente le ayudará.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2646 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3436 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -6352,8 +7230,8 @@ msgstr "" "liberar el nuevo diseño empleando la misma licencia Creative Commons para " "asegurar que la mueva versión es igualmente libre y abierta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2656 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3448 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -6374,17 +7252,23 @@ msgstr "" "al ecosistema Arduino, ideas y diseños que la comunidad Arduino emplea e " "incorpora en sus nuevos productos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2665 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3468 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3459 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Sobre el transcurso del tiempo, el rango de productos Arduino se ha " "diversificado, cambiando y adaptándose a las nuevas necesidades y retos. " @@ -6394,10 +7278,11 @@ msgstr "" "Cosas, vestibles, e impresión 3-D. El rango completo de los productos " "Arduino incluye tarjetas, módulos (un formato físico más reducido de las " "tarjetas clásicas), escudos (elementos que pueden enchufarse sobre una " -"tarjeta para darle mayor funcionalidad), y kits.1" +"tarjeta para darle mayor funcionalidad), y kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2676 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3471 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -6420,8 +7305,8 @@ msgstr "" "hardware y software funiconaran como debían hacerlo, y resolver los " "problemas de la gente. La comunidad creció orgánicamente desde ese punto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2686 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3484 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -6444,12 +7329,12 @@ msgstr "" "manufactura y distribución, asegurando al mismo tiempo que la marca Arduino " "no sufre por copias de mala calidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2694 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3496 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " "Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " "The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" @@ -6463,8 +7348,8 @@ msgstr "" "monto por el licenciamiento de la marca se convirtió en el modelo de " "generación de ganancias para Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2701 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3506 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -6481,8 +7366,13 @@ msgstr "" "pero en la gran escala, el registro de marca y logotipo ha sido una " "herramienta crítica para Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2714 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3527 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3515 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -6494,7 +7384,8 @@ msgid "" "Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "David invita a individuos y negocios comenzar siguiendo la estrategia de " "compartir todo, y sólo entonces pensar acerca de si hay algo que " @@ -6506,16 +7397,17 @@ msgstr "" "blog de Arduino en 2013, titulado ”Envía a los clones”, escrito por uno de " "los fundadores, Massimo Banzi, explica a profundidad las complejidades de " "cómo les ha resultado el registro de su marca, distinguiendo entre tarjetas " -"oficiales y aquellas que son clones, derivados, compatibles, y falsificados.2" +"oficiales y aquellas que son clones, derivados, compatibles, y falsificados." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3530 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" "Para David, un aspecto excitante de Arduino es la forma en que mucha gente " "puede utilizarlo para adaptar a la tecnología de tantas formas distintas. La " @@ -6524,8 +7416,8 @@ msgstr "" "objetivo de Arduino es ”hacer cosas que ayuden a otras personas a hacer " "cosas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3538 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -6540,8 +7432,8 @@ msgstr "" "la tecnología debe estar protegida. Tom dice, ”la tecnología es un tipo de " "alfabetización que todos debieran aprender.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3546 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " @@ -6551,39 +7443,13 @@ msgstr "" "para el desarrollo del producto, bueno para su distribución, bueno para los " "precios, y bueno para la manufactura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3770 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4010 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4247 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4869 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5333 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5580 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6013 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6241 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6682 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "Vínculos Web" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2735 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2735 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737 -msgid "## Ártica" -msgstr "## Ártica" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3552 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "Ártica" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3555 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " @@ -6593,42 +7459,52 @@ msgstr "" "usar la tecnología digital para compartir conocimiento y hacer posible la " "colaboración en las artes y la cultura. Fundada en 2011 en Uruguay." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2743 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" -msgstr "www.articaonline.com" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2745 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" -msgstr "Modelo de ganancia: cobrar por servicios personalizados" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2747 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" -msgstr "Fecha de entrevista: 9 de marzo de 2016" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2749 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" -msgstr "Entravistados: Mariana Fossatti y Jorge Gemetto, cofundadores" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2901 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3397 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4509 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6265 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6702 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6880 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3560 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cobrar por servicios personalizados" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3565 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 9 de marzo, 2016" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3567 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgstr "Entrevistados: Mariana Fossatti y Jorge Gemetto, cofundadores" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3571 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3758 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3950 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5735 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7179 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7960 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8482 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8703 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9169 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "Perfil escrito por Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2756 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3575 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -6640,13 +7516,13 @@ msgstr "" "exitosos, el nicho en el que opera su pequeño negocio es esencialmente uno " "que ellos construyeron por sí mismos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3581 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "El trabajo de sus sueños no existía, así que lo crearon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2768 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3584 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -6667,8 +7543,8 @@ msgstr "" "línea que brinda educación y consultoría para personas e instituciones que " "crean proyectos artísticos y culturales en la Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2779 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3596 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -6677,7 +7553,7 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" @@ -6693,8 +7569,8 @@ msgstr "" "aprovechar de forma directa a una audiencia sin depender de barreras ni " "intermediarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3609 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -6713,8 +7589,8 @@ msgstr "" "acceso a su contenido, ellos lo brindan gratis y cobran por los servicios " "personalizados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3619 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -6731,8 +7607,8 @@ msgstr "" "atención a los estudiantes individuales y ofrecer clases sobre temas más " "especializados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3628 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -6747,12 +7623,12 @@ msgstr "" "culturales, y otros son proyectos más pequeños comisionados por artistas " "individuales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2807 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3636 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" @@ -6762,8 +7638,8 @@ msgstr "" "este porque creen en él. Ellos toman la postura de que cada nuevo proyecto " "les lleva a algo nuevo, cada nuevo recurso que crean abre nuevas puertas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2821 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3644 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -6773,7 +7649,7 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" @@ -6792,8 +7668,8 @@ msgstr "" "dispuestos a pagar en línea sin contacto cara a cara—tenemos que ofrecerles " "un acuerdo justo y ético.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2827 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3660 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -6808,8 +7684,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ártica ve la reutilización de su trabajo como una forma de abrirse a nuevas " "oportunidades para su negocio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3668 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -6828,8 +7704,8 @@ msgstr "" "otra pieza simple de contenido, la cual puede evolucionar en un producto más " "complejo en el futuro, como un curso o un libro.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3678 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -6846,13 +7722,13 @@ msgstr "" "ideas y formas de operar. En muchas formas, para ellos, el proceso es tan " "importante como el producto final." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2850 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" "Las personas y las relaciones también son así de importantes, a veces más. " @@ -6861,8 +7737,8 @@ msgstr "" "materiales,» dijo Mariana. «Los materiales y contenidos son fluidos. Lo " "importante son las relaciones.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3695 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " @@ -6872,8 +7748,8 @@ msgstr "" "personas e instituciones a través del mundo para poder aprender de estas y " "compartir sus conocimientos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2865 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3700 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -6898,11 +7774,11 @@ msgstr "" "final, lo que guía su trabajo es la misión de democratizar el arte y la " "cultura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3713 msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " @@ -6915,12 +7791,12 @@ msgstr "" "culturales del procomún, y utilizan software libre. Su operación es pequeña, " "eficiente y sostenible, y por esto, es un éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2879 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3722 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" @@ -6930,8 +7806,8 @@ msgstr "" "Jorge, el éxito significa hacer lo que les trae sentido y propósito, y " "hacerlo de forma sostenible y colaborativa." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3730 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -6945,13 +7821,13 @@ msgstr "" "se van a frustrar,» dijo Mariana. «Tratamos de mostrarles otra imagen de " "cómo se ve.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 -msgid "## Blender Institute" -msgstr "## Blender Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3738 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "Blender Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." @@ -6959,32 +7835,42 @@ msgstr "" "El Blender Institute es un estudio de animación que crea películas 3-D " "utilizando el software Blender. Fundado en 2006 en los Países Bajos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 -msgid "www.blender.org" -msgstr "www.blender.org" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3746 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2895 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3748 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " +#| "copies, selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" -"Modelo de ganancia: crowdfunding (basado en subscripción), cobrando por " +"Modelo de ingresos: crowdfunding (basado en subscripción), cobrando por " "copias físicas, venta de mercancía" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2897 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3752 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 8 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2899 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3754 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "Entrevistado: Francesco Siddi, coordinador de producción" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3762 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -7004,8 +7890,8 @@ msgstr "" "construir la tecnología y contenido que crean de una forma que beneficia a " "Blender y a su comunidad de maneras concretas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2919 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3773 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -7025,11 +7911,11 @@ msgstr "" "largo y gratificatnte para las comunidades creativas y técnicas, trabajando " "en conjunto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3783 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" @@ -7038,12 +7924,12 @@ msgstr "" "producción de Blender, Francesco Siddi, nos dijo, ”Ton cree que si no haces " "contenido empleando tus propias herramientas, no estás haciendo nada.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3790 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " @@ -7060,8 +7946,8 @@ msgstr "" "inversionistas — Si podía juntar suficiente dinero, podría liberar a Blender " "bajo la Licencia Pública General GNU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3801 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -7084,8 +7970,8 @@ msgstr "" "constructor y gestor de comunidades, y puso muchísimo trabajo en crear una " "comunidad de desarrolladores para que el proyecto pudiera vivir.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3813 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -7100,15 +7986,15 @@ msgstr "" "obscuridad por diez años.” Ton creó a la Fundación Blender para supervisar y " "administrar al desarrollo y mantenimiento de software." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2961 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3821 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" "Después de algunos años, Ton comenzó a buscar nuevas maneras de impulsar el " @@ -7121,10 +8007,10 @@ msgstr "" "licenciamiento abierto, sino que al mismo tiempo también mejorarían al " "programa Blender." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3831 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " @@ -7139,8 +8025,8 @@ msgstr "" "posible era alucinante para la gente”, dijo. ”Decían, 'Tengo que verlo para " "creerlo.'”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2974 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3840 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -7154,8 +8040,8 @@ msgstr "" "resultó un éxito todavía mayor. La película, Big Buck Bunny, se viralizó, y " "sus caracteres animados fueron recogidos por vendedores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2985 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3848 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -7164,8 +8050,8 @@ msgid "" "number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " "the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " "projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " -"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work with " -"us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" msgstr "" "Francesco dice que, al paso del tiempo, los proyectos del Blender Institute " "se han hecho más grandes y prominentes. Eso significa que el proceso de " @@ -7179,11 +8065,11 @@ msgstr "" "gente quiere trabajar con nosotros, y no siempre podemos contratarlos por " "limitantes presupuestales.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2993 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3861 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " @@ -7197,14 +8083,14 @@ msgstr "" "comunidad y de visionario para su trabajo. ”Hay toda una comunidad que ve y " "comprende el beneficio de estos proyectos,” dice Francesco." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3870 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" "Si bien los beneficios derivados de cada proyecto de película abierta son " "por sí solos un discurso de ventas efectivo para las campañas de " @@ -7214,15 +8100,15 @@ msgstr "" "proyecto termina, todos se van a casa,” dijo. ”Es muy divertido, pero " "entonces termina. Eso es un problema.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3878 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -7244,8 +8130,8 @@ msgstr "" "también tiene amplios materiales didácticos y bibliotecas de caracteres y " "otros materiales utilizados en varios proyectos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3893 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -7257,10 +8143,10 @@ msgstr "" "Francesco dice que su objetivo es ampliar su base de subscriptores. ”Esta es " "nuesra libertad,” nos dice, ”y para los artistas, la libertad lo es todo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3900 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " @@ -7275,8 +8161,8 @@ msgstr "" "Tienda Blender, donde la gente puede comprar DVDs, camisas, y otros " "productos Blender." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3031 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3909 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -7288,8 +8174,8 @@ msgstr "" "comprometido a hacer del software y contenido producido por éste libre y " "abierto. Vender una licencia nunca fue parte de su modelo de negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3039 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3916 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -7307,18 +8193,18 @@ msgstr "" "fuentes originale,s aún así requiere mucho talento, capacidades, tiempo y " "presupuesto reproducir lo que hiciste”, dijo Ton." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3926 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "Para Ton y Blender, a fin de cuentas todo se trata de hacer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 -msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" -msgstr "## Cards Against Humanity" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3930 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "Cards Against Humanity" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3046 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3933 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." @@ -7327,28 +8213,36 @@ msgstr "" "produce un popular juego homónimo para fiestas. Fue fundada en 2011 en los " "Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3048 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" -msgstr "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3938 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3050 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" -msgstr "Modelo de ganancia: Cobrar por copias físicas" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3940 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: Cobrar por copias físicas" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3052 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3943 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 3 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3054 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3946 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Max Temkin, cofundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3954 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " @@ -7359,14 +8253,14 @@ msgstr "" "”hacemos un produto. Lo vendemos por dinero. Después, gastamos menos dinero " "del que ganamos”." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3960 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" "the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " -"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " -"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " "of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" @@ -7379,8 +8273,8 @@ msgstr "" "según la publicidad de Cards Against Humanity), esto es suficiente para " "lograr un juego hilarante y divertido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3970 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -7388,14 +8282,14 @@ msgid "" "are official expansion packs available, and several official themed packs " "and international editions as well." msgstr "" -"El modelo de ganancia es simple. Las copias físicas del juego se venden para " +"El modelo de ingresos es simple. Las copias físicas del juego se venden para " "obtener ganancias. Y funciona. Al momento de escribir esto, Cards Against " "Humanity es el artículo más vendido de entre todos los juguetes y juegos de " "Amazon. Hay paquetes de expansión disponibles, y varios paquetes temáticos " "oficiales, así como ediciones internacionales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3080 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3978 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -7407,8 +8301,8 @@ msgstr "" "un millón de personas han bajado el juego desde que la compañía comenzó a " "contar las descargas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3984 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -7422,8 +8316,8 @@ msgstr "" "bajo los mismos términos de uso no comercial. La posibilidad de adaptar este " "juego es todo un nuevo juego por sí solo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3091 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3992 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " @@ -7433,8 +8327,20 @@ msgstr "" "descarga gratuita, la apertura a que la gente remezcle el juego— le han dado " "una base de seguidores masiva." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3102 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3997 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " +#| "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that " +#| "Max Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max " +#| "tells the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on " +#| "New Year’s Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other " +#| "parties. The game was a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a " +#| "free PDF. People started asking if they could pay to have the game " +#| "printed for them, and eventually they decided to run a Kickstarter to " +#| "fund the printing. They set their Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised " +#| "\\$15,000. The game was officially released in May 2011." msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -7443,8 +8349,8 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" "Su éxito no ha sido resultado de un gran plan. Más bien, Cards Against " @@ -7458,8 +8364,8 @@ msgstr "" "fondear la impresión. Fijaron su meta de Kickstarter en \\$4,000 —y " "obtuvieron \\$15,000. El juego salió oficialmente a mercado en mayo de 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4010 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " @@ -7469,11 +8375,11 @@ msgstr "" "creciendo. Max dice que los ocho fundadores nuna tuvieron una reunión donde " "decidieran hacer de éste un negocio continuado. ”Simplemente ocurrió,” dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3111 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4016 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" @@ -7482,20 +8388,33 @@ msgstr "" "irreverente y memorable. Es dificil olvidar a una compañía que llama a las " "preguntas frecuentes de su sitio Web ”Tus tontas preguntas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4022 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than " +#| "vulgarity and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black " +#| "Friday illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United " +#| "States, Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving " +#| "holiday, the biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly " +#| "important day for Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. " +#| "retailers. Max said they struggled with what to do on Black Friday " +#| "because they didn’t want to support what he called the “orgy of " +#| "consumerism” the day has become, particularly since it follows a day that " +#| "is about being grateful for what you have. In 2013, after deliberating, " +#| "they decided to have an Everything Costs \\$5 More sale." msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." msgstr "" "Como buena parte de la sátira de calidad, sin embargo, el chiste va más allá " "de la vulgaridad y el valor de impacto. Los esfuerzos de la compañía para " @@ -7511,8 +8430,8 @@ msgstr "" "lo que uno tiene. En 2013, después de deliberarlo mucho, decidieron iniciar " "su Venta de Todo Cuesta \\$5 Más." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4036 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " @@ -7522,8 +8441,8 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros _fans_ nos odiarían por eso,” dijo. ”Pero nos hizo reir, así que lo " "hicimos. La gente aceptó perfectamente el chiste.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4041 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -7536,15 +8455,22 @@ msgstr "" "gente,” dice Max. ”La gente se sorprende en que haya transparencia en lo que " "hacemos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3139 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4048 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " +#| "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” " +#| "One year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " +#| "literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " +#| "the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " +#| "day." msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" "Max también le encuentra paralelos con la práctica de la improvisación. ”Si " "hacemos algo un poco subversivo e inesperado, el público quiere ser parte " @@ -7553,18 +8479,18 @@ msgstr "" "razón para hacerlo. Sus seguidores hicieron el chiste más gracioso " "haciéndolo exitoso. Obtuvieron \\$70,000 en un sólo día." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3150 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" "Esta notable confianza que tienen en sus clientes es lo que los inspiró a " @@ -7578,11 +8504,11 @@ msgstr "" "no se acabó,” dice Max. ”Si ese es el peor costo de usar CC, lo pagaría cien " "veces, porque los beneficios son muchísimos.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4069 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." @@ -7594,8 +8520,8 @@ msgstr "" "promover sus creaciones abiertamente. Hoy en día hay cientos de expansiones " "del juego creadas por los seguidores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4077 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -7608,16 +8534,16 @@ msgstr "" "los juegos con mayor mercadeo en el mundo, y nunca hemos gastado un décimo " "en la comercialización.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4084 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." @@ -7633,14 +8559,14 @@ msgstr "" "a quienes están haciendo un uso comercial del juego, y eso es todo. Sólo ha " "habido un puñado de casos en los que involucraron a un abogado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4098 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" @@ -7653,15 +8579,15 @@ msgstr "" "gente que es fácil escribirlas, pero en realidad representan una gran " "cantidad de trabajo y de atención a las sutilezas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3190 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4108 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" @@ -7675,8 +8601,8 @@ msgstr "" "un activo para la compañía una vez que su trabajo original es creado y " "publicado, una vez que la gente crea sus propias adaptaciones del juego." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4119 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -7690,15 +8616,22 @@ msgstr "" "hcemos chistes y juegos para ganar dinero —ganamos dinero para poder hacer " "más chistes y juegos,” dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3203 -msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4126 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various " +#| "charities and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all " +#| "have other interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things " +#| "going on in our lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us " +#| "taking things from the rest of our lives and channeling some of the " +#| "excitement from the game into it.”" +msgid "" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" msgstr "" "De hecho, la compañía ha dado más de 4 millones de dólares a diversas " "caridades y otras causas. ”Las cartas no son nuestro plan de vida,” dice " @@ -7707,8 +8640,8 @@ msgstr "" "hacemos en el resto de nuestras vidas, y canalizamos algo de la emoción del " "juego hacia ellas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4134 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -7723,8 +8656,8 @@ msgstr "" "trabajo necesariamente significa renunciar a algunas oportunidades para " "obtener más dinero de los clientes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4142 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -7736,13 +8669,13 @@ msgstr "" "Este tipo de modelo de negocio, sin embargo, le habla a sus valores, hacia " "quién es usted, y por qué está haciendo las cosas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3216 -msgid "## The Conversation" -msgstr "## The Conversation (La conversación)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4150 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "The Conversation (La conversación)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4153 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " @@ -7752,28 +8685,36 @@ msgstr "" "comunidad académica y de investigación y entregado directamente al público a " "través de Internet. Fundado en el 2011 en Australia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3222 -msgid "theconversation.com" -msgstr "theconversation.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4160 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership " +#| "fees to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cobrarle a los creadores de contenidos (las " "universidades pagan una cuota de membresía para tener a sus profesores como " "escritores), donaciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3229 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4167 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Andrew Jaspan, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4175 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -7785,13 +8726,13 @@ msgstr "" "Andrew Jaspan pasó muchos años como editor de periódicos importantes " "incluyendo el the Observer en Londres, el the Sunday Herald en Glasgow, y el " "the Age en Melbourne, Australia. Experimentó de primera mano el declinar de " -"los periódicos, incluyendo el colapso de las ganancias, inactividad , y la " +"los periódicos, incluyendo el colapso de las ganancias, inactividad, y la " "presión constante de la reducción de costos. Después de que dejó the Age en " "2005, su preocupación por el futuro del periodismo no desapareció. Andrew " "realizó un compromiso de regresar con un modelo alternativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4185 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -7806,8 +8747,8 @@ msgstr "" "estaba preocupado acerca de la creciente fijación en el sensacionalismo y lo " "sexy." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4192 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -7845,15 +8786,15 @@ msgstr "" "parte de la sociedad pero desconectada de ella. Existe un inmenso recurso " "público pero no tan bueno al exhibir su experiencia ante amplias audiencias." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3274 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4213 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " "chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " "Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " @@ -7871,8 +8812,8 @@ msgstr "" "Comparen esto con los reporteros tomando y escogiendo las sentencias y " "escribiendo lo que ellos quieran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3285 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4226 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -7895,8 +8836,8 @@ msgstr "" "lanzado en Australia. Todo lo publicado en the Conversation es abiertamente " "licenciado con Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3294 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -7915,37 +8856,43 @@ msgstr "" "común. Su misión central es simple: proveer a los lectores una fuente " "fidedigna de información basada en evidencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3307 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4252 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4250 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." msgstr "" "Andrew trabajó mucho para reinventar una metodología para crear contenido " "confiable y creíble. Introdujo nuevas prácticas de trabajo, un estatuto y " -"códigos de conducta.1 Estas guías incluyen divulgar quién es cada autor (con " -"su experiencia relevante); quién está financiando su investigación; y si hay " -"algún conflicto de intereses potencial o real. También es importante dónde " -"se genera el contenido, e incluso si viene de la universidad y de una " -"comunidad de investigación, este contenido necesita divulgarse " -"completamente. The Conversation no se sienta detrás de los paywalls. Andrew " -"cree que el acceso a la infromación es una cuestión de equidad —todos " -"deberían tener acceso, tal como tener acceso al agua potable es un derecho. " -"The Conversation está comprometida con una Internet abierta y libre. " -"Cualquiera debería tener libre acceso a su contenido y poder compartirlo o " -"republicarlo." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3318 +"códigos de conducta.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Estas guías " +"incluyen divulgar quién es cada autor (con su experiencia relevante); quién " +"está financiando su investigación; y si hay algún conflicto de intereses " +"potencial o real. También es importante dónde se genera el contenido, e " +"incluso si viene de la universidad y de una comunidad de investigación, este " +"contenido necesita divulgarse completamente. The Conversation no se sienta " +"detrás de los paywalls. Andrew cree que el acceso a la infromación es una " +"cuestión de equidad —todos deberían tener acceso, tal como tener acceso al " +"agua potable es un derecho. The Conversation está comprometida con una " +"Internet abierta y libre. Cualquiera debería tener libre acceso a su " +"contenido y poder compartirlo o republicarlo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4265 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -7968,14 +8915,14 @@ msgstr "" "Commons, y en la visión de Andrew, Creative Commons es central para todo lo " "que hace The Conversation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4277 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" "Cuando los lectores se encuentran con The Conversation, parece gustarles lo " "que encuentran y se lo recomiendan a sus amigos, pares y redes de contactos. " @@ -7984,8 +8931,8 @@ msgstr "" "trabajo a través de las redes sociales (incluyendo Twitter y Facebook) y a " "través de ser un proveedor acreditado para el feed de Noticias de Google." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4285 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -8002,8 +8949,8 @@ msgstr "" "Los fundadores de The Conversation no querían este modelo. The Conversation " "no recibe ningún anuncio y es una empresa sin ánimo de lucro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4294 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -8022,8 +8969,8 @@ msgstr "" "Conversation le gustaría estar trabajando con más académicos de otras partes " "del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3349 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4304 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -8040,8 +8987,8 @@ msgstr "" "permitiría salvaguardar el servicio actual y ayudaría a mejorar la cobertura " "y las características distintivas del servicio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3355 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4313 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -8056,11 +9003,11 @@ msgstr "" "designados como \"miembros fundadores\", con asientos en el consejo " "editorial asesor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3363 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4320 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " @@ -8076,8 +9023,8 @@ msgstr "" "twitteando, los comentarios, los países de donde provenien los lectores, " "dónde se está republicando el artículo y el número de lecturas por artículo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3369 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4330 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -8093,10 +9040,10 @@ msgstr "" "conferencia, colaborar, enviar un artículo a una revista y recibir una " "consulta de una empresa sobre un tema." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4338 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" @@ -8104,8 +9051,8 @@ msgstr "" "Con The Conversation, las universidades pueden comprometerse con el público " "y moestrar por qué son de valor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3379 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4343 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -8120,54 +9067,51 @@ msgstr "" "generar tanto un bien público como ganancias que permitan operar al mismo " "tiempo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3381 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4490 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5771 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7417 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "Sitio web" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "theconversation.com/us/charter" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4352 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "Cory Doctorow" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3385 -msgid "## Cory Doctorow" -msgstr "## Cory Doctorow" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4355 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -"Cory Doctorow es una escritor de ciencia ficción, activista, bloguero y " +"Cory Doctorow es un escritor de ciencia ficción, activista, bloguero y " "periodista. Vive en los Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" -msgstr "craphound.com y boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4358 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3393 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4361 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-" +#| "want, selling translation rights to books" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" "Modelo de negocios: cobrar por las copias físicas (venta de libros), pague-" "lo-que-quiera, vender derechos de traducción de los libros" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3395 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" -msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de enero de 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4365 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de enero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3404 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4373 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -8176,16 +9120,16 @@ msgid "" "thing that animates me to work crazy insane hours because it’s the most " "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" -"Cory Doctorow odia el término \"modelo de negocios\", y es firme en sostener " -"que él no es una marca. \"Para mí, armar una marca es esta idea de que se " +"Cory Doctorow odia el término ”modelo de negocios”, y es firme en sostener " +"que él no es una marca. ”Para mí, armar una marca es esta idea de que se " "puede tomar una cosa que tiene ciertas cualidades, remover todas las " -"cualidades e ir a venderla\", nos dijo. \"No ando por ahí pensando de qué " +"cualidades e ir a venderla”, nos dijo. ”No ando por ahí pensando de qué " "forma puedo ser una marca. Estoy haciendo esta cosa que me motiva a trabajar " "una cantidad alocada de horas porque es la cosa más importante que sé cómo " -"hacer\"." +"hacer.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4382 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " @@ -8195,8 +9139,8 @@ msgstr "" "de hacer cosas que resultó gustarle a la gente y dejar de interponerse en el " "camino para que ellos lo compartieran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4387 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -8215,8 +9159,8 @@ msgstr "" "Want to Be Free (\"La información no quiere ser libre\"), acerca del modo en " "que los creadores pueden ganarse la vida en la era de Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3421 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4398 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " @@ -8226,8 +9170,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero también le pagan por hablar en conferencias y está experimentando con " "modelos de pague-lo-que-quiera para su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3436 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4403 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -8235,7 +9179,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -8245,46 +9189,46 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Mientras que el trabajo de ficción de Cory tiene muchos seguidores, es " "igualmente reconocido por su activismo. Es un destacado oponente del derecho " -"de autor restrictivo y de las tecnologías de gestión de derechos digitales (" -"DRM, por sus siglas en inglés) utilizadas para encerrar el contenido, porque " -"piensa que ambas socavan a los creadores y al interés público. Actualmente " -"es un asesor especial en la Electronic Frontier Foundation, donde está " -"involucrado en un juicio que desafía a la ley estadounidense que protege el " -"DRM. Cory dice que su trabajo político no le da dinero de manera directa, " -"pero que si renunciara a él, perdería credibilidad y, aún más importante, " -"perdería el impulso que le impulsa a crear. \"Mi trabajo político es una " -"expresión diferente del mismo tipo de necesidad artístico-política\", dice. " -"\"Tengo la sospecha de que si dejara las cosas que no me hacen ganar dinero, " -"se perdería la autenticidad de lo que hago y la cualidad que hace que lo que " -"hago le guste a la gente\"." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3447 +"de autor restrictivo y de las tecnologías de gestión de derechos digitales " +"(DRM, por sus siglas en inglés) utilizadas para encerrar el contenido, " +"porque piensa que ambas socavan a los creadores y al interés público. " +"Actualmente es un asesor especial en la Electronic Frontier Foundation, " +"donde está involucrado en un juicio que desafía a la ley estadounidense que " +"protege el DRM. Cory dice que su trabajo político no le da dinero de manera " +"directa, pero que si renunciara a él, perdería credibilidad y, aún más " +"importante, perdería el impulso que le impulsa a crear. ”Mi trabajo " +"político es una expresión diferente del mismo tipo de necesidad artístico-" +"política,” dice. ”Tengo la sospecha de que si dejara las cosas que no me " +"hacen ganar dinero, se perdería la autenticidad de lo que hago y la cualidad " +"que hace que lo que hago le guste a la gente.”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" msgstr "" "Cory ha sido financieramente exitoso, pero el dinero no es su motivación " "primaria. Al comienzo de su libro Information Doesn't Want to Be Free, " "enfatiza lo importante que es no ser un artista si tu objetivo es hacerte " -"rico. \"Entrar al mundo artístico para hacerse rico es como comprar tickets " -"de la lotería para hacerse rico\", escribió. \"Puede funcionar, pero lo más " -"certero es que no funcione. Aunque, por supuesto, siempre alguien gana la " -"lotería\". Él reconoce que él es uno de los pocos en haberlo conseguido, " -"pero dice que estaría escribiendo de todos modos. \"Me siento llamado a " -"escribir\", escribió. \"Mucho antes de escribir para mantener alimentado y " -"cobijado, estaba escribiendo para mantenerme cuerdo\"." +"rico. ”Entrar al mundo artístico para hacerse rico es como comprar tickets " +"de la lotería para hacerse rico,” escribió. ”Puede funcionar, pero lo más " +"probable es que no funcione. Aunque, por supuesto, siempre alguien gana la " +"lotería”. Él reconoce que él es uno de los pocos en haberlo conseguido, pero " +"dice que estaría escribiendo de todos modos. ”Me siento llamado a escribir”, " +"escribió. ”Mucho antes de escribir para mantener alimentado y cobijado, " +"estaba escribiendo para mantenerme cuerdo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3455 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4433 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -8303,8 +9247,8 @@ msgstr "" "que se hagan copias\". En otras palabras, utilizar las licencias CC " "simboliza su visión de mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3463 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4443 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -8322,12 +9266,12 @@ msgstr "" "Cory dice que su objetivo es convencer a la gente de que deben pagarle por " "su trabajo. \"Empecé por no llamarlos ladrones\", dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4453 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -8335,19 +9279,19 @@ msgid "" "book, which is a big effort. I decided to spare them the time and energy, " "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" -"Cory comenzó a utilizar las lciencias CC al poco tiempo de que fueran " +"Cory comenzó a utilizar las licencias CC al poco tiempo de que fueran " "creadas. En el momento en que su primera novela salió, el género de la " "ciencia ficción estaba lleno de gente digitalizando y descargando libros sin " "permiso. Cuando él y su editor miraron más de cerca a quienes estaban " "haciendo ese tipo de cosas online, se dieron cuenta de que se parecía un " -"montón a promocionar un libro. \"Sabía que había una relación entre tener " -"lectores entusiastas y tener una carrera exitosa como escritor\", dice. \"En " +"montón a promocionar un libro. ”Sabía que había una relación entre tener " +"lectores entusiastas y tener una carrera exitosa como escritor,” dice. ”En " "ese momento, tomaba ocho horas hacerle reconocimiento de caracteres a un " "libro, lo que es un gran esfuerzo. Decidí liberarles el tiempo y la energía, " -"y darles el libro de manera gratuita en un formato destinado a difundirlo\"." +"y darles el libro de manera gratuita en un formato destinado a difundirlo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3480 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4466 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -8362,12 +9306,12 @@ msgstr "" "empezando. Ahora dicen que solo puede hacerlo porque es un autor ya " "establecido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3487 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4474 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" @@ -8378,8 +9322,8 @@ msgstr "" "por uno con otra gente suena obvio, pero es destacable cómo mucha gente no " "lo hace\", dice." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4482 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -8387,31 +9331,31 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" msgstr "" "Hacer su trabajo disponible bajo una licencia Creative Commons le permite " -"ver a sus fans más grandes como sus embajadores. \"Estar abierto a la " +"ver a sus fans más grandes como sus embajadores. ”Estar abierto a la " "actividad de los fans te hace parte de la conversación sobre lo que los fans " -"hacen con tu trabajo y cómo interactúan con él\", dice. El propio sitio web " +"hacen con tu trabajo y cómo interactúan con él,” dice. El propio sitio web " "de Cory destaca de manera rutinaria las cosas interesantes que su audiencia " "ha hecho con su trabajo. A diferencia de las corporaciones como Disney, que " "tienden a tener una relación de poco interés con la actividad de sus fans, " -"él tiene una relación simbiótica con su audiencia. \"Comprometerte con tu " -"audiencia no te garantiza el éxito\", dice. \"Y Disney es un ejemplo de ser " -"capaz de permancer distante y aún así ser la compañía más exitosa en la " -"historia de las industrias creativas. Pero me di cuenta de que mis " -"probabilidades de ser Disney son bastante estrechas, de modo que tengo que " -"tomar toda la ayuda que pueda obtener\"." +"él tiene una relación simbiótica con su audiencia. ”Comprometerse con la " +"audiencia no garantiza el éxito,” dice. ”Y Disney es un ejemplo de ser capaz " +"de permancer distante y aún así ser la compañía más exitosa en la historia " +"de las industrias creativas. Pero me di cuenta de que mis probabilidades de " +"ser Disney son bastante estrechas, de modo que tengo que tomar toda la ayuda " +"que pueda obtener.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3513 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4497 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -8435,8 +9379,8 @@ msgstr "" "la gente pague por las traducciones si ya hay traducciones de los fans " "disponibles de manera gratuita." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3525 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4512 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -8446,49 +9390,49 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" "En su libro Information Doesn't Want to Be Free, Cory compara su filosofía " "con las flores de los dientes de león o panaderos. Estas flores producen " "miles de semillas cada primavera, y se dispersan en el aire en todas las " -"direcciones. La estrategia es maximizar el número de chances azarosas que " -"estas flores tienen de continuar su línea genética. De manera similar, dice " -"que hay un montón de gente ahí afuera que quizás quiera comprar obras " -"creativas o compensar a los autores por ellas de alguna otra manera. \"La " -"mayor cantidad de lugares que tu trabajo pueda encontrar, más alta es la " -"posibilidad de que encontrará uno de esos potenciales clientes en un hueco " -"insospechado del asfalto metafórico\", escribió. \"Las copias que otras " -"personas hacen de mi trabajo no me cuesta nada y me presentan la posibilidad " -"de que conseguiré algo\"." - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3534 +"direcciones. La estrategia es maximizar el número de posibilidades azarosas " +"que estas flores tienen de continuar su línea genética. De manera similar, " +"dice que hay un montón de gente ahí afuera que quizás quiera comprar obras " +"creativas o compensar a los autores por ellas de alguna otra manera. ”Entre " +"mayor sea la cantidad de lugares que el trabajo pueda encontrar, más alta es " +"la posibilidad de que encontrará uno de esos potenciales clientes en un " +"hueco insospechado del asfalto metafórico,” escribió. ”Las copias que otras " +"personas hacen de mi trabajo no me cuestan nada y me presentan la " +"posibilidad de obtener algo.”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4526 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" "for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " "platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " -"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " "Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " "you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" msgstr "" -"Aplicar una licencia CC a su trabajo aumenta sus chances de que su trabajo " -"será compartido más ampliamente en la web. Él no utiliza DRM —y se opone " -"abiertamente a la práctica de utilizarlo— por razones similares. El DRM " -"tiene el efecto de atar una obra a una plataforma en particular. A cambio, " -"este candado digital le quita al autor el control sobre su propia obra y se " -"lo entrega a la plataforma. Llama a este efecto la Primera Ley de Cory: \"" -"Cada vez que alguien pone un candado sobre algo que te pertenece y no te " -"entrega la llave, ese candado no está puesto ahí para tu beneficio\"." +"Aplicar una licencia CC a su trabajo aumenta la probabilidad de que su " +"trabajo sea compartido más ampliamente en la web. Él no utiliza DRM —y se " +"opone abiertamente a la práctica de utilizarlo— por razones similares. El " +"DRM tiene el efecto de atar una obra a una plataforma en particular. A " +"cambio, este candado digital le quita al autor el control sobre su propia " +"obra y se lo entrega a la plataforma. Llama a este efecto la Primera Ley de " +"Cory: ”Cada vez que alguien pone un candado sobre algo que te pertenece y no " +"te entrega la llave, ese candado no está puesto ahí para tu beneficio.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3543 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4536 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " @@ -8499,14 +9443,14 @@ msgstr "" "más lugares, en vez de menos, donde las personas pueden acceder a su " "trabajo. La Internet ha abierto esas avenidas, pero el DRM está diseñada " "para limitarls. \"Por un lado, podemos hacer que nuestro trabajo esté " -"disponible de manera convincente para una audiencia muy dispersa\", dice. \"" -"Por el otro lado, los intermediarios a los que históricamente les vendimos " +"disponible de manera convincente para una audiencia muy dispersa\", dice. " +"\"Por el otro lado, los intermediarios a los que históricamente les vendimos " "están haciendo más difícil evadirlos\". Cory continuamente busca formas de " "alcanzar a su audiencia sin depender de las grandes plataformas que tratarán " "de tomar control sobre su trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4547 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -8527,31 +9471,31 @@ msgstr "" "un autor en particular. Cory está planificando hacer pronto su propio " "experimento de pague-lo-que-quiera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4558 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" "Los fans están particularmente dispuestos a pagar cuando se sienten " "conectados personalmente al artista. Cory se esfuerza para crear esa " "conexión personal. Una de las formas en que hace esto es respondiendo " -"personalmente cada correo que le llega. \"Si se observa la historia de los " -"artistas, la mayoría mueren en la penuria\", dice. \"Esa realidad significa " +"personalmente cada correo que le llega. ”Si se observa la historia de los " +"artistas, la mayoría mueren en la penuria,” dice. ”Esa realidad significa " "que los artistas tenemos que encontrar formas de apoyarnos cuando el público " "cambia de gustos, cuando el derecho de autor deja de producir ingresos. " "Hacer carrera artística a prueba del futuro significa en muchos sentidos " "descubrir cómo permanecer conectado con esa gente que ha sido tocada por tu " -"trabajo\"." +"trabajo.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3567 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4569 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -8562,62 +9506,69 @@ msgstr "" "El realismo de Cory sobre la dificultad de ganarse la vida en el mundo del " "arte no refleja un pesimismo sobre la era de Internet. En cambio, él dice " "que el hecho de que es difícil ganarse la vida como artista no es nada " -"nuevo. Lo que es nuevo, escribe en su libro, \"es cuántas formas hay de " -"hacer las cosas y cómo llevarlas a la mente y a las manos de otras personas\"" -"." +"nuevo. Lo que es nuevo, escribe en su libro, ”es cuántas formas hay de hacer " +"las cosas y cómo llevarlas a la mente y a las manos de otras personas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4577 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "Nunca ha sido más fácil pensar como un diente de león." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3571 -msgid "## Figshare" -msgstr "## Figshare" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4581 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "Figshare" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3576 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4584 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" "Figshare es una empresa con ánimo de lucro que ofrece un repositorio en " "línea donde los investigadores pueden preservar y compartir los resultados " "de sus investigaciones, incluyendo figuras, conjuntos de datos, imágenes y " "videos. Fundado en el año 2011 en Gran Bretaña." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3578 -msgid "figshare.com" -msgstr "figshare.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4590 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3580 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4592 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" "Model de negocios: la plataforma le provee servicios pagos a los creadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3582 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" -msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 28 de enero de 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4595 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 28 de enero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3584 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4598 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Mark Hahnel, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4606 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " "their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" "—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" @@ -8631,8 +9582,8 @@ msgstr "" "un navegador web. Los resultados de la investigación se difunden de una " "forma tal que el modelo actual de publicación académica no permite." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4617 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " @@ -8643,8 +9594,8 @@ msgstr "" "con ánimo de lucro ser de confianza? Las respuestas han evolucionado con el " "tiempo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4622 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -8661,8 +9612,8 @@ msgstr "" "creía que publicar su investigación completa lo llevaría a tener más citas y " "sería mejor para su carrera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4631 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -8674,8 +9625,8 @@ msgstr "" "que ser posible poner toda su investigación online y compartirla con " "cualquiera. Así que empezó a trabajar en una solución." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3617 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4638 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " @@ -8686,8 +9637,8 @@ msgstr "" "apuntan al objeto original, asegurando que la investigación es citable por " "un período largo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3624 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4644 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -8704,8 +9655,8 @@ msgstr "" "URL) pueden a menudo cambiar. Mark se asoció con DataCite para la provisión " "de DOIs para datos de investigación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4653 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -8719,10 +9670,10 @@ msgstr "" "pares, eligió la CC0 (en el dominio público) para los conjuntos de datos y " "CC BY (Atribución) para figuras, videos y conjuntos de datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3635 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4661 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " "People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " "opened it up for them to use, too." @@ -8733,11 +9684,11 @@ msgstr "" "blog, diciendo que ellos querían hacer lo mismo. Así que lo abrió para que " "ellos también lo utilizaran." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3642 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4667 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." @@ -8750,12 +9701,12 @@ msgstr "" "la licencia MIT, pero las licencias GNU y Apache también pueden ser " "utilizadas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4675 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" "Mark buscó fondos para convertir esto en un producto escalable. Luego de " @@ -8764,8 +9715,8 @@ msgstr "" "negocios más viable. Hicieron una inversión inicial y juntos pensaron en un " "modelo de negocios del tipo freemium." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3658 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4682 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -8787,8 +9738,8 @@ msgstr "" "mantiene el control. Lo licencia. Recibe la atribución y el crédito. " "Nosotros simplemente nos aseguramos de que persista.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3666 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4693 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -8807,8 +9758,8 @@ msgstr "" "como PDFs no interactivos y estáticos se interesaron en que Figshare les " "proveyera esa funcionalidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4703 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -8816,53 +9767,93 @@ msgid "" "Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " "this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " "also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" -"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and researchers. " -"Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of " -"publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, " -"to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for " -"the data." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3686 +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." +msgstr "" +"Figshare diversificó su modelo de negocios para incluir servicios para " +"revistas. Figshare empezó a hospedar grandes cantidades de datos para los " +"artículos en línea de las revistas. Estos datos adicionales mejoraron la " +"calidad de los artículos. La externalización de este servicio a Figshare " +"liberó a las editoriales de tener que desarrollar esta funcionalidad como " +"parte de su propia infraestructura. Los datos hospedados por Figshare " +"también brindaban un enlace de vuelta al artículo, generando más visitas y " +"mayor número de personas lectoras—un beneficio tanto para las editoriales de " +"revistas y las personas investigadoras. Figshare ahora brinda una " +"infraestructura de datos de investigación para una gran variedad de " +"editoriales, incluyendo Wiley, Springer, Nature, PLOS y Taylor and Francis, " +"para nombrar algunas, y las ha convencido de usar licencias Creative Commons " +"para los datos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4717 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" +"Los gobiernos asignan fondos públicos significativos para investigación. En " +"paralelo con el lanzamiento de Figshare, gobiernos alrededor del mundo " +"empezaron a solicitar que la investigación que estos financian sea abierta y " +"accesible. Estos mandaron que las personas investigadoras y las " +"instituciones académicas administraran mejor y diseminaran los resultados de " +"sus investigaciones. Instituciones buscando cumplir con este nuevo mandato " +"se interesaron en Figshare. Figshare de nuevo diversificó su modelo de " +"negocios, agregando servicios para instituciones." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3694 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4727 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" +"Figshare ahora ofrece una serie de servicios de pago para instituciones, " +"incluyendo un espacio de Figshare con su propia marca (llamado Figshare para " +"Instituciones) que hospeda de forma segura en la nube datos de " +"investigaciones de instituciones. Los servicios no sólo incluyen hospedaje, " +"sino también métricas de datos, diseminación de datos y administración de " +"grupos de usuarios. El flujo de trabajo de Figshare, y los servicios que " +"ofrecen para instituciones, toman en cuenta las necesidades de personas " +"bibliotecarias y administradoras, tanto como investigadoras." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4737 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3713 +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +msgstr "" +"Como con personas investigadoras y editoriales, Figshare incitó a que las " +"instituciones compartieran sus investigacines con CC BY (Atribución), y sus " +"datos con CC0 (en el dominio público. Patrocinadoras que requieren que las " +"personas investigadoras e instituciones usen licenciamiento abierto creen en " +"las responsabilidades sociales y los beneficios de hacer investigación " +"accesible para todos y todas. Publicar investigaciones en esta forma abierta " +"se ha venido a llamar acceso abierto. Pero no todas las patrocinadoras " +"especifican CC BY; algunas instituciones quieren ofrecer opciones a sus " +"investigadoras, incluyendo licencias menos permisivas como CC BY_NC " +"(Atribución-NoComercial), CC BY-SA (Atribución-CompartirIgual), o CC BY-ND " +"(Atribución-SinDerivados)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4750 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -8872,9 +9863,17 @@ msgid "" "an open-source CERN project offer all Creative Commons licenses without any " "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" +"Para Mark esto ha creado conflicto. En una mano, los principios y beneficios " +"de la ciencia abierta está en el corazón de Figshare, y Mark cree que CC BY " +"es la mejor licencia para esto. En la otra mano, las instituciones estaban " +"diciendo que no usarían Figshare a menos que ofreciera opciones en sus " +"licencias. Él inicialmente se reusó a ofrecer nada más allá de CC0 y CC BY, " +"pero después de ver un proyecto de código abierto del CERN que ofrecía todas " +"las licencias Creative Commons sin repercusiones negativas, decidió seguir " +"el ejemplo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4760 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -8883,22 +9882,66 @@ msgid "" "believes more and more researchers and institutions will make it their " "license of choice." msgstr "" +"Mark está pensando en hacer un estudio de Figshare que rastrea la " +"diseminación de investigaciones de acuerdo a la licencia Creative Commons, y " +"recolectar métricas en vistas, citas y descargas. Se podría ver cuál " +"licencia genera el impacto más grande. Si los datos mostraran que CC BY es " +"más impactante, Mark cree que más y más personas investigadoras e " +"instituciones la harán su licencia de elección." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4773 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3729 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4776 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4768 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +#| "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " +#| "applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " +#| "journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " +#| "Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data " +#| "to be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher " +#| "that converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any " +#| "viewer can alter by changing any of the variables.2" msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " "As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " "subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " -"to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into " -"an app developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data " -"into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing " -"any of the variables.2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3739 +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Figshare tiene una interfaz de programación de aplicaciones (API por sus " +"siglas en Inglés) que hace posible que los datos sean tomados de Figshare y " +"usados en otras aplicaciones. Por ejemplo, Mark compartió un conjunto de " +"datos de Figshare mostrando subscripciones a revistas que instituciones de " +"educación superior en el Reino Unido pagaron a 10 grandes editoriales.1 La " +"API de Figshare permite que los datos sean puestos en una aplicación " +"desarrollada por personas investigadoras completamente diferentes que " +"convierte los datos en un gráfico visualmente interesante, el cual cualquier " +"persona espectadora puede alterar cambiando cualquiera de las variables.2" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4779 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -8909,22 +9952,48 @@ msgid "" "license to use for software code and whether to offer universities an option " "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" +"La versión gratuita de Figshare ha construido una comunidad de personas " +"académicas, quienes a través del boca a boca y presentaciones han promovido " +"y difundido acerca de Figshare. Para amplificar y premiar a la comunidad, " +"Figshare estableció un programa de personas consejeras, brindando a quienes " +"promovieron Figshare sudaderas y camisas, acceso temprano a funcionalidades " +"nuevas y gastos de viaje cuando dan presentaciones fuera de su área. Estas " +"consejeras también ayudaron a Mark sobre cuál licencia usar para código de " +"software, y si debían ofrecer a universidades una opción de usar licencias " +"Creative Commons." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4794 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4790 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were early-" -"career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders mandated " -"open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3756 +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." +msgstr "" +"Mark dice que su éxito es parcialmente sobre estar en el lugar correcto en " +"el momento correcto. Él también cree que la diversificación del modelo de " +"Figshare a través del tiempo ha sido clave para el éxito. Figshare ahora " +"ofrece un exhaustivo conjunto de servicios para personas investigadoras, " +"editoriales e instituciones.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Si él " +"hubiera confiado solamente en los ingresos por subscripciones premium, él " +"cree que Figshare hubiera sufrido. En los primeros días de Figshare, sus " +"personas usuarias principales eran personas académicas empezando o " +"terminando sus carreras. Fue solo porque patrocinadoras mandaron " +"licenciamiento abierto que Figshare ahora está siendo usado por las " +"principales instituciones." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4801 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -8932,9 +10001,15 @@ msgid "" "from Google. A sister company called Altmetric tracks the use of Figshare by " "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" +"Hoy Figshare tiene más de 26 millones de vistas en su página, más de 7.5 " +"millones millones de descargas, más de 800,000 subidas de usuarios, más de 2 " +"millones de artículos, más de 500,000 colecciones, y más de 5,000 proyectos. " +"El sesenta por ciento de su tráfico viene de Google. Una compañía hermana " +"llamada Altmetric rastrea el uso de Figshare por otras, incluyendo Wikipedia " +"y fuentes de noticias." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3768 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4809 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -8947,87 +10022,136 @@ msgid "" "Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting open access to " "research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries." msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" -"\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" -"figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK\\" -"_universities/1186832" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774 +"Figshare usa los ingresos que genera de las subscripciones premium, " +"editoriales de revistas e instituciones para financiar y expandir lo que " +"puede ofrecer de gratis para personas investigadoras. Figshare se ha " +"mantenido públicamente siguiendo sus principios—mantener el servicio " +"gratuito y requerir el uso de CC BY y CC0 desde el inicio—y desde la " +"perspectiva de Mark, esta es la razón por la que la gente confía en " +"Figshare. Mark ve como nuevas competidoras aparecen que solo están en esto " +"por el dinero. Si Figshare estuviera en esto por el dinero, no les hubiera " +"interesado ofrecer una versión gratuita. Los principios de Figshare y su " +"apoyo por la apertura son diferenciadores clave. En el futuro, Mark ve a " +"Figshare no solo apoyando el acceso abierto en investigación, sino también " +"permitiendo que las personas colaboren y hagan nuevos descubrimientos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4824 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "Figure.NZ" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4827 msgid "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" -"year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" +"Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." msgstr "" -"retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\" -"_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" +"Figure.NZ es una organización de caridad sin fines de lucro que hace una " +"plataforma de datos en línea designada para hacer que los datos sean " +"reusables y fáciles de entender. Fundada en 2012 en Nueva Zelanda." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "figshare.com/features" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4832 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3776 -msgid "## Figure.NZ" -msgstr "## Figure.NZ" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4834 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " +#| "sponsorships" msgid "" -"Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" +"Modelo de ingresos: plataforma que proporciona servicios con costo a los " +"creadores, donaciones, patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "figure.nz" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4837 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 3 de mayo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4839 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3787 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" -msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgstr "Entrevistada: Lillian Grace, fundadora" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3789 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4848 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/" +"NZDFF_harness-the-power.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files" +"/NZDFF_harness-the-power.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4847 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented " +#| "at the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian " +#| "Grace said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely " +#| "available to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to " +#| "think this meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come " +#| "to see that she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about " +#| "issues that matter—not only to them, but also to their families, their " +#| "communities, their businesses, and their country. But there’s a big " +#| "difference between availability and accessibility of information. Data is " +#| "spread across thousands of sites and is held within databases and " +#| "spreadsheets that require both time and skill to engage with. To use data " +#| "when making a decision, you have to know what specific question to ask, " +#| "identify a source that has collected the data, and manipulate complex " +#| "tools to extract and visualize the information within the data set. " +#| "Lillian established Figure.NZ to make data truly accessible to all, with " +#| "a specific focus on New Zealand." msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " -"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " -"said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " -"meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " -"she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" -"not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " -"businesses, and their country. But there’s a big difference between " -"availability and accessibility of information. Data is spread across " -"thousands of sites and is held within databases and spreadsheets that " -"require both time and skill to engage with. To use data when making a " -"decision, you have to know what specific question to ask, identify a source " -"that has collected the data, and manipulate complex tools to extract and " -"visualize the information within the data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ " -"to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3817 +"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace said there are thousands of valuable " +"and relevant data sets freely available to us right now, but most people " +"don’t use them. She used to think this meant people didn’t care about being " +"informed, but she’s come to see that she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to " +"be informed about issues that matter—not only to them, but also to their " +"families, their communities, their businesses, and their country. But " +"there’s a big difference between availability and accessibility of " +"information. Data is spread across thousands of sites and is held within " +"databases and spreadsheets that require both time and skill to engage with. " +"To use data when making a decision, you have to know what specific question " +"to ask, identify a source that has collected the data, and manipulate " +"complex tools to extract and visualize the information within the data set. " +"Lillian established Figure.NZ to make data truly accessible to all, with a " +"specific focus on New Zealand." +msgstr "" +"En el estudio titulado Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data " +"presentado en forum Data Futures de Nueva Zelanda en 2014,1 la fundadora de " +"Figure.NZ Lillian Grace comentó que hay miles de conjuntos de datos " +"valiosos y relevantes disponibles en estos momentos, pero la mayoría de las " +"personas no los usan. Ella solía pensar que eso significaba que la gente no " +"se preocupa de estar infomada, pero ha visto que estaba equivocada. Casi " +"todos quieren estar informados acerca de temas que les importan—no solo a " +"ellos, sino también a sus familias, a sus comunidades, a sus negocios, y a " +"su país. Pero hay una gran diferencia entre disponibilidad y accesibilidad " +"de la información. La información esta desperdigada a través de miles de " +"sitios y es almacenada dentro de bases de datos y hojas de cálculo que " +"requieren tiempo y habilidades para usarlas. Para usar información cuando se " +"tomá una decisión, tiene que saber que pregunta específica realizar, " +"identificar una fuenta que haya recolectado la información, y manipular " +"herramientas complejas para extraer y visualizar la información dentro del " +"conjunto de datos. Lillian estableció Figure.NZ para hacer a la información " +"verdaderamente accesible para todos, con un enfoque específico en Nueva " +"Zelanda." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4866 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -9038,14 +10162,23 @@ msgid "" "basic facts.” But understanding the basic facts sometimes requires data and " "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" +"Lillian tuvo la idea para Figure.NZ en febrero del 2012 mientras trabajaba " +"para el New Zealand Institute, un laboratorio de ideas preocupado con " +"mejorar la prosperidad económica, el bienestar social, calidad " +"medioambiental, y la productividad ambiental para Nueva Zelanda y los " +"neozelandeses. Mientras daba pláticas a grupos de negocios y comunitarios, " +"Lillian se dió cuenta de que «cada uno de los problemas con los que hemos " +"lidiado hubiera sido mas sencillo de atacar si más gente entendiera los " +"hechos básicos.» Pero entender los hechos básicos algunas veces requiere " +"información e investigación por los cuales usualmente tiene que pagar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3829 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4877 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -9053,9 +10186,21 @@ msgid "" "became Figure.NZ, and efforts were reoriented toward providing services to " "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3844 +"Lillian comenzó a imaginar un sitio web que llevara lo información a una " +"forma visual que pudiera ser fácilmente entendible y accesible libremente. " +"Al principio lo lanzó como Wiki New Zealand, la idea original fue que la " +"gente pudiera contribuír con su información y sus visuales a través de la " +"wiki. Sin embargo, pocas personas tenían gráficas que pudieran ser usadas y " +"compartidas, y no había estandares o consistencia alrededor de la " +"información y los visuales. Dandose cuenta de que el modelo de la wiki no " +"estaba funcionando, Lillian trajo el proceso de agragación de datos, " +"curación, y presentación visual internameten, e invirtió en la tecnología " +"que ayudara a automatizar parte de eso. Wiki New Zealand se volvió Figure." +"NZ, y los esfuerzos se reorientaron hacia proporcionar servicios para " +"aquellos que quisieran abrir su información y presentarla visualmente." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4891 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -9066,55 +10211,106 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3858 +"Así es como trabaja. Figure.NZ obtiene la información de otras " +"organizaciones, incluyendo corporativos, repositorios públicos, " +"departamentos gubernamentales, y de la academia. Figure.NZ importa y extrae " +"la información, y entonces la valida y la estandariza—todo con una fuerte " +"visión en lo que será mejor para los usuarios. Entonces ellos ponen a " +"disponibilidad la información en una serie de formatos estandarizados, ambos " +"formatos humano y máquina legibles, con metadata rico en fuentes, las " +"licencias, y tipos de datos. Figure.NZ tiene una herramienta de diseño de " +"gráficos que crea barras simples, líneas, y gráficos de área de cualquier " +"fuente de información. Los gráficos son publicados en el sitio web Figure." +"NZ, y pueden ser exportados en una variedad de formatos para imprimir o uso " +"enlinea. Figure.NZ hace su información y sus gráficos disponibles usando la " +"licencia Attribution (CC BY). Esto permite a otros reusar, revisar, " +"remezclar, y redistribuir la información de Figure.NZ y los gráficos en " +"tanto den créditos a la fuente original y a Figure.NZ" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4917 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4908 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3869 +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +msgstr "" +"Lillian caracteriza la decisión inicial de usar Creative Commons como " +"ingenuamente afortunada. Fue recomendada primero a ella por un colega. " +"Lillian empleó tiempo viendo lo que ofrecía Creative Commons y pensó que se " +"veía bien, era clara, y hacia sentido común. Era fácil de usar y fácil de " +"entender para otros. Al paso del tiempo, se dió cuenta que tan afortunadad e " +"importante se mostró esa decisión. El gobierno de Nueva Zelanda tenía un " +"framework de acceso y licenciamiento abierto llamado NZGOAL, el cual " +"proporcionaba orientación para las agencias cuando liberaban trabajo y " +"material con y sin copyright.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Su " +"objetivo es estandarizar el licenciamiento de obras con derechos de autor " +"del gobierno y cómo se pueden reutilizar, y lo realiza con licencias " +"Creative Commons. Como resultdo, 98 porciento de toda la información de las " +"agencias gubernamentales es licenciada con Creative Commons, lo cual queda " +"muy bien con la decisión de Figure.NZ" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4924 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " "that they can rely on Figure.NZ’s motives. People see them as a trusted " "wrangler and source." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3886 +"Lillian cree que las ideas actuales de lo que es un negocio son " +"relativamente nuevas, solo con un ciento de años de edad o algo así. Está " +"convencida de que dentro de veinte años, veremos nuevos y diferentes modelos " +"para los negocios. Figure.NZ está hecho como una entidad caritativa sin " +"ánimo de lucro. Está dirigida por un propósito pero también se esfuerza para " +"pagarle bien a las peronas y se maneja como un negocio. Lillian ve el " +"estatus de caridad sin ánimo de lucro como un elemento esencial para la " +"misión y propósito de Figure.NZ. Ella cree que Wikipedia no podría funcionar " +"si fuera una entidad lucrativa, y similarmente, el estatus de entidad sin " +"ánimo de lucro de Figure.NZ le garantiza a la gente que tiene información y " +"a la gente que quiere usarla que ellos pueden confiar en los motivos de " +"Figure.NZ. Las personas los ven como un luchador y fuente confiable." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4937 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " "Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " -"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " "on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " "collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " "value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " @@ -9123,18 +10319,38 @@ msgid "" "even become a way for a government or any organization to differentiate, " "market, and brand itself." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3891 +"Aunque Figure.NZ es una empresa social que abiertamente licencia sus datos y " +"gráficos para que cualquiera los use gratuitamente, han tomado precauciones " +"para no ser percibidos como un servicio gratuito para todos. Lillian cree " +"que cientos de millones de dolares son gastados por el gobierno y las " +"organizaciones para recolectar datos. A pesar de eso, muy poco dinero es " +"gastado en tomar esos datos y hacerlos accesibles, entendibles, y usables " +"para la toma de decisiones. Los gobiernos usan algunos de esos datos para " +"políticas, pero Lillian cree que está subutilizado y que el valor potencial " +"es mucho mayor. Figure.NZ está enfocado a resolver ese problema. Ellos creen " +"que una porción del dinero destinado para colectar datos debería dirigirse a " +"garantizar que los datos son útiles y que generan valor. Si el gobierno " +"quiere que los ciudadanos entiendan por qué ciertas decisiones son tomadas y " +"que estén más atentos de lo que los gobiernos están haciendo, ¿ por qué no " +"transformar la información que recolecta en visuales fácilmente " +"entendibles ? Incluso podría convertirse en un medio para que el gobierno o " +"cualquier organización se diferencien, se comercialicen y se creen una marca." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4956 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ emplea mucho tiempo buscando entender las motivaciones de los " +"recolectores de datos e identificando los canales donde puede proporcionar " +"valor. Cada parte del modelo de negocios ha sido enfocado en quien va a " +"obtener valor de la información y los visuales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3904 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4962 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -9143,15 +10359,29 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3915 +"Figure.NZ tiene multiples líneas de negocios. Ellos proporcionan servicios " +"comerciales a organizaciones que quieren que su información este disponible " +"públicamente y quieren usar a Figure.NZ como su plataforma de publicación. " +"La gente que quiere publicar datos abiertos aprecia la habilidad de Figure." +"NZ de hacerlo rápidamente, más sencillamente, y mejor de lo que ellos " +"pueden. Los clientes son motivados para ayudar a sus usuarios a encontrar, " +"usar, y hacer cosas con la información que han puesto a disponibilidad en el " +"sitio web de Figure.NZ. Los clientes controlan lo que es liberado y los " +"terminos de licenciamiento ( aunque Figure.NZ impulsa licenciamiento con " +"Creative Commons). Figure.NZ también sirve a clientes que quieren una " +"colección específica de gráficos creados—por ejemplo, para su sitio web o su " +"reporte anual. Cobrarles a las organizaciones que quieren hacer a sus datos " +"disponibles permite a Figure.NZ proporcionar su sitio sin costo para todos " +"los usuarios, para verdaderamente democratizar la información." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4978 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -9164,36 +10394,74 @@ msgid "" "transparency about the level of effort associated with doing work that has " "never been done before." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3921 +"Lillian percibe que el actual estado de la mayoría de los datos es terrible " +"y frecuentemente no es bien entendido por las personas que los tienen. " +"Algunas veces esto hace difícil para los clientes y Figure.NZ determinar " +"cuanto costaría importar, estandarizar, y mostrar la información de una " +"manera útil. Para lidiar con esto, Figure.NZ usar «high-trust contracts,» " +"donde los clientes depositan cierto presupuesto para la tarea que Figure.NZ " +"es entonces libre de disponer, tanto como Figure.NZ reporte frecuentemente " +"lo que han producido de tal manera que el cliente pueda determinar el valor " +"para el dinero. Esta estrategia ha ayudado a construir confianza y " +"transpariencia acerca del nivel de esfuerzo asociado con hacer trabajo que " +"nunca se había hecho antes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4996 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4991 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Una segunda línea de negocios es lo que Figure.NZ llama socios. El banco " +"ASB y Statistics New Zealand son socios que soportan los esfuerzos de " +"Figure.NZ. Como un ejemplo, con su apoyo Figure.NZ ha sido capaz de crear " +"Business Figures, un medio especial para negocios para hallar datos útiles " +"sin tener que saber que preguntas realizar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4999 msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " -"Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ también tiene patrocinadores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Los patrocinadores donan a las áreas temáticas de las que se " +"preocupan, lo que permite directamente a Figure.NZ para obtener datos juntos " +"para desarrollar esas áreas. Los patrocinadores no dirigen qué datos están " +"incluidos o excluidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5005 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ también acepta donaciones filantrópicas, los cuales son usados " +"para proporcionar más contenido, aumentar la tecnología, y mejorar " +"servicios, o son destinados a financiar esfuerzos específicos o proporcionar " +"apoyo en especie. Como una entidad caritativa, las donaciones son deducibles " +"de impuestos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5011 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -9205,21 +10473,39 @@ msgid "" "efficient. Rather than in-house growth, they are growing and building " "external relationships." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ ha crecido y se ha transformado a través del tiempo. Con " +"agregación de datos, curación, y servicios de visualización internos, Figure." +"NZ ha desarrollado una amplia experiencia en tomar estilos de datos " +"aleatorios, estarandizarlos, y hacerlos útiles. Lillian se dió cuenta de qué " +"Figure.NZ podría fácilmente convertirse en el almacén de setenta personas " +"creando datos. Pero para Lillian, crecer no siempre es bueno. En su opinión, " +"entre más grande menos efectivo. Lillian establece restricciones " +"artificiales al crecimiento, forzando a la organización a pensar diferente y " +"ser más eficientes. En vez de crecer internamente, estan creciendo y " +"construyendo relaciones externas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5023 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " "Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" +"El sitio web de Figure.NZ exhibe visuales y datos asociados con un amplio " +"rango de categorias incluyendo crimen, economía, empleo, energía, medio " +"ambiente, salud, información y tecnologías de la comunicación, industria, " +"turismo, y muchos otros. La función de búsqueda ayuda a los usuarios a " +"encontrar tablas y gráficos. Figure.NZ no proporciona análisis o " +"interpretación de los datos o los visuales. Su objetivo es enseñar a las " +"personas la manera de pensar, no a pensar por ellas. Figure.NZ quiere crear " +"experiencias intuitivas, no manuales de usuarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3961 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5033 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -9232,9 +10518,21 @@ msgid "" "NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for people to be " "curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are interested in." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3969 +"Figure.NZ piensa que los datos y los visuales deberían ser útiles. " +"Proporcionan a sus clientes con un modelo de colección de datos y les " +"instruyen de su importancia y cómo usarlo. Han comenzado a poner más enfasis " +"en rastrear que tipo de usuarios de su sitio web quieren. También les llegan " +"solicitudes de los medios sociales y a través de correos electrónicos para " +"compartir datos para un tópico específico—por ejemplo, podrían compartir " +"datos de la calidad del agua ? Si ellos tienen los datos, responder " +"rápidamente; si no lo hacen, ellos intentan e identifican a las " +"organizaciones que podrían tener los datos y forjan relaciones de tal manera " +"que puedan ser incluidos en el sitio de Figure.NZ. En general, Figure.NZ " +"esta buscando proporcionar un lugar para la gente que se interesa en , " +"accede, e interpreta los datos de los tópicos en los que están interesados." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5047 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -9243,58 +10541,96 @@ msgid "" "leaders who essentially had access to the information and made decisions on " "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" +"Lillian tiene un intensa y profunda visión para Figure.NZ que se proyecta " +"más allá de simplemente proporcionar servicios de datos abiertos. Comenta " +"que las cosas son diferentes ahora.«Solíamos vivir en un mundo dónde era muy " +"difícil compartir información ampliamente. Y en ese mundo, el mejor futuro " +"fue creado al tener unos cuantos grandes líderes quienes esencialmente " +"tenían acceso a la información y quienes tomaron decisiones en nombre de " +"otros, ya fuera en nombre de un país o de empresas. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3973 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" +"«Pero ahora vivimoc en un mundo donde es muy fácil compartir información " +"ampliamente y también comunicarse extensamente. En el mundo que vivimos " +"ahora, el mejor futuro es aquel donde cualquiera puede tomar decisiones bien " +"informadas.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3977 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5062 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" +"«El uso de npúmeros y datos como un medio de tomar decisiones bien " +"informadas es una de las áreas donde existen las mayores brechas. Realmente " +"no usamos números como parte de nuestro pensamiento y nuestro entendiemiento " +"aún.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3987 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5068 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " "numbers and data literacy. We largely still believe that only a few " "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" +"«Parte de la razón es que la información esta desperdigada a través de " +"cientos de sitios. Adicionalmente, la mayor parte, el pensamiento profundo " +"basado en datos está constreñido a los expertos porque la mayoría de las " +"personas no tiene conocimientos en datos. Hubo un tiempo cuando muchos " +"ciudadanos en la sociedad no podían leer o escribir. Sin embargo, como " +"sociedad, hemos llegado a pensar que las habilidades para leer y escribir " +"deberían ser algo que todos los ciudadanos tengan. No hemos adoptado todavía " +"un pensamiento similar acerca de los números y el conocimiento de los datos. " +"Todavía creemos que solo unos pocos con entrenamiento especializado puede " +"analizar y pensar con números.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3993 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5079 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " "with trust and a network of relationships to make that possible. What you " "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" +"«Figure.Nz podría ser la primer organización en asegurar que cualquiera " +"puede usar números en su pensamiento, y ha construido una plataforma " +"tecnológica junto con confianza y una red de relaciones para hacerlo " +"posible. Lo que puedes observar en Figure.NZ son decenas de miles de " +"gráficos, mapas y datos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4001 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5086 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" +"«Figure.NZ percibe esto como un nuevo tipo de alfabeto que puede ayudar a " +"las personas para analizar lo que observan alrededor de ellas. Un medio para " +"ser consciente e informado acerca de la sociedad. Son medios de involucrarse " +"en conversaciones y moldear las tomas de decisiones que trasciendan la " +"experiencia personal. El impacto y el valor a largo plazon son casi " +"imposibles de medir, pero el objetivo es ayudar a los ciudadanos a ganar " +"entendimiento y trabajar juntos en formas más informadas para modelar el " +"futuro.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4008 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5095 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -9302,65 +10638,60 @@ msgid "" "for others through use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making " "the network effect possible." msgstr "" +"Lillian piensa que el modelo de Figure.NZ tiene potencial global. Pero por " +"ahora, su enfoque esta completamente abocado en lograr que Figure.NZ " +"funcione en Nueva Zelanda y en conseguir el «efecto red»—usuarios " +"incrementando dramáticamente el valor para ellos mismos y para otros a " +"través del uso de sus servicios. Creative Commons es fundamental para hacer " +"que el efecto red sea posible." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 -msgid "" -"www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 -msgid "" -"www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" -"government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4017 -msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5104 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" +msgstr "Knowledge Unlatched" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5107 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched es una empresa de interés comunitario sin ánimo de lucro " +"que reune a las bibliotecas para reunir fondos para publicar libros de " +"acceso abierto. Fundada en 2012 en el Reino Unido." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4023 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5112 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4025 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5114 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: financiamiento comunitario (especializado)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4027 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5117 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 26 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4029 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5120 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Frances Pinter, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5128 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -9370,32 +10701,56 @@ msgid "" "humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " "this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " "model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " -"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " "term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " "including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " "Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4050 -msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"La emprendedora serial Dr. Frances Pinter ha estado en el frente de la " +"inovación en la industria de la publicación por cerca de cuarenta años. Ella " +"fundó Knowledge Unlatched con base en Reino Unido con la misión de habilitar " +"el acceso abierto a libros especializados. Para Frances, el actuál sistema " +"de publicación de libros especializados no esta trabajando para nadie, y " +"especialmente no para los monografos especializados en las humanidades y las " +"ciencias sociales. Knowledge Unlatched está comprometido con cambiar esto y " +"ha estado trabajando con las bibliotecas para crear un modelo sostenible " +"alternativo para publicar libros especializados, compartiendo el costo de " +"hacer monografías (liberadas bajo licencias Creative Commons) y ahorrar " +"costos en el largo plazo. Desde su lanzamiento, Knowledge Unlatched ha " +"recibido algunos reconocimientos, incluyendo el reconocimiento IFLA/Brill " +"Open Access en 2014 y el reconocimiento Curtin University Commercial " +"Innovation Award de la Universidad de Curtin por inovación en educación en " +"2015." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5144 +msgid "" +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" +"La Dra Pinter ha estado en la publicación académica durante la mayor parte " +"de su carrera. Hace cerca de diez años, se volvió conocida del fundador de " +"Creative Commons Lawrence Lessig y se interesó en Creative Commons como una " +"herramienta para proteger el contenido enlinea y distribuirlo libremente " +"entre los usuarios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4055 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5151 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " "Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went " "up, not down." msgstr "" +"No mucho despues, ella inició un proyecto en África convenciendo a editores " +"en Uganda y Sudáfrica de poner parte de su contenido enlinea gratuitamente " +"usando licencias Creative Commons y ver qué ocurría con las ventas de " +"impresos. La ventas subieron, no bajaron." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5157 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -9405,26 +10760,47 @@ msgid "" "NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " "getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " "online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " -"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. Surprisingly, " -"Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these books were 10 to " -"20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing that the " -"Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing vehicle for " -"the print format." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4076 +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." +msgstr "" +"En 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, una nueva línea editorial de Bloomsbury " +"Publishing en el Reino Unido, la nombró su editor fundador en Londres. Como " +"parte del lanzamiento, Frances convenció a Bloomsbury de diferenciarse al " +"poner monografías enlinea gratuitas bajo licencias Creative Commons (BY-NC o " +"BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial o Attributtion-NonCommercial-" +"NoDerivs). Esto se vió como un riesgo, cuando el mayor costo para los " +"editores es obtener un libro en el estado donde pudiera ser imprimido. Si " +"todos leyeran el libro enlinea sin costo, no habría ninguna venta por los " +"libros impresos, y los costos asociados con llevar al libro a impresión se " +"perderian. Sorpresivamente, Bloomsbury encontró que las ventas de las " +"versiones impresas de esos libros fueron de 10 a 20 porciento más altas de " +"lo normal. Frances encontró intrigante que los libros enlinea gratuitos " +"licenciados bajo Creative Commons actuaran como un vehículo de mercadotecnia " +"para el formato impreso." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5174 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" +"Frances comenzó a observa el interes de los clientes en los tres formatos de " +"los libros: 1) El libro gratuito enlinea con licencia Creative Commons en " +"formato PDF, 2) el libro impreso, y 3) una versión digital del libro en una " +"plataforma de agragación con características mejoradas. Ellos concibió esto " +"como el \"ice cream model\": el PDF gratuito era el helado de vainilla, el " +"libro impreso era el cono de helado, y el e-book mejorado era la cobertura " +"del helado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4083 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5183 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -9433,19 +10809,33 @@ msgid "" "book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and e-" "book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" +"Después de un tiempo, Frances tuvo una epifanía—que tal si existe una manera " +"de conseguir que las biblioteca avalaran los costos de hacer estos libros " +"hasta que estén listos para imprimirse, en otras palabras, cubrir el costo " +"fijo de tener la primera copia digital? Entonces podría bajar los costos del " +"libro impreso, o hacer un monton de cosas interesantes con el libro impreso " +"y el libro electrónico—el cono de helado o la parte de la cobertura del " +"modelo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5192 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " "imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" "processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " "version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" +"Esta idea es similar al cobro de procesamiento de artículo que algunas " +"revistas especializadas de acceso abierto cobran a los investigadores para " +"cubrir los costos de publicación. Frances comenzó a imaginar una coalición " +"de bibliotecas pagando por los costos de preimpresión—un «cargo por " +"procesamiento de libro»—y proporcionar a cualquiera en el mundo con una " +"versión de acceso abierto del libro liberado bajo una licencia Creative " +"Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4099 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5200 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -9456,106 +10846,186 @@ msgid "" "launch a community interest company (a UK term for not-for-profit social " "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" +"Esa idea quedó fija en su mente. No tenía realmente un nombre para ello pero " +"comenzó a hablar acerca de eso y hacer presentaciones para ver si existía " +"interés. Entre más hablaba acerca del tema, más personas estaban de acuerdo " +"que tenía atractivo. Ofreció una botella de champaña a cualquiera que " +"pudiera llegar con un buen nombre para la idea. Su esposo llegó con " +"Knowledge Unlatched, y después de dos años de generar interés, decidió " +"seguir adelante y lanzar una compañía de interés comunitario (un termino del " +"RU para las empresas sociales sin ánimo de lucro) en 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4102 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5211 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" +"Ella describe el modelo de negocios en un paper llamado Knowledge Unlatched: " +"Toward an Open and Networked Future for Acedemic Publishing:" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5218 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" +"Las editoriales ofrecen títulos para su venta que reflejan los costos de " +"generación sólo a través de Knowledge Unlatched." -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" +"Cada biblioteca selecciona títulos tanto títulos individuales como " +"colecciones (como lo hacen con los proveedores de bibliotecas ahora)." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5230 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" +"Sus selecciones son enviadas a Knowledge Unlatched especificando los títulos " +"que serán comprados y los precios establecidos." -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5236 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " "each of the titles that were selected by a minimum number of libraries to " "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" +"El precio, llamado Cuota por Título ( fijado por la editorial y negociado " +"por Knowledge Unlatched), es pagado a la editorial para cubrir los costos " +"establecidos de publicar cada título que fue seleccionado por un número \n" +"mínimo de bibliotecas para cubrir la Cuota por Título." -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5245 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" +"Las editoriales hacen a los títulos seleccionados disponibles como Open " +"Access (con una licencia Creative Commons o una licencia abierta similar) y " +"entonces se les paga la Cuota por Título que es el total recolectado de las " +"bibliotecas." -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5255 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5252 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Las editoriales hacen copias impresas, libros electrónicos, y otras " +"versiones digitales de títulos seleccionados disponibles para las " +"bibliotecas miembros con un descuento que refleje su contribución a la Cuota " +"por Título e incentivan las membresías.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5260 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " +#| "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " +#| "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " +#| "cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an " +#| "average price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly " +#| "three hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in " +#| "at just under forty-three dollars." msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" +"La primera ronda de este modelo resultó en una colección de veintiocho " +"títulos actuales de trece editoriales especializadas reconocidas siendo " +"debloqueadas. El objetivo era tener doscientas bibliotecas participando. El " +"costo del paquete por biblioteca estaba limitado a \\$1,680, el cuál era un " +"precio promedio de sesenta dolares por libro, pero al final tuvieron cerca " +"de trescientas bibliotecas compartiendo los costos, y el precio por libro " +"bajo hasta cuarenta y tres dolares." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4137 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5271 msgid "" -"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4147 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5270 +msgid "" +"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." +msgstr "" +"Las versiones Creative Commons con acceso abierto de estos veintiocho libros " +"todavía estan disponibles enlinea.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"La mayoría de los libros has sido licenciados con CC BY-NC o CC BY-NC.ND. " +"Los autores son los poseedores de los derechos de autor, no la editorial, y " +"negocian la opción de licencia como parte del acuerdo editorial. Frances " +"encontró que la mayoría de los autores quieren retener el control sobre el " +"uso comercial y de reuso de su trabajo. Las editoriales incluyen los libros " +"en sus catálogos, y la restricción no-comercial en las licencias Creative " +"Commons asegura a los autores el continuar obteniendo regalías en la ventas " +"de las copias físicas." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5281 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" +"Existen tres variables de costo a considerar para cada ronda: el costo total " +"en que incurren las editoriales, el costo total de cada biblioteca para " +"adquirir todos los libros, y el precio individual por libro. Las cuotas que " +"cada editorial cobra por cada título es un cargo fijo, y Knowledge Unlatched " +"calcula la cantidad total para todos los libros que son desbloqueados en el " +"momento. El cosoto de una orden para cada biblioteca está limitado por un " +"máximo basado en un número mínimo de bibliotecas participantes. Si el " +"número de bibliotecas participantes excede el mínimo, entonces el costo de " +"la orden y el precio por libro baja para cada biblioteca." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5293 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " "Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " "the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " "under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " @@ -9563,17 +11033,34 @@ msgid "" "task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, getting the " "libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4165 +"La segunda ronda, completada recientemente, desbloqueó setenta y ocho libros " +"de veintiseis editoriales. Para esta ronda, Frances estaba experimentando " +"con el tamaño y la forma de las ofertas. Los libros estaban siendo empacados " +"en ocho pequeños paquetes separados por temas (incluyendo Antropología, " +"Historia, Literatura, Medios y Comunicaciones, y Política), de cerca de diez " +"libros por paquete. Trescientas bibliotecas alrededor del mundo tienen que " +"comprometerse con al menos seis de los ocho paquetes para permitir el " +"desbloqueo. El costo promedio por libro estuvo debajo de los cincuenta " +"dolares. El proceso de desbloqueo tomó apenas diez meses. Comenzó con " +"llamadas a las editoriales por títulos, seguido de tener una fuerza de " +"trabajo seleccionando los títulos, obtener los permisos de los autores, " +"obtener el compromiso de las bibliotecas, cobrar a las bibliotecas, y " +"finalmente, desbloquearlos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5308 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" +"La parte más larga de todo el proceso es obtener el compromiso de las " +"bibliotecas y obtener fondos. Toma cerca de cinco meses, ya que la compras " +"de las bibliotecas tienen que emparejarse con los ciclos de adquisición, " +"ciclos de presupuestos, y las juntas del directorio de las bibliotecas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5314 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -9583,49 +11070,106 @@ msgid "" "individual libraries but also library consortia, which has been getting even " "more libraries involved." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched informa y recluta bibliotecas a través de los medios " +"sociales, listas de correo, listservs, y asociaciones de bibliotecas. De las " +"trescientas bibliotecas que participaron en la primera ronda, 80 porciento " +"también esta participando en la segunda ronda, y hay adicionalmente ochenta " +"nuevas bibliotecas tomando parte. Knowledge Unlatched está trabajando " +"también no solo con bibliotecas individuales sino también con consorcios " +"bibliotecarios, que ha involucrado a más bibliotecas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4177 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5324 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched está creciendo, ofreciendo 150 nuevos títulos en la " +"segunda mitad del 2016. También ofrecera títulos rezagados, y en 2017 " +"comenzará a hacer revistas especializadas de acceso libre también." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5329 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched deliberadamente escogió las monografías como el tipo de " +"libro inicial para desbloquear. Las monografías son importantes y " +"fundamentales, pero también problemáticas de mantener en el modelo editorial " +"estandar cerrado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5335 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph " +#| "is \\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 " +#| "range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who " +#| "in the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three " +#| "hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For " +#| "the first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the " +#| "second round, it took one month to get twenty-six." msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " "Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " "sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " "makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " "it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second round, it " "took one month to get twenty-six." msgstr "" +"El costo para la editorial de tener una primera copia digita de una " +"monografía es de \\$5,000 a \\$50,000. Una buena tiene un costo en el rango " +"de los \\$10,000 a los \\$15,000. Las monografías típicamente no venden " +"muchas copias. Una editorial que en el pasado vendió tres mil copias ahora " +"típicamente vende solo trescientas. Eso hace que el desbloqueo de " +"monografías tenga un bajo riesgo para las editoriales. Para la primera " +"ronda, tomó cinco meses reunir trece editoriales. Para la segunda ronda, " +"tomó únicamente un mes reunir veintiseis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5352 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5345 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. " +#| "Royalties range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The " +#| "value to the author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book " +#| "is being read, it increases their reputation. Open access through " +#| "unlatching generates many more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the " +#| "Knowledge Unlatched website, you can find interviews with the twenty-" +#| "eight round-one authors describing their experience and the benefits of " +#| "taking part.)5" msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " "you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing " -"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" +"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Los autores generalmente no obtienen mucho en regalías de las monografías. " +"Las regalías van de cero dolares a 5 y hasta 10 porciento de lo recibido. El " +"valor para el autor es la exposición que les trae; cuando su libro es leido, " +"incrementa su reputación. El acceso abierto a través del desbloqueo genera " +"muchas más descargas y por lo tanto su percepción. (En el sitio web de " +"Knowledge Unlatched, puede encontrar entrevistas con los veintiocho autores " +"de la primera ronda describiendo su experiencia y los beneficios de tomar " +"parte de ello.)5" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5355 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -9635,19 +11179,42 @@ msgid "" "into their digital repository. Only secondarily do they consider getting a " "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4214 -msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4224 +"Los presupuestos de las bibliotecas son constantemente exprimidos, en parte " +"por la inflación de las subscripciones a las revistas especializadas. Pero " +"incluso sin restricciones en el presupuesto, las bibliotecas académicas se " +"están alejando de las compras de copias físicas. Un entrada al catálogo de " +"una biblioteca académica es típicamente una URL hacia donde este publicado " +"el libro. O si ellos tienen el suficiente espacio de almacenamiento " +"electrónico, ello pueden descarga el archivo digital en su depósito digital. " +"Únicamente de manera secundaria consideran obtener un libro impreso, y si lo " +"hacen, lo compran de manera separada de la versión digital." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5366 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. " +#| "Many of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the " +#| "monograph anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 " +#| "for a digital multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them " +#| "less, and it opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but " +#| "to the world." +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched da un argumento económico convincente a las bibliotecas. " +"Muchas de las bibliotecas participantes habrían comprado una copia de la " +"monografía de todas maneras, pero en vez de pagar \\$95 por una copia " +"impresa o \\$150 por una copia digital multi-uso, pagan \\$50 por " +"desbloquearla. Les cuesta menos, y abre el libro no únicamente a las " +"bibliotecas participantes, sino al mundo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5374 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -9659,134 +11226,189 @@ msgid "" "the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been downloaded nearly eighty " "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4227 +"No solamente tiene sentido en lo económico, pero hay un fuerte alineamiento " +"con los mandatos de las biblilotecas. Las bibliotecas participantes pagan " +"menos de lo que hubieran tenido que hacer en el modelo cerrado, y los libros " +"abiertos estan disponibles para todas las bibliotecas. Mientras esto " +"significa que las bibliotecas que no participaron podrían ser vistas como " +"aprovechadas, en el mundo bibliotecario, las bibliotecas adineradas están " +"acostumbradas a pagar más que las biblioteecas de escasos recursos y aceptan " +"que parte de su dinero debería ser gastado para apoyar el acceso abierto. " +"«Aprovecharse gratuitamente» es más como una responsabilidad comunitaria. " +"Para finales de Marzo de 2016, los libros de la primera ronda han sido " +"descargados cerca de ochenta mil veces en 175 países." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5386 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" +"Para las editoriales, autores, y bibliotecarios, el modelo de Knowledge " +"Unlatched para monografías es un ganar-ganar-ganar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4236 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5390 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " "Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " -"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " "in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " -"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " "is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " "unlatching journals and older books." msgstr "" +"En la primera ronda, los gastos generales de Knowledge Unlathced fueron " +"cubiertos por subsidios. En la segunda ronda, ellos intentan demostrar que " +"el modelo es sostenible. Las bibliotecas y las editoriales pagarán cada una " +"un 7.5 porciento de cargo por servicio que irá directo a los costos " +"corrientes de Knowledge Unlatched. Con planes de expansión en futuras " +"rondas, Frances se imagina que puden recuperar los costos completamente " +"cuando esten desbloqueando doscientos libros al mismo tiempo. Para el " +"futuro, Knowledge Unlatched está haciendo inversiones en tecnología y " +"procesos. Los planes a futuro incluyen desbloquear revistas especializadas " +"y libros antiguos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5401 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" +"Frances cree que Knowledge Unlatched está adentrandose en nuevos medios de " +"valorar el contenido académico. Es acerca de considerar cuanta gente puede " +"encontrar, acceder, y usar el contenido sin las barrreras del pago. " +"Knowledge Unlatched se acerca a las nuevas posibilidades y comportamientos " +"del mundo digital. En el modelo de Knowledge Unlatched, el proceso de " +"creación de contenido es exactamente el mismo que siempre ha sido, pero en " +"lo económico es diferente. Para Frances, Knowledge Unlatched está conectado " +"al pasado pero moviendose al futuro, una evolución en vez de una revolución." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 -msgid "## Lumen Learning" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5413 +msgid "Lumen Learning" +msgstr "Lumen Learning" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5416 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Lumen Learning es una compañía lucrativa que ayuda a las instituciones " +"educativas a usar recursos educacionales abiertos (OER). Fundada en 2013 en " +"los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4260 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5421 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4262 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5423 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cargos por servicios personalizados, subsidios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4264 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5426 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 21 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4266 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5429 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" +msgstr "Entrevistado: David Wiley y Kim Thanos, cofundadores" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5443 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4288 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5437 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " "student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " "affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " "David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " -"Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open general-education " -"courses across eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with " -"goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the " -"courses to help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the " -"cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero " -"dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when " -"compared with previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of " -"more than twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this " -"project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this " -"initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding " -"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan " -"to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they " -"decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4297 +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" +"Cofundada por el visionario de la educación abierta Dr. David Wiley y el " +"estratega de educación-tecnología Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning está dedicada a " +"mejorar el exito de los estudiantes, aportando nuevas ideas a la pedagogía, " +"y haciendo a la educación más asequible al facilitar la adopción de recursos " +"educativos abiertos. En 2012, David y Kim se asociaron en un proyecto " +"subsidiado llamado la Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Involucraba un conjunto de cursos de educación " +"general totalmente abiertos por medio de ocho colegios que " +"predominanatemente daban servicio a estudiantes en riesgo, con objetivos " +"para reducir dramáticamente el costo de los libros de texto y colaborar para " +"mejorar los cursos para ayudar a los estudiantes triunfar. David y Kim " +"superaron esas metas: el costo de los libros de texto requeridos, " +"remplazados con OER, decrementados hasta cero dolares, y el promedio de la " +"tasa estudiante-exito mejoró por 5 a 10 porciento cuando se le comparaba por " +"los años anteriores. Después de una segunda ronda de financiamiento, un " +"total de más de veinticinco instituciones participaron y se beneficiaron de " +"este proyecto. Para David y Kim esto cambió sus carreras al ver el impacto " +"que esta iniciativa tuvo en los estudiantes de bajos ingresos. David y Kim " +"más adelante buscaron financiamiento de la fundación Bill and Melinda Gates, " +"quienes les pidieron que definieran un plan para expandir su trabajo en una " +"manera financieramente sostenible. Es entonces cuando deciden crear Lumen " +"Learning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5460 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " "education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " -"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in " -"certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " "that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " "a lot of flexibility to do so." msgstr "" +"David y Kim le dieron vueltas al hecho de si debía ser sin lucro o con " +"lucro. Una entidad sin lucro hubiera tenido un acomodo más comfortable con " +"el sector educativo pero hubiera significado que continuamente hubieran " +"tenido que recolectar financiamiento y buscado subsidios de la filantropía. " +"Ademas, los subsidios usualmente requieren que el dinero sea usado en " +"ciertos modos para metas específicas. Si entiendes cosas durante el camino " +"que cambien la manera de concebir como el subsidio debería ser usado, " +"usualmente no hay mucha flexibilidad para hacerlo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4305 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5470 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -9795,9 +11417,16 @@ msgid "" "and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, " "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" +"Pero como una entidad de lucro, tenían que convencer a las instituciones " +"educativas de pagar por lo que Lumen ofrece. En el lado positivo, tendrían " +"más control sobre qué hacer con las ganancias y el dinero invertido; podrían " +"tomar decisiones para invertir los fondos o usarlos de manera diferente " +"basados en la situación y las oportunidades cambiantes. Al final, eligieron " +"el estaus de con-lucro, con su modelo diferente para y cercano de la " +"sustentabilidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5479 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -9805,9 +11434,15 @@ msgid "" "reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that " "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" +"Desde un comienzo, David y Kim ubicaron a Lumen Learning como un medio de " +"ayudar a las instituciones a involucrarse con los recursos educativos " +"abiertos, o OER. Los OER son materiales de enseñanza, aprendizaje, e " +"investigación, todos en medios diferentes, que residen en el dominio público " +"o son liberados bajo alguna licencia abierta que permita el libre uso y " +"reorientación por otros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5487 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -9815,40 +11450,60 @@ msgid "" "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " "they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " "Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " -"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " "learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " "they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " "very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332 +"Al principio, Lumen hacía contratos personalizados paraa cada institución. " +"Esto era complicado y difícil de manejar. Aunque, a través del proceso " +"emergieron los patrones que les permitieron generalizar un conjunto de " +"ofertas y acercamientos. En el presente ellos ya no personalizan tanto como " +"solían hacerlo, en vez de eso tienden a trabajar con clientes que pueden " +"usar las opciones disponibles. Lumen encontró que las instituciones y " +"facultades son generalmente muy buenas para notar el valor que Lumen trae y " +"estan dispuestas a pagar por ello. Al atender poblaciones estudiantiles " +"desfavorecidas ha llevado a Lumen a ser muy pragmática; describen su oferta " +"en terminos cuantitativos—con hechos y figuras—y de una forma que esta muy " +"enfocada al estudiante. Lumen Learning ayuda a los colegios y universidades a" +"—" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5503 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" +"remplazar libros de texto costosos en cursos de gran matrícula con OER;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5509 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" +"proporciona a los estudiantes registrados acceso desde el primer dia a los " +"materiales del curso OER de Lumen totalmente personalizables a través del " +"sistema de gestión de aprendizaje de la institución;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5516 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" +"medición de las mejoras en el éxito del estudiante con métricas como tasas " +"de aprobación, persistencia, y finalización de curso; y" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5522 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" +"colabora con la facultad para realizar mejoras continuas a los OER basado en " +"la investigación del éxito de los estudiantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4338 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5528 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -9856,39 +11511,62 @@ msgid "" "they provide attribution to Lumen Learning following the terms of the " "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" +"Lumen ha desarrollado un paquete de material didáctico abierto, licenciado " +"bajo Creative Commons en más de sesenta y cinco temas. Todos los cursos " +"están disponibles libre y públicamente en su sitio web. Pueden ser copiados " +"y usados por otros en tanto proporcionen los créditos a Lumen Learning " +"siguiendo los terminos de las licencias Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5536 msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" +"Hay tres tipos de servicios agrupados que cuestan dinero. La primera opción, " +"la cual Lumen llama Candela courseware, ofrece integración con el sistema de " +"gestión de aprendizaje de la institución, soporte técnico y pedagógico, y " +"rastreo de la efectividad. El Candela courseware tiene un costo de diez " +"dolares por estudiante suscrito para la institución." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5544 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " "and assessments, and helps instructors find and support the students who " "need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" +"La segunda opción es Waymaker, la cual ofrece los servicios de Candela pero " +"agrega tecnologías para el aprendizaje personalizadas, tales como planes de " +"estudio, mensajes automatizados, y evaluaciones, y ayuda para que los " +"instructores encuentren y apoyen a los estudiantes que más lo necesitan. " +"Los cursos Waymaker tienen un costo de veinticinco dolares por estudiante " +"matriculado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4357 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5551 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" +"La tercera opción y línea emergente de negocios para Lumen es proporcionar " +"orientación y apoyo para intituciones y sistemas estatales que esten " +"buscando el desarrollo de grados completamente OER. Usualmente llamados Z-" +"Degrees, estos programas eliminan los costos de libros de texto para los " +"estudiantes en todos los cursos que esten dentro del grado (ambos, optativos " +"y requeridos) al remplazar los libros de texto comerciales y otros recursos " +"costosos con OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4372 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5560 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -9904,9 +11582,23 @@ msgid "" "model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has generated immense " "goodwill in the community." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4381 +"Lumen genera ingresos al cobrar por sus herramientas con valor añadido y " +"servicios arriba de los cursos libres, justo como las compañías de energía " +"solar proveen las herramientas y servicios que ayudan a la gente a usar un " +"recurso libre-la energía solar. Y el modelo de negocios de Lumen se enfoca " +"en lograr que las intituciones pagen, no los estudiantes. Con los proyectos " +"que hicieron antes de Lumen, David y Kim aprendieron que los estudiantes que " +"tienen acceso a todo el material del curso desde el primer dia tienen gran " +"éxito. Si los estudiantes tiene que pagar, Lumen tendría que restringir el " +"acceso solo para aquellos que pagaron. Desde el comienzo, su postura fue que " +"no pondrían su contenido detras de una barrera de pago. Lumen invierte cero " +"dolares en tecnologías y procesos para restringir el acceso- sin gestión de " +"derechos digitales, sin bombas de tiempo. Mientras que esto ha sido un reto " +"desde la perspectiva del modelo de negocios, desde la perspectiva del acceso " +"abierto, ha generado un inmenso bienestar en la comunidad." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5577 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -9917,22 +11609,41 @@ msgid "" "curates the best OER they can find that addresses those learning needs, " "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4391 -msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4397 +"En la mayoría de los casos, el desarrollo de los cursos está financiado por " +"las instituciones con las que Lumen tiene un contrato. Lumen típicamente " +"trabaja con la facultad que está enseñando el nuevo curso. Usualmente son " +"parte de las instituciones que le pagan a Lumen, pero algunas veces Lumen " +"tiene que expandir al equipo y el contrato con la facultad desde otras " +"instituciones. Primero, la facultad identifica todos los resultados del " +"aprendizaje de los cursos. Entonces Lumen buscan los mejores OER , les ponen " +"agregados y curan, en aquellos que se ajusten mejor a esas necesidades de " +"aprendizaje, que las facultades revisan." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5588 +msgid "" +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +msgstr "" +"Algunas veces a las facultades les gustan los OER existentes, pero no de la " +"manera en que se presentan. La licencia abierta de los OER existentes " +"permite a Lumen tomar y escoger de las imágenes, videos, y otros medios para " +"adaptar y personalizar el curso. Lumen crea nuevo contenido cuando descubren " +"brechas en los OER existentes. Los elementos de los bancos de pruebas y la " +"realimentación de los estudiantes en su progreso son áreas donde el nuevo " +"contenido es frecuentemente necesitado. Una vez que un curso es creado, " +"Lumen lo pone en su plataforma con todos las reconocimientos y vínculos a " +"las fuentes originales intactas, y a todo el nuevo contenido de Lumen se le " +"da una licencia Attribution (CC BY)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5599 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -9940,9 +11651,15 @@ msgid "" "footer, which stays the same for all pages. This doesn’t quite work, " "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" +"Usar solamente OER los hace experimentar de primera mano que tal complejo " +"sería mezclar trabajo licenciado de manera diferente junto. Una estrategia " +"común con los OER es colocar la licencia Creative Commons y la información " +"de atribuciónes en el pie de página del sitio web, el cuál se mantiene igual " +"para todas las páginas. Esto no funciona bien, sin embargo, cuando se " +"mezclan diferentes OER juntos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5607 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -9953,9 +11670,17 @@ msgid "" "attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up at the end of " "each page." msgstr "" +"Remezclar OER usualmente resulta en multiples atribuciones en cada pagina de " +"cada curso-testo de un lugar, imágnes de otro, y videos de otro más. Algunos " +"son licenciados como Attribution (CC BY), otros como Attribution-ShareAlike " +"(CC BY-SA). Si esta información se coloca junto al texto del curso, los " +"miembros del profesorado algunas veces tratan de editarlo y los estudiantes " +"lo encuentran como una distracción. Lumen lidia con este reto al capturar la " +"licencia y la información de las atribuciones como metadatos, y haciendo que " +"se muestren al final de cada página." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5618 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -9963,23 +11688,40 @@ msgid "" "Lumen through presentations, word of mouth, and referrals. Sometimes the " "number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" +"El compromiso de Lumen con las licencias abiertas y su apoyo con los " +"estudiantes de bajos ingresos ha llevado a fuertos relaciones con las " +"instituciones, los entusiastas de la educación abierta, y los " +"subvencionadores.Las personas en sus redes generosamente incrementan la " +"visibilidad de Lumen a través de presentaciones, por el boca a boca, y " +"referencias. Algunas veces el número de solicitudes excede la capacidad del " +"equipo de ventas de Lumen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4425 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5626 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " "the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " -"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-" -"level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where " -"there are projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, " -"they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4433 +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +msgstr "" +"Para gestionar la demanda y asegurarse el exito de los proyectos, su " +"estrategia es ser proactivos y enfocarse en lo qué está pasando en la " +"educación superior en diferentes regiones de los Estados Unidos, poniedo " +"atención de las cosas que pasan a nivel del sistema en una manera que encaje " +"con lo que ofrece Lumen.Un gran ejemplo es el sistema de colegio comunitario " +"de Virginia, que está construyendo Z-Degrees. David y Kim dicen que hay " +"otros nueve estados en E.U.A. con un similar nivel de actividad del sistema " +"en donde Lumen está enfocando estratégicamente sus esfuerzos. Donde haya " +"proyectos que pudieran requerir muchos recursos de parte de Lumen, priorizan " +"a los que tendrían impacto en el mayor número de estudiantes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5639 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -9989,9 +11731,16 @@ msgid "" "to identify new business models that achieve institution goals, while " "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" +"Como un negocio, Lumen esta comprometido con la franqueza. Hay dos puntos " +"fundamentales no negociables: el uso por Lumen de CC BY, la más permisiva de " +"las licencias Creative Commons, para todo el material que crea; y el acceso " +"desde el primer dia para los estudiantes. Teniendo claros los no negociables " +"les permite comprometerse con la comunidad educativa para resolverles retos " +"y trabajar con las instituciones para identificar nuevos modelos de negocio " +"que logren las metas de la institución, mientras Lumen se conserva prospera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5649 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -10001,22 +11750,35 @@ msgid "" "clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open " "community." msgstr "" +"La franqueza también significa que los OER de Lumen necesariamente serán no " +"excluyentes y sin rivalidades. Esto representa varios retos grandes para el " +"modelo de negocios: ¿Por qué invertiría en crear algo que la gente va a ser " +"reticente a pagar ? ¿ Cómo asegura que las inversiones que la comunidad " +"educativa diversa hace en OER no es explotada ? Lumen piensa que todos " +"necesitamos ser claros acerca de como nos beneficiamos de y contribuímos con " +"la comunidad abierta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5659 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" +"En el sector OER, hay ejemplos de empresas, e incluso instituciones, " +"actuando como vividores. Algunos simplemente toman y usan los recursos " +"abiertos sin pagar nada o contribuir de vuelta. Otros regresan el aporte " +"mínimo de manera que puedan dar la cara. La sustentabilidad requerirá de " +"aquellos que usan los recursos abiertos que den en retorno una cantidad que " +"sea justa o que den de regreso algo que sea generoso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5668 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -10025,29 +11787,47 @@ msgid "" "with funding supporting the evolution and improvement of the OER they are " "using." msgstr "" +"Lumen rastrea a las instituciones que acceden y usan su material libre. " +"Proactivamente se ponen en contacto con esas instituciones, con un estimado " +"de cuanto están ahorrando sus estudiantes y los motivan para que se cambien " +"a un modelo de pago. Lumen explica las ventajas del modelo de pago: una " +"relación más interactiva con Lumen; integración con el sistema de gestión de " +"aprendizaje de la institución; garantía de soporte para la facultad y los " +"estudiantes; y la sustentabilidad futura con financiamiento que respalde la " +"evolución y la mejora de los OER que estén usando." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5679 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" +"Lumen trabaja duro para ser un buen ciudadano empresarial en la comunidad de " +"los OER. Para David y Kim, un buen ciudadano empresarial da más de lo que " +"toma, agrega valor único, y es muy transparente acerca de lo que están " +"tomando de la comunidad, qué es lo que están dando en retorno, y qué están " +"monetizando. Lumen piensa que esos son los cimientos de un modelo " +"sostenible y se esfuerza por un balance correcto de todos estos factores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5688 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " "structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is " "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" +"Licenciar todo el contenido que producen con CC BY es una parte fundamental " +"de dar más valor del que toman. Tambien han trabajado duro al encontrar la " +"estructura correcta para su agregación de valor y como empacarlo de manera " +"que sea entendible y repetible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4480 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5694 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -10058,9 +11838,18 @@ msgid "" "funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with angel capital. " "Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." msgstr "" +"A finales del 2016, Lumen tenía ochenta y seis cursos abiertos diferentes, " +"trabajado relaciones con noventa y dos instituciones, y más de setenta y " +"cinco mil estudiantes matriculados. Lumen recibió fondos de inicio al " +"principio de las fundaciones Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, la Hewlett " +"Foundation, y la Shuttleworth Foundation. Desde entonces, Lumen tambipen ha " +"atraído fondos de inversión. Durante los últimos tres años, Lumen ha sido " +"financiado aproximadamente con subvenciones al 60 por ciento, 20 por " +"ciento de ingresos ganados, y 20 por ciento financiado con capital ángel. En " +"el futuro, su estrategia es reemplazar el financiamiento con ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4488 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5706 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -10070,49 +11859,62 @@ msgid "" "people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about " "trust." msgstr "" +"Al crear Lumen Learning, David y Kim dicen que han aterrizado sobre " +"soluciones que nunca imaginaron, y que todavía hay mucho apredizaje en " +"curso. Para ellos, los modelos de negocios abiertos son un campo emergente " +"donde estamos todos aprendiendo a través de la colaboración. Sus mayores " +"recomendaciones para quienes quieran perseguir el modelo abierto son hacer " +"su compromiso con los recursos abiertos público, dejar que la gente sepa lo " +"que sostienes, y no alejarse de eso. Ciertamente es acerca de la confianza." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4494 -msgid "## Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5717 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "Jonathan Mann" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5720 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann es un cantante y escritor de canciones quien es más conocido " +"como el tipo de “Song A Day”. Vive en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4499 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4501 -msgid "jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5723 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4505 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5726 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, " +#| "crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version " +#| "(speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" +"Modelo de ingresos: cargos for servicio personalizado, paga-lo-que-quieras, " +"financiamiento comunitario (basado en subscripción), cargos por versión en-" +"persona (compromisos y presentaciones musicales)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4507 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5731 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 22 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4519 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5739 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -10123,9 +11925,19 @@ msgid "" "and motivation. He has been hired by major conferences to write songs " "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann piensa en su modelo de negocios como “hustling”[1]—tomar casi " +"cualquier oportunidad que veas para hacer dinero. La mayor parte de sus " +"ingresos vienen de escribir canciones bajo comisión para personas y " +"compañías, pero el tiene una amplia variedad de fuentes de ingreso. El tiene " +"patrocinadores en el sitio de financiamiento comunitario Patreon. El obtiene " +"regalías de la publicidad de YouTube y Bandcamp, donde el publica toda su " +"música. El da conferencias pagadas acerca de creatividad y motivaciónales. " +"Ha sido contratado por conferencias importantes para escribir canciones que " +"resuman lo que el conferencista comentó en las sesiones de la conferencia.\n" +"[1] en México lo más parecido sería “milusos”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4528 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5750 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -10136,33 +11948,55 @@ msgid "" "conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time " "magazine." msgstr "" +"Su espiritu emprendedor está acompañado de la volunta para tomar acción " +"rápidamente. La perfecta ilustración de su habilidad de actuar rápidamente " +"ocurrió en 2010, cuando leyó que Apple estaba teniendo una conferencia al " +"dia siguiente relatado a un snafu[2] referente al iPhone 4. Decidió escribir " +"y publicar una canción acerca del iPhone 4 ese dia, y al dia siguiente " +"recibió una llamada de la gente de relaciones públicas de Apple queriendo " +"usar y promocionar el video en la conferencia de Apple. La canción se volvió " +"viral, y la experiencia lo llevó a la revista Time magazine.\n" +"\n" +"[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAFU" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4533 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5761 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " "holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily songwriting, and he is " "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" +"El exitoso “hustling” de Jonathan es también acerca de la persistencia de la " +"vieja escuela. Actualmente él está su octavo año consecutivo de escribir " +"diariamente una canción. El tiene el record mundial Guinness por escribir " +"consecutivamente canciones a diario, y es ampliamente conocido como el tipo " +"“una-canción-al-dia.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5768 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" +"El cayó en este rol al, naturalmente, agarrar una opoprtunidad aleatoria que " +"un amigo le alerto hace siete años—un acto llamado Divertido-Por-Dia, donde " +"las personas tenían que crear una pieza de arte cada dia por treinta y un " +"dias consecutivos. Estaba necesitando un nuevo proyecto, entonces decidió " +"darle una oportunidad al escribir y publicar una canción cada dia. Le agregó " +"un acompañamiento de video a la canción porque sabía que las personas gustan " +"más de mirar videos enlinea que simplemente escuchar archivos de audio." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5778 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " "to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " @@ -10174,41 +12008,86 @@ msgid "" "incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will " "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4562 -msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"El pasó un buen momento haciendo el reto de treinta y un dias, por lo que " +"decidió ver su podía continuarlo por un año. Nunca se detuvo. Ha escrito y " +"publicado una nueva canción cada día literealment, siete dias a la semana, " +"desde que comenzó el proyecto en 2009. Cuando no está escribiendo las " +"canciones por las que los clientes lo contratan que les escriba, compone " +"canciones acerca de lo que sea que este en su mente ese dia. Sus canciones " +"son pegajosas y desenfadadas, pero usualmente contienen al menos una " +"tendencia subyacente de un tema o significado profundo. Ocasionalmente, son " +"extremadamente personales, como la conción que compuso junto su expareja " +"anunciando su ruptura. Llueva o a salga el sol, en la saludo o la " +"enfermedad, Jonathan publica y compone canciones cada dia. Si el está en un " +"vuelo o no es capaz de conseguir acceso a internet en tiempo para cumplir " +"con el límite, preparará con antelación y tendrá a alguien más para publicar " +"la canción por él." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5794 +msgid "" +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " "more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write " "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" +"Durante el tiempop, el gig[3] de una canción-por-dia se volvió la base de su " +"forma de vida. Al principio, el ganaba dinero de alguna de dos formas. La " +"primer manera era entrar en una amplia variedad de concursos y ganar " +"basstantes. La segunda manera era al tener ocasionalmente una canción y " +"video que se volviera viral en algún grado, el cuál traería mas ojos y " +"significaría que habría más gente queriendo que él escriba canciones para " +"ellos. Actualmente el gana la mayoría de su dinero de esta manera.\n" +"\n" +"[3] gig slang (job) (es, eslang ) curro (mx eslang) chamba (ar eslang) " +"laburo" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5803 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super " +#| "simple to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a " +#| "heartfelt, fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced " +#| "song and \\$300 for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product " +#| "launches, weddings, conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the " +#| "one that funded the production of this book." msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" +"Su sitio web explica su trabajo como “tomar cualquier mensaje, desde el " +"super simple hasta el totalmente complicado, y transportar ese mensaje a " +"través de toque al corazón, en una canción divertida y peculiar.” El cobra \\" +"$500 por crear una canción con producción y \\$300 por una canción acústica. " +"Ha sido contratado para lanzamiento de productos, bodas, conferencias, e " +"incluso campañas de Kickstarter como aquella que financió la producción de " +"este libro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4576 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5812 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" +"Jonathan no puede recordan cuando exactamente aprendio por primera vez " +"acerca de Creative Commons, pero comenzó a aplicar licencias CC a sus " +"canciones y videos tan pronto como descubrió la opción. \"CC parece como " +"una obviedad\", dijo Jonathan. \"No entiendo cómo cualquier otra cosa " +"tendría sentido. Parece una cosa tan obvia que usted quisiera que su trabajo " +"pudiera ser compartido.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4584 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5820 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -10218,9 +12097,17 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan said. “That is how music has worked since the beginning of time. " "Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" +"Sus canciones son esencialmente marketing para sus servicios, entonces " +"obviamente entre más lejos se distribuyan sus canciones, será mejor. Usar " +"las licencias CC ayuda a engrasar las ruedas, permitiendo a las personas " +"saber que Jonathan permite e impulsa que las copien, interactuén con, y " +"remezclen su música.” Si dejas que cualquiera haga una versión de tú canción " +"o la remezcle o use partes de ella, asi es como se supone que la música debe " +"trabajar,” comentó Jonathan. “Así es como la música ha trabajado desde el " +"principio del tiempo. Nuestro yo-yo, mio-mio cultural ha socavado eso.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5830 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -10228,9 +12115,14 @@ msgid "" "build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of that,” " "Jonathan said." msgstr "" +"Hay perosnas que versionan sus canciones muy regularmente, y él nunca " +"terminaría con ello. Pero el concuerda que hay mucho más que podría hacer " +"para construír una comunidad. “Existe todo esta sabiduría convencional " +"acerca de cómo construír una audiencia enlinea, y generalmente pienso que no " +"hago nada de eso,” comentó Jonathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4598 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5837 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -10240,9 +12132,17 @@ msgid "" "sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of writing custom songs for " "clients." msgstr "" +"El tiene una comunidad de fans que cultiva en Bandcamp, pero no es su mayor " +"preocupación. “Sí tengo una audiencia primaria que ha estado por un tiempo " +"realmente largo, algunos incluso más largo de lo que he estado haciendo con " +"una canción-al-dia,” él dijo. “también hay un aspecto transitivo que entra " +"en un momento y toman lo que necesitan y entonces se siguen adelante.” " +"Enfocandose menos en construir la comunidad que otros artistas tiene sentido " +"dandole a Jonathan su principal fuente de ingresos de componer canciones " +"personalizadas a sus clientes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -10250,17 +12150,27 @@ msgid "" "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" +"Jonathan reconoce lo que le viene naturalmente y aprovecha esas " +"habilidades.\n" +"A través de la práctica diaria de la composición, se dió cuenta de que tiene " +"un don para destilar temas complicados en conceptos simples y ponerlos en la " +"música. En su canción (Cómo escoger un contraseña maestra) “How to Choose a " +"Master Password,” Jonathan explicó el proceso de crear una contraseña segura " +"en una tonta, canción simple. Fue contratado para componer una canción por " +"un cliente quien le dió una publicación de blog larga y técnica de donde " +"sacar la información. Como un buen (y raro) periodista, tradujo los " +"conceptos técnicos en algo entendible." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4622 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5859 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " @@ -10269,18 +12179,36 @@ msgid "" "about or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that " "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4628 +"Cuando es contratado por un cliente para componer una canción, lo primero " +"que les solicita es enviar una lista de los puntos de discusión y otra " +"información que quieran incluir en la canción. Pone todo eso en un archivo " +"de texto y comienza a mover cosas alrededor, curtando y pegando hasta que el " +"mensaje comienza a salir junto. Lo primero que intenta hacer es entender " +"profunda e intuitivamente el núcleo del mensaje y desarrollar el coro. " +"Entonces busca conexiones o partes que pueda hacer rimar. El proceso entero " +"ciertamente es parecido al buen periodismo, pero por supuesto el producto " +"final de su trabajo es una canción en vez de noticias.”Hay algo acerca de " +"ser desafiado y forzado a tomar información que no se ve como lo que debería " +"ser cantado o que no se ve como que lleve en si mismo una canción,” " +"comentó.”Encuentro ese desafio creativo ciertamente satisfactorio. Me gusta " +"perderme en el proceso. ”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5874 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " "he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" +"Jonathan admite que en un mundo ideal, el escribiria exclusivamente la " +"música que el quisiera, en vez de lo que el cliente quiere que le escriba. " +"Pero su modelo de negocios es acerca de capitalizar sus fortalezas como " +"compositor, y ha encontrado un medio para mantenerlo interesante para sí " +"mismo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5881 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -10292,20 +12220,36 @@ msgid "" "reasons; he is best at using his own unique style rather than mimicking " "others." msgstr "" +"Jonathan usa casi cualquier herramienta posible para hacer dinero de su " +"arte, pero el tiene límites que no quiere cruzar. No escribiria canciones " +"acerca de cosas en las que el fundamentalmente no cree, y han existido " +"momentos en los que ha declinado trabajos por ese principio. Tampoco se " +"alejaría mucho de su estilo natural. “Mi estilo es tonto, por lo que no me " +"puedo acomodar con gente que quiere algo super serio,” comentó Jonathan. " +"“Hago lo que hago muy facilmente, y es parte de quien soy.” Jonathan no se " +"ha metido a escribir comerciales por la misma razón; el es mejor al usar su " +"propio estilo único en vez de imitar a otros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4645 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5893 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " "like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " "the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " -"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " "embodiment of these principles." msgstr "" +"El compromiso una-canción-al-dia de Jonathan ejemplifica el poder del habito " +"y el coraje. La sabiduría convencional acerca de la productividad creativa, " +"incluyendo los consejos en libros como el best-seller The Creative Habit " +"escrito por Twyla Tharp, rutinariamente enfatizan la importancia del ritual " +"y la acción. Ninguna cantidad de planeación puede remplazar el valor de la " +"simple práctica y el solo hacer. El trabajo de Jonathan Mann es una " +"encarnación viviente de estos principios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5902 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -10313,79 +12257,117 @@ msgid "" "comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song " "might be better." msgstr "" +"Cuando habla de su trabajo, comenta acerca de que tanto el proceso de una-" +"canción-al-dia lo ha cambiado. En vez de ver a cualquier pieza de trabajo " +"como algo precioso y quedarse atorado en tratar de hacerlo perfecto, el se " +"ha quedado tranquilo con solo hacerlo. Si la canción de hoy es un fracaso, " +"la canción de mañana puede que sea mejor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4658 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5909 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" +"Jonathan parece tener esta mentalidad acerca de su carrera mas generlizada. " +"Está constantemente experimentando con medio de hacer un ingreso mientras " +"comparte su trabajoj tan ampliamente como sea posible, viendo lo que pega. " +"Mientras él tiene logros mayores de los que está orgulloso de, como estar en " +"el Guiness World Records o tener sus canciones usadas por Steve Jobs, dice " +"que nunca se siente verdaderamente exitoso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4662 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5917 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" +"“El exito se siente como que se ha terminado,” comentó. \"En cierta medida, " +"una persona creativa nunca se sentirá completamente satisfecha porque " +"entonces mucho de lo que los impulsa se iría.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4664 -msgid "## Noun Project" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5923 +msgid "Noun Project" +msgstr "Noun Project" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4668 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5926 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project es una compañía de lucro que ofrece un plataforma enlinea " +"para mostrar iconos visuales de una red global de diseñadores. Fundada en " +"2010 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4670 -msgid "thenounproject.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5931 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4672 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5933 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" +"Modelo de ingresos: cargos de couta por transacción, cargos por servicios " +"personalizados" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4674 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5936 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 6 de octubre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4676 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5939 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Edward Boatman, cofundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5947 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project crea y comparte lenguaje visual. Hay millones que usan los " +"símbolos del Noun Project para simplificar las comunicaciones a través de " +"las fronteras, lenguajes, y culturas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5952 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" +"La idea original para el Noun Project llegó al cofundador Edward Boatman " +"mientras era estudiante en la escuela de diseño en arquitectura. Él siempre " +"ha hecho muchos bocetos y comenzadó a dibujar lo que solía fascinarlo de " +"niño, como trenes, secuoias, y bulldozers. Comenzó a pensar que bueno sería " +"si él tuviera una imagen simple o u ícono pequeño de cada objeto o concepto " +"en el planeta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5960 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -10393,31 +12375,68 @@ msgid "" "provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could " "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" +"Cuando Edward fue al trabajoj en una firma de arquitectos, tuvo que hacer un " +"monto de presentaciones para los clientes. Pero hallar fuentes de alta " +"calidad para los símbolos y los íconos era difícil. No pudo encontrar ningun " +"sitio que se los pudiera proporcionar. Posiblemente su idea de crear una " +"biblioteca de íconos podría ciertamente ayudar a las personas en situaciones " +"similarers." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5968 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" +"Con su socia, Sofya Polyakov, comenzó a recolectar símbolos para un sitio " +"web y a escribir un plan de negocios. La inspiración vino de un libro " +"Professor and the Madman, una crónica del uso del financiamiento social para " +"crear el diccionario Oxford English Dictionary en 1870. Edward comenzó a " +"imaginar financiar colectivamente iconos y símbolos de diseñadores " +"voluntarios alrededor del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4710 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5979 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5976 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a " +#| "huge catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and " +#| "Sofya launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when " +#| "Kickstarter was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to " +#| "introduce the global web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise " +#| "\\$1,500, but in twenty days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their " +#| "idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4716 +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." +msgstr "" +"Entonces Edward fue despedido durante la recesión, lo cuál mostró ser un " +"gran catalizador. Decidió darle a su idea una oportunidad, y en 2010 Edward " +"y Sofya lanzaron el Noun Project con una campaña en Kickstarter, cuando " +"Kickstarter estaba en su infancia.1 Pensaron que sería una buen medio de " +"introducir a la comunidad global de la web a su idea. Su meta fue recolectar " +"\\$1,500 pero en veinte dias obtuvieron más de \\$14,000. Se dieron cuenta " +"de que su idea tenía el potencial para ser algo más grande." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5985 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -10425,9 +12444,14 @@ msgid "" "drawings just gathering “digital dust” on their hard drives. It’s easy to " "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" +"Crearon una plataforma donde los símbolos e iconos podían subirse, y Edward " +"comenzó a reclutar diseñadores talentosos para contribuir con sus diseños, " +"un proceso que describe como fácil de vender. Montones de diseñadores tienen " +"viejos dibujos que solo estan recolectando “polvo digital” en sus discos " +"duros. Es fácil convencerlos de compartirlos finalmente con el mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4724 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5993 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -10436,18 +12460,29 @@ msgid "" "reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the relationship they " "have with their global community of designers." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project actualmente tiene cerca de siete mil diseñadores alrededor " +"del mundo. Pero no todos los envíos son aceptados. El proceso de revisión de " +"calidad del Noun Project significa que solo los mejores trabajso se vuelven " +"parte de su colección. Se aseguran de proporcionar realimentación " +"constructiva y motivadora cuando rechazan una pieza de trabajo, lo cual " +"mantiene y contruye las relaciones que tienen con su comunidad global de " +"diseñadores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4729 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6002 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " "Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a " "business model around free content." msgstr "" +"Las Creative Commons son una parte integral del modelo de negocios del Noun " +"Project; esta decisión se inspiró en el libro de Chris Anderson Free: The " +"Future of Radical Price, el cual introdujo a Edward a la idea de que puedes " +"construir un modelo de negocios alrededor del contenido libre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6009 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -10460,115 +12495,240 @@ msgid "" "want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, " "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4750 +"Edward sabía que quería ofrecer un lenguaje visual libre mientras " +"proporcionaba alguna protección y recompensa a sus contribuyentes. Había una " +"tensión entre esos dos objetivos, pero para Edward, las licencias Creative " +"Commons aportaron el idealismo y la oportunidad de negocios juntas " +"elegantemente. Escogió la licencia Attribution (CC BY), lo cual significa " +"que la gente puede descargar los iconos gratuitamente y modificarlos e " +"incluso usarlos comercialmente. El requerimiento de dar créditos a los " +"creadores originales asegura que el creador pueda construirse una reputación " +"y obtener reconocimiento global por su trabajo. Y si ellos simplemente " +"quieren ofrecer un ícono que las personas puedan usar sin tener que dar " +"créditos, pueden usar la CC0 para poner el trabajo en el dominio público." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6023 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" +"El modelo de negocios del Noun Project y los medios para generar ingresos " +"han evolucionado significativamente a través del tiempo. Su plan inicial fue " +"vender playeras con sus íconos en ellas, lo que en retrospectiva coment " +"Edward era una horrible idea. Les llegaron correos electrónicos de gente " +"diciendo que amaban sus íconos pero preguntaban si podían pagar una cuota en " +"vez de dar los créditos.Las agencias anunciantes (entre otros) querían " +"mantener el marketing y los materiales de presentación limpios y libres de " +"enunciados de créditos. Para Edward, “Ahí fue cuando se nos acabaron las " +"ideas.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4756 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6033 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" +"Les preguntaron a su red global de diseñadores si estarían abiertos a " +"recibir remuneraciones modestas en vez de créditos. Los diseñadores vieron " +"esto como ganar-ganar. La idea de que pudiran ofrecer sus diseños " +"gratuitamente y tener una adudiencia global y tal vez hacer algun dinero fue " +"muy exitante para muchos diseñadores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4768 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6040 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without " +#| "giving attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second " +#| "iteration added a subscription component, where there would be a monthly " +#| "fee to access a certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five " +#| "hundred. However, users didn’t like these hard-count options. They " +#| "preferred to try out many similar icons to see which worked best before " +#| "eventually choosing the one they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved " +#| "to an unlimited model, whereby users have unlimited access to the whole " +#| "library for a flat monthly fee. This service is called NounPro and costs " +#| "\\$9.99 per month. Edward says this model is working well—good for " +#| "customers, good for creators, and good for the platform." msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " "users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " -"This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " "model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " "the platform." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4779 +"El Noun Project en un principio adoptó un modelo donde usar un ícono sin dar " +"créditos costaría \\$1.99 por ícono. La segunda iteración del modelo agregó " +"un componente de subscripción, donde habría una cuota mensual para acceder a " +"cierto número de íconos—diez, cincuenta, un ciento, o quinientos. Sin " +"embargo, a los usuarios no les gustó estas opciones rígidas. Preferían " +"intentar muchos íconos similares para ver cual les funcionaba mejor antes de " +"eventualmente escoger aquella que quisieran usar. Entonces el Noun Project " +"se movió a un modelo ilimitado, por lo cual los usuarios tienen acceso " +"ilimitado a la biblioteca completa por una simple cuota mensual. Este " +"servicio es llamado NounPro y cuesta \\$9.99 por mes. Edward comenta que " +"este modelo esta trabajando bien—bueno para los usuarios, bueno para los " +"creadores, y bueno para la plataforma." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6054 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " -"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of flexibility. " -"Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons without " -"giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for its use. " -"You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how it " -"integrates with your application, but full implementation will require you " -"to purchase the API Pro version." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4783 -msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." +msgstr "" +"Los clientes comenzaron a solicitar una API (application-programming " +"interface), la cual permitiría a los íconos y símbolos del Noun Project ser " +"directamente accesibles desde otras aplicaciones. Edward sabía que los " +"íconos y símbolos serían valiosos en muchos contextos diferentes y que " +"posiblemente ellos no conocerían todos ellos con antelación, entonces ellos " +"contruyeron una API con mucha flexibilidad. Conociendo que la mayoría de las " +"aplicaciones de las APIs querrían usar los íconos sin dar créditos, la API " +"fue diseñada con la intención de cobrar por su uso. Se puede usar la llamada " +"“Playground API” gratuitamente para probar cómo se integra con su " +"aplicación, pero la implementación completa requerirá que se compre las " +"versión API Pro." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6068 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project comparte ingresos con sus diseñadores internacionales. Para " +"una compra de una vez, la ganancia se divide en 70 porciento para el " +"diseñador y 30 porciento para Noun Project." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4792 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6073 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " +#| "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue " +#| "from subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of " +#| "downloads, resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\" +#| "$0.13 per download for that month. For each download, the revenue is " +#| "split 40 percent to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. " +#| "(For API usage, it’s per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s " +#| "share is higher this time as it’s providing more service to the user." msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." +msgstr "" +"Los ingresos de las compras premium (la suscripción y las opciones de la " +"API ) se dividen de una manera diferente. Al final de cada mes, el total de " +"los ingresos por subscripciones es dividido por el cantidad total de " +"descargas en Noun Project, resultando en una tasa por descarga—por ejemplo, " +"puede ser \\$0.13 por descarga para ese mes. Por cada descarga, las " +"ganancias se dividen en 40 porciento para el diseñador y 60 porciento para " +"el Noun Project. (Para el uso de la API, es por uso en vez de por descarga.) " +"Lo compartido por Noun Project es mayor actualmente porque está " +"proporcionando más servicios al usuario." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6085 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6157 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4797 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6084 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top priority." +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project intenta ser completamente transparente acerca de su " +"estructura de regalias.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tienden a " +"sobre-comunicarse con los creadores acerca de eso porque construir confianza " +"es la principal prioridad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6089 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " "creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to " "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" +"Para las mayoría de los creadores, contribuir con Noun Project no es un " +"trabajo de tiempo completo pero es algo que hacen lateralmente. Edward " +"categoriza mensualmente las ganancias para los creadores en tres categorias " +"amplias: suficiente dinero para comprar cerveza; suficiente para pagar las " +"cuentas; y el más exitoso de todos, suficiente para pagar la renta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4815 -msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6096 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +#| "use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but " +#| "also their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag " +#| "any visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for " +#| "teams so people can share visuals with each other and search across their " +#| "combined collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\" +#| "$9.99 per month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per " +#| "month allows up to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, " +#| "use, edit, and add new assets to each other’s collections. And if you " +#| "subscribe to NounPro, you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgid "" +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4821 +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgstr "" +"Recientemente Noun Project lanzó una app llamada Lingo. Los diseñadores " +"pueden usar Lingo para organizar no solo sus iconos y símbolos en Noun " +"Project sino también sus fotos e ilustraciones, diseños UX , et cetera. " +"Usted simplemente jala un cualquier item visual directamente dentro de Lingo " +"para salvarlo. Lingo también para los equipos de manera que las personas " +"pueden compartir visuales mutuamente y buscar a través de sus colecciones " +"combinadas. Lingo es gratuito para el uso personal. Una versión pro de \\" +"$9.99 al mes le permite agregar invitados. Una versión para equipos de \\" +"$49.95 al mes permite que hasta veinticinco miembros colaboren, y que " +"observen, usen, editen, y agregen nuevos activos en las colecciones de cada " +"uno. Y si se suscriben al Noun ProjectPro, pueden acceder al mismo desde " +"Lingo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6110 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -10576,37 +12736,56 @@ msgid "" "design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas " "visually." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project da una tonelada de valor gratuitamente. Un gran porcentaje " +"de sus casi un millon de miembros tienen una cuenta gratuita, pero aun hay " +"montones de cuantas por pago de diseñadores digitales, agencias de " +"publicidad y diseño, educadores, y otros quienes necesiten comunicar ideas " +"visuales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6117 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" +"Para Edward, “crear, compartir, y celebrar el lenguaje visual mundial” es el " +"aspecto más importante de lo hacen ellos; es su misión declarada. Eso los " +"diferencia de otros que ofrecen gráficos, iconos o imágenes predefinidas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6123 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" +"Los creadores del Noun Project estan deacuerdo. Cuando los encuestaron " +"acerca de por qué participaban en el Noun Project, asi es como los " +"diseñadores listaron sus razones: 1) para apoyar la misión del Noun " +"Project, 2) para promover su propia marca personal, y 3) para generar " +"dinero. Es sorprendente observar que el dinero viene en tercer lugar, y la " +"misión , en primero. Si quiere comprometerse en una red global de " +"contribuyentes, es importante tener una misión más allá de hacer dinero." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4838 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6132 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " "genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and credibility. " "CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" +"En la visión de Edward, Creative Commons es central para su misión de bien " +"social y compartir. Usar Creative Commons hace a la misión del Noun Project " +"genuina y ha generado mucho de su impulso inicial y credibilidad. CC viene " +"dentro con una comunidad de usuarios y fans." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4846 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6139 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -10616,30 +12795,57 @@ msgid "" "it. But you need to continue to foster that community through other " "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" +"Edward nos comentó, “No subestimen el poder de una comunidad apasionada " +"alrededor de su producto o su negocio. Van a apoyarte cuando estes siendo " +"destrozado en los medios. Si esoges la via de trabajar con Creative Commons, " +"está dando el primer paso para construir una gran comunidad y sacara partido " +"a una comunidad realmente impresionante que viene con ella. Pero necesita " +"seguir fomentando esa comunidad a través de otras iniciativas y continuar " +"alimentándola.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4851 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6149 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " "profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also " "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" +"El Noun Project cultiva la segunda motivación de sus creadores—promover su " +"propia marca—al conectar cada símbolo e ícono al nombre del creador y página " +"de perfil; cada perfil muestra su colección completa. Los usuarios también " +"pueden buscar los íconos por el nombre del creador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4859 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6156 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " +#| "icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " +#| "comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " +#| "gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " +#| "designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " +#| "and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " +#| "free." msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4867 +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." +msgstr "" +"El Noun Project tambien construye una comunidad a través de Iconotones—" +"hackatones para íconos. En sociedad con una sociedad patrocinadora, el Noun " +"Project llega con un tema (e.g., energía sustentable, bancos de alilmentos, " +"horticultura guerrillera, derechos humanos) y una lista de iconos que son " +"necesarios, los cuales los diseñadores estan invitados a crear en el evento. " +"Los resultados son vectorizados, y agregados en el Noun Project usando la " +"CC0 de tal manera que puedan ser usados por cualquiera gratuitamente." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6165 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -10649,73 +12855,87 @@ msgid "" "world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has " "been key to that goal." msgstr "" +"Proporcionar una versión libre de su producto que satisfaga muchas " +"necesidades de sus clientes realmente le ha permitido al Noun Project " +"construir la versión por pago, usando un modelo orientado a los servicios. " +"El exito del Noun Project se encuentra en crear servicios y contenido qie " +"sean una mezcla estratégica de gratuitos y por pago mientras se mantiendn " +"honestos a su misión—crear, compartir, y celebrar el lenguaje visual " +"mundial. Integrar Creative Commons dentro de su modelo ha sido clave para " +"esa meta." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 -msgid "" -"www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" -"visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4875 -msgid "## Open Data Institute" -msgstr "## Open Data Institute" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6176 +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "Open Data Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6179 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" +"El Open Data Institute es una entidad no lucrativa independiente que " +"conecta, equipa, e inspira a gente alrededor del mundo para inovar con " +"datos. Fundada en 2012 en RU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 -msgid "theodi.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6184 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4884 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6186 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom " +#| "services, donations" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" +"Modelo de ingresos: financiamiento por subvenciones y gubernamental, cargos " +"por servicios personalizados, donaciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4886 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6189 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 11 de noviembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4888 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6192 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Jeni Tennison, director técnico" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4898 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6200 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" +"Cofundado entre Sir Tim Berners-Lee y Sir Nigel Shadbolt en 2012, el Open " +"Data Institute (ODI) con base en Londres ofrece capacitaciones realcionadas " +"con los datos, actos, servicios de consultoría, e investigación. Para el " +"ODI, las licencias Creative Commons son centrales para hacer a su propio " +"modelo de negocios y al de sus clientes, abierto. CC BY (Attribution), CC BY-" +"SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), y CC0 (placed in the public domain) juegan un " +"rol crítico en la misión del ODI ayudando a las personas alrededor del mundo " +"a inovar con los datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4908 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6210 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -10727,9 +12947,20 @@ msgid "" "can help citizens improve their lives by better understanding what is " "happening around them." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4914 +"Los datos respaldan la planificación y la toma de decisiones en todos los " +"aspectos de la sociedad. Los datos climáticos ayudan a los granjeros a saber " +"cuando plantar sus cosechas, los datos de los tiempos de vuelo de las " +"compañías de aviación nos ayudan a planear nuestros viajes, los datos en " +"vivienda local informan a las planeacion citadina. Cuando estos datos no " +"solo son precisos y en tiempo, pero abiertos y accesibles, abren nuevas " +"posibilidades. Los datos abiertos pueden ser un recurso que los negocios " +"usan para construir nuevos productos y servicios. Pueden ayudar a los " +"gobiernos a medir el progreso, mejorar la eficiencia, y asignar las " +"inversiones. Pueden ayudar a los ciudadanos a mejorar sus vidas al " +"permitirles entender mejor qué es lo que esta pasando alrededor de ellos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6222 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -10737,31 +12968,54 @@ msgid "" "policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data " "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" +"El plan de negocios 2012-17 del Open Data Institute comienza describiendo su " +"visión para establecerse como un centro de lider mundial y para investigar y " +"ser inovador con las oportunidades creadas por la política de datos abiertos " +"del gobierno del RU. (El gobierno fue un pionero en iniciativas de " +"políticas abiertas y de datos abiertos.) Continua diciendo que el ODI " +"quiere —" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4921 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6232 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" +"demostrar el valor comercial de los datos de gobierno abiertos y cómo las " +"políticas de datos abiertos afectan esto;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4921 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6238 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" +"desarrollar el caso del beneficio económico y el modelos de negocios para " +"los datos abiertos;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4921 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6244 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" +msgstr "ayudar a los negocios del RU a usar los datos abiertos; y" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6249 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4921 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6249 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"mostrar cómo los datos abiertos pueden mejorar los servicios públicos." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4929 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6254 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -10770,29 +13024,56 @@ msgid "" "cuts across both, with an emphasis on where they overlap—with open data.” " "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +"El ODI es muy explícito acerca de cómo quiere hacer los modelos de negocios " +"abiertos, y definiendo lo que esto significa. Jeni Tennison, director " +"técnico de ODI, lo puso de esta manera:\"Hay todo un ecosistema de abiertos—" +"software de código abierto, gobierno abierto, investigación de acceso abierto" +"—y todo un ecosistema de datos. El trabajo de ODI pasa entre ambos, con un " +"énfasis donde ellos se traslapan—con los datos abiertos.\" El enfoque " +"particular del ODI es mostrar el potencial de los datos abiertos para los " +"ingresos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6264 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " +#| "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " +#| "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching " +#| "funds from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-" +#| "million investment from the Omidyar Network." msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" +"Como una entidad independiente y sin ánimo de lucro, el ODI aseguró £10 " +"millones durante cinco años de parte del gobierno del RU a través de " +"Innovate UK, una agencia que promueve la inovación en ciencia y tecnología. " +"Por este financiamiento, el ODI tiene que asegurar fondos complementarios " +"de otras fuentes, algunas de las cuales fueron cubiertas a través de una " +"inversión de \\$4.75 millones de la Omidyar Network." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6272 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" +"Jeni comenzó su carrera como una desarrolladora y arquitecta técnica para " +"data.gov.uk, la iniciativa pionera de datos abiertos del gobierno del RU. " +"Ayudó para hacer a los conjuntos de datos de los departamentos de gobierno " +"disponibles como datos abiertos. Se unió al ODI en 2012 cuando estaba " +"comenzando, como una de seis personas que lo conformaban. Actualmente tiene " +"un staff de sesenta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6279 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -10800,19 +13081,44 @@ msgid "" "establishes some stability, but also keeps them motivated to go out and " "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" +"El ODI se esfuerza para tener la mitad de su presupuesto anual procedente de " +"las subvenciones del gobierno del RU y Omidyar, y la otra mitad de la " +"investigación basada en proyectos y el trabajo comercial. En la opinión de " +"Jeni, tener este balance de fuentes de ingreso dá una estabilidad, pero " +"tmabién los mantiene motivados para salir y generar esos fondos " +"complementarios en respuesta a las necesidades del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4951 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6287 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" +"En el lado comercial, el ODI genera fondos a través de membresías, " +"capacitación, y servicios de asesoría." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4962 -msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6302 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6291 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +#| "membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +#| "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " +#| "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" +#| "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into " +#| "two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a " +#| "year, and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. " +#| "Commercial members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, " +#| "explore the benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. " +#| "(All members are listed on their website.)2" +msgid "" +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " "ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" "supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " @@ -10820,11 +13126,22 @@ msgid "" "corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " "members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the " "benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members " -"are listed on their website.)2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4974 +"are listed on their website.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Usted se puede unir al ODI como individuo o miembro comercial. Las " +"membresías individuales son paga-lo-que-puedas, con opciones dentro del " +"rango de £1 a £100. Los miembros reciben un periódico, comunicados " +"relacionados y descuentos en cursos de capacitaciones ODI y la cumbre anual, " +"y ellos pueden exhibir un distintivo en su sitio web de apoyador-ODI. Las " +"membresias comerciales están divididas en dos niveles: las pequeñas y " +"medianas empresas y entidades no lucrativas a £720 por año, y corporativos y " +"organizacinoes gubernamentales a £2,200 por año. Los miembros comerciales " +"tienen mayores oportunidades de conectarse y colaborar, explorarr los " +"beneficios de los datos abiertos, y abrir nuevas oportunidades. (Todos " +"miembros son listados en su sitio web.)2" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6305 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -10837,9 +13154,20 @@ msgid "" "sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so they can " "attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4982 +"El ODI proporciona cursos de capacitación estandarizados de datos abiertos " +"en los cuales cualquiera se puede suscribir. Al comienzo la idea era ofrecer " +"un diplomado intensivo y académicamente orientado a los datos abiertos, pero " +"rápidamente se volvió claro que no había mercado para eso. En vez de eso, " +"ofrecieron un curso de capacitación público de cinco dias; ahora el curso " +"más popular es de un dia. La cuota, adicionalmente al compromiso, puede ser " +"una barrera para la participación. Jeni comentó, “La mayoría de las personas " +"que podrían pagarlo no saben que lo necesitan. La mayoría de los que saben " +"que lo necesitan no lo pueden pagar.” Las organizaciones del sector público " +"algunas veces dan vouchers a sus empleados de tal manera que puedan asistir " +"como una forma de desarrollo profesional." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6319 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -10848,9 +13176,16 @@ msgid "" "their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The training " "tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" +"El ODI personaliza la capacitación para sus clientes, para los cuales hay " +"más demanda. Las capacitaciones personalizadas usualmente emergen a través " +"una relación establesida con una organización. El programa de capacitación " +"está basado en una definición del conocimiento de datos abiertos que sea " +"aplicable a la organización y en las habilidades necesitadas por sus " +"ejecutivos de alto nivel, administradores y equipo técnico. La capacitación " +"tiende a generar gran interés y compromiso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6328 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -10858,9 +13193,15 @@ msgid "" "public, and hundreds of people and organizations attend and participate. In " "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" +"La educación acerca de los datos abiertos es también parte del evento de la " +"cumbre anual del ODI, donde con presentaciones trabajadas y conferencistas " +"se exhiben el trabajo del ODI y sus miembros a través del ecosistema entero. " +"Los boletos para la cumbre están disponibles para el público, y cientos de " +"personas y organizaciones asisten y participan. En 2014, hubo cuatro " +"temáticas principales y más de 750 asistentes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6336 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -10869,23 +13210,35 @@ msgid "" "on government, but ODI is working to shift more toward commercial " "organizations." msgstr "" +"Adicionalmente a las membresías y la capacitación, el ODI proporciona " +"servicios de consultoría para ayudar con el soporte técnico de los datos, " +"desarrollo de técnología , gestión de cambios, políticas, y otras áreas. El " +"ODI ha aconsejado a las grandes organizaciones comenrciales, negocios " +"pequeños, y gobiernos internacionales; actualmente el enfoque es en " +"gobierno, pero el ODI está trabajando para desplazarse más hacia las " +"organizaciones comerciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6345 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" +"Del lado comercial, las siguiente proposiciones de valor parecen resonar:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6351 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" +"Entendimiento basado en la información. Los negocios necesitan datos fuera " +"de sus negocios para obtener entendimiento. Los negocios pueden generar " +"valor y perseguir más efectivamente sus propias metas si abren sus propios " +"datos también. Los datos abiertos son un tópico candente." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6359 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -10893,18 +13246,28 @@ msgid "" "is to invite other people to help while still maintaining organizational " "autonomy." msgstr "" +"Inovación abierta. Muchas de las grandes empresas están conscientes de que " +"no inovan muy bien. Un medio en que pueden hacerlo es abrir sus datos. El " +"ODI los motiva para hacerlo incluso si exponen problemas y desafíos. Lo " +"principal es invitar a otras personas para ayudar mientras aún se mantien la " +"autonomía organizativa." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5014 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6368 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " "business is just thinking about open data as a way to be transparent and " "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" +"Responsabilidad social corporativa. Mientras esto resuena con los negocios, " +"el ODI previene en contra de tenerlo como la única razón para hacer a los " +"datos abiertos. Si un negocio está pensando acerca de abrir los datos como " +"una manera de ser transparente y rendir cuentas, pueden perder en eficiencia " +"y oportunidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5022 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6377 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -10913,69 +13276,127 @@ msgid "" "contracted as a service provider to international governments, which " "prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" +"Durante los primeros años, el ODI quería enfocarse solamente en el Reino " +"Unido. Pero en el primer año, grandes delegaciones de visitantes " +"gubernamentales de más de cincuenta países querían aprender más acerca de " +"las prácticas de datos abiertos del gobierno del RU y cómo el ODI observó " +"eso traducirse en valor económico. Fueron contratados como un proveedor de " +"servicios para gobiernos internacionales, quienes mostraron una necesidad de " +"crear “nodos” internacionales del ODI." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5032 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6386 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " "events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " "There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " "are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." msgstr "" +"Los nodos son franquicias del ODI en un nivel regional o de ciudad. " +"Hospedados por organizaciones (con animo de lucro o sin lucro) existentes, " +"operan localmente, pero son parte de la red global. Cada nodo del ODI adopta " +"la carta constitutiva, un conjunto de principios guía y reglas bajo las " +"cuales el ODI opera. Desarrollan y entregan capacitaciones, conectan " +"personas y negocios a través de membresias y eventos, y comunican historias " +"de datos abiertos de su parte del mundo. Existen veintisiete nodos " +"diferentes a través de diecinueve naciones. A dos nodos ODI se les cobra una " +"pequeña cuota por ser parte de la red y usar la marca." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6400 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6398 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"El ODI también tiene programas para ayudar a las start-ups en el RU y a " +"través de Europa a desarrollar un negocio sostenible alrededor de los datos " +"abiertos, ofreciendo mentoría, consejo, capacitación, e incluso espacio para " +"oficinas.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6404 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" +"Una gran parte del modelo de negocios del ODI se gesta alrededor de la " +"construcción comunitaria. Las membresías, capacitaciones, cumbres, servicios " +"de consultoría, nodos, y los programos para start-ups crean un red creciente " +"de lideres y usuarios de datos abiertos.(De hecho, los eventos del ODI " +"operan algo llamado la Open Data Leaders Network.) Para el ODI, la comunidad " +"es fundamental para triunfar. Dedican tiempo y esfuerzos significativos para " +"construirla, no únicamente enlinea sino a través de eventos cara-a-cara." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6418 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6413 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"El ODI ha creado una herramienta enlinea que las organizaciones pueden " +"utilizarla para evaluar los aspectos legales, prácticos, técnicos, y " +"sociales de sus datos abiertos. Si es de alta calidad, la organización puede " +"ganar el Open Data Certificate (certificado de datos abiertos ) de la ODI, " +"una marca reconocida globalmente que declara que sus datos abiertos son " +"usables, confiables, accesibles, descubribles, y que están soportados." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5055 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6421 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " "data, development of open-data tools and standards, and how to deploy open " "data at scale." msgstr "" +"Separado de las actividades comerciales, el ODI genera fondos a través del " +"financiamiento a la investigación. La investigación incluye examinar la " +"evidencia sobre el impacto de los datos abiertos, desarrollo de estándares y " +"herramientas de datos abiertos, y cómo implementar los datos abiertos en " +"escala." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6427 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " "to use Creative Commons licenses rather than creating new “open licenses” of " "their own." msgstr "" +"Las licencias Creative Commons 4.0 cubren los derechos de bases de datos y " +"el ODI recomienda CC BY, CC BY-SA, y CC0 para la liberacion de datos. El ODI " +"alienta a los publicadores de datos a usar las licencias Creative Commons en " +"vez de crear “licencias abiertas” de su autoría." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6433 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -10984,7 +13405,7 @@ msgid "" "Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " "essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " "perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " -"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " "experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " @@ -10992,125 +13413,154 @@ msgid "" "According to Jeni, “The biggest lesson we have learned is that it is " "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5080 +"Para el ODI, abierto está en el corazón de lo que hacen. También liberan " +"cualquier código de software que ellos produzcan bajo las licencias de " +"código abierto, y publicaciones y reportes bajo las licencias CC BY o CC BY-" +"SA. La misión del ODI es conectar y equipar a las personas alrededor del " +"mundo de manera que puedan inovar con los datos. Diseminar historias, " +"investigación, orientación, y código bajo licencias abiertas es esencial " +"para alcanzar esa misión. También demuestra que es perfectamente posible " +"generar flujos de ingresos sostenibles que no dependan de licencias de " +"contenido restrictivas, datos, o código. La gente paga para tener a los " +"expertos del ODI proporcionandoles capacitación, no por los contenidos de la " +"capacitación; la gente paga por los consejos que les proporciona el ODI, no " +"por las metodologías que usan. Producir contenido abierto, datos, y código " +"fuente ayuda a establecer credibilidad y crea conductos para los servicios " +"por pago que ofrecen. De acuerdo con Jeni, “La mayor lección que aprendimos " +"es que es completamente posible ser abierto, conseguir clientes, y hacer " +"dinero.”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6451 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" +"Para que sirva de evidencia de un modelo de negocios abierto exitoso y del " +"retorno de inversión, el ODI tiene una página web pública de indicadores de " +"desempeño fundamentales. He aquí unas cuantas mediciones a pertir del 27 de " +"Abril de 2016:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6459 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " "nodes and ODI start-ups have generated since joining the ODI program: £44.5 " "million" msgstr "" +"La cantidad total de las inversiones de efectivo desbloqueadas en " +"inversiones directas en el ODI, financiamiento de la competencia, contratos " +"directos y asociaciones, y los ingresos que los nodos y las nuevas empresas " +"del ODI han generado desde su incorporación al programa ODI: £ 44.5 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6467 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Número total de miembros activos y nodos alrededor del mundo: 1,350" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6473 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ventas totales desde que comenzó el ODI: £7.44 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6478 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" +"Número total de personas individuales alcanzadas desde que comenzó el ODI, " +"en persona y enlinea: 2.2 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6484 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 -msgid "" -"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Total de certificados de Open Data creados: 151, 000" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 -msgid "" -"e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" -"business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6490 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6489 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: " +#| "5,0805" msgid "" -"theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" +"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: " +"5,080<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Número total de personas capacitadas por el ODI y sus nodos desde que el ODI " +"comenzó: 50,805" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5103 -msgid "## OpenDesk" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6496 +msgid "OpenDesk" +msgstr "OpenDesk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5107 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6499 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Opendesk es una compañía de lucro que ofrece una plataforma enlinea que " +"conecta a los diseñadores de mobiliario alrededor del mundo con clientes y " +"creadores locales quienes traen el diseño a la vida. Fundada en 2014 en el " +"RU." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5109 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6505 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5111 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7062 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6507 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8922 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cargos por una cuota de transacción" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5113 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6510 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 4 de noviembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6513 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" +msgstr "Entrevistados: Nick Ierodiaconou y Joni Steiner, cofundadores" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6521 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " "bring the designs to life. Opendesk and the designer receive a portion of " "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" +"Opendesk es una plataforma enlinea que conecta a los diseñadores de " +"mobiliario alrededor del mundo no solo con los clientes sino también con los " +"creadores locales registrados quienes traen a los diseños a la vida. " +"Opendesk y el diseñador reciben una porción de cada venta que es realizada " +"por un creador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5137 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6527 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -11126,18 +13576,37 @@ msgid "" "two projects ultimately went on separate paths, with Wikihouse becoming a " "nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5143 +"Los cofundadores Nick Ierodiaconou estudiaron y trabajaron como arquitectos " +"juntos. También hicieron bienes. Su primer cliente fue Mint Digital, quien " +"tenía interes en las licencias abiertas. Nick y Joni estaban explorando la " +"fabricación digital, y el interes de Mint en el licencimiento abierto los " +"llevó a pensar como el mundo del código abierto podía interactuar y aplicar " +"a los bienes físicos. Buscaron diseñar algo para el cliente que también " +"fuera reproducible. Como lo plantearon, decidieron \"enviar la receta, pero " +"no el producto.\" Crearon el diseño usando software, lo pusieron bajo una " +"licencia abierta, y lo manufacturaron localmente cerca del cliente. Esto fue " +"el comienzo de la idea para Opendesk. La idea para el Wikihouse—otro " +"proyecto abierto dedicado a la vivienda accesible para todos—comenzó como " +"una discusión alrededor de la misma mesa. Los dos proyectos al final tomaron " +"caminos separados, con Wikihouse volviendose una fundación sin ánimo de " +"lucro y Opendesk en una campañía de lucro." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6544 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " "way that was even close to realistic or competitive. The design community " "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" +"Cuando Nick y Joni se propusieron crear Opendesk, hubo muchas interrogantes " +"acerca de la viabilidad de manufactura distribuida. Nadie lo estaba haciendo " +"de una manera que fuera cercanamente realista o competitiva. La comunidad " +"del diseño tenía la intención, pero completar esa visión estaba todavía " +"lejos del camino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5153 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6551 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -11148,9 +13617,18 @@ msgid "" "ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the wheel " "and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Y ahora el sector está emergiendo, y Nick y Joni estan altamente interesados " +"en los aspectos de la comercialización de ello. Como parte de llegar con " +"un modelo de negocios, empezaron a investigar la propiedad intelectual y las " +"opciones de licenciamiento. Era un espacio espinoso, especialmente para los " +"diseñadores. Justo qué aspecto de un diseño puede tener derechos de autor?" +"¿ Qué es patentable?¿ Cómo puden el permitir la colaboración digital y la " +"distribución ser balanceados contra los deseos del diseñador de aún " +"mantener la propiedad? Al final, decidieron que no había necesidad de " +"reinventar la rueda y decidieron usar las Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6562 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -11158,17 +13636,25 @@ msgid "" "their designs were sold. Coming up with a business model was going to be " "complex." msgstr "" +"Cuando diseñaban el sistema de Opendesk, tenían dos metas. Querían que " +"cualquiera, en cualquier parte del mundo, fuera capaz de descargar diseños " +"de tal manera que pudieran ser manufacturados localment, y querían un modelo " +"viable que beneficiara a los diseñadores cuando sus diseños se vendieran. " +"Salir con un modelo de negocios iba a ser complejo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5163 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6569 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" +"Pensaron mucho en tres ángulos —el potencial de la colaboración social, " +"permitir a los diseñadores escoger sus licencias, y el impacto que estas " +"decisiones en el modelo de negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6574 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -11176,39 +13662,73 @@ msgid "" "choose from the full suite of Creative Commons licenses, deciding for " "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" +"En soporte de la colaboración social, Opendesk activamente promueve (pero no " +"demanda) el licenciamiento abierto. Nick y Joni son agnósticos acerca de " +"cuál licencia Creative Commons es usada; es decisión del diseñador. Pueden " +"ser licencias propietarias o pueden escoger del grupo completo de licencias " +"Creative Commons, decidiendo por sí mismos que tan abiertos o cerrados " +"quieren ser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5174 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6585 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6582 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"En su mayoría, los diseñadores aman la idea de compartir contenido. " +"Entienden que reciben realimentación positiva cuando se les dá crédito, lo " +"que Nick y Joni llamaron “atractivo reputacional.” Y Opendesk hace un " +"magnífico trabajo perfilando a los diseñadores.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6588 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " "with the designer not getting any benefits. So most Opendesk designers " "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" +"Mientras los diseñadores estan de acuerdo en su mayoría con el compartir " +"individual, hay una preocupación de que alguien va a tomar el diseño y " +"manufacturar el mobiliario en volumen, sin que el diseñador obtenga algún " +"beneficio. Por lo que la mayoría de los diseñadores Opendesk escogen la " +"licencia Attributtion-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6595 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " "currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" "controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " "out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" +"Cualquiera puede descargar un diseño y hacerlo por sí mismo, proporcionado " +"para su uso no comercial —y han tenido muchas, muchas descargas. O los " +"usuarios pueden comprar el producto de Opendesk, o de un creador registrado " +"en la red de Opendesk, para una fabricación personal bajo demanda. La red de " +"creadores Opendesk actualmente está integrada por aquellos quienes hacen " +"manufactura digital usando una máquina de control numérico (Computer Numeric " +"Control) que corta formas de las hojas de madera de acuerdo a las " +"especificaciones en el archivo de diseño." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6612 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6605 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -11216,153 +13736,227 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5200 -msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Los creadores se benefician de ser parte de la red de Opendesk. Elaborar " +"mobilario para los clientes locales es un trabajo pagado, y Opendesk genera " +"negocios para ellos. Joni comentó, “Encontrar una comunidad y una red " +"completa de creadores fue bastante sencillo porque construimos en sitio " +"donde las personas podían escribir ahí acerca de sus capacidades. Construir " +"la comunidad del aprendizaje de la comunidad de creadores es como nos hemos " +"avanzado.” Actualmente Opendesk tiene relaciones con cientos de creadores en " +"países alrededor del mundo.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6615 +msgid "" +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" +"Los creadores son una parte crítica del modelo de negocios de Opendesk. Su " +"modelo se basa en las cotizaciones de los creadores. Asi es como se expresa " +"en el sitio web de Opendesk:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6620 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" +"Cuando los clientes compran un producto Opendesk directamente de un creador " +"registrado, ellos pagan:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6626 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" +"el costo de manufactura fijado por el creador (esto cubre el material y los " +"costos de fabricación del producto que será manufacturado y cualquier costo " +"extra por ensamblado cargado por el creador)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6633 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" +"una cuota por diseño para el diseñador (una cuota por diseño que es pagada " +"al diseñador cada vez que su diseño es usado)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6639 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" +"una cuota de porcentaje para la plataforma Opendesk (esto apoya la " +"infraestructura y el desarrollo continuo de la plataforma que nos ayuda a " +"contruir nuestro mercado)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6646 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" "party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own channels—this " "covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" +"una cuota de porcentaje para el canal a través del cuál la venta fue " +"realizada (en este momento es Opendesk, pero en el futuro esperamos abrir " +"esto a vendedores externos quienes puedan vender productos Opendesk a través " +"de sus propios canales—esto cubre ventas y cuotas de marketing para el canal " +"relevante)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6655 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" +"un cargo por servicio local de entregas (la entrega es típicamente cargada " +"por el creador, pero en algunos casos puede ser pagada a un servicio de " +"entrega externo asociado)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6662 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " "happy to quote for assembly on-site and designers may offer bespoke design " "options)" msgstr "" +"cargos por cualquier servicio adicional que seleccione el cliente, tales " +"como ensamblado en sitio (servicos adicionales son discrecionales—en muchos " +"casos los creadores estarán felices de presupuestar por el ensamblado en " +"sitio y los diseñadores podrían ofrecer opciones de diseño a la medida)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6671 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 -msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6670 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" +msgid "" +"local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"impuestos por ventas locales (variable por la ubicación del cliente y el " +"creador)3" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5227 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6676 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" +"A continuación, se detallan cómo se crean las cotizaciones de los creadores:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5236 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6679 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " "Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " -"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of sale. " -"Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and " -"are typically apportioned as follows:" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5244 +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" +msgstr "" +"Cuando los clientes quieren comprar un Opendesk . . . se les proporciona un " +"desglose transparente de las cuotas incluyendo el costo de manufactura, " +"cuota de diseño, la cuota de la plataforma Opendesk y las cuotas por canal. " +"Si un cliente decide comprar al ir directamente con el creador local " +"registrado usando un archivo Opendesk descargado, el creador es responsable " +"de asegurar la cuota de diseño, la cuota de la plataforma Opendesk y las " +"cuotas de canal están incluídas en cualquier cuota en el momento de la " +"venta. Las cuotas de porcentaje están basadas siempre en los costos de " +"manufactura subyacentes y son típicamente prorrateado de la siguiente manera:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6692 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" +"costo de manufactura: fabricación, terminados y cualquier otro costo fijado " +"por el creador (excluyendo cualquier servicio como la entrega o el " +"ensamblado en sitio)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6699 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" -msgstr "" +msgstr "cuota por diseño: 8 porciento del costo de manufactura" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6704 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" -msgstr "" +msgstr "cuota de plataforma: 12 porciento del costo de manufactura" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6709 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" -msgstr "" +msgstr "cuota de canal: 18 porciento del costo de manufactura" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6714 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "impuesto de venta: los aplicables (depende del producto y ubicación)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6719 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" +"Opendesk comparte ingresos con su comunidad de diseñadores. De acuerdo con " +"Nick y Joni, una couta de diseñador típica es alrededor del 2.5 porciento, " +"asi el 8 porciento de Opendesk es más generoso, y proporciona una mayor " +"valor al diseñador." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5256 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6725 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" +"El sitio web de Opendesk muestra historias de diseñadores y creadores. Denis " +"Fuzii publicó el diseño para la silla Valovi de su estudio en São Paulo. " +"Sus diseños han sido descargados más de cinco mil veces en noventa y cinco " +"países. I.J. CNC Services es Ian Jinks, un creador profesional ubicado en el " +"Reino Unido. Actualmente Opendesk representa una gran parte de sus negocios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5264 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6733 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" +"Para administrar recursos y mantenerse eficaz, Opendesk desde hace mucho se " +"ha enfocado en un nicho muy estrecho—principalmente mobilario de oficina de " +"una estética ciertamente simple, el cual usa solo un tipo de material y un " +"tipo de técnica de manufactura. Esto les permite ser más estratégicos y más " +"disruptivos en el mercado, al hacer que las cosas se manufacturen " +"rápidamente con precios competitivos. También refleja su visión de crear " +"piezas funcionales y reproducibles." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5270 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6742 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -11370,9 +13964,15 @@ msgid "" "more social, eco-friendly alternative to mass-production and an affordable " "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" +"En su sitio web, Opendesk describe lo que hacen como “open making (creación " +"abierta)”:”Los diseñadores obtienen un canal de distribución global. Los " +"creadores consiguen trabajos lucrativos y nuevo clientes. Usted obtiene " +"productos de diseñador sin el precio del diseñador, una alternativa más " +"social y amigable con el ambiente, a la producción en masa y una forma más " +"asequible para comprar productos personalizados.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -11380,21 +13980,40 @@ msgid "" "community; it’s a great story to tell. It certainly sets apart Opendesk " "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" +"Nick y Joni comentan que a los clientes les gusta el hecho de que el " +"mobilario tiene una procedencia conocida. Las personas verdaderamente les " +"gusta que su mobilario fue diseñado por cierto diseñador internacional pero " +"que fue hecho por un creador local en su comunidad; es una gran historia " +"para contar. Ciertamente pone aparte al mobilario Opendesk de los objetos " +"usuales producidos en masa de una tienda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6763 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6758 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5290 +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." +msgstr "" +"Nick y Joni estan tomando un acercamiento basado en la comunidad para " +"definir y evolucionar a Opendesk y el modelo de negocios de “creación " +"abierta”. Estan involucrando a los líderes del pensamiento y a los afiliados " +"a definir este nuevo movimiento. Tienen un sitio separado de Open Making, el " +"cual incluye un manifiesto, una guía de campo, y una invitación a " +"involucrarse en la comunidad del Open Making.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> La gente puede enviar sus ideas y discutir los principios y las " +"prácticas de negocios que a ellos les gustaría ver que se usaran." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6767 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -11402,60 +14021,84 @@ msgid "" "of furniture with it. As a consequence, most Opendesk designers choose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" +"Nick y Joni hablaron mucho con nosotros acerca de la propiedad intelectual " +"(IP) y la comercialización. Muchos de sus diseñadores temen a la idea de que " +"alguien pudiera tomar uno de sus archivos de diseño y hacer y vender un " +"número infinito de piezas de mobiliario con él. Como consecuencia, la " +"mayoría de los diseñadores Opendesk escogen la licencia Attribution-" +"NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5293 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6775 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" +"Opendesk estableció un conjunto de principios para lo que su comunidad " +"considera usos comerciales y no comerciales. Su sitio web declara:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6779 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Es inequívocamente uso comercial cuando alguien:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5298 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6784 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "carga una cuota o tiene una ganancia cuando hace un Opendesk" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5298 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "vende (o tiene un servicio comercial basado en) un OpenDesk" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6794 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" +"Lo que sigue a esto es que el uso no comercial es cuando haces un Opendesk " +"por tí mismo, sin intención de ganar ventaja comercial o compensación " +"monetaria. Por ejemplo, estos califican como no comercial:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6802 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" +"es un individuo con su propia máquina de CNC, o con acceso a una máquina de " +"CNC compartida, y personalmente cortará y hará unas pocas piezas de " +"mobiliario por sí mismo" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6809 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" +"es un estudiante (o un maestro) y usa el archivo de diseño con propósitos " +"educativos o capacitación (y no intenta vender las piezas resultantes)" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6816 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" +"trabaja para la caridad y obtiene el corte del mobiliario por voluntarios, o " +"empleados en un fab lab [1] o un maker space[2].\n" +" \n" +"[1] acrónimo del inglés Fabrication Laboratory o Fabulous Laboratory " +"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_lab\n" +"[2] http://makerspace.hacedores.com/ Es un lugar en el que puedes crear " +"objetos o artefactos haciendo uso de las herramientas que se encuentran " +"disponibles para ti en los diferentes talleres que lo conforman" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6822 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -11465,52 +14108,50 @@ msgid "" "that works for all stakeholders—designers, channels, manufacturers, and " "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" +"Independientemente de que las personas técnicamente estén haciendo cosas que " +"implican propiedad intelectual, Nick y Joni encontraron que la gente tiende " +"a acatar los deseos de los creadores por un sentido de justicia. Econtraron " +"que las economías de comportamientos pueden remplazar algunos de los " +"problemas legales espinosos. En su modelo de negocios, Nick y Joni estan " +"tratando de suspender el enfoque en propiedad intelectual y construir un " +"modelo de negocios abierto que funcione para todos los interesados—" +"diseñadores, canales, manufacturadores, y clientes. Para ellos, el valor que " +"genera Opendesk depende del “abierto,” no de la propiedad intelectual." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6833 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" +"La misión de Opendesk es acerca de reubicar la manufactura, lo cual cambia " +"la forma en que pensamos acerca de cómo son hechos los bienes. La " +"comercialización es parte integral de su misión, y han comenzado a enfocarse " +"en mediciones del éxito que registran cuantos creadores y diseñadores estan " +"involucrados a través de Opendesk en trabajo generador de ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6840 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " "it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" +"Como una plataforma global para crear localmente, el modelo de negocios de " +"Opendesk ha sido construido en base a la honestidad, transpariencia, e " +"inclusividad. Como lo describen Nick y Joni, ponen ideas ahí afuera que " +"ganan impulso y entonces tienen esperanza en las personas." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5338 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5338 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5338 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5338 -msgid "openmaking.is" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5340 -msgid "## OpenStax" -msgstr "## OpenStax" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6847 +msgid "OpenStax" +msgstr "OpenStax" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6850 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " @@ -11520,32 +14161,42 @@ msgstr "" "de texto de licencia abierta para cursos de introducción escolar de alta " "demanda y cursos de posicionamiento avanzado. Fundado en 2012 en los EUA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5346 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6855 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5349 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6857 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " +#| "physical copies (textbook sales)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: donaciones, cobros por servicios personalizados, cobros " "por copias físicas (ventas de libros de texto)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5351 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" -msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: Diciembre 16,2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6861 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 16 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5353 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6864 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "Entrevistado: David Harris, Editor en Jefe" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6872 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -11568,15 +14219,15 @@ msgstr "" "licenciado con Creative Commons y disponible para cualquiera, donde sea, en " "cualquier momento— sin costo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6884 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" @@ -11590,8 +14241,8 @@ msgstr "" "OpenStax CNX; el programa para crear libros de texto abiertos se volvió " "OpenStax College, ahora simplemente OpenStax." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6895 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -11614,28 +14265,38 @@ msgstr "" "que esto conduciria a un posterior y acelerado crecimiento a través de la " "fácil adopción por parte de los estudiantes y profesores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5394 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6913 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6907 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" "En 2012, se lanzó OpenStax College como una organización sin animo de lucro " "con la intención de producir libros de texto de alta calidad, con revisión " "por pares y a completos que pudieran estar disponibles sin costo para los " "veinticinco cursos con la más alta matrícula colegial en la nación. Hay " "información que prueba el exito de su hipótesis original de cuantos " -"estudiantes pueden ayudara y cuanto dinero pueden ayudar a ahorrar.1 El " -"contenido producido profesionalente escala rápidamente. Todo sin una fuerza " -"de ventas!" +"estudiantes pueden ayudara y cuanto dinero pueden ayudar a ahorrar." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> El contenido producido " +"profesionalente escala rápidamente. Todo sin una fuerza de ventas!" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6917 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -11644,16 +14305,16 @@ msgid "" "appealing. OpenStax encourages students to talk to their professor and " "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -"Los libros de texto de OpenStax todos son licenciados con Attribution (CC BY)" -", y cada libro de texto esta disponible como PDF, e-book, o página web. " +"Los libros de texto de OpenStax todos son licenciados con Attribution (CC " +"BY), y cada libro de texto esta disponible como PDF, e-book, o página web. " "Aquellos que deseen una copia física pueden comprar uno por un precio " "asequible. Dado el costo de la educación y las deudas estudiantiles en Norte " "America, los libros sin costo o de bajo costo son muy atractivos. OpenStax " "incita a los estudiantes para que hablen con sus profesores y bibliotecarios " "acerca de estos libros de texto y que promuevan su uso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6926 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -11668,8 +14329,8 @@ msgstr "" "capítulos, realizar cambios, y personalizar cualquier libro para que se " "adecúe a sus necesidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6934 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -11682,13 +14343,25 @@ msgstr "" "texto, OpenStax tambien provee presentaciones, bancos de pruebas, preguntas " "clave, y más." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5419 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6945 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6941 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " +#| "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " +#| "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax " +#| "keeps a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Las instituciones pueden sobresalir al ofrecer a los estudiantes una " "educación de costo reducido a través del uso de los libros de texto de " @@ -11697,8 +14370,8 @@ msgstr "" "estudiantes. OpenStax mantiene una lista de instituciones que han adoptado " "sus libros de texto. 2" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6948 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -11710,8 +14383,8 @@ msgstr "" "OpenStax adoptó un modelo que adopta las licencias abiertas y se apoya una " "red extensiva de asociados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6954 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -11731,8 +14404,8 @@ msgstr "" "titulos adicionales y costear la tecnología se espera que todavia requiera " "inversión filantrópica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6965 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -11748,18 +14421,18 @@ msgstr "" "principal de OpenStax y agrega características de las cuales se pueda obtner " "ingresos. Por ejemplo, WebAssign, una herramienta de evaluación y tareas en " "linea, toma en libro de física y agrega problemas de física generados " -"algorítmicamente , con retroalimentación específica del problema, soluciones " +"algorítmicamente, con retroalimentación específica del problema, soluciones " "detalladas y un tutorial de apoyo. Los recursos de WebAssign estan " -"disponibles por una cuota." +"disponibles a los alumnos por una cuota." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6975 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " "student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " "Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " -"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " "published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " "using these funds." msgstr "" @@ -11771,17 +14444,17 @@ msgstr "" "proyecto. OpenStax ha públicado revisiones de sus titulos, tales como " "Introducción a la Sociología 2da Ed, usando estos fondos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6985 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " "freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " -"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can provide " -"their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students money. " -"OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but through " -"free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; partners " -"are out there showcasing their materials." +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" "En la visión de David, este acercamiento permite al mercado operar con " "eficiencia máxima. Los participantes de OpenStax no tienen que preocuparse " @@ -11793,8 +14466,8 @@ msgstr "" "tambien a través de publicidad gratuita y mercadeo. OpenStax no tiene una " "fuerza de ventas; sus participantes estan afuera mostrando sus materiales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5466 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6997 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -11808,12 +14481,12 @@ msgstr "" "OER parecido a OpenStax en comparación con los inconvenientes. David espera " "compartir estos hallazgos con la comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7005 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " @@ -11829,19 +14502,19 @@ msgstr "" "pequeño de cada libro vendido, lo cual también contribuye a las operaciones " "corrientes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7015 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. " -"This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is " -"virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" "Las librerías ubicadas en los campus son parte de la solución de OpenStax. " "OpenStax colabora con la NACSCORP ( Asociación Nacional de la Corporación de " @@ -11855,8 +14528,8 @@ msgstr "" "política no retornable. Esto funciona bien, ya que la venta de sus títulos " "impresos es prácticamente del cien por ciento." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5493 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7028 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -11873,8 +14546,8 @@ msgstr "" "Entonces se vuelve difícil mostrar la restitución sobre una escala de tiempo " "que sea razonable." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -11897,20 +14570,20 @@ msgstr "" "derechos a los autores. El segundo modelo es desarrollar un libro desde " "cero, un buen ejemplo es su libro de biología." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5519 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7049 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." @@ -11931,8 +14604,8 @@ msgstr "" "a producción y a través de la corrección de estilo. El proceso completo es " "muy laborioso." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5528 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7067 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -11951,8 +14624,8 @@ msgstr "" "modelo OER 2.0, donde no hay riesgo para ellos y ellos ganan todo el dinero " "por adelantado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5536 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7077 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -11969,14 +14642,14 @@ msgstr "" "permitir combinaciones sin restricciones, la licencia CC BY da a los " "profesore el control y libertad académica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5545 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7086 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" @@ -11990,40 +14663,44 @@ msgstr "" "compartidos una y otra vez. La licencia CC BY cambia las reglas del " "compromiso y toma ventaja de las ineficiencias del mercado tradicional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7096 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" "Hasta el 16 de septiembre de 2016, OpenStax había alcanzado algunos " "resultados impresionantes. De la hoja de datos de «OpenStax en un vistazo» " "de su reciente material para la prensa:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7103 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "Libros publicados: 23" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7108 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "Estudiantes que han usado OpenStax: 1.6 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5557 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7113 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "Dinero ahorrado por los estudiantes: \\$ 155 millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5557 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7118 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" "Dinero ahorrado por los estudiantes en el ciclo académico 2016-17: \\$77 " "millones" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7124 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -12035,22 +14712,22 @@ msgstr "" "las 2,668 escuelas, 517 son colegios de dos años, 835 colegios de cuatro " "años y universidades, y 344 colegios y universidades fuera de los E.U.A.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7133 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " "math (STEM) fields. Large scale adoption in the United States is seen as a " "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -"Mientras , hasta la fecha, OpenStax se ha enfoncado en los Estados Unidos , " -"allende hay adopción especialmente en los campos (STEM) de la ciencia, " -"tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas. La adopción a gran escala en los " -"Estados Unidos se ve como un precursor necesario para el interes " +"Si bien hasta ahora OpenStax se ha enfoncado en los Estados Unidos, fuera de " +"sus fronteras hay adopción especialmente en los campos de la ciencia, " +"tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM). La adopción a gran escala en " +"los Estados Unidos se ve como un precursor necesario para el interes " "internacional." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5568 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7140 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -12065,8 +14742,8 @@ msgstr "" "acceso a libros de texto sin costo a través del plan curricular de la " "carrera de enfermería, por ejemplo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7148 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -12079,72 +14756,86 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Finalmente, para OpenStax el exito no es únicamente acerca de la adopción de " "sus libros de texto y los ahorros estudiantiles. Hay un aspecto humano en el " -"trabajo que es difícil de medir pero que es increíblemente importante. Se " -"reciben correos electrónicos de estudiante comentando cómo OpenStax los " -"salvo de tomar decisiones difíciles como comprar comida o un libro de texto. " -"OpenStax quisiera evaluar el impacto que sus libros tienen en la eficiencia " -"en el aprendizaje, la persistencia y la completitud. Al contruir un modelo " -"de negocios abierto basado en Creative Commons, OpenStax hace posible para " -"cada estudiante que quiere acceder a la educación , obtenerla." - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5583 -msgid "" -"news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5583 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5585 -msgid "## Amanda Palmer" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5587 +"trabajo que es difícil de medir pero que es increíblemente importante. Han " +"recibido correos electrónicos de estudiantes comentando cómo OpenStax los ha " +"salvado de tomar decisiones difíciles, como elegir entre comprar comida o un " +"libro de texto. OpenStax quisiera evaluar el impacto que sus libros tienen " +"en la eficiencia en el aprendizaje, la persistencia y su terminación. Al " +"construir un modelo de negocios abierto basado en Creative Commons, OpenStax " +"hace posible para cada estudiante que quiere acceder a la educación, " +"alcanzarla." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7161 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" +msgstr "Amanda Palmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7164 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "Amanda Palmer es música, artista, y escritora. Vive en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5589 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7168 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7170 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " +#| "charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-" +#| "person version (performances), selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: financiamiento comunitario (en base a subscripciones), " "paga-lo-que-quieras, cobros por copias físicas ( libros y venta de álbums), " "cobros para versiones en vivo (performances), venta de mercancia" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5595 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" -msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: Diciembre 15, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7175 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 15 de diciembre, 2015" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7185 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/" +"amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-" +"swift/#44e20ce46d67\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16" +"/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-" +"swift/#44e20ce46d67\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7183 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she " +#| "calls a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new " +#| "ways to sustain her creative work. 1" msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " -"sustain her creative work. 1" +"sustain her creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Desde el principio de su carrera, Amanda Palmer ha estado en lo que ella " "llama «un viaje sin mapa», continuamente experimentando para encontrar " "nuevas vias de continuar su trabajo creativo. 1" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7188 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" @@ -12154,12 +14845,12 @@ msgstr "" "reverberaciones de sus regalos artisticos a la comunidad, y vivir de eso " "haciendolo.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7195 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" @@ -12172,8 +14863,8 @@ msgstr "" "pensando como hacer dinero para comprar comida de tal manera que puedan " "seguir haciendo arte.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5626 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7204 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -12200,8 +14891,8 @@ msgstr "" "poner comida en la mesa. Suficientes de tal manera que pudiera seguir " "haciendo arte.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5635 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7218 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -12220,30 +14911,41 @@ msgstr "" "Ellos querían exitos de ventas, pero hacer música para las masas nunca fué " "lo que Amanda y the Dresden Dolls querían hacer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5645 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7229 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " +#| "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the " +#| "public without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay " +#| "what you want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from " +#| "live performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided " +#| "to try her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her " +#| "Kickstarter project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\" +#| "$1.2 million. It remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects " +#| "of all time." msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" "Despues de dejar a la disquera en 2008, comenzó a experimentar con " "diferentes vias de hacer un ingreso. Liberó música directamente al público " -"sin involucrar a un intermediario, proveyó archivos digitales en un modelo «" -"paga lo que quieras» además de vender CDs y viniles. También ganó dinero al " +"sin involucrar a un intermediario, proveyó archivos digitales en un modelo " +"«paga lo que quieras» además de vender CDs y viniles. También ganó dinero al " "realizar performances en vivo y venta de mercancias. Finalmente, en 2012 " "decidió intentar el tipo de financiamiento comunitario que conocemos bien el " "dia de hoy. Su proyecto kickstarter comenzó con una meta de \\$100,000, y " "ella logró \\$1.2 millones. Es uno de los más exitosos proyectos de " "kickstarter de todos los tiempos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7241 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -12263,8 +14965,8 @@ msgstr "" "inspirada a hacer. Todo el contenido que ella crear se hace disponible sin " "costo bajo la licencia Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7252 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -12278,8 +14980,7 @@ msgid "" "later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " "Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " "decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " -"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural " -"fit." +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" "Hacere su arte y música disponibles bajo licencias Creative Commons sin duda " "limita sus opciones en la forma que ella hace un ingreso. Pero compartir su " @@ -12297,14 +14998,14 @@ msgstr "" "estandarizado de hacer lo que habían hecho todo el tiempo. Las licencias " "NonCommercial fueron como hechas a la medida." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5677 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7270 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" "Amanda acepta las vias en que sus fans comparten y construyen a partir de su " "música. En su libro, The Art of Asking, escribió que algunos de los videos " @@ -12313,8 +15014,8 @@ msgstr "" "Amanda lo celebra. «Nos metimos en esto porque queriamos compartir el " "disfrute de la música, » dijo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7278 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -12330,8 +15031,8 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros fans sabían donde vivia y donde practicabamos, sino la mayoría " "habían estado en mi cosina,» escribió Amanda en The Art of Asking." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7287 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -12353,31 +15054,45 @@ msgstr "" "escuchar. «Escuchar y tomar en cuenta de inmediato es una habilidad de uno " "mismo,» escribió Amanda." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7299 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" +"Otra parte de la conexión que sienten los fans con Amanada es cuanto saben " +"ellos de su vida. En vez de tratar de crear una imagen o un personaje " +"público, ella esencialmente vive su vida como un libro abierto. Ha escrito " +"públicamente acerca de evento personales increíbles en su vida, y ella no " +"esta atemorizada de estar vulnerable. Tener tal tipo de confianza en sus fans" +"—la confianza que toma ser verdaderamente honesto—geneta confianza en " +"retorno de sus fans. Cuando ella se reune con sus fans por primera vez " +"después de un espectáculo, ellos pueden sentir legitimamente que la conocen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7309 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" +"«Con los medios de interacción social en línea, estamos tan preocupados de " +"que la imágen sea aceptable y consumible que olvidamos que mostrarse " +"humano, exhibir los errores y exponer la vulnerabilidad ciertamente crea " +"una conexión más profunda que solo verse fantastica,» comentó Amanda.«Todo " +"en nuestra cultura nos dice lo contrario. Pero mi experiencia me ha mostrado " +"que el riesgo de hacerte vulnerable casi siempre vale la pena. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5719 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7318 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -12387,9 +15102,16 @@ msgid "" "her use of Creative Commons licenses. Because that is what you do with your " "friends—you share." msgstr "" +"Ella no solo descubre detalles íntimos de su vida a ellos, duerme en sus " +"sofás, escucha sus historias, llora con ellos. En corto, trata a sus fans " +"cómo amigos en casi todos los aspectos, incluso cuando sean completos " +"extraños. Esta mentalidad—que los fans son amigos—esta completamente " +"entrelazda con el exito de Amanda como artista. Esta también entretejida con " +"el uso de las licencias Creative Commons que hace ella. Porque eso es lo que " +"haces con los amigos—compartes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7328 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -12399,9 +15121,16 @@ msgid "" "from people who know and trust you. People who feel personally invested in " "your success." msgstr "" +"Después de años de invertir tiempo y energía en construir confianza con sus " +"fans, ella tiene una relación con ellos para solicitar apoyo—a través de " +"donaciones paga-lo-que-quieras, Kickstarter, Patreon, e incluso pedirles que " +"den una mano en un concierto. Como Amanda lo explica, el financiamiento " +"comunitario ( que es realmente lo que todas estas diferentes opciones son) " +"es acerca de solicitar apoyo de la gente que te conoce y confía en ti. " +"Personas que se sienten involucradas en su éxito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7338 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -12409,9 +15138,15 @@ msgid "" "band encouraged people to dress up for their shows. They consciously " "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" +"«Cuando confias en la gente, decidida y radicalmente, no solo te cuidan, se " +"vuelven tus aliados, tu familia,» ella escribió. Existe un sentimiento de " +"solidaridad dentro del núcleo de la base de fans. Desde el comienzo, Amanda " +"y su banda motivaron a las personas a preparase para asistir a sus " +"espectáculos. Ellos cultivaron conscientemente un sentimiento de pertenencia " +"a su «pequeña familia rara.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5742 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7346 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -12421,9 +15156,16 @@ msgid "" "them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way that is joyful to " "you.”" msgstr "" +"Este tipo de intimidad con los fans no es posible o incluso deseable para " +"cualquier creador. «No doy por hecho que yo sea el tipo de persona que guste " +"engancharse con extraños,» comentó Amanda. « Reconozco que no es " +"necesariamente la idea de un buen momento de cualquiera. Todos lo hacen " +"diferente. Repetir lo que hice no le funcionará a los demas si no es " +"placentero para ellos. Es acerca de encontrar un medio de canalizar energía " +"en una forma que sea placentera para tí.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7355 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -12436,9 +15178,19 @@ msgid "" "describes it as casting a net. It starts with the art and then the bond " "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" +"Mientas Amanda interactúa placenteramente con sus fans y los involucra en su " +"trabajo tanto como sea posible, ella se guarda un trabajo principalmente " +"para sí misma—escribir música. Ella ama la creatividad con la que sus fans " +"usan y adaptan su trabajo, pero ella intencionalmente no los involucra en la " +"primer etapa de su trabajo artístico. Y, por supuesto, las canciones y la " +"música son lo que inicialmente atrajo a la gente hacia Amanda Palmer. Es " +"únicamente cuando se ha conectado con la gente a través de su música que " +"entonces ella comienza a vincularse con ellos en un nivel más personal, en " +"persona y en línea. En su libro, Amanda lo describe como crear una red. " +"Comineza con el arte y entonces el nexo se fortalece con la conexión humana." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7368 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -12447,64 +15199,84 @@ msgid "" "through a capitalist lens. There is no more satisfying end goal than having " "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" +"Para Amanda, el punto de ser una artista es establecer y mantener esta " +"conexión. «Suena muy cursi,» dice ella,«pero mi experiencia en cuarenta años " +"en este planeta me ha señalado una verdad obvia—que las conexiones con seres " +"humanos se sienten mucho mejor y son más satisfactorias que acercarse al " +"arte a través de la óptica capitalista. No hay meta más satisfactoria que " +"tener alguien que te diga que lo que hace es genuinamente valioso para " +"ellos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5769 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7377 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " "provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " "Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " "what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " -"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " "help her, she lets them." msgstr "" +"Como ella explica, cuando un fan le da diez dolares, usualmente lo que ellos " +"dicen es que el dinero simboliza algun valor profundo que la música les " +"proporcionó. Para Amanda, el arte no es solo un producto; es una relación. " +"Visto desde esta óptica, lo que Amanda hace hoy no es tán diferente de lo " +"que hizo como una joven artista de la calle. Ella comparte su música y " +"otros obsequiso artísticos. Ella se comparte a sí misma. Y en vez de forzar " +"a la gente a ayudarla, los deja hacer." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5773 -msgid "" -"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" -"uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" -"\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5775 -msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7388 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLOS (Biblioteca pública de ciencia)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7391 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." "S." msgstr "" +"PLOS (Public Library of Science/Biblioteca pública de ciencia) es una " +"entidad sin ánimo de lucro que publica una biblioteca de revistas académicas " +"y otra literatura científica. Fundada en el 2000 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5781 -msgid "plos.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7396 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7398 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to " +#| "be featured in the journal" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" +"Modelo de ingresos: cobrar a los creadores de contenido un cargo por " +"procesamiento de autor para ser incluido en la revista" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5786 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7402 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 7 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5788 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7404 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Louise Page, Editor" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7412 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -12518,23 +15290,45 @@ msgid "" "access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released under " "Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5812 +"La biblioteca pública de ciencia (PLOS) comenzó en el año 2000 cuando tres " +"científicos prominentes—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, y Michael Eisen—" +"empezaron una solicitud enlinea. Llamaron a los demás científicos a dejar de " +"enviar sus publicaciones a las revistas especializadas que no liberaran " +"inmediatamente o en los seis meses siguientes el texto completo de sus " +"publicaciones enviadas. Aunque decenas de miles firmaron la petición, la " +"mayoría no siguia adelante. En agosto del 2001, Patrick y Michael anunciaron " +"que ellos comenzarian su propia publicación sin ánimo de lucro para llevar a " +"cabo lo que la petición prometia. Con el financiamiento inicial de la " +"fundación Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS fue lanzado para " +"proporcionar publicaciones especializadas de acceso abierto para " +"biomedicina, con artículos de investigación que son sacados bajo licencias " +"Attribution (CC BY)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7426 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" +"Tradicionalmente, las publicaciones académicas comienzan con un autor " +"enviando un manuscrito a un editor. Después de las consideraciones éticas y " +"técnicas internas, el artículo es revisado por pares para determinar si la " +"calidad del trabajo es aceptable para su publicación. Una vez aceptado, el " +"editor toma el artículo a través de un proceso de copia y edición, " +"transcripción, y eventualmente los publica impresos o enlinea. Los editores " +"tradicionales recuperan costos y ganan ingresos al cobrar una cuota por " +"suscripción a las bibliotecas o una cuota de acceso a los usuario que " +"quieran leer la revista especializada o un artículo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7437 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -12546,64 +15340,117 @@ msgid "" "research slows the dissemination of this research and advancement of the " "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" +"Para Louise Page, el actual editor de PLOS, este modelo tradicional resulta " +"en desigualdades. El acceso esta restringido para aquellos que pueden pagar. " +"La mayoría de la investigación esta financiada a través de instituciones " +"gubernamentales, esto es, con fondos públicos. Es injusto que el público que " +"financió la investigación se le requiera pagar nuevamente para acceder al " +"resultado. No todos pueden pagar las cuotas de subscripción siempre en " +"aumento, que los editores cobran, especialmente cuando los presupuestos de " +"las bibliotecas estan siendo reducidos. Restringir el acceso a los " +"resultados de las investigaciones científicas ralentizan la diseminación de " +"la investigación y avance del campo. Era tiempo para un nuevo modelo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5832 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7449 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5843 +"Ese nuevo modelo se conoció como acceso abierto. Esto es, disponibilidad " +"abierta y sin costo en la Internet. Los artículos de investigación con " +"acceso abierto no estan detrás de un acceso restringido por pago y no " +"requieren credenciales de acceso. Un beneficio fundamental del acceso " +"abierto es que le permite a la gente usar libremente, copiar, y distribuir " +"los artículos, en tanto sean publicados bajo una licencia Attribution (CC " +"BY) (la cual únicamente solicita al usuario dar la apropiada autoría ). Y " +"más importante, los creadores de políticas , profesionales clínicos de la " +"salud emprendedores, educadores, y los estudiantes alrededor del mundo " +"tienen acceso libre y en tiempo a la última investigación inmediatamente en " +"publicación." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7461 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " "billed upon acceptance for publishing. There are no additional charges based " "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5851 +"No obstante, el libre acceso requiere repensar el modelo de negocios de las " +"publicaciones de investigación. En vez de cobrar una cuota de subscripción " +"para acceder a la publicación especializada, PLOS decidió cambiar el modelo " +"completamente y cobrar una cuota de publicación, conocida como cobro por " +"procesamiento de artículo.Esta cuaota inicial, generalmente pagada por el " +"financiador de la investigación o la institución del autor, cubre los gastos " +"tales como supervisión editorial , gestión de la revisión por pares, " +"producción de la revista especializada, servicios de alojamiento enlinea, y " +"apoyo para el descubrimiento. Las cuotas son por artículo y son cobradas " +"cuando se acepta para publicación. No hay cargos adicionales basados en " +"logitud de palabras, figuras, u otros elementos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7473 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " +#| "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " +#| "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, " +#| "medicine, genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, " +#| "and pathogens, the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\" +#| "$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in " +#| "2006, are just under \\$1,500." msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to \\$2,900. Article-" +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" "publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " -"\\$1,500." +"$1,500." msgstr "" +"Calcular el cobro por procesamiento de artículo involucra tomar todos los " +"costos asociados con la publicación de una revista especializada y " +"determinar un costo por artículo que colectivamente recupere los costos. " +"Para las revistas especializadas de PLOS en biología, medicina, genética, " +"biología computacional, enfermedades tropicales descuidadas, y patógenos, el " +"cobro pro procesamiento por artículo va de \\$2,250 a \\$2,900. Los cobros " +"de publicación por artículo para PLOS ONE, una revista especializada que " +"comenzó en 2006, son debajo de los \\$1,500." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7482 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " "institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" +"PLOS cree que la falta de fondos no debería ser una barrera para la " +"publicación. Desde sus comienzos, PLOS ha dado apoyo a los individuos e " +"instituciones para ayudar a los autores que no pueden pagar los cargos por " +"procesamiento por artículo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7488 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " "articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " "Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " @@ -12612,28 +15459,54 @@ msgid "" "community and giving the authors exposure. And this encourages other authors " "to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5878 +"Louise identifica la mercadotecnia como una de las áreas de gran diferencia " +"entre las editoriales de revistas especializadas tradicionales y PLOS. Las " +"revistas especializadas tradicionales tienen que invertir fuertemente en " +"staff, instalaciones, e infraestructura para vender su revista especializada " +"y convencer a los usuarios de suscribirse. Restringir el acceso a los " +"suscriptores significa que son necesarias herramientas de gestión de control " +"de accesos. Ellos gastan millones de dolares en sistemas de control de " +"accesos, personal para manejarlos, y equipos de ventas. Con las " +"publicaciones de acceso abierto de PLOS, no hay necesidad de esos gastos " +"masivos; los artículos son sin costo, abiertos, y accesibles para todos " +"desde la publicación. Adicionalmente, los editores tradicionales tienden a " +"gastar más en mercadear para las bibliotecas, quienes pagan las cuotas de " +"suscripción finalmente. PLOS provee un mejor servicio para los autores al " +"promover sus investigaciones directamente a la comunidad investigadora y " +"darles exposición a los autores. Y esto motiva a otros autores para enviar " +"su trabajo para publicación." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7505 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " "provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" +"Para Louise, PLOS no podría existir sin la licencia Attribution (CC BY). " +"Esto hace muy claro que derechos estan asociados con el contenido y proveen " +"un medio seguro para los investigadores para hacer su trabajo disponible " +"mientras se aseguran de obtener reconocimiento por el mismo ( autoría " +"apropiada ). Para PLOS, todo esto se alinea con la idea que tienen acerca de " +"cómo debería ser publicado y difundido el contenido de investigación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5882 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7513 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" +"PLOS también tiene una política amplia de datos abiertos. Para que el paper " +"de investigación, los autores de PLOS también deben poner sus datos " +"disponibles en un repositorio público y proporcionar un declaración de " +"disponibilidad de datos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7518 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -12642,18 +15515,31 @@ msgid "" "notch. PLOS has to function as well as or better than other premier " "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" +"Los costos de operaciones asociados con el modelo de acceso abierto en gran " +"medida aún siguen el modelo de publicación existente. Las revistas " +"especializadas PLOS estan únicamente enlinea, pero la editorial, la revisión " +"por pares, la producción, transcripción y las etapas de publicación son " +"todas iguales que las de un editor tradicional. Los equipos editoriales " +"deben de ser de primer nivel. PLOS tiene que funcionar tan bien o mejor que " +"otras revistas especializadas prominentes, porque los investigadores tienen " +"opciones en donde publicar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5895 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7527 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " "journal, and the prestige associated with it. PLOS journals rank high, even " "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" +"Los investigadores estan influenciados por las clasificaciones, las cuales " +"reflejan el lugar de la revista especializada en su campo, la relativa " +"dificultad de ser publicado en esa revista especializada, y el prestigio " +"asociado con ello. Las revistas especializadas PLOS se clasifican alto, " +"incluso cuando ellas son relativamente nuevas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7533 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -12662,9 +15548,16 @@ msgid "" "CC BY licensing of PLOS research articles ensures easy access for readers " "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" +"La posición y la promoción de los investigadores está parcialmente basada en " +"cuantas veces otros investigadores citen sus artículos. Louise dice que " +"cuando los investigadores quieren encontrar y leér el trabajo de otros en el " +"campo, van a un agregador enlinea o un motor de busquedas, y no tipicamente " +"a una revista especializada en particular. Los artículos de investigación de " +"PLOS licenciados bajo CC BY garantizan el fácil acceso a los lectores y " +"generan más descubrimientos y citas a los autores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7542 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -12672,9 +15565,15 @@ msgid "" "big impact. In 2012 to 2014, they published more open-access articles than " "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" +"Louise cree que el acceso abierto ha sido un gran éxito, progresando de un " +"movimiento llevado por un pequeño grupo de investigadores hacia algo que se " +"ha esparcido y es usado de alguna forma por las editoriales de revistas " +"especializadas. PLOS ha tenido un gran impacto. De 2012 a 2014, han " +"publicado más artículos de acceso abierto que BioMed Central, la editorial " +"de acceso abierto inicial, o que cualquiera." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5931 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7550 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -12682,12 +15581,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -12696,26 +15595,58 @@ msgid "" "the value of the PLOS ONE model and are now offering their own " "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5935 +"Posteriormente PLOS provocó una brusca ruptura en el modelo tradicional de " +"publicación de las revistas especializadas al crear el concepto de mega " +"revista especializada. La PLOS ONE megajournal, lanzada en 2006, es una " +"revista especializada académica de acceso abierto revisada por pares que es " +"mucho más extensa que una revista especializada tradicional, publicando " +"miles de artículos por año y beneficiandose de las economías de escala. PLOS " +"ONE tiene un enfoque amplio, cubriendo medicina y ciencia asi como ciencias " +"sociales y humanidades. La revisión y el proceso editorial es menos " +"subjetivo. Los artículos son aceptados para su publicación basandose en su " +"solidez técnica en vez de la percepción de relevancia o importancia. Esto es " +"muy importante en el debate actual acerca de la integridad y la " +"reproducibilidad de las investigaciones porque los resultados nulos o " +"negativos pueden ser publicados también, lo cual es generalmente rechazado " +"por la revistas especializadas tradicionales. PLOS ONE, como todas las " +"revistas especializadas PLOS, es únicamente enlinea sin versión impresa. " +"PLOS transfiere los ahorros financieros obtenidos de las economías de escala " +"a los investigadores y el público al reducir los costos por procesamiento de " +"artículos, que son inferiores a los de otras revistas. PLOS ONE es la " +"revista especializada más grande en el mundo y realmente ha puesto el " +"estándar para las publicaciones académicas de revistas especializadas a gran " +"escala. Otros editores han visto el valor del modelo PLOS ONE y están " +"ofreciendo sus propios foros multidisciplinarios para la publicación de todo " +"lo referente a la ciencia." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7574 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" +"Louise esbozo algunos otros aspectos del modelo de negocios PLOS que las " +"revistas especializadas de investigación están experimentando, " +"describiendolos como un tipo de deslizador que puede ser ajustado para " +"cambiar la práctica actual." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7579 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" +"Un deslizador es el tiempo de publicación. El tiempo de publicación puede " +"ser reducido cuando las revistas especializadas se vuelven mejores al " +"proveer rapidamente sus decisiones a los autores. Aunque, siempre existe un " +"tema con la escala, mientras más grande sea el volumen de los artículos, " +"más tiempo requerirá inevitablemente el tiempo de aprobación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5950 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7586 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -12727,18 +15658,33 @@ msgid "" "public. An open-review process can also ensure everyone gets credit; right " "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" +"La revisión por pares es otra parte del proceso que puede cambiar. Es " +"posible redefinir que es realmente la revisión por pares. cuando revisar, y " +"qué constituye el artículo final para publicación. Louise comentó acerca de " +"la capacidad para cambiar a un proceso de revisión abierta, poniendo el " +"énfasis en la transparencia en vez de revisiones de doble-ciego. Louise " +"piensa que nos estamos moviendo hacia una dirección donde es cientamente " +"benéfico para el autor saber quien esta revisando su paper y por el revisor " +"saber que su revisión será publicada. Un proceso de revisión abierta también " +"puede asegurar a todos obtener credito; en este momento, los créditos están " +"limitados al autor y la editorial." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7598 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " "outcomes, we’d learn from what didn’t work. It could also reduce how much " "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" +"Louise comenta que los investigadores con resultados negativos son casi tan " +"importantes como los resultados positivos. Si las revistas especializadas " +"publicaran más investigaciones con resultados negativos, aprenderiamos de lo " +"que no funcionó. También podría disminuír la cantidad de veces que la rueda " +"de la investigación se reinventa alrededor del mundo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5970 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7605 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -12747,132 +15693,207 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5978 +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." +msgstr "" +"Otra práctica ajustable es la distribución de artículos en las etapas " +"iniciales de preimpresión. La publicación de la investigación en una revista " +"especializada con revisión por pares puede tomar mucho tiempo porque los " +"artículos deben de pasar por por una revisión por pares extensiva. La " +"necesidad de hacer circular rápidamente los resultados actuales dentro de " +"una comunidad científica ha llevado a la práctica de distribución de " +"documentos preprint que todavía no han pasado por la revisión por pares. " +"Los documentos preprint amplian el proceso de revisión por pares, " +"permitiendo a los autores recibir realimentación temprana de un amplio grupo " +"de pares, los cuales pueden ayudar a revisar y preparar el artículo para su " +"envio. Balancear las ventajas de los preprints son las preocupaciones de los " +"autores por encima de garantizar su primacía al ser los primeros en mostrar " +"resultados basados en su investigación. Otros investigadores pueden ver " +"hallazgos que los autores del preprint no han pensado todavía. De todas " +"maneras, los preprints ayudan a los investigadores muestran sus " +"descubrimientos temprano y establecen precedencia. Un gran desafío es que " +"los investigadores no tienen mucho tiempo para comentar los preprints." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7623 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " "these changes the current form factor for what constitutes a research " "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5990 +"Lo que constituye un artículo de revista especializada puede cambiar. La " +"idea de un artículo de investigación impreso, listo, y en un estante de " +"biblioteca es obsoleta. La disponibilidad digital y enlinea abren nuevas " +"posibilidades, tales como un documento viviente que evoluciona a través del " +"tiempo, la inclusión del audio y del video, e interactividad, como " +"discusiones y recomendaciones. Con estos cambios el actual factor de forma " +"para lo que constituye un artículo de investigación sufriría " +"transformaciones." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7637 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7641 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " +#| "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel " +#| "like drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates " +#| "and curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It " +#| "also offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users " +#| "assess research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators " +#| "like usage, citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, " +#| "media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that " +#| "the journal model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive " +#| "user experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5999 +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +msgstr "" +"Mientras las revistas especializadas crecen, y nuevas revistas " +"especializadas son introducidas, más y más información es empujada a los " +"lectores; haciendo a la experiencia como beber de una manguera contra " +"incendios. Para ayudar a mitigar esto, PLOS agrega y cura el contenido de " +"las revistas especializadas PLOS y de su red de blogs. 1 También ofrece algo " +"llamado métricas artículo-nivel, las que ayudan al usuario a evaluar las " +"investigaciones más relevantes para el campo mísmo, basadas en indicadores " +"como uso, citas, marcadores sociales y diseminación de la actividad, medios " +"y cubrimiento por blogs, discusiones, e índices de audiencias. 2 Louise cree " +"que el modelo de revista especializada puede evolucionar para proveer una " +"experiencia de uso más amigable e interactiva, incluyendo una via para los " +"lectores para comunicarse con los autores." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7646 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" +"El panorama general para PLOS en el futiro es combinar y ajustar estas " +"prácticas experimentales de manera que continúen mejorando el acceso y la " +"difusión de la investigación, mientras asegura su integridad y fiabilidad. " +"La forma en que se entrelazan es compleja. El proceso de cambio y ajuste es " +"no lineal. PLOS se ve a sí mismo como una editorial muy flexible interesada " +"en explorar todas las permutaciones que pueda haber entre investigador-" +"editorial, con autores y lectores quienes estan abiertos a la " +"experimentación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7656 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" +"Para PLOS, el éxito no se refiere a las ganancias. El éxito es probar que la " +"investigación científica puede ser comunicada rápida y económicamente a " +"escala, para el beneficio de los investigadores y la sociedad. La licencia " +"CC BY hace posible para PLOS publicar de una manera sin restricciones, " +"abierta, y rápida, mietras asegura que los autores obtengan el " +"reconocimiento por su trabajo. Más de dos millones de científicos, erúditos, " +"y especialistas profesionales de la salud visitan PLOS cada mes, con más de " +"135,000 articulos de calidad para su lectura sin costo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7666 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" +"En última instancia, para PLOS, sus autores y sus lectores, el éxito " +"consiste en hacer que la investigación sea visible, disponible y " +"reproducible para el avance de la ciencia." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6018 -msgid "## Rijksmuseum" -msgstr "## Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" +msgstr "Rijksmuseum" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6021 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" "El Rijksmuseum es un museo nacional holandés dedicado al arte y a la " "historia. Fundado en 1800 en Holanda (Países Bajos)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6023 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" -msgstr "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7679 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7681 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person " +#| "version (museum admission), selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: subvenciones y financiamiento gubernamental, cobro de " -"entrada" +"entrada por persona (entrada al museo), venta de mercancía" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6028 -msgid "(museum admission), selling merchandise" -msgstr "(admisión al museo), venta de mercancías" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6030 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7685 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 11 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7688 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections " +#| "information department" msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" "Entrevistada: Lizzy Jongma, Gerente de Datos del Departamento de Información " "sobre Colecciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6049 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7696 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -12901,16 +15922,16 @@ msgstr "" "la memoria del público. A partir de estas circunstancias, nació un nuevo " "modelo para el museo, más abierto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7712 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " @@ -12929,8 +15950,8 @@ msgstr "" "utilizando tecnologías informáticas. Y pusieron una base de datos parecida a " "un catálogo de fichas de toda la colección en línea." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7726 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -12947,20 +15968,38 @@ msgstr "" "colección del Rijksmuseum? Eso eventualmente llevó a ¿y por qué no poner " "toda la colección en línea?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7737 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7735 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " +#| "library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal " +#| "to museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an " +#| "important online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 " +#| "and its public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as " +#| "free of known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 " +#| "to release metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for " +#| "millions of digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum " +#| "initially found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the " +#| "same time it stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum " +#| "should follow suit." msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" "Luego, dice Lizzy, llegó Europeana. Europeana es la biblioteca, museo y " "archivo digital del patrimonio cultural de Europa. Como portal en línea de " @@ -12973,8 +16012,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero al mismo tiempo estimuló aún más discusiones sobre si el Rijksmuseum " "debería seguir el ejemplo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7749 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -12998,8 +16037,8 @@ msgstr "" "acceso significaba que la gente que más se frustraba eran los niños en edad " "escolar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6104 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7762 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -13009,7 +16048,7 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" "En el 2011 el Rijksmuseum comenzó a poner en línea sus fotos digitales de " @@ -13026,8 +16065,8 @@ msgstr "" "algunos. Lizzy dice que tuvieron un montón de debates feroces sobre qué " "hacer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6114 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7776 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -13048,8 +16087,8 @@ msgstr "" "disposición 150,000 imágenes de alta calidad de su colección, con el " "objetivo de eventualmente tener toda la colección en Internet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7787 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -13076,12 +16115,12 @@ msgstr "" "Lizzy llama \"el efecto Mona Lisa\", cuando una obra de arte es tan famosa " "que la gente quiere verla en la vida real visitando de hecho el museo real." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7802 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." @@ -13093,8 +16132,8 @@ msgstr "" "través de otros medios. El cobro de entradas ha sido durante mucho tiempo " "una forma de generar ingresos, incluso para el Rijksmuseum." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7810 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -13119,30 +16158,36 @@ msgstr "" "cartones de leche y juguetes de los niños, la gente también ve de qué Museo " "proviene la imagen y esto incrementa la visibilidad del Museo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6153 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7830 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7824 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "En el 2011, el Rijksmuseum recibió un millón de euros de la lotería " "holandesa para crear una nueva presencia web que sería diferente de la de " "cualquier otro museo. Además de rediseñar su sitio principal para ser " "amigable a los celulares y responsivo a los dispositivos tales como el iPad, " "el Museo también creó el Rijksstudio, donde los usuarios y los artistas " -"pueden utilizar y hacer varias cosas con la colección del Rijksmuseum.2" +"pueden utilizar y hacer varias cosas con la colección del Rijksmuseum." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7833 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " @@ -13158,8 +16203,8 @@ msgstr "" "y se fomenta a los usuarios para que las utilicen de la forma en que " "quieran, para fines privados o incluso comerciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7844 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -13172,8 +16217,8 @@ msgstr "" "imágenes con propósitos educativos, incluyendo el uso para exámenes " "escolares." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6177 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7851 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -13194,17 +16239,38 @@ msgstr "" "el uso comercial. De esa manera, sus obras pueden ponerse a disposición del " "público, pero dentro de los límites establecidos por los artistas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7871 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7862 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. " +#| "The line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, " +#| "even Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his " +#| "paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of " +#| "the images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY " +#| "marketplace Etsy to inspire people to sell their creations. One great " +#| "example you can find on Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who " +#| "used an image of an elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan " +#| "Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " "Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " "The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " -"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to inspire " -"people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on Etsy is a " -"kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an elaborate cabinet " -"along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The Threatened Swan.3" +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "El Rijksmuseum cree que el arte estimula la actividad empresarial. La línea " "entre lo creativo y lo comercial puede ser difusa. Como dice Lizzy, incluso " @@ -13216,21 +16282,58 @@ msgstr "" "un armario elaborado junto con una pintura al óleo de Jan Asselijn llamada " "\"El cisne amenazado\".3" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6200 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7875 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7887 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7874 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " +#| "competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action " +#| "Make Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use " +#| "Rijksstudio images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned " +#| "designers and curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final " +#| "award comes with a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted " +#| "a staggering 892 top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their " +#| "work sold through the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring " +#| "makeup based on a specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The " +#| "Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the " +#| "fun to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of " +#| "the Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." msgstr "" "En 2013, el Rijksmuseum organizó su primera competencia de diseño de alto " "perfil, conocida como el Premio Rijksstudio.4 Con el llamado a la acción de " @@ -13246,8 +16349,8 @@ msgstr "" "lo divertido a lo extraño a lo inspiracional. La tercera edición " "internacional del Premio Rijksstudio comenzó en septiembre de 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7893 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " @@ -13258,8 +16361,8 @@ msgstr "" "sus propias obras de arte, y elementos sociales habilitados para que los " "usuarios puedan interactuar más entre sí." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6211 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7899 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -13275,14 +16378,14 @@ msgstr "" "dramáticamente las visitas a su sitio web, de 35 mil visitas por mes a 300 " "mil visitas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7908 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -13301,20 +16404,20 @@ msgstr "" "de grullas que era desconocida para la comunidad científica al momento de la " "pintura." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6239 -msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but pound-" -"foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose sight of " -"its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7921 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " @@ -13337,74 +16440,55 @@ msgstr "" "resume su experiencia: \"Hay que regalar y obtener algo a cambio. La " "generosidad hace que la gente esté feliz de acompañarte y ayudarte.\"" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6249 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6249 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6249 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6249 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" -"en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" -"award-2015" -msgstr "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; el premio de 2014: www.rijksmuseum." -"nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; el premio de 2015: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/" -"rijksstudio-award-2015" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6249 -msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" -"creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 -msgid "## Shareable" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7941 +msgid "Shareable" +msgstr "Shareable" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6254 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7944 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Shareable es una revista enlinea acerca de compartir. Fundada en 2009 en los " +"E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6256 -msgid "www.shareable.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7948 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6259 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7950 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " +#| "sponsorships" msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" +"Modelo de ingresos: subsidios, financiamiento comunitario ( basado en " +"proyectos), donaciones, patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6261 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7953 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 24 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6263 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7956 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Neal Gorenflo, cofundador y editor ejecutivo" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6274 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7964 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -13415,11 +16499,21 @@ msgid "" "advocate for them. The magazine faced a choice: ride the wave or stand on " "principle." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6284 -msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"En el 2013, Shareable enfrentó a un impasse. La publicación enlinea sin " +"ánimo de lucro había ayudado a comenzar un movimiento colaborativo en los " +"cuatro años anteriores, pero durante el tiempo, observaron que una parte del " +"movimiento es alejaba de sus ideales. Mientras gigantes como Uber y Airnbnb " +"ganaban terreno, la atención comenzó a centrarse en la «economía " +"colaborativa» que conocemos ahora—dirigida por la ganancia, transaccional, y " +"cargado con dinero de capital de riesgo. Los líderes de las start-ups " +"corporativas en este dominio invitaron a Shareable a abogar por ellos. La " +"revista enfrentó una elección: seguir la corriente o mantenerse en sus " +"principios." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7975 +msgid "" +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -13428,9 +16522,18 @@ msgid "" "more. He wrote, “It’s not so much that collaborative consumption is dead, " "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" +"Como organización, Shareable decidió establecer su posición. En 2013, el " +"cofundador y editor ejecutivo Neal Gorenflo escribió una opinión en el " +"PandoDaily que dibujó la nueva actitúd crítica de Shareable acerca de la " +"versión del Silicon Valley de la economía colaborativa, mientras la " +"constrastó con los aspectos de la verdadera economía colaborativa como el " +"software de código abierto, presupuesto participativo (donde los ciudadanos " +"deciden cómo un presupuesto público es gastado), cooperativas, y más. " +"Escribió, «No es tanto de que el consumo colaborativo esté muerto, es más " +"acerca del riesgo de morir mientras es absorbido por los «Borg».»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7987 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -13439,9 +16542,15 @@ msgid "" "small, mission-driven organization. We would never have been able to weather " "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" +"Neal dice que su crítica pública de la economía colaborativa corporativa " +"definió lo que Shareable era y es. El piensa que la revista no estaría en el " +"circuito todavía de haber escogido diferente. «Habríamos obtenido una " +"audiencia diferente, pero eso hubiera conjurado nuestro fin,» comento.«Somo " +"una oranización pequeña, conducidad por una misión. Nunca hubieramos sido " +"capaces de soportar las críticas que Airbnb y Uber estan teniendo ahora.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7996 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -13452,12 +16561,21 @@ msgid "" "magazine became the voice of the “real sharing economy” and continued to " "grow their audience." msgstr "" +"Interesantemente, los seguidores desapasionados son sólo una pequeña " +"porción de la audiencia total de Shareable. La mayoría son lectores " +"ocasionales quienes vienen a través de una historia de Shareable porque " +"ocurre que se alinea con un proyecto o interés que que ellos tengan. Pero " +"escoger principios por encima de la posibilidad de montarse de los grandes " +"corporativos en el espacio colaborativo salvó a Shareable. A pesar de que " +"ellos se separaron de la economía colaborativa corporativa, la revista " +"enlinea se volvió la voz de la «verdadera economía colaborativa» y continuo " +"creciendo su audiencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6310 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8007 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -13465,9 +16583,18 @@ msgid "" "central to solving some of the major problems human beings face—resource " "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" +"Shareable es una revista, pero el contenido que publican es un medio para " +"promover su rol como líder y catalizador del movimiento. Shareable se volvió " +"líder en el movimiento en 2009. « En esos momentos, había un movimiento " +"colaborativo burbujeando debajo de la superficie, pero nadie estaba uniendo " +"los puntos,» dijo Neal. «Decidimos entrar en ese espacio y tomar ese rol.» " +"El pequeño equipo detras de la publicación sin ánimo delucro verdaderamente " +"creyo que la colaboración podría ser una solución central para resolver " +"algunos de los grandes problemas que los seres humanos enfrentan—desigualdad " +"de recursos, aislamientos sociales, y calentamiento global." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6319 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8018 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -13478,25 +16605,46 @@ msgid "" "They particularly focus on how-to content that help their readers make " "changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" +"Han trabajado duro para hallar vias para contar historias que exhiban " +"diferentes medidas para triunfar. «Queríamos cambiar la noción de lo que " +"constituye la buena vida,» comentó Neal. Mientras habían comenzado con una " +"visión muy amplia acerca de la colaboración en general, hoy enfatizan " +"historias acerca los bienes púbicos como «ciudades colaborativas» (i.e., " +"áreas urbanas gestionadas de manera sostenible y cooperativa), asi como " +"también plataformas digitales que se manejan democraticamente. " +"Particularmente ellos se enfocan en contenido cómo-hacer que ayude a sus " +"lectores a realizar cambios en sus propias vidas y comunidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6331 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8029 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " "stories. Much of the content created by the network is licensed with " "Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Más de la mitad de las historias en Shareable son escritas por periodístas " +"que son contratados por la revista.«Particularmente en áreas cuyo contenido " +"sea una prioridad para nosotros, ciertamente queremos ír profundo y " +"controlar la calidad,» dijo Neal. El resto del contenido es contribución de " +"los escritores invitados, a menudo de forma gratuita, o escrito por otras " +"publicaciones de su red de editoriales de contenido. Shareable es un miembro " +"del Post Growth Alliance, el cuál facilita el intercambio de contenido y " +"audiencias entr un gran y creciente grupo mayoritario de entidades sin ánimo " +"de lucro. Cada organización tiene oportunidad de presentar historias al " +"grupo, y las organizaciones pueden usar y promover las historias de cada " +"uno. Mucho del contenido creado por la red es licenciado con Creative " +"Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8043 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -13509,9 +16657,21 @@ msgid "" "It’s hard for us to measure the reach of other media properties, but most of " "the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6351 +"Todo el contenido original de Shareable es publicado bajo la licencia " +"Attibution (CC BY), lo que significa que puede ser usado para cualquier " +"propósito en tanto de los créditos a Shareable. El licenciamiento con " +"Creative Commons está alineado con la visión de Shareable, misión, e " +"identidad. Eso explica la aceptación de la organización de las licencias " +"para su contenido, pero Neal también cree que el licenciamiento CC los ayuda " +"a incrementar su alcance. «Al usar el licenciamiento CC,» comenta, «nos " +"dimos cuenta de que podriamos alcanzar muchas más gente a través de una red " +"formal e informal de republicadores o afiliados. Eso definitivamente ha sido " +"el caso. Es difícil para nosotros medir el alcance de otras propiedades de " +"los medios, pero la mayoría de los medios que republican nuestro trabajo " +"tienen audiencias más grandes que las nuestras.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8057 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -13521,66 +16681,119 @@ msgid "" "Policies for Shareable Cities—are two of the biggest generators of traffic " "on their website." msgstr "" +"Adicionalmente a sus noticias regulares y comentarios enlinea, Shareable " +"también ha experimentado con la publicación de libros. En 2012, trabajaron " +"con un editor tradicional para sacar el libro Share or Die: Voices of the " +"Get Lost Generation in an Age of Crisis. El libro licenciado bajo CC estuvo " +"disponible para su compra en formato impreso o enlinea sin costo. Hasta " +"este dia, el libro—junto con su guía licenciada bajo CC Policies for " +"Shareable Cities—son dos de los mayores generadores de tráfico en su sitio " +"web." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6356 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8067 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" +"En 2016, Shareable auto-publicó un libro de cuidadas y trabajadas historias " +"de Shareable titulado How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. El libro " +"estaba disponible para su vente, pero una versión en formato PDF del libro " +"estuvo disponible sin costo. Shareable planea ofrecer el libro en las " +"siguientes campañas de recaudación de fondos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8074 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6374 -msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6383 +"Este libro reciente es uno de muchos experimentos de recaudación de fondos " +"que Shareable ha conducido en los años recientes. Actualmente, Shareable es " +"financiado principalmente por donaciones de fundaciones, pero se estan " +"moviendo activamente hacia un modelo más diversificado. Tienen promotores en " +"la organización y están trabajando para ampliar su base de donadores " +"individuales. Idealmente, serán financiados eventualemente al ciento " +"porciento por su audiencia. Neal cree que ser totalmente financiados por la " +"comunidad representará mejor su visión del mundo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8084 +msgid "" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" +msgstr "" +"Para Shareable, el éxito es mucho acerca de su impacto en el mundo. Esto es " +"ciento para Neal, pero también para cualquiera que trabaje para Shareable. « " +"Atraemos gente apasionada,» comentó Neal. Alguna veces, eso significa que " +"los empleados trabajan tan duro que se consumen. Neal intenta hacer hincapié " +"al equipo de Shareable que otra parte del éxito es divertirse y cuidarse " +"mientras haces algo que te apasiona. «Una parte central de ser humanos es " +"que estamos en una gran aventura con gente que amamos,» dijo. «Somos una " +"especie que observa sobre el horizonte e imagina y crea nuevos mundos, pero " +"también buscamos el bienestar del hogar y el corazón.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8096 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " +#| "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " +#| "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for " +#| "help. The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and " +#| "start making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up " +#| "reaching their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach " +#| "new people, but the vast majority of backers were people in their " +#| "existing base." msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " "spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " "The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6389 +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +msgstr "" +"En 2013, Shareable comenzó su primera campaña de financiamiento comunitario " +"para lanzar su _Sharing Cities Network_ (Red de Ciudades Colaborativas). " +"Neal comentó que al principio estaban preparados para fallar " +"espectacularmente. Llamaron a sus asesores en pánico y solicitaron ayuda. El " +"consejo que recibieron fue simple—«Sienta tú trasero en una silla y empieza " +"a realizar llamadas.» Eso fue exactamente lo que hicieron, y terminaron " +"alcanzando su meta de \\$50,000. Neal dijo que la campaña los ayudó para " +"alcanzar nuevas personas, pero que la vasta mayoría de los participantes fue " +"gente de su base existente." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8106 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" +"Para Neal, esto simboliza como gran parte del exito se debe a las " +"relaciones. Durante el tiempo, Shareable ha invertido tiempo y energía en " +"las relaciones que han forjado con sus lectores y seguidores. Han invertido " +"recursos en construir relaciones entre sus lectores y seguidores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8113 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -13596,70 +16809,109 @@ msgid "" "will publish a new CC-licensed book in 2017 filled with ideas for their " "network to implement." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6408 +"Shareable comenzó a realizar eventos en 2010. Estos eventos fueron " +"designados para traer a la comunidad colaborativa junta. Pero durante el " +"tiempo se dieron cuenta que podrían alcanzar mucha más gente si ellos " +"ayudaban a sus lectores a realizar sus propios eventos. «Si quisieramos ir " +"en grande en una conferencia, había un gran riesgo y grandes necesidades de " +"personal, además sólo una fracción de nuestra comunidad podría viajar al " +"evento,» comentó Neal. Ayudar a otros para crear sus propios eventos " +"alrededor del mundo les permitió incrementar su trabajo más efectivamente y " +"alcanzar a mucha más getnte. Shearable catalizó trescientos eventos " +"diferentes alcanzando más de veinte mil personas desde que implementó esta " +"estrategia hace tres años. Siguiendo adelante, Shareable está enfocando a la " +"red en crear y distribuir contenido destinado a estimular la acción local. " +"Por ejemplo, Shareable publicará un nuevo libro bajo licencia CC en 2017 " +"lleno de ideas para que las implemente su red." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8130 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" -"fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take the " -"ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" +"Neal comentó que Shareable accidentalmente descubrió esta estrategia, pero " +"parece que encapsula perfectamente como se supone que deben de trabajar los " +"bienes comunes. En vez de tener un acercamiento único, Shareable pone las " +"herramientas al alcance de la gente para que tome las ideas y las adapte a " +"sus propias comunidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6410 -msgid "## Siyavula" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +msgid "Siyavula" +msgstr "Siyavula" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6414 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8141 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" +"Siyavula es una compañía tecnológica educativa que crea libros de texto e " +"integra experiencias de aprendizaje. Fundada en 2012 en Sudafrica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6416 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8146 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6418 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8148 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: cargos por servicios personalizados, patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6420 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8151 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 5 de abril, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6422 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8153 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Mark Horner, CEO" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8160 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" +"La franqueza es un valor principal para Siyavula. Ellos creen que cualquier " +"estudiante y maestrodebería tener acceso a recursos educativos de alta " +"calidad, ya que estos forman la base para un crecimiento y desarrollo " +"prolongado. Siyavula ha sido pionero en crear libros de texto de alta " +"calidad en temas de matemática y ciencia para los grados 4 al 12 en " +"Sudáfrica." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8168 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " "times. Siyavula has significantly shifted directions and strategies to " "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" +"En terminos de crear un un modelo de negocios abierto que involucre Creative " +"Commons, Siyavula—y su fundador, Mark Horner— han tenido alguna experiencia. " +"Siyavula ha cambiado significativamente su dirección y estrategia para " +"sobrevivir y prosperar. Mark dice que ha sido muy orgánico." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6442 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8175 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -13667,50 +16919,106 @@ msgid "" "to high-quality, comprehensive science and math textbooks, so Mark and his " "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" +"Todo comenzó en 2002, cuando Mark y varios colegas en la Universidad del " +"Cabo en Sudáfrica fundaron el proyecto libre de libros de texto de ciencias " +"para nivel medio superior, _Free High School Science Text project_. La " +"mayoría de los estudiantes en el nivel medio superior de Sudáfrica no tenían " +"acceso a libros de texto exhaustivos de alta calidad de matemáticas y " +"ciencias, asi que Mark y sus colegas se dieron a la tarea de editarlos y " +"ponerlos disponibles libremente." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8186 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8183 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6457 +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +msgstr "" +"Como físicos, Mark y sus colegas eran partidarios del software de código " +"abierto. Para hacer a los libros abiertos y gratuitos, adoptaron la licencia " +"GNU de documentación libre de la Free Software Foundation.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Escogieron LaTeX, un programa de composición de " +"texto usado para publicar documentos científicos, para escribir los libros. " +"Durante un periodo de cinco años, el proyecto de libros de texto libres para " +"nivel medio superior produjo libros de matemáticas y ciencias físicas para " +"los grados 10 al 12." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8192 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " "Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" +"En 2007, la fundación Shuttleworth ofreció apoyo financiero para hacer a los " +"libros de texto disponibles para su uso de prueba en más escuelas. Las " +"encuestas realizadas antes y después de que los libros de texto fueran " +"adapotados mostraron que no había señalamientos substanciales acerca del " +"contenido pedagógico de los libros de texto. Esto agradó tanto a los autores " +"como a la fundación Shuttlewoth; Mark continúa sintiendo profundo orgullo de " +"este logro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8200 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " "the printing and distribution options. A few sponsors came on board but not " "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" +"Pero el desarrollo de nuevos libros de texto se congeló en esta etapa. Mark " +"cambió su interés hacia las escuelas rurales, quienes no tenían ningun libro " +"de texto en absoluto, y buscó las opciones de impresión y distribución. " +"Algunos promotores se unieron pero no los necesarios para cubrir las " +"necesidades." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8210 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8206 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " +#| "open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. " +#| "One result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " +#| "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education " +#| "movement grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing " +#| "open content for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became " +#| "Siyavula." msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6477 +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." +msgstr "" +"En 2007, Shuttleworth y el instituto Open Society reunieron a un grupo de " +"activistas de la educación abierta para una reunión pequeña pero vivida en " +"ciudad del Cabo. Uno de los resultados fue la declaración de educación " +"abierta de la ciudad del Cabo, una declaración de principios, estrategias, y " +"compromisos para ayudar al movimiento de educación abierta para crecer. 2 " +"Shuttleworth también invitó a Mark para comenzar un proyecto escribiendo " +"contenido abierto para todos los temas del K-12 en inglés. Ese proyecto se " +"volvió Siyavula." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8215 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -13718,66 +17026,116 @@ msgid "" "was struck, and all the acquired content was licensed with Creative Commons, " "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" +"Escribieron seis libros de texto iniciales. Una pequeña compañía editorial " +"ofreció a Shuttleworth la opción de comprar el contenido K-9 existente de la " +"editorial para cada tema en las escuela sudafricanas tanto en inglés como en " +"afrikaans. Se logró un acuerdo, y todos el contenido adquirido fue " +"licenciado con Creative Commons, ampliando significativamente la colección " +"mas allá de los seis libros iniciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8223 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " "opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" "based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " "resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they were safe to " "share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6498 +"Mark quería generar la curricula pendiente de manera colaborativa a través " +"de comunidades de práctica—esto es, con compañeros educadores y escritores. " +"A pesar de que compartir es fundamental para la enseñanza, pueden existir " +"algunos desafíos cuando se crean recursos educativos colectivamente. Un " +"aspecto es el legal. Es una práctica estándar en educación copiar diagramas " +"y fragmentos de un texto, por supuesto esto no siempre cumple con la " +"legislación del copyright. Otro aspecto es la transparencia. Compartir lo " +"que has generado significa que cualquiera puede verlo y te expone a las " +"críticas. Para aliviar estas preocupaciones, Mark adoptó un acercamiento en " +"forma de equipo para crear e insistió que la curricula estuviera basada " +"enteramente en recursos bajo licencias Creative Commons, asegurandose que de " +"esa manera estarían seguros para compartir y libres de repercusiones legales." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8242 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8238 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" +"Mark no solo quería que los recursos se pudieran compartir, quería que todos " +"los maestros fueran capaced de editar y combinar el contenido. Mark y su " +"equipo tuvieron que proporcionar un formato abierto editable y herramientas " +"para la edición. Terminaron colocando todos los libros que habían adquirido " +"y creado en una plataforma llamada Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Siyavula entrenó a varios maestros para usar Connexions, pero " +"probo ser demasiado complejo y los libros de texto rara vez fueron editados." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8246 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " "Siyavula). As part of that transition in 2009–10, Mark inherited Siyavula as " "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" +"Entonces la fundación Shuttleworth decidió restructurar completamente su " +"trabajo como fundación en un modelo de tutorías ( por razones completamente " +"sin relación con Siyavula ). Como parte de esa transición en 2009–10, Mark " +"heredó Siyavula como una entidad independiente y tomó posesión de esta como " +"un fellow de Shuttleworth." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6511 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8253 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" +"Mark y su equipo experimentaron con varias estrategias diferentes. " +"Intentaron crear una plataforma de almacenamiento y creación llamada Full " +"Marks de tal manera que los maestros pudieran compartir elementos de " +"evaluación. Intentaron crear un servicio llamado Open Press, donde los " +"maestros pudieran perguntar por recursos educativos abiertos para ser " +"agregados en un paquete e impreso para ellos. Estos servicios nunca " +"funcionaron realmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8261 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" +"Entonces el gobierno de Sudáfrica se acerco a Siyavula con el interés de " +"imprimir los seis libros libres de text de ciencias para nivel medio " +"superior (libros de texto de matemáticas y ciencias–física para los grados " +"10 a 12) para todos los estudiantes de medio-superior en Sudáfrica. Aunque " +"en este punto Siyavula estaba un poco decepcionado de los recursos " +"educativos abiertos, vieron esto como una gran oportunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8269 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -13786,74 +17144,122 @@ msgid "" "make the books available on their website, making it possible for learners " "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" +"Comenzaron a pensar de los seis libros que tenían un potencial masívo de " +"mercadeo para Siyavula. Imprimir los libros de Siyavula para cada niño en " +"Sudáfrica le daría a su marca una amplía exposición y podría dirigir grandes " +"cantidades de tráfico a sus sitios web. Además de imprimir libros, Siyavula " +"también podría poner sus libros disponibles en sus sitios web, haciendo " +"posible para los estudiantes tener acceso a ellos usando cualquier " +"dispositivo—computadora, tableta, o teléfono móvil." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8278 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6542 +"Mark y su equipo comenzaron a imaginar qué podrían desarrollar más alla de " +"lo que estuviera en los libros de texto como un servicio por el que se " +"pudiera cobrar. Algo fundamental que no puedes hacer bien en un libro de " +"texto impreso es demostrar soluciones. Tipicamente, una solución en una " +"línea es dada al final del libro pero nada del proceso para llegar a esa " +"solución. Mark y su equipo desarrollaron materiales de práctica y soluciones " +"detalladas, dando a los estudiantes amplias oportunidades para prácticar lo " +"que hubieran aprendido. Además, unu algoritmo podría adaptar estos " +"materiales de práctica a las necesidades individuales de cada estudiante. " +"Llamaron a este servicio Intelligent Practice y agregaron vínculos a el " +"dentro de los libros de texto abiertos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8291 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " "for large volumes and wide-scale use rather than an expensive product " "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" +"El costo por usar Intelligent Practice se fijó muy bajo, haciendolo " +"accesible incluso para aquellos con limitados medios financieros. Siyavula " +"iba por grandes volúmenes y amplio uso en vez de un producto costoso " +"dirigido únicamente a la parte más alta del mercado." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8297 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" +"El gobierno distribuyó los libros a 1.5 millones de estudiantes, pero hubo " +"un hecho inesperado: los libros fueron distribuidos tarde. En vez de " +"esperar, las escuelas que los podían adquirir les dieron a los estudiantes " +"un libro de texto diferente. Los libros de Siyavula eventualmente se " +"distribuyeron, pero con las escuelas adineradas usando un libro diferente, " +"el mercado primario para el servicio Intelligent Practice de Siyavula " +"involuntariamente se volvió los estudiantes de bajos ingresos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6558 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8306 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" +"El sitio de Siyavula contempló un dramático incremento en su tráfico. " +"Tuvieron quinientos mil visitantes por mes a su sitio de matemáticas y la " +"misma cantidad para su sitio de ciencias. Dos quintos del tráfico estaban " +"leyendo en un «teléfono básico» (teléfono móvil de características " +"limitadas ). Las personas con teléfonos básicos leían matemáticas y ciencia " +"en una pantalla de dos pulgadas durante todo el día. Para Mark, era " +"bastante sorprendente y hablaba de una necesidad de lo que estaban " +"atendiendo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6565 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8315 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" +"Al principio, el servicio de Intelligent Practice podía ser pagado " +"únicamente usando una tarjeta de crédito. Esto demostró ser problemático, " +"especialmente para aquellos en el sector demográfico de bajos ingresos, " +"donde las tarjetas de crédito no son predominantes. Mark comenta que " +"Siyavula tuvo una dura lección de modelo de negocios tempranamente. Como él " +"lo describe, no es acerca del producto, sino de cómo lo vendes, quién es el " +"mercado, cuál es el precio, y que barreras para acceder hay." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6570 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8324 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " "where you can offer a related service and convert some people into a paid " "customer." msgstr "" +"Mark describe esto como la primera versión del modelo de negocios de " +"Siyavula: libros de texto abiertos funcionando como material de " +"mercadotecnia y dirigiendo tráfico a ti sitio, donde puede ofrecer un " +"servicio relacionado y convertir algunas personas en clientes de pago." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8330 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -13862,22 +17268,38 @@ msgid "" "contrasts this with traditional publishers who charge over and over again " "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" +"Para Mark una decisión clave para el negocio de Siyavula fue enfocarse en " +"cómo pueden agregar valor por encima de sus servicios básicos. Ellos " +"cobrarán únicamente si están agregando valor único. El contenido presente en " +"los libros de texto no es único, entonces Siyavula no ve ningún valor en " +"cerrarlo y cobrar por el. Mark contrasta esto con los editores tradicionales " +"quienes cobran una y otra vez por el mismo contenido sin agregar valor." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8339 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" +"La segunda versión del modelo de negocios de Siyavula fue una gran y " +"ambiciosa idea—aumentada proporcionalmente. También decidieron vender el " +"servicio Intelligent Practice a las escuelas directamente. Las escuelas " +"pueden suscribirse de una forma por estudiante, por tema. Una suscripción " +"individual le da al estudiante acceso a un tema individual, incluyendo " +"contenido de práctico para cada grado disponible para ese tema. Bajas tasas " +"de suscripción son proporcionadas cuando hay más de doscientos estudiantes, " +"y las escuelas tienen un tope de precio. Un descuento del 40 porciento se " +"ofrece a las escuelas donde los departamentos de matemáticas y de ciencias " +"se suscriben." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8350 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -13886,41 +17308,88 @@ msgid "" "dashboard, where they can view the sections they’ve practiced, how many " "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" +"Los profesores obtienen un panel que les permite monitorear el progreso de " +"una clase entera o ver los resultados de un estudiante. Pueden ver las " +"preguntas en las que los estudiantes están trabajando, identificar áreas de " +"dificultad, y ser más estratégicos en sus enseñazas. Los estudiantes también " +"pueden tener sus propio panel personalizado, donde pueden ver las secciones " +"que han practicado, cuantos puntos han obtenido, y como se va mejorando su " +"desempeño." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8359 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" +"Basado en el éxito de este esfuerzo, Siyavula decidió incrementar " +"sustancialmente la producción de los recursos educativos abiertos de tal " +"manera que pudieran ofrecer el servicio de Intelligent Practice para un " +"rango más amplio de libros. Los libros de matemáticas y ciencias para los " +"grados 10 al 12 fueron retrabajados cada año, y nuevos libros fueron creados " +"para los grados 4 al 6 y depués para los grados 7 al 9." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8370 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8367 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, " +#| "Siyavula produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks " +#| "for grades 4 to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book " +#| "style.4 It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides " +#| "and other resources." msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6615 +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." +msgstr "" +"En asociación, y patrocinado por, la fundación Sasol Inzalo, Siyavula " +"produjo una serie de libros de trabajo de ciencias naturales y tecnología " +"para los grados 4 al 6 titulados Thunderbolt Kids que usa un estilo " +"divertido de cuento de cómic. Es un curriculum completo que también viene " +"con una guía de maestro y otros recursos." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8374 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " +#| "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " +#| "nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book " +#| "in two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " +#| "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure " +#| "their brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on " +#| "books distributed to over one million students." msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" +"A través de esta experiencia, Siyavula aprendió que podían conseguir " +"patrocinadores para ayudar a financiar los libros de texto con lincencias " +"abiertas. Ayudó que Siyavula para este tiempo había coseguido el modelo de " +"producción. Costó aproximadamente \\$150,000 producir un libro en dos " +"idiomas. A los patrocinadores les gustó el aspecto del beneficio social de " +"los libros de texto abiertos via la licencia Creative Commons. También les " +"gustó la exposición que su marca obtuvo. Por cerca de \\$150,000, su logo " +"sería visible en lobros distribuidos a más de un millon de estudiantes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6622 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8384 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -13929,9 +17398,15 @@ msgid "" "Attribution license (CC BY), allowing others to modify and redistribute the " "books." msgstr "" +"Los libros de Siyavula que son revisados, aprovados, y con sello de marca " +"por el gobierno son sin costo y abiertos, estan disponibles en el sitio web " +"de Siyavula bajo la licencia Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND)—NoDerivs " +"significa que estos libros no pueden ser modificados. Los libros con sello " +"de marca no gubernamentales estan disponibles bajo una licencia Attribution " +"(CC BY), permitiendo a otros modificar y redistribuir los libros." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8392 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -13942,31 +17417,62 @@ msgid "" "free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy negotiation, the " "government said no." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6639 +"Aunque el gobierno de Sudáfrica pagó para imprimir y distribuir copias " +"impresas de los libros a menores estudiantes, Siyavula no recibió " +"financiamiento por parte del gobierno. Siyavula inicialmente intentó " +"convencer al gobierno de darles cinco rands por libro (cerca de ¢ 35 usdl). " +"Con esos fondos, Mark comenta que Siyavula podría haber sostenido su " +"operación entera, construido un modelo de base comunitaria para producir más " +"libros, y proveído el servicio Intelligent Practice sin costo para cada " +"menor en el país. Pero después de una larga negociación, el gobierno se negó." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8403 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. " +#| "Providing students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or " +#| "math textbook costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing " +#| "the Siyavula version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of " +#| "over 200 rand per book. But none of those savings were passed on to " +#| "Siyavula. In retrospect, Mark thinks this may have turned out in their " +#| "favor as it allowed them to remain independent from the government." msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" +"Usar los libros de Siyavula generó grandes ahorros para el gobierno. Proveer " +"a los estudiantes con libro de texto publicado tradicional de ciencia o " +"matemáticas para el grado 12 costaría alrededor de 250 rands por libro " +"(cerca de US\\$18). Proporcionar la versión de Siyavula costaría alrededor " +"de 36 rands (cerca de \\$2.60), un ahorro de cerca de 200 rands por libro. " +"Pero ninguno de estos ahorros fue transferido a Siyavula. En retrospectiva, " +"Mark cree que esto podría haberlos ayudado ya que les permitió mantenerse " +"independientes del gobierno." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6646 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8413 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" +"Justo cuando Siyavula estaba planeando incrementar aún más la producción de " +"libros de texto abiertos, el gobierno de Sudáfrica cambió su política de " +"libros de texto. Para ahorrar, el gobierno decaró que habría únicamente un " +"libro de texto autorizado para cada grado y para cada tema. No había " +"garantía de que Siyavula sería escogido. Esto ahuyentó a patrocinadores " +"potenciales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8421 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -13977,69 +17483,80 @@ msgid "" "Pierre Omidyar and his spouse), and continues to be the model Siyavula uses " "today." msgstr "" +"En vez de producir más libros de texto, Siyavula se enfocó en mejorar su " +"tecnología de Intelligent Practice para sus libros existentes. Mark llamó a " +"esta la tercera versión del modelo de negocios de Siyavula—orientandose en " +"la tecnología que provee el servicio de generación de ingresos y generan más " +"usuarios de este servicio. La tercer versión tuvo un gran impulso en 2014 " +"con la inversión de la Omidyar Network ( la empresa filantrópica de riesgo " +"iniciada por el fundador de eBay Pierre Omidyar y su esposa), y continua " +"siendo el modelo que usa Siyavula actualmente." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8432 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" "announced policy that there would be only one textbook per subject turned " "out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" +"Mark dice que las ventas están subiendo, y que verdaderamente estan logrando " +"la meta del servicio Intelligent Practice. Las escuelas siguen usando sus " +"libros de texto abiertos. La anunciada política gubernamental de que " +"existiría únicamente un libro de texto por tema mostró ser bastante " +"conflictiva y está en el limbo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6667 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8439 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" +"Siyavula está explorando una variedad de mejoras a su modelo de negocios. " +"Esto incluye cobrar una pequeña cantidad por servicios de evaluación por " +"teléfono provistos, diversificar su mercado a todos los países de habla " +"inglesa en África, y crear un consorcio que haga al servicio Intelligent " +"Practice libre para todos los niños al vender los datos no personales que " +"Intelligent Practice recolecta." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6680 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8447 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " "do for them. They believe each individual should have access to the " -"resources and support they need to achieve the education they deserve. " -"Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons means " -"they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build " -"revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In " -"terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the " -"block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6687 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6687 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6687 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6687 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" +"resources and support they need to achieve the education they deserve. " +"Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons means " +"they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build " +"revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In " +"terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the " +"block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6689 -msgid "## Sparkfun" -msgstr "## Sparkfun" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6692 +"Siyavula es una empresa con ánimo de lucro pero una con una misión social. " +"Su acuerdo de accionista lista muchos requisitos alrededor de la " +"transparencia para Siyavula, incluyendo estipulaciones de que el contenido " +"siempre sera puesto bajo una licencia abierta y de que no pueden cobrar por " +"algo que la gente realizo para ellos voluntariamente. Ellos creen que cada " +"individuo debería tener acceso a los recursos y el apoyo que necesitan para " +"alcanzar la educación que merecen. Tener recursos educativos abiertamente " +"licenciados bajo Creative Commons significa que pueden completar su misión " +"social, encima de la cual pueden construir servicios que generen ingresos " +"para sostener la operación corriente de Siyavula. En terminos de modelos de " +"negocios abiertos, Mark y Siyavula pueden haber tenido experiencias, pero " +"ambos, él y la compañía son más fuertes por eso." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8463 +msgid "SparkFun" +msgstr "SparkFun" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8466 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." @@ -14047,30 +17564,39 @@ msgstr "" "SparkFun es una tienda en línea de ventas al por menor que se especializa en " "hardware abierto. Fundada en 2003 en Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6694 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" -msgstr "www.sparkfun.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8470 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6696 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8472 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" "Modelo de ingresos: cobrar por copias físicas (ventas de componentes " "electrónicos)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6698 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" -msgstr "Fecha de entrevista: 29 de febrero de 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8475 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 29 de febrero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8478 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "Entrevistado: Nathan Seidle, fundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8486 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -14084,8 +17610,8 @@ msgstr "" "en China cuando se encontró su tecnología de indumentaria LilyPad siendo " "hecha por alguien más. Su reacción fue de júbilo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8493 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -14097,8 +17623,8 @@ msgstr "" "nunca vamos a obtener acceso de otra forma. Fue evidencia de nuestro impacto " "en el mundo.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8499 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -14115,8 +17641,8 @@ msgstr "" "planes de estudio, de forma que cualquier persona pueda hacer sus productos " "por su cuenta. Ser copiados es parte del diseño." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6729 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8508 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -14133,8 +17659,8 @@ msgstr "" "algo que no sea su diseño de productos, o lo que más comúnmente se considera " "como propiedad intelectual." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8517 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " @@ -14144,8 +17670,8 @@ msgstr "" "con propiedad intelectual permite ponerse cómodos y dormirse en los " "laureles. Da una red de seguridad. Nosotros quitamos esa red de seguridad.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8523 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -14163,15 +17689,24 @@ msgstr "" "mejorado porque tuvimos que hacerlo para competir. Tan doloroso como es para " "nosotros, es mejor para los clientes.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6749 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8533 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " +#| "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The " +#| "example code works; there is a service number to call; they ship " +#| "replacement parts the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in " +#| "service and support. “I don’t believe businesses should be competing with " +#| "IP \\[intellectual property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff " +#| "they should be competing on.”" msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " "the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " -"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP \\[intellectual " -"property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " "competing on.”" msgstr "" "Las partes de SparkFun están disponibles en eBay a precios más bajos. Pero " @@ -14182,17 +17717,27 @@ msgstr "" "negocios deberían competir con barreras de propiedad intelectual,» dijo " "Nathan. «Esto es con lo que deberían competir.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8542 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent " +#| "a lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he " +#| "realized there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order " +#| "for something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find " +#| "it, and then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third " +#| "year of college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling " +#| "products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and " +#| "selling his own products." msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" "La historia de la compañía de SparkFun comenzó en el dormitorio de la " "universidad de Nathan. Él pasó mucho tiempo experimentando y construyendo " @@ -14203,11 +17748,11 @@ msgstr "" "sparkfun.com y empezó a revender productos desde su dormitorio. Después de " "graduarse, empezó a hacer y vender sus propios productos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6765 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8553 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " @@ -14221,11 +17766,19 @@ msgstr "" "simples. SparkFun aun usa licencias CC para todos sus diagramas y firmware " "para los productos que crean." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8562 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " +#| "employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +#| "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " +#| "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " +#| "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " +#| "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " @@ -14238,8 +17791,8 @@ msgstr "" "pero también están asociados con Arduino (también perfilado en este libro) " "para producir placas para revender usando la marca de Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6779 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8571 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -14254,8 +17807,8 @@ msgstr "" "cuenta, el enfoque más reciente de introducir a personas jóvenes a la " "tecnología es una extensión natural de su negocio central." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8579 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " @@ -14265,13 +17818,13 @@ msgstr "" "ciudadanos técnicos,» dijo Nathan. «Nuestro objetivo es afectar las vidas de " "trescientos y cincuenta mil estudiantes de colegio para el 2020.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6792 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8585 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " @@ -14286,8 +17839,8 @@ msgstr "" "contenido siempre y cuando den crédito y hagan cualquier adaptación " "disponible bajo los mismo términos de licenciamiento." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8596 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -14306,8 +17859,8 @@ msgstr "" "veces a la semana, y abren sus puertas al público una vez al año para una " "competencia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8607 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -14332,13 +17885,13 @@ msgstr "" "nuestros clientes.» El evento infunde su trabajo con un elemento humano, que " "lo hace más significativo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6820 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8621 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." @@ -14351,8 +17904,8 @@ msgstr "" "mundo.» Nathan cree que obtienen a los empleados más brillantes y asombrosos " "porque no se enfocan de forma singular en el resultado final." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6826 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8631 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -14366,17 +17919,17 @@ msgstr "" "los humanos detrás de la compañía, y trabajan para asegurar que las personas " "que vienen a su sitio no solo encuentren contenido sin cambios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8638 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the company. " -"SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and tries to " -"build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been listening to " -"the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain point, and we " -"would design something to address it.”" +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" "La clientela de SparkFun está en gran parte compuesta por personas " "entusiastas industriosas de los electrónicos. Ellos tienen clientes que " @@ -14388,11 +17941,11 @@ msgstr "" "inicio, hemos estado escuchando a la comunidad,» dijo Nathan. «Los clientes " "identifican puntos débiles, y nosotros diseñamos algo para solucionarlos.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8650 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " @@ -14408,8 +17961,8 @@ msgstr "" "público. «Hay una teoría de que si usted publica el código, ellos vendrán,» " "dijo Nathan. «Eso no es realmente cierto.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8661 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -14427,8 +17980,8 @@ msgstr "" "luego construyen sus propias placas de circuitos a partir de nuestros " "diseños,» dijo Nathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8670 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -14453,49 +18006,67 @@ msgstr "" "e innovador. En otras palabras, los hace el tipo de compañía que se " "propusieron ser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6866 -msgid "## TeachAIDS" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8684 +msgid "TeachAIDS" +msgstr "TeachAIDS" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8687 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" +"TeachAIDS es una entidad no lucrativa que crea materiales educativos " +"designados para enseñar a gente alrededor del mundo acerca del VIH y el " +"SIDA. Fundada en 2005 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6872 -msgid "teachaids.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8692 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6874 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8694 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" +msgstr "Modelo de ingresos: patrocinios" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6876 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8696 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 24 de marzo, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6878 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8699 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" +"Entrevistados: Piyar Sorcar, el CEO, y Shuman Ghosemajumder, el presidente" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8707 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" +"TeachAIDS es una compañía mediática inusual con un modelo de ingresos " +"convencional. Como la mayoría de las compañías mediáticas, están subsidiadas " +"por los anuncios. Los corporativos pagan por que sus logotipos aparezcan en " +"los materiales educativos que distribuye TeachAIDS." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8713 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -14508,9 +18079,20 @@ msgid "" "customs. All content is free and made available under a Creative Commons " "license." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6914 +"Pero a diferencia de la mayoría de las compañías mediáticas, Teach-AIDS es " +"una organización no lucrativa con una misión puramente social. TeachAIDS " +"está dedicada a la educación de la población global acerca del VIH y el " +"SIDA, particularmente en las partes del mundo donde los esfuerzos educativos " +"has sido históricamente infructuosos. Su contenido educativo es transportado " +"a través de software interactivo, usando métodos basados en las últimas " +"investigaciones acerca de cómo aprende la gente. TeachAIDS proporciona el " +"contenido en más de ochenta países alrededor del mundo. En cada instancia, " +"el contenido es traducido al lenguaje local y ajustado para apegarse a las " +"normas y costumbres locales. Todo el contenido es libre y se pone a " +"disposición bajo una licencia Creative Commons." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8726 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -14529,9 +18111,28 @@ msgid "" "other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only receiving bits and " "pieces of information." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6924 +"TeachAIDS es una labor de amor para el fundador y CEO Piya Sorcar, quien " +"gana un salario de un dolar por año de la entidad no lucrativa. El proyecto " +"surgió de la investigación que estaba haciendo mientras perseguía su " +"doctorado en la Univesidad de Stanford. Estaba leyendo reportes acerca de " +"India, dandose cuenta de que podría ser la siguiente zona caliente de " +"personas viviendo con VIH. A pesar de que entidades nacionales e " +"internacionales invertían cientos de millones de dolares en esfuerzos para " +"la prevención del VIH, los reportes mostraban que los niveles de " +"conocimiento eran todavia mínimos. Las personas no estaban conscientes si el " +"virus podía ser transmitido a través de tóser o estornudar, por ejemplo. " +"Apoyado por un equipo interdisciplinario de expertos en Stanford, Piya " +"realizó estudios similares, los cuales corroboraron la investigación " +"anterior. Encontraron que la principal causa del limitado entendimiento fue " +"que el VIH, y los problemas relacionados con él, eran frecuentemten " +"considerados demasiado tabú para discutirlo exhaustivamente. El otro gran " +"problema era que la educación en este tópico estaban siendo enseñados a " +"través de publicidad televisiva, carteles, y otras campañas de los medios de " +"comunicación masivos, lo que significaba que las personas estaban recibiendo " +"únicamente pedazos de información." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8746 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -14543,21 +18144,34 @@ msgid "" "and worked toward creating an effective, culturally appropriate education,” " "Piya said." msgstr "" +"A finales del 2005, Piya y su equipo usaron un diseño basada en " +"investigación para crear nuevos materiales educativos y trabajaron con " +"socios locales en India para ayudar a distribuirlos. Tan pronto como el " +"software de animación fue publicado en línea, el equipo de Piya comenzó a " +"recibir solicitudes de individuos y gobiernos que estaban interesados en " +"traer ese modelo a más países. \"Nos dimos cuenta drápidamente que educar a " +"poblaciones grandes acerca del tema que era considerado tabú sería un reto. " +"Comenzamos a identificar socios locales óptimos y trabajaron hacia la " +"creación una educación eficaz, culturalmente apropiada,\" Piya comentó." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8758 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" +"Poco después del lanzamiento inicial, el equipo de Piya decidió convertir el " +"esfuerzo en una organización sin ánimo de lucro independiente de la " +"Universidad de Stanford. También decidieron utilizar las licencias de " +"Creative Commons en los materiales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6941 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8764 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -14567,9 +18181,21 @@ msgid "" "exact problem. It has allowed us to scale our materials safely and quickly " "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6948 +"Dada su misión educativa, TeachAIDS tiene un interés obvio en que estos " +"materiales se compartan tán ampliamente como sea posible. Pero también " +"necesitaban preservar la integridad de la información médica en el " +"contenido. Escogieron la licencia Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-" +"NC-ND), la cuál esencialemente le da al público el derecho de distribuir " +"únicamente copias literales del contenido, y para propósitos no comerciales." +"\"Queríamos los créditos para TeachAIDS, y no podiamos tolerar los " +"materiales derivados sin examinarlos,\" comentó el confundador y director " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder. \"Era casi una obviedad ir con una licencia CC porque " +"era una solución plug-and-play a este problema exacto. Nos ha permitido " +"escalar nuestros materiales de forma segura y rápida en todo el mundo, " +"preservando nuestro contenido y protegiéndonos al mismo tiempo.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8779 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -14578,9 +18204,15 @@ msgid "" "quality content is what matters most to us,” Piya said. “Research drives " "everything we do.”" msgstr "" +"Escoger una licencia que no permita la adaptación del contenido fue una " +"consecuencia de la cuidadosa precisión con la que TeachAIDS elabora su " +"contenido. La organización invierte fuertemente en investigación y pruebas " +"para determinar el mejor método de transmitir la información. \"Crear " +"contenidos de alta calidad es lo que más nos importa,\" Piya comentó. \"La " +"investigación impulsa todo lo que hacemos.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8787 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -14589,9 +18221,15 @@ msgid "" "the animated software. The celebrities involved vary for each localized " "version of the materials." msgstr "" +"Un hallazgo importante fue que la gente accepta el mensaje mejor cuando " +"proviene de voces familiares en las que confían y que admiran. Para alcanzar " +"esto, TeachAIDS investiga iconos culturales que pudieran resonar mejor con " +"sus audiencias objetivo y las recluta para donar su encanto y sus voces para " +"usarlas en el software de animación. Las celebridades involucradas varían " +"para cada versión adaptada de los materiales." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8796 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -14605,9 +18243,21 @@ msgid "" "significant changes, like creating gendered versions for places where people " "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6982 +"La adaptación local es probablemente el aspecto individual más importante de " +"la manera en que TeachAIDS crea su contenido. Mientras que cada versión " +"regional se contruye de la misma base de material científico, ellos destinan " +"muchos recursos en personalizar el contenido para una población en " +"particular. Dado que usan la licencia CC que no permite al público adaptar " +"el contenido, TeachAIDS retiene cuidadoso control sobre el proceso de " +"adaptación local. El contenido es traducido al lenguaje local, pero también " +"hay cambios substanciales y en el formato para reflejar diferencias " +"culturales. Este proceso resulta en cambios menores, como escoger diferentes " +"idiomas basados en el lenguaje local, y cambios significativos, como crear " +"versiones por genero para lugares donde las personas tiendan más a aceptar " +"la información de alguien del mismo genero." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8811 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -14622,16 +18272,29 @@ msgid "" "their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this cycle " "eleven times." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6999 +"El proceso de adaptación local depende fuertemente en voluntarios. Su base " +"de voluntarios está fuertemente comprometida con la causa, y la organización " +"ha tenido mejor suerte controlando la calidad de los materiales cuando usan " +"voluntarios en vez de usar traductores pagados. Por control de calidad, " +"TeachAIDS tiene tres equipos de voluntarios separados traduciendo los " +"materiales del inglés a las lenguas locales y personalizando el contenido " +"basado en normas y costumbres locales. Esas tres versiones son entonces " +"analizadas y combinadas en una traducción única maestra. TeachAIDS tiene " +"equipos adicionales de voluntarios que traducen esa versión de regreso al " +"inglés para ver que tan bien se ajusta con los materiales originales. " +"Repiten este proceso hasta que alcanzan una versión traducida que cumple con " +"sus estándares. Para la versión tibetana, pasaron a través de este ciclo " +"once veces." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8827 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " "Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " "help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " "but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " @@ -14642,24 +18305,53 @@ msgid "" "have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials where you can " "push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7010 +"TeachAIDS emplea trabajadores de tiempo completo, contratistas, y " +"voluntarios, todos en diferentes cargos y configuraciones organizacionales. " +"Son cuidadosos en usara personal con antecedentes diversos para crear los " +"materiales, incluyendo maestros, estudiantes, y doctores, así como " +"individuos experimentados en trabajar en el espacio ONG. Esta diversidad y " +"amplitud de conocimiento ayuda a garantizar que sus materiales resuenen con " +"la gente de todo tipo. Adicionalmente, TeachAIDS trabaja cercanamente con " +"guionistas y directores para ayudar a mantener los conceptos entretenidos y " +"fáciles de entender. El proceso creativo inclusivo, pero altamente " +"controlado, es realizado completamente por personas que son traidas " +"específicamente para ayudar con un proyecto en particular, en vez del equipo " +"habitual. El producto final que crean es diseñado para no requerir " +"entrenamiento en la gente para implementarlo en la práctica.\"En nuestra " +"investigación, encontramos que no podemos depender que la gente pase la " +"información correctamente, incluso si tienen la mejor de las intenciones,\" " +"comentó Piya. \"Necesitamos materiales donde puedas ponerlos en reproduccir " +"y que funcionen.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8846 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " "organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" "kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7019 +"El equipo de Piya fue capaz de producir todas estas versiones a través de " +"varios años con un número de personal que nunca excedió los ocho empleados " +"de tiempo completo. La organización puede reducir sus costos al depender " +"fuertemente en los voluntarios y las donaciones en especie. Sin embargo, la " +"entidad no lucrativa necesitaba un modelo de ingresos sostenible para " +"subvencionar la creación de contenido y la distribución física de los " +"materiales. Cargar incluso un precio pequeñp simiplemente no era una opción. " +"\"Los educadores de varias entidades no lucrativas alrededor del mundo " +"estaban simplemente creadno sus propios materiales usando cualquier cosa que " +"pudieran encontrar gratuita enlinea,\" comentó Shuman.\"La única manera de " +"persuadirlos de usar nuestro modelo altamente efectivo era hacerlo " +"completamente gratuito.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8859 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -14670,21 +18362,38 @@ msgid "" "logo appear before and after the educational content. All of the content " "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" +"Como muchos creadores de contenido ofrecen su trabajo gratuitamente, ellos " +"establecieron anuncios publicitarios como un modelo de financiamiento. Pero " +"fueron extremadamente cuidadosos de no dejar que los anuncios publicitarios " +"comprometieran su credibilidad o que socavaran la gran inversión que habían " +"puesto en crear contenidos de calidad. Los patrocinadores del contenido no " +"tenían habilidad de influír en la substancia del contenido, e incluso no " +"podían crear contenido publicitario. Los patrocinadores solo obtenían el " +"derecho de tener sus logotipos apareciendo antes y después del contenido " +"educativo. Todo el contenido permanece con la marca de TeachAIDS." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7027 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8870 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" +"TeachAIDS es cuidadoso de no buscar financiamiento para cubrir los costos de " +"un proyecto específico. En vez de eso, los patrocinios están estructurados " +"como donaciones sin restricciones para la entidad no lucrativa. Esto le da " +"más estabilidad, pero incluso más importante, les permite subvencionar " +"proyectos que están siendo adaptados localmente para áreas que no tienen " +"patrocinadores.\"Si únicamente creamos versiones basadas en donde podemos " +"obtener patrocinios, solo tendríamos materiales para los países ricos,\" " +"comentó Shuman." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7038 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8880 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -14697,9 +18406,21 @@ msgid "" "content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a sponsorship can benefit " "a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7045 +"A partir del 2016, TeachAIDS ha tenido docenas de patrocinadores. \"Cuando " +"vamos a un nuevo país, varias compañías escuchan de nosotros y se acercan,\" " +"comentó Piya.\"No tenemos que hacer mucho para encontrarlos o atraerlos.\" " +"Piensan que los patrocinios son fáciles de vender porque ofrecen mucho valor " +"a los patrocinadores. Los patrocinios TeachAIDS dan a las corporaciones la " +"oportunidad de alcanzar nuevos auditorios con su marca, pero a un costo " +"mucho menor que otros canales de anuncios. La audiencia para el contenido de " +"TeachAIDS también tiende a alejar a los jovenes, quienes son una parte " +"demográfica deseable para las marcas. A diferencia de los anuncios " +"tradicionales, el contenido es invariante al tiempo, por lo cual una " +"inversión en un patrocinio puede beneficiar a la marca en muchos años por " +"venir." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8893 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -14708,9 +18429,16 @@ msgid "" "built publicity campaigns around the fact that they have sponsored these " "initiatives." msgstr "" +"Importantemente, el valor para los patrocinadores corporativos va más allá " +"de las consideraciones comerciales. Como una entidad no lucrativa con una " +"misión social claramente articulada, los patrocinios corporativos son " +"donaciones a la causa. \"Esto es algo de lo que las compañías pueden estar " +"orgullosas internamente,\" comentó Shuman. Algunas compañías incluso han " +"construido campañas publicitarias alrededor del hecho de que han patrocinado " +"estas iniciativas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -14719,48 +18447,71 @@ msgid "" "materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license has been a game changer " "for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" +"El núcleo de la misión de TeachAIDS—asegurar acceso global a educación que " +"protege la vida—está en la raíz de todo lo que la organización realiza. Esto " +"refuerza el trabajo; motiva a los fundadores. La licencia CC en los " +"materiales que crean promueve esa misión, permitiendoles escalar con " +"seguridad y rápidamente sus materiales a nivel mundial.\"La licencia " +"Creative Commons ha sido como un punto de inflexión para TeachAIDS,\" " +"comentó Piya." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7054 -msgid "## Tribe of Noise" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" +msgstr "Tribe of Noise" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7058 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" +"Tribe of Noise es una plataforma de música con fines de lucro que sirve a " +"las industrias fílmica, de TV, video, juegos, y de medios en tienda. Fue " +"fundada en 2008 en los Países Bajos (Holanda)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7060 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8920 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7064 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8925 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 26 de enero, 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7066 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8928 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" +msgstr "Entrevistado: Hessel van Oorschot, cofundador" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8936 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"A principios de los años 2000, Hessel van Oorschot era un empresario que " +"dirigía un negocio donde asesoraba a otros empresarios de tamaño mediano " +"acerca de cómo crear un negocio en línea. Fue también el coautor de diversos " +"cuadernos de trabajo para que las pequeñas y medianas empresas utilizaran " +"para optimizar sus negocios para la Web. Por medio de su trabajo temprano, " +"Hessel se familiarizó con los principios del licenciamiento permisivo, " +"incluyendo el uso de software de fuentes abiertas y Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8945 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -14770,9 +18521,17 @@ msgid "" "2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights holder was not " "readily available." msgstr "" +"En 2005, Hessel y Sandra Brandenburg lanzaron una iniciativa de producción " +"de videos para nicho. Casi inmediatamente, se toparon con problemas " +"relacionados con encontrar y licenciar pistas de música. Todo lo que podían " +"encontrar era la música fría y estándar de _stock._ Pensaron buscar sitios " +"Web donde pudieran licenciar la música directamente de su creador sin tener " +"que pasar a través de etiquetas o agentes. Pero en 2005, la posibilidad de " +"licenciar música directamente del titular de sus derechos no era " +"suficientemente fácil de encontrar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8955 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -14782,9 +18541,17 @@ msgid "" "after some more research, in early 2008, Hessel and Sandra decided to build " "a platform." msgstr "" +"Contrataron a dos abogados para investigar a mayor profundidad, y si bien " +"encontraron cinco o seis ejemplos, Hessel encontró que los modelos de " +"negocio que éstos seguían eran insuficientes. Los abogados expresaron su " +"interés en ser su equipo legal si decidían perseguir esto como una " +"oportunidad de negocios. Hessel dice, ”cuando los abogados están interesados " +"en una empresa de este tipo, puede ser que sea algo especial.” Entonces, " +"después de hacer algo más de investigación, a principios de 2008 Hessel y " +"Sandra se decidieron a construir una plataforma." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7098 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8965 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -14792,102 +18559,197 @@ msgid "" "works. Community willingness to try new music business models requires a " "trust relationship." msgstr "" +"Construir una plataforma representó un problema real comparable con el del " +"huevo y la gallina. La plataforma tenía que construir una comunidad en línea " +"de titulares de derechos en el campo de la música y, al mismo tiempo, dar a " +"la comunidad la información y las ideas acerca de cómo trabaja esta nueva " +"economía. La disposición de la comunidad para probar nuevos modelos de " +"negocio musicales requiere de una relación de confianza." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8972 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" +"En julio de 2008, Tribe of Noise abrió sus puertas virtuales con un par de " +"cientos de músicos dispuestos a utilizar la licencia CC BY-SA (Atribución-" +"CompartirIgual) para una parte limitada de sus repertorios. Los dos " +"empresarios querían liberar del dolor a los creadores de medios que quieren " +"licenciar música, y resolver los problemas que ambos habían experimentado " +"personalmente para encontrar dicha música." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7113 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8987 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8980 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" "listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " "the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " "In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " -"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7131 +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Al tiempo que su comunidad iba creciendo, Hessel recibió una llamada " +"telefónica de una compañía que creaba listas de reproducción para su uso " +"dentro de negocios, preguntando si tenían suficiente material con licencias " +"tipo Creative Commons que pudieran utilizar. Los negocios requieren de " +"música de calidad, de fácil escucha, aunque no necesariamente _hits_, un " +"poco como un programa de radio sin DJ. Esto abrió una nueva oportunidad para " +"Tribe of Noise. Iniciaron su servicio de música dentro del negocio, " +"utilizando música (licenciada bajo CC BY-SA) subida por la comunidad de " +"músicos de Tribe of Noise.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8990 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7142 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" +"En la mayor parte de los países, los artistas, autores y músicos se unen a " +"una sociedad recaudatoria que gestiona el licenciamiento y ayuda a cobrar " +"las regalías. En la Unión Europea, las sociedades de recolección de " +"copyright típicamente confoman monopolios en sus respectivos mercados " +"nacionales. Además de lo anterior, requieren que sus miembros les " +"transfieran derechos exclusivos de administración por todos sus trabajos. " +"Esto complica el panorama para Tribe of Noise, que quiere representar a los " +"artistas, o por lo menos a una porción de su repertorio. Hessel y su equipo " +"legal se pusieron en contacto con estas sociedades recaudadoras, iniciando " +"con las holandesas. ¿Cuál sería la mejor manera legal que respetara los " +"deseos de los compositores y los músicos que estuvieran interesados en " +"nuevos modelos, como el Servicio de Música Dentro del Negocio? Las " +"sociedades recaudadoras en un principio se vieron reacias y se negaron a " +"cooperar, pero Tribe of Noise persistió, argumentando que ellos trabajan de " +"forma primaria con _artistas unicornio_ y les brindan exposición en partes " +"del mundo donde no es fácil llegar en avión, y ha resultado una fuente de " +"ingresos — Y esto los convenció de que estaba bien. Pero, dice Hessel, " +"”Seguimos luchando por una buena causa todos los días.”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " "with Creative Commons. Outside of the Netherlands, early adoptions have " "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" +"En vez de construir una fuerza de ventas más grande, Tribe of Noise se alió " +"con las grandes organizaciones que tienen muchos clientes y pueden actuar " +"como una especie de revendedores de Tribe of Noise. La red de comunicaciones " +"más grande de los Países Bajos, por ejemplo, vende suscripciones al servicio " +"de música en el negocio de Tribe a sus clientes empresariales, los cuales " +"incluyen a los vendedores de artículos de moda y centros de entrenamiento " +"físico. Tienen un trato similar con la principal asociación profesional que " +"representa a hoteles y restaurantes en el país. Hessel espera ”copiar y " +"pegar” este servicio hacia otros países en que las sociedades recaudadoras " +"comprendan lo que puede hacerse con Creative Commons. Fuera de los países " +"bajos, se han presentado adopciones tempranas en Escandinavia, Bélgica y los " +"Estados Unidos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7149 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9024 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7158 -msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +msgstr "" +"Tribe of Noise no le paga directamente a los músicos; les pagan cuando su " +"música aparece en los canales de música en el negocio de Tribe of Noise. La " +"cantidad de recursos que reciben los músicos es del 42.5%. No es fuera de lo " +"común en el modelo tradicional que el artista reciba únicamente 5 a 10%, con " +"lo que una participación del 40% es un negocio significativamente mejor. Así " +"es como presentan el ejemplo en su sitio Web:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9040 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9032 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in " +#| "total, are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at " +#| "a large retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall " +#| "playlist contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. " +#| "The license fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-" +#| "out. So if 42.5% is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and " +#| "your share is 1.43%, you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 " +#| "\\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per month.2" +msgid "" +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7167 -msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Algunas de sus canciones \\[licenciadas bajo CC BY-SA\\], cinco en total por " +"poner un ejemplo, han sido seleccionadas para un canal de música en el " +"negocio, que se transmite a un conglomerado con 1,000 tiendas en el país. En " +"este caso, la lista de reproducción global contiene 350 canciones, con lo " +"que la proporción del músico es 5/350 = 1.43%. El costo de licenciamiento " +"acordado con el conglomerado es de US\\$12 por mes por reproducción. Así que " +"si 42.5% de esto es compartido con los músicos de Tribe en esta lista, y su " +"participación es de 1.43%, termina recibiendo US\\$12 \\* 1000 tiendas " +"\\*0.425 \\* 0.142 = US\\$73 por mes.2" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9043 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " "one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" "SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" +"Tribe of Noise tiene otro modelo que no involucra a Creative Commons. En una " +"encuesta a sus miembros, la mayor parte dijeron que les gusta la exposición " +"que Creative Commons les da y la forma en que les permite llegar a otros " +"para compartir y remezclar. Sin embargo, les ha costado aceptar el hecho de " +"que las licencias Creative Commons sean perpetuas. Muchos músicos comparten " +"la mentalidad de que, un día, una de sus canciones se volverá un _hit_ de la " +"noche a la mañana. Si eso ocurriera, el licenciamiento CC BY-SA les " +"impediría volverse ricos por las ventas de dicha canción." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9054 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -14898,28 +18760,48 @@ msgid "" "Tribe of Noise platform within one to two months. This lets the musician " "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" +"El equipo legal de Hesse obtuvo esta retroalimentación y creó un segundo " +"modelo, así como un área separada de la plataforma llamada Tribe of Noise " +"Pro. Las canciones subidas a Tribe of Noise Pro no llevan licenciamiento " +"Creative Commons; Tribe of Noise creó, en vez de esto, un contrato de " +"”explotación no exclusiva”, similar a una licencia Creative Commons, pero " +"que permite a los músicos abandonarlo cuando quieran. Cuando lo abandonan, " +"Tribe of Noise retira su música de la plataforma de Tribe of Noise en el " +"lapso de entre uno y dos meses. Esto permite al músico reutilizar su canción " +"en un posible mejor acuerdo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7183 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9065 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " "the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " -"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their repertoire " -"at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" +"Tribe of Noise Pro está principalmente enfocado a los creadores de medios " +"que buscan música. Si compran una licencia de éste catálogo, no hace falta " +"que indiquen el nombre del creador; únicamente licencian la canción por un " +"monto específico. Esto representa una buena ganancia para los creadores de " +"medios. Y los músicos pueden retirar su repertorio en el momento que lo " +"consideren mejor. Hessel opina que esto lleva a acuerdos más directos y " +"limpios." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9073 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " "upload only to Tribe of Noise Pro, which has a smaller repertoire of music " "than the community area." msgstr "" +"Muchos músicos de Tribe of Noise suben canciones tanto a Tribe of Noise Pro " +"como al área comunitaria de Tribe of Noise. No hay muchos artistas que suban " +"su contenido únicamente a Tribe of Noise Pro, el cual tiene un mucho menor " +"repertorio musical que el área comunitaria." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9079 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -14927,9 +18809,15 @@ msgid "" "exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become more " "interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" +"Hessel considera que ambos son mutuamente complementarios. Ambos son " +"necesarios para que el modelo funcione. Con toda una generación de músicos " +"interesada en la economía de compartir, el área comunitaria de Tribe of " +"Noise es donde pueden construir confianza, crear exposición, y generar " +"dinero. Después de eso, los músicos pueden desarrollar mayor interés en " +"explorar otros modelos como el de Tribe of Noise Pro." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9087 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -14940,9 +18828,18 @@ msgid "" "really like having people working for the platform who truly engage with " "them." msgstr "" +"Cada músico que se une a Tribe of Noise recibe su propia página personal y " +"un espacio Web ilimitado gratuito para subir toda la música de su creación " +"que quieran. Tribe of Noise es también una red social; colegas músicos y " +"profesionales pueden votar por, comentar en, y gustar de la música. Los " +"administradores de comunidad interactúan con los miembros y les brindan " +"soporte, y los supervisores musicales seleccionan y eligen de entre las " +"canciones subidas, ya sea para reproducción en el negocio o para promoverlas " +"a productores de medios. Los miembros realmente gustan de que haya gente en " +"la plataforma que genuinamente se involucran con ellos." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7212 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9098 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -14951,12 +18848,20 @@ msgid "" "engagement, contests help members learn how to work with clients: listening " "to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" +"Otra manera en que Tribe of Noise crea comunidad e interés es con concursos, " +"que se organizan en conjunto con los clientes de Tribe of Noise. El cliente " +"especifica lo que quiera, y cualquier miembro puede proponer una canción. " +"Los concursos típicamente incluyen premios, exposición y dinero. Además de " +"impulsar al involucramiento de los miembros, los concursos ayudan a los " +"miembros a aprender cómo es que se trabaja con los clientes: Escuchándolos, " +"comprendiendo lo que quieren, y creando una canción que cubra dicha " +"necesidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7223 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9108 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " "music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " "Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " @@ -14965,9 +18870,20 @@ msgid "" "licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in others with " "collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7238 +"Tribe of Noise tiene ahora veintisiete mil miembros de 192 países, y muchos " +"están explorando modelos tipo hágalo-usted-mismo para obtener mayores " +"ingresos. Algunos provienen de los sellos y editores musicales, quienes, " +"después de cruzar la forma tradicional de licenciamiento de la música, " +"vieron el sentido que este modelo tiene para ellos. Otros son jóvenes " +"músicos, que crecieron con una mentalidad de hágalo-usted-mismo y ven muy " +"pocas razones para comprometerse con un tercero o entregar parte del " +"control. Como sea, un pequeño pero creciente grupo de los miembros de Tribe " +"están persiguiendo un modelo híbrido licenciando algunas de sus canciones " +"bajo CC BY-SA y adoptando junto con otros a los contratos societales como " +"ASCAP o BMI." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9120 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -14983,9 +18899,23 @@ msgid "" "represent. So far, Tribe of Noise has been able to make all this work " "without litigation." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7247 +"No es poco común que organizaciones de derechos performáticos, sellos " +"musicales, o editores musicales firmen sus contratos con los músicos " +"demandando la exclusividad. Esos acuerdos no permiten a los músicos subir " +"sus creaciones a Tribe of Noise. En los Estados Unidos, puede otorgarse a " +"una asociación autoral la administración de únicamente un conjunto de " +"piezas, pero en varios países de Europa, estas asociaciones prefieren " +"representar el repertorio entero del artista (aunque la Comisión Europea " +"está haciendo algunos cambios). Tribe of Noise trata con este asunto todo el " +"tiempo y emite una advertencia al usuario cuando sube una canción. Si las " +"asociaciones autorales están dispuestas a ser abiertas y flexibles, y hacer " +"lo máximo por sus miembros, pueden considerar a organizaciones como Tribe of " +"Noise como un lindo agregado, generando más exposición y ganancia para los " +"músicos a quienes representan. Hasta ahora, Tribe of Noise ha podido operar " +"sin tener que enfrentar batallas legales." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9137 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -14996,58 +18926,67 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for music, " "a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" +"Para Hessel, la llave del éxito de Tribe of Noise es la confianza. El hecho " +"de que las licencias Creative Commons funcionen de la misma manera en todo " +"el mundo y que hayan sido traducidas a todos los lenguajes verdaderamente " +"ayuda a construir dicha confianza. Tribe of Noise cree en crear un modelo " +"donde puedan trabajar junto con músicos. Sólo pueden hacerlo cuando hay una " +"comunidad viva y con energías, con gente que piensa que Tribe of Noise actúa " +"con el mejor interés de todos los involucrados en mente. Creative Commons " +"posibilita crear un nuevo modelo de negocios para la música, un modelo " +"basado en la confianza." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7252 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7252 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7254 -msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9149 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" +msgstr "Wikimedia Foundation" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9152 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" +"La fundación Wikimedia es una organización sin ánimo de lucro que hospeda " +"Wikipedia y sus proyectos hermanos. Fundada en 2003 en los E.U.A." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7259 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9157 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7261 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9159 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Modelo de negocios</emphasis>: donaciones" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7263 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9161 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" +msgstr "Fecha de la entrevista: 18 de diciembre, 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9164 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, " +#| "and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" +"Entrevistados: Luis Villa, ex Director de Compromiso Comunitario, y Stephen " +"LaPorte, asesor legal" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7270 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9173 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Casi cualquier persona con una presencia enlinea conoce la Wikipedia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9176 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -15055,17 +18994,25 @@ msgid "" "content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people to " "reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" +"De muchas maneras, es el proyecto abierto preeminente: La enciclopedia " +"enlinea es creada enteramente por voluntarios. Cualquiera en el mundo puede " +"editar los artículos. Todo el contenido esta disponible sin costo para todos " +"enlinea. Todo el contenido es liberado bajo la licencia Creative Commons que " +"permite a las personas reusarlo y adaptarlo para cualquier propósito." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9184 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" "the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" +"En Diciembre del 2016, había más de cuarenta y dos millones de artículos en " +"los 295 lenguajes de la enciclopedia enlinea, de acuerdo con —¿ quién más?— " +"el artículo de la Wikipedia acerca de la Wikipedia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7292 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9189 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -15079,29 +19026,52 @@ msgid "" "theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a particular " "organization." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7297 +"La fundación Wikimedia es una organización sin ánimo de licro con base en E." +"U.A que es dueña del nombre de dominio de la Wikipedia y alberga al sitio " +"web, asi como a muchos otros sitios relacionados como Wikidata y Wikimedia " +"Commons. La fundación emplea cerca de doscientos ochenta personas, quienes " +"trabajan para apoyar al proyecto que albergan. Pero el verdadero corazón de " +"la Wikipedia y sus proyectos hermanos es su comunindad. El número de " +"personas en la comunindad es varaiable, pero cerca de setenta y cinco mil " +"voluntarios editan y mejoran los artículos de la Wikipedia cada mes. Los " +"voluntarios estan organizados en varias formas alrededor del mundo, " +"incluyendo capítulos formales de Wikimedia (mayormente nacionales), grupos " +"enfocados en un tema en partícular, grupos de usuarios, y varios miles que " +"no estan conectados con alguna organización en partícular." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9203 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " "undoubtedly has its challenges and flaws, Wikipedia and its sister projects " "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" +"Como nos comentó Stephen LaPorte consejero legal de Wikimedia, «Hay un dicho " +"común que dice que la Wikipedia trabaja en la práctica pero no en la " +"teoría.» Aunque indudablemente tiene sus retos y fallas, Wikipedia y sus " +"proyectos hermanos son un testamento impactante del poder de la colaboración " +"humana." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9210 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" +"Debido a su extraordinario visión y alcance, se siente un poco como un " +"unicornio. Ciertamente, no hay nada como la Wikipedia. Sin embargo, mucho de " +"lo que hace a los proyectos exitosos—comunidad, transparencia, una misión " +"sólida, confianza—son consistentes con lo que se necesita para ser " +"exitosamente hecho con Creative Commons más generalmente. Con Wikipedia, " +"simplemente todo ocurre a una escala sin precedentes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7314 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9219 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -15113,38 +19083,68 @@ msgid "" "thousand new articles are created on Wikipedia, and nearly fifteen thousand " "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" +"La historia de Wikipedia ha sido contada muchas veces. Para nuestros " +"propósitos, es suficiente con saber que el experimento comenzó en 2001 en " +"una escala pequeña, inspirado por la loca noción de que posiblemente un " +"proyecto verdaderamente abierto, colaborativo podría crear algo " +"significativo. En este punto, Wikipedia es tan ubicuo y tan arraigado en " +"nuestras vidas digitales que el hecho de su existencia parece menos " +"evidente. Pero fuera del software, Wikipedia es posiblemente el único y " +"más impactante ejemplo de creación comunitaria. Cada dia, setecientos " +"artículos nuevos son creados en Wikipedia, y casi quince mil ediciones son " +"hechas cada hora." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9231 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their system. " -"The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to resolve " -"disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject areas, " -"talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7347 +"La naturaleza del contenido que la comunidad crea es ideal para la creación " +"conjunta. «Una enciclopedia es algo en donde las mejoras incrementales " +"comunitarias ciertamente funcionan,» nos comentó Luis Villa, ex director de " +"compromiso comunitarios. Las reglas y procesos que que rigen la creación " +"conjunta en Wikipedia y sus procesos hermanos son todos dirigidos por la " +"comunidad y varian por el lenguaje de edición. Hay libros enteros escritos " +"de las complejidades de sus sistemas, pero hablando en general, hay pocas " +"excepciones a la regla de que cualquiera puede editar cualquier artículo, " +"incluso sin una cuenta en su sistema. El proceso extensivo de revisión por " +"pares incluye elaborados sistemas para resolver disputas, métodos para " +"manejar áreas de temas particularmente controversiales, páginas de discusión " +"explicando decisiones, y mucho, mucho más. La decisión de la fundación " +"Wikimedia de dejar la gobernanza de los proyectos a la comunidad es muy " +"deliberado. “Observamos las cosas que la comunidad puede hacer bien, y " +"queremos dejarlos hacer esas cosas” Stephen comentó. En vez de eso, la " +"fundación enfoca su tiempo y recursos en lo que la comunidad no puede hacer " +"tan efectivamente, como la ingeniería de software que soporta la " +"infraestructura técnica de los sitios. En 2015-16, cerca de la mitad del " +"presupuesto de la fundación se fue al soporte directo para los sitios de " +"Wikimedia." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9254 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -15152,12 +19152,25 @@ msgid "" "get bored and go away. That is partially our model working, and partially " "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7358 +"Algo de eso se dirige a los servidores y al soporte IT general, pero la " +"fundación también invierte una cantidad significativa en diseño de " +"arquitectura para ayudar a la función del sitio tan efectivamente como sea " +"posible. «Hay un a evolución continua del sistema para mantener el balande " +"en su lugar para evitar que Wikipedia se convierta en el muro de graffiti " +"más grande del mundo,» Luis comentó. Dependiendo de como lo midas, entre el " +"90 y el 98 porciento de las ediciones en la Wikipedia son positivas. Una " +"parte de ese exito es atribuible a las herramientas que Wikimedia tiene para " +"tratar de incentivar a los buenos actores.«El secreto para tener cualquier " +"comunidad saludable es traer de vuelta a la gente correcta,» Luis comentó. " +"«Los vandalos tienden a aburrirse e irse. Eso es parcialmente nuestro modelo " +"trabajando, y parcialmente solo naturaleza humana.» La mayor parte del " +"tiempo, la gente quiere hacer lo correcto." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9269 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -15166,9 +19179,45 @@ msgid "" "bigger and stronger. The desire to protect is not always what is best for " "everyone.”" msgstr "" +"Wikipedia no solo se basa en el buen comportamiento dentro de su comunidad y " +"en sus sitios, sino tambien en todos los demas una vez que el contenido deja " +"Wikipedia. Todo el texto de Wikipedia esta disponible bajo una licencia " +"Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), lo que significa que puede ser usado para " +"cualquier propósito y modificado en tanto los créditos sean dados y " +"cualquier novedad sea compartido con el público bajo la misma licencia. En " +"teoría, eso significa que cualquiera puede copiar el contenido y comenzar " +"una nueva Wikipedia. Pero como explicó Stephen, «Ser abierto únicamente ha " +"hecho a Wikipedia más grande y más fuerte. El deseo de proteger no es " +"siempre lo mejor para todos.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9293 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9281 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia " +#| "is that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain " +#| "what they do. Wikipedia is not simply a source of up-to-the-minute " +#| "content on every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans " +#| "working together in a million different ways, in a million different " +#| "capacities, for a million different reasons. While many have tried to " +#| "guess what makes Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no " +#| "single explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an " +#| "incredible diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is " +#| "one editor of the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single " +#| "grammatical error in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only " +#| "a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the " +#| "only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +#| "images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +#| "contributors.”" msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -15180,26 +19229,50 @@ msgid "" "“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " "motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " "Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " -"more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of Wikipedia users " -"are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to " -"Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate financially,” " -"Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7382 +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" +msgstr "" +"Por supuesto, la principal razón por la que nadie ha cooptado exitosamente a " +"Wikipedia es que los esfuerzos de los imitadores no tienen a la comunidad de " +"la Wikipedia para sostener lo que ellos hace. Wikipedia no es simplemente " +"una fuente de contenido reciente-al-minuto en cada topico dado—es también un " +"entramado de humanos trabajando junto en un millon de formas diferentes, en " +"un millon de capacidades diferentes, por un millon de razones diferentes. " +"Mientras que muchos han intentado de adivinar que és lo que hace funcionar " +"tan bien como lo hace, el hecho es que no hay una explicación única. «En un " +"movimiento tan largo como el nuetro, hay una increible diversidad de " +"motivaciones,» comentó Stephen. Por ejemplo, hay un editor de la edición de " +"la Wikipedia en inglés quien ha corregido un único error gramaticál en los " +"artículos más de cuarenta y ocho mil veces. 1 Solo una fracción de los " +"usuarios de Wikipedia también son editores. Pero editar no es el único medio " +"para contribuir a la Wikipedia. «Algunos donan textos, algunos donan " +"imágenes, algunos donan financieramente,» nos comentó Stephen. «Todos son " +"contribuyentes.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9299 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" +"Pero la gran mayoría de los que usamos la Wikipedia no somos contribuyentes; " +"somos lectores pasivos. La fundación Wikimedia sobrevive principalmente de " +"las donaciones individuales, con un promedio de $15. Porque la Wikipedia es " +"uno de los diwz sitios web más populares en términos de total de páginas " +"vistas, las donaciones de una pequeña porción de esa audiencia se pueden " +"traducir en un montón de dinero. En el año fiscal 2015-16, recibieron más de " +"$77 millones de más de cinco millones de donadores." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9309 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -15209,593 +19282,890 @@ msgid "" "simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give back. " "Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" +"La fundación cuenta con un equipo de recaudación de fondos que trabaja todo " +"el año para recaudar dinero, pero la mayor parte de sus ingresos se produce " +"durante la campaña de diciembre en Australia, Canadá, Irlanda, Nueva " +"Zelanda, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos. Ellos participan en las pruebas de " +"usuario y la investigación para maximizar el alcance de sus campañas de " +"recaudación de fondos. Su mensaje básico de recaudación de fondos es simple: " +"Proporcionamos a nuestros lectores y el mundo un valor inmenso, así que " +"retornen. Cada poco ayuda. Con las suficientes miradas, ellos estan bien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9320 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " "same philosophy behind Creative Commons, drives everything the foundation " "does." msgstr "" +"La visión de la fundación Wikimedia es un mundo en el cual cada ser humano " +"puede compartir libremente en la suma de todo el conocimiento. Trabajan para " +"realizar esta visión al capacitar a la gente alrededor del mundo para crear " +"contenido educativo hecho libremente disponible bajo una licencia abierta o " +"en el dominio público. Stephen y Luis comentaron que la misión, la cual está " +"enraizada en la misma filosofía detras de Creative Commons, dirige todo lo " +"que hace la fundación." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7404 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9329 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " "critical for a revenue strategy that relies on reader donations. It also " "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" +"La filosofía detrás de la empresa también permite a la fundación ser " +"sostenible financieramente. Infunde confianza en sus lectores, lo cual es " +"crítico por una estrategia de ingresos que se apoya en las donaciones de sus " +"lectores. También infunde confianza en su comunidad." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9335 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " "community together. “Wikipedia is an example of how a mission can motivate " "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" +"Cualquier edición en la Wikipedia podría estar motivada por casi un número " +"infinito de razones. Pero la misión social del proyecto es lo que ata a la " +"comunidad global junta. «Wikipedia es un ejemplo de como una misión puede " +"motivar un movimiento entero,» Stephen nos comentó." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9342 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " "is missing the digital equivalent of parks and open public spaces,” Stephen " "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" +"Por supuesto, el resultado de ese movimiento es uno de los grandes recursos " +"públicos de Internet. «La Internet tiene un monton de negocios y tiendas, " +"pero faltan los equivalentes digitales de parques y espacios abiertos " +"públicos,» Stephen comentó. «Wikipedia encontró un medio de ser ese espacio " +"público abierto.»" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7419 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7421 -msgid "## Bibliography" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9351 +msgid "Bibliography" +msgstr "Bibliografía" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7426 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9353 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" +"Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9359 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" +"Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reimpresión con nuevo prefacio. New York: Hyperion, " +"2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7432 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9364 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." -msgstr "" +msgstr "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9367 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" +"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7438 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9371 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" +"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2a. Ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7443 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9375 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " +#| "Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." +#| "org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." -"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" +"Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." +"org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7448 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9382 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open " +#| "Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/" +#| "WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " -"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" -"models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC BY-SA)." +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" +"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" +"models-book-64463892 (licenciado bajo CC BY-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7453 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9388 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " +#| "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " +#| "Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-" +#| "social-paradigm/." msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " +"comisionado por el Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " "Collaborative, 2016. thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-" "paradigm/." -msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9394 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" +"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " +"Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7464 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9398 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " +#| "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" +#| "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " +#| "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " +#| "bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " +#| "information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" "Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " "cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" +"Bollier, David, y Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the Commons: " +"Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-Based " +"Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in cooperation " +"with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. bollier.org/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. Para más información, vere " +"bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9408 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" +"Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " +"Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7470 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9412 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" +"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7473 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9416 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7475 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9419 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7479 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9423 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" +"Capra, Fritjof, y Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7482 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9428 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" +"Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " +"Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7485 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9432 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" +"———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " +"Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7491 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9436 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the " +#| "City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " +#| "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of " +#| "Bologna, 2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +#| "Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-" +#| "and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf." msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" -"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" -"urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" +"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated por LabGov " +"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italia: Ciudad de " +"Boloña, 2014). www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-" +"on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-" +"of-urban-commons1.pdf." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7495 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9443 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" +"Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " +"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7498 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9448 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +#| "Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7501 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9453 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" +"Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9457 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +#| "Sharing at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr." +#| "org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" -"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" +"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, Enero 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" +"sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7510 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9462 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" +"Elliott, Patricia W., y Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7513 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9469 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" +"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " +"New York: Portfolio, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7516 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9473 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" +"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy.” Cap. 11 en Elliott y Hepting, Free Knowledge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7520 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9478 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten " +#| "Nonprofit Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +#| "2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, y Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " "Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" "articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." -msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7523 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9484 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" +"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " +"Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7527 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9488 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Governing Knowledge Commons. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7531 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9493 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, y Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Cap. 1 en Frischmann, Madison, y Strandburg, " +"Governing Knowledge Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7534 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9498 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reimpresión " +"con nuevo epílogo. New York: Portfolio, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7537 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9502 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. Nueva " +"York: Viking, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7540 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9506 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" +"Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons. Nueva York: Zed Books, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7544 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9510 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" +"Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " +"Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7547 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9515 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" +"Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " +"Doubleday Canada, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7550 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9519 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" +"Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. Nueva York: " +"Farrar, Straus y Giroux, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9523 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" +"———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2a ed. Vintage " +"Books. Nueva York: Vintage Books, 2007." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9527 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" +"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All. Nueva York: Crown, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9531 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" +"Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7561 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9535 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7564 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9538 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" +"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered. Nueva York: Workman, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7567 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9542 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" +"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " +"Nueva York: Workman, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7570 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9546 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. Nueva " +"York: Morgan James, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7573 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the " +#| "Internet.” BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" +"Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " +"BBC News, Marzo 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7576 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9555 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" +"Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " +"Economy. Nueva York: Penguin Press, 2008." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7579 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9559 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" +"Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " +"Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9563 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" +"Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. Nueva York: Farrar, " +"Straus y Giroux, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9567 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +#| "People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +#| "2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " -"www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? Nueva York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7590 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9573 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." -"com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, e Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Un avance del libro está disponible en " +"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7594 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9579 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +#| "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of " +#| "the book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, y Adam Smith. Value " +"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. Un avance del " +"libro está disponible en strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7597 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9585 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" +"Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help. Nueva York: Grand Central, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7603 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9589 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " +#| "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What " +#| "Are the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." +#| "europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC " +#| "BY-SA)." msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." -"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed under CC BY-" -"SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" +"Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " +"Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " +"the Results? The Hague, Países Bajos: Europeana Foundation, 2014. pro." +"europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licenciado bajo CC " +"BY-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7608 -msgid "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9597 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +#| "Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/" +#| "The\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-" +#| "ND)." +msgid "" +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" "Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " "Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" "\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." -msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9603 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +#| "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +#| "Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" +#| "cathedral-bazaar/." msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +"Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " "Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” www.catb.org/esr/writings/" "cathedral-bazaar/." -msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7617 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9609 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" +"Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " +"Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. Nueva York: Crown " +"Business, 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7621 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9614 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" +"Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. Nueva York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7623 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9619 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" +"Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7626 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9623 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" +"Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " +"Enemy of Prosperity. Nueva York: Portfolio, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7629 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9627 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. Nueva " +"York: Farrar, Straus y Giroux, 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7632 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9631 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" +"Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators. Londres, Inglaterra: Penguin Books, 2010." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7635 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9635 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" +"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. Nueva York: OR " +"Books, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7638 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9639 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" +"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " +"Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9643 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" +"Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. Nueva York: " +"Ikigai Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7644 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9647 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" +"Sull, Donald, y Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " +"Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7647 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9651 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" +"Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " +"of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7649 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9655 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" +"Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. Nueva York: Anchor Books, 2005." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7653 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" +"Tapscott, Don, y Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Portfolio, 2016." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7656 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9664 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" +"Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " +"Reiter. Nueva York: Simon y Schuster, 2006." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7659 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9668 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" +"Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " +"University of Chicago Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7665 -msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9672 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +#| "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS " +#| "Publishers, with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands " +#| "Institute for Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. " +#| "opendesignnow.org (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgid "" +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, y Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " +"con Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, el Netherlands Institute for " +"Design and Fashion; y la Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licenciado " +"bajo CC BY-NC-SA)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9680 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" -"get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" +"Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licenciado bajo CC BY-NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7672 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9686 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." -"mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licenciado bajo CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9691 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" +"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " +"Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7677 -msgid "## Acknowledgments" -msgstr "## Agradecimientos" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9696 +msgid "Acknowledgments" +msgstr "Agradecimientos" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7683 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9698 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -15809,19 +20179,19 @@ msgstr "" "especial a la Fundación William and Flora Hewlett por el financiamiento " "inicial que nos permitió empezar este proyecto." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7687 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" "Apreciamos enormemente a todos los entrevistados del libro Hecho con " "Creative Commons por compartir sus historias con nosotros. Ustedes hacen que " "los comunes tengan vida. Gracias por la inspiración." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7693 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9710 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -15836,8 +20206,8 @@ msgstr "" "animamos a nuestros lectores a que visiten sus sitios web y exploren su " "trabajo." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7698 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9718 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -15850,8 +20220,8 @@ msgstr "" "borradores de este trabajo y nos ofrecieron una retroalimentación " "invaluable. Gracias de todo corazón a todos ustedes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7745 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9724 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -15943,11 +20313,10 @@ msgstr "" "Wayne Mackintosh, William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, " "Xavier Antoviaque, Yancey Strickler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8098 -#, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9775 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -15958,7 +20327,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -15971,7 +20340,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -15999,7 +20368,7 @@ msgid "" "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " "Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -16029,7 +20398,7 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " "Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " "Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " @@ -16037,7 +20406,7 @@ msgid "" "Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " "Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " "Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " -"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " "Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " "Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " "Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " @@ -16061,7 +20430,7 @@ msgid "" "Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " "Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " "Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " -"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " "Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " "Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " "Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " @@ -16110,7 +20479,7 @@ msgid "" "Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " "Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " "Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " -"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " "Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " "Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " "Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " @@ -16181,7 +20550,7 @@ msgid "" "Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " "Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " "Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " -"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " "Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " "Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " "Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " @@ -16191,7 +20560,7 @@ msgid "" "Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " "Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " "Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " -"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " "McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " "Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " "Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " @@ -16201,7 +20570,7 @@ msgid "" "Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " "O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " "Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " -"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " "Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " "Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " "Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " @@ -16290,7 +20659,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ross Shaw, Alexander Bartl, Alexander Brown, Alexander Brunner, Alexander " "Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, Alexander Neumann, Alexander " "Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi " -"Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & " +"Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & " "Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, " "Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison " "Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda " @@ -16383,20 +20752,20 @@ msgstr "" "Sablin, Evan Tangman, Evonne Okafor, Evtim Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio " "Natali, Fauxton Software, Felix Deierlein, Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano " "Obes, Felix Schmidt, Felix Zephyr Hsiao, Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand " -"Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, " -"fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian " -"Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, Francis Clarke, Francisco Rivas-" -"Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, François Gros, François " -"Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, " -"Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, " -"Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de " -"Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, " -"Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, " -"George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil " -"Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, " -"Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, " -"Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-" -"Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory " +"Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, fiona.mac." +"uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian Schneider, " +"Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, Francis Clarke, Francisco Rivas-Portillo, " +"Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, François Gros, François Pelletier, Fred " +"Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, Fumi Yamazaki, " +"Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, Gal Buki, " +"Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de Broucker, " +"Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff " +"Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George " +"Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, " +"Gino Cingolani Trucco, Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn " +"Otis Brown, Global Lives Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham " +"Bird, Graham Freeman, Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, " +"Graham Vowles, Greg Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory " "Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume Rischard, " "Gustavo Vaz de Carvalho Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, Gwilym " "Lucas, Haggen So, Håkon T Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, Hannes " @@ -16415,181 +20784,19 @@ msgstr "" "James Docherty, James Ellars, James K Wood, James Tyler, Jamie Finlay, Jamie " "Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jan E Ellison, Jan Gondol, Jan Sepp, Jan Zuppinger, " "Jane Finette, jane Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, Janos Kovacs, Jasmina " -"Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu" - -#~ msgid "service." -#~ msgstr "servicio." - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "" -#~ "resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " -#~ "textbooks)." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "recursos publicitando esos servicios (y, por extensión, los libros de " -#~ "texto de OpenStax)." - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "" -#~ "cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " -#~ "typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " -#~ "sense of reciprocity." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "en vez del típico intercambio quid pro quo de dinero por valor que " -#~ "típicamente conduce a las transacciones en el mercado, el receptor " -#~ "entrega dinero a partir de un sentido de reciprocidad." - -#~ msgid "Made" -#~ msgstr "Hecho" - -#~ msgid "with" -#~ msgstr "con" - -#~ msgid "Creative" -#~ msgstr "Creative" - -#~ msgid "Commons" -#~ msgstr "Commons" - -#~ msgid "The New" -#~ msgstr "El nuevo" - -#~ msgid "World of" -#~ msgstr "Mundo del" - -#~ msgid "Digital" -#~ msgstr "Procomún Digital" - -#~ msgid "How" -#~ msgstr "Cómo" - -#~ msgid "to Be" -#~ msgstr "ser" - -#~ msgid "Made with" -#~ msgstr "Hecho con" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Made" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Hecho" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-1\"></span>with" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-1\"></span>con" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-2\"></span>Creative" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-2\"></span>Creative" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-3\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-3\"></span>Commons" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-5\"></span>" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-5\"></span>" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-7\"></span>Foreword" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-7\"></span>Prefacio" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-8\"></span>Introduction" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-8\"></span>Introducción" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-9\"></span>Part 1" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-9\"></span>Parte 1" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-10\"></span>The Big Picture" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-10\"></span>El panorama completo" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-11\"></span>The New" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-11\"></span>El nuevo" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-12\"></span>World of" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-12\"></span>mundo del" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-13\"></span>Digital" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-13\"></span>procomún" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-14\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-14\"></span>digital" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-17\"></span>Characteristics" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-17\"></span>Características" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-18\"></span>People and processes" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-18\"></span>Personas y procesos" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-19\"></span>Norms and rules" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-19\"></span>Normas y reglas" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-20\"></span>Goals" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-20\"></span>Objetivos" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-23\"></span>The Birth of Creative Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-23\"></span>El nacimiento de Creative Commons" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-24\"></span>The Changing Market" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-24\"></span>El mercado cambiante" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-26\"></span>Our Case Studies" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-26\"></span>Nuestros casos de estudio" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-27\"></span>How" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-27\"></span>Cómo" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-28\"></span>to Be" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-28\"></span>ser" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-29\"></span>Made with" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-29\"></span>Hecho con" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-30\"></span>Creative" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-30\"></span>Creative" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-31\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-31\"></span>Commons" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-62\"></span>The" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-62\"></span>Las" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-63\"></span>Creative" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-63\"></span>Licencias" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-64\"></span>Commons" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-64\"></span>Creative" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-65\"></span>Licenses" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-65\"></span>Commons" - -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "" -#~ "All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. " -#~ "At a minimum, a CC-" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "Todas las licencias Creative Commons otorgan un conjunto básico de " -#~ "permisos. Como mínimo, un" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-66\"></span>Note" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-66\"></span>Nota" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-67\"></span>Part 2" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-67\"></span>Parte 2" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-68\"></span>The Case Studies" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-68\"></span>Los estudios de caso" - -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-69\"></span>Arduino" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-69\"></span>Arduino\t" +"Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu." -#~ msgid "product.”" -#~ msgstr "producto.”" +#~ msgid "Enterprise engagements" +#~ msgstr "Compromisos empresariales" -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-70\"></span>Ártica" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-70\"></span>Ártica" +#~ msgid "Different views on resources" +#~ msgstr "Diferentes puntos de vista sobre recursos" -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-71\"></span>Blender Institute" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-71\"></span>Blender Institute" +#~ msgid "Long ago" +#~ msgstr "Hace mucho tiempo" -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-87\"></span>Rijksmuseum" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-87\"></span>Rijksmuseum" +#~ msgid "State takeover of the commons" +#~ msgstr "Adquisición estatal del procomún" -#~ msgid "<span id=\"anchor-90\"></span>Sparkfun" -#~ msgstr "<span id=\"anchor-90\"></span>Sparkfun" +#~ msgid "Today" +#~ msgstr "Hoy"