X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/blobdiff_plain/810267f416415653d44e10156c0977487ff98fc2..3a45b04234780bd0946c42a98740408f1585df75:/po/nb/mwcc.po diff --git a/po/nb/mwcc.po b/po/nb/mwcc.po index be61f54..7915f11 100644 --- a/po/nb/mwcc.po +++ b/po/nb/mwcc.po @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-08-31 12:00-0500\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-09-23 07:09+0000\n" -"Last-Translator: Allan Nordhøy \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-10-24 12:24-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-01-11 13:33+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Ole-Erik Yrvin \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål " "\n" "Language: nb\n" @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" -"X-Generator: Weblate 2.17-dev\n" +"X-Generator: Weblate 2.19-dev\n" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2 @@ -49,91 +49,93 @@ msgid "" "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" "SA), version 4.0." msgstr "" +"Publisert med listensen Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), " +"versjon 4.0." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:15 msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Vanlig tekst" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:17 msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Omslag og boksideutforming av Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:19 msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Innhold redigert av Grace Yaginuma" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:21 msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Illustrasjoner av Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:23 msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Nedlastbar e-bok er tilgjengelig fra madewith.cc" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:25 msgid "Publisher:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Forlegger:" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:27 msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Bøker" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:29 msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Husumgade 10, 5." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:31 msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "" +msgstr "2200 København N" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:33 msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Danmark" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:35 msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "www.cadb.dk" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:37 msgid "hey@cadb.dk" -msgstr "" +msgstr "hey@cadb.dk" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:39 msgid "Printer:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Trykkeri:" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:41 msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:43 msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "" +msgstr "88-100 Inowrocław," #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:45 msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," -msgstr "" +msgstr "ul. Cegielna 10/12," #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:47 msgid "Poland" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Polen" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:55 @@ -146,6 +148,12 @@ msgid "" "contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" msgstr "" +"Denne boken er utgitt under en CC BY-SA lisens, noe som betyr at du kan " +"kopiere, distribuere videre, remikse, transformere og bygge videre for ulike " +"formål, også kommersielt, så lenge du gir riktig kreditering, gir en link " +"til lisensen og angir om endringer er gjort. Hvis du remikser, transformerer " +"eller bygger på materialet, må du distribuere dine bidrag under samme lisens " +"som den opprinnelige. Lisensdetaljer: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:59 @@ -154,6 +162,9 @@ msgid "" "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " "platform." msgstr "" +"Laget med Creative Commons er offentliggjort med godhjertet støtte fra " +"Creative Commons og bidragsytere fra vår kronerullingskampanje på Kickstarter" +".com-plattformen." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:66 @@ -165,11 +176,16 @@ msgid "" "sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " "lives.”" msgstr "" +"\"Jeg vet ikke mye om faglitteratur. . . Måten jeg tenker på disse tingene, " +"og hva jeg kan gjøre er. . . essays som dette er anledninger til å følge " +"noen med et rimelig lyst hode, men også rimelige gjennomsnittlige både " +"følger nærmere og tenker mer i dybden om mange forskjellige ting enn de " +"fleste av oss har en sjanse til i våre daglige liv.\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:70 msgid "- David Foster Wallace" -msgstr "" +msgstr "- David Foster Wallace" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:72 @@ -203,6 +219,11 @@ msgid "" "reason for being is to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money " "is a means to a social end, not the end itself.”" msgstr "" +"Han hadde på en måte helt rett - de som gjør ting med Creative Commons har " +"underliggende motiver, som Paul Stacey forklarer i denne boken: \"Uavhengig " +"av juridisk status, har de alle en sosial oppgave. Deres primære grunn til å " +"være til er å gjøre verden til et bedre sted, ikke for fortjeneste. Penger " +"er et middel til et sosialt mål, ikke målet selv. \"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:92 @@ -213,6 +234,11 @@ msgid "" "to get rich. It might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of " "course, someone always wins the lottery.”" msgstr "" +"I enkeltstudien om Cory Doctorow siterer Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Corys ord " +"fra hans bok om \"Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free\": \"Å gå inn i " +"kunsten fordi du vil bli rik, er som å kjøpe lottobilletter fordi du vil bli " +"rik. Det kan fungere, men nesten helt sikkert så vil det ikke det. Men, " +"selvfølgelig, noen vinner alltid i et lotteri.\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:99 @@ -224,6 +250,12 @@ msgid "" "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" +"I dag er opphavsrett som et lodd i et lotteri - alle har et og nesten ingen " +"vinner. Hva de ikke fortelle deg er at hvis du velger å dele ditt arbeid, " +"kan det du får igjen være betydelig og vare lenge. Denne boken er fylt med " +"historier om dem som tar mye større risiko enn de kronene vi betaler for et " +"lodd, og i stedet høster belønninger som kommer fra å følge sin lidenskap og " +"bygge på sine verdier." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:105 @@ -233,6 +265,11 @@ msgid "" "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" +"Så det er ikke om pengene. Men er også om det. Å finne midler til å " +"fortsette å opprette og dele krever ofte en viss inntekt. Max Temkin i Cards " +"Against Humanity sier det best i sin eksempelstudie: \"Vi lager ikke vitser " +"og spill for å tjene penger - vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere " +"vitser og spill.\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:113 @@ -244,6 +281,13 @@ msgid "" "the best open business models. Paul and Sarah were the ideal authors to " "write Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons fokuserer på å bygge levende, nyttige allmenninger, drevet " +"av samarbeid og takknemlighet. Å få til samarbeidsfelleskap(communities) er " +"kjernen i vår strategi. Med det i mente startet Creative Commons dette " +"bokprosjektet. Ledet av Paul og Sarah, gikk prosjektet i gang med å definere " +"og fremme de beste åpne forretningsmodellene. Paul og Sarah var ideelle " +"forfatterne skrive Made with Creative Commons: Laget med kreative " +"allmenninger." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:121 @@ -256,6 +300,13 @@ msgid "" "has a calm, cool voice that conveys a passion that inspires his colleagues " "and community." msgstr "" +"Paul drømmer om en fremtid der nye modeller for kreativitet og innovasjon " +"overgår den ulikhet og knapphet som i dag viser de verste delene av " +"kapitalismen. Han drives av kraften i mellommenneskelige forbindelser i " +"skapende samarbeidsfellesskap. Han ser lengre enn de fleste, og det har " +"gjort ham til en bedre pedagog, en innsiktsfull forsker, og også en dyktig " +"gartner. Han har en rolig, kul stemme som formidler en lidenskap som " +"inspirerer kolleger og samfunn." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:131 @@ -269,6 +320,15 @@ msgid "" "impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, detail-" "oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating more." msgstr "" +"Sarah er en meget solid advokat - en sann forkjemper som tror på det gode i " +"mennesker, og på kraften i kollektive handlinger for å forandre verden. I " +"det siste året jeg har sett Sarah kjempe med den hjertesorg som kommer fra å " +"ha investert så mye i en politisk kampanje som ikke sluttet som som hun " +"hadde håpet. I dag er hun mer bestemt enn noen gang på å leve med sine " +"verdier rett fra hjertet. Jeg kan alltid stole på at Sarah skyver på for at " +"Creative Commmons skal påvirke, - gjøre det viktigste viktigst. Hun er " +"praktisk, detalj-orientert og dyktig. Det er ingen på mitt laget jeg liker " +"mer å debattere med." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:140 @@ -282,6 +342,14 @@ msgid "" "or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" +"Som medforfattere, utfylte Paul og Sarah hverandre perfekt. De forsket, " +"analyserte, hevdet og jobbet som et lag, noen ganger sammen og noen ganger " +"hver for seg. De grov seg ned i forskningen og skrivingen med lidenskap og " +"nysgjerrighet, og en dyp respekt for hva som inngår i å lage allmenninger og " +"å dele med verden. De var åpne for nye ideer, medregnet muligheten for at " +"utgangsteoriene deres måtte utvikles videre eller kanskje var helt feil. Det " +"er modig, og det har gitt en bedre bok som er mer innsiktsfull, ærlig og " +"nyttig." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:146 @@ -292,6 +360,11 @@ msgid "" "SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in " "itself, an example of an open business model." msgstr "" +"Fra begynnelsen ønsket CC å utvikle dette prosjektet med prinsipper og " +"verdier fra åpent samarbeid. Boken ble finansiert, utviklet, undersøkt og " +"skrevet åpent. Det blir delt åpent under en CC BY-SA-lisens slik at alle kan " +"bruke, remikse eller tilpasse med henvisning på plass. Det er i seg selv et " +"eksempel på en åpen forretningsmodell." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:153 @@ -303,6 +376,12 @@ msgid "" "through two stretch goals and engaging over 1,600 donors—the majority of " "them new supporters of Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"I 31 dager i august 2015 organiserte Sarah en Kickstarter-kampanje for å " +"finansiere oppstarten av boken. Resten ble finansiert av Create Commons " +"sjenerøse givere og støttespillere. Til slutt ble den en av de mest " +"vellykkede bokprosjektene på Kickstarter, med 1600 engasjerte givere i to " +"strekk helt til mål. De fleste giverne var nye tilhengere av Creative " +"Commons." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:162 @@ -315,6 +394,13 @@ msgid "" "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" +"Paul og Sarah jobbet åpent gjennom hele prosjektet, publiserte planene, " +"utkast, casestudier og analyset, tidlig og sent, og de engasjerte miljøer " +"over hele verden til å skrive denne boken. Ettersom meninger varierte " +"interessene kom i fokus, de laget ulipe løp og besluttet å holde dem atskilt " +"i sluttproduktet. Å arbeide på denne måten krever både ydmykhet og " +"selvtillit, og det har uten tvil gjort \"Made with Creative Commons\" til et " +"bedre prosjekt." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:167 @@ -323,6 +409,9 @@ msgid "" "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" +"De som jobber og deler i allmenningen(commons) er ikke typiske skaperne. De " +"er en del av noe større enn seg selv, og hva de tilbyr oss alle er en raus " +"gave. Hva de får tilbake er takknemlighet og et samfunn." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:174 @@ -334,6 +423,12 @@ msgid "" "community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many to " "share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann, som er løftet frem i denne boken, skriver en dag en sang. Da " +"jeg tok kontakt for å be ham om å skrive en sang for vår Kickstarter (og å " +"tilby seg å støtte Kickstarter), stilte han umiddelbart opp. Hvorfor ville " +"han stille opp på det? Fordi allmenningen har samarbeid som sin kjerne, og " +"allmenning er en nøkkelverdi, og fordi CC-lisensene har hjulpet så mange å " +"dele med et globalt publikum på den måten de velger." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:186 @@ -350,6 +445,17 @@ msgid "" "satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that what you do is " "genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" +"Sarah skriver, \"Innsats som lages med \"Made with Creative Commons\" trives " +"når allmenningen bygges rundt hva som gjøres. Dette kan bety at et " +"fellesskap samarbeider for å skape noe nytt, eller eller kan rett og slett " +"være en samling av likesinnede som blir kjent hverandre og samler seg rundt " +"felles interesser eller tro. Til en viss grad, å bare bruke \"Made with " +"Creative Commons\" bringer automatisk med seg elementer av allmenningen, ved " +"å hjelpe til med å koble deg til likesinnede, som gjenkjenner og trekkes til " +"de verdiene som symboliseres ved å bruke CC. \" Amanda Palmer, den andre " +"musikeren som er profilert i boken, vil sikkert legge til dette fra sin " +"studie: \"Det er ikke noe mer tilfredsstillende mål enn når noen forteller " +"deg at det du gjør virkelig verdi for dem..\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:195 @@ -362,6 +468,14 @@ msgid "" "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgstr "" +"Dette er ikke en typisk bedriftsøkonomi-bok. For de som leter etter en " +"oppskrift eller et veikart, kan dere bli skuffet. Men for de som ønsker å " +"bidra til et sosialt mål, å bygge noe stort gjennom samarbeid, eller bli med " +"i en kraftig og voksende globalt samfunn, kan de være sikre på å bli " +"fornøyd. Made with Creative Commons tilbyr en global endring med et sett " +"med tydelig artikulerte verdier og prinsipper, noen viktige verktøy til å " +"utforske dine egne forretningsmuligheter, og to dusin doser med ren " +"inspirasjon." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:203 @@ -374,6 +488,12 @@ msgid "" "groups, in communities, among strangers, among people they come to know, and " "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" +"I 1996-artikkelen i Stanford Law Review \"Sonene i kyberrom\", skrev CC-" +"grunnlegger Lawrence Lessig. \"Kyberrommet et sted. Folk bor der. Der " +"opplever de alle mulige ting, og de oppleves i reelle rom . Og noen, de " +"opplever mer. Dette opplever de ikke som isolerte individer, som spillere av " +"noe høyteknologiske dataspill; De opplever det i grupper, i fellesskap, " +"blant fremmede, blant dem de lærer å kjenne, og noen ganger like.\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:209 @@ -384,28 +504,33 @@ msgid "" "communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" +"Jeg er utrolig stolt at Creative Commons er i stand å utgi denne boken for " +"så mange allmenninger som vi har lært å kjenne og liker. Jeg er takknemlig " +"overfor Paul og Sarah for deres kreativitet og innsikt, og de globale " +"samfunn som har hjulpet oss å bringe den til deg. Som CC-styremedlem " +"Johnathan Nightingale ofte sier: \"Alt er laget av mennesker.\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:211 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det er den sanne verdien av ting som er laget med Creative Commons." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:213 #, no-wrap msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "" +msgstr "*Ryan Merkley*\n" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:215 #, no-wrap msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -msgstr "" +msgstr "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:217 msgid "## Introduction" -msgstr "" +msgstr "## Introduksjon" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:220 @@ -413,6 +538,8 @@ msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" +"Denne boken viser verden hvordan deling kan være bra i forretningsøyemed, " +"men med en vri." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:230 @@ -427,6 +554,15 @@ msgid "" "model canvas,” an interactive online tool that would help people design and " "analyze their business model." msgstr "" +"Vi startet prosjektet å utforske hvordan skapere, organisasjoner og " +"bedrifter tjener penger å videreføre hva de gjør når de deler arbeidet sitt " +"med Creative Commons-lisenser. Målet var ikke til å identifisere en formel " +"for forretningsmodeller som bruker Creative Commons, men i stedet samle " +"friske ideer og dynamiske eksempler som tenner nye, innovative modeller og " +"hjelper andre å følge etter ved å bygge på det allerede virker. I starten " +"rammet vi inn våre undersøkelser i kjente forretningsbegreper. Vi laget et " +"ubeskrevet \"åpent forretningsmodell-lerret,\" et interaktivt nettbasert " +"verktøy som hjelper folk å skape og analysere sin forretningsmodell." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:237 @@ -437,6 +573,12 @@ msgid "" "what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and wrote " "up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the literature." msgstr "" +"Med raus finansiering fra Kickstarters støttespillere, satte vi i gang dette " +"prosjektet, først ved å identifisere og velge ut en bred gruppe av skapere, " +"organisasjoner og bedrifter som bruker Creative Commons på en integrert måte " +"- det vi kaller \"Gjort på Creative Commons-vis\". Vi intervjuet dem og " +"skrev ned deres historier. Vi analyserte hva vi hørte, og gravde dypt i " +"litteraturen." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:240 @@ -444,6 +586,8 @@ msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" +"Mens vi gjorde våre undersøkelser, skjedde det noe interessant. Vår første " +"måte ramme inn arbeidet på, samsvarte ikke med de historiene vi hørte." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:246 @@ -454,6 +598,11 @@ msgid "" "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" +"De vi intervjuet var ikke typisk bedrifter som selger til forbrukerne og " +"søker å maksimere overskudd og bunnlinje. I stedet, de delte for å gjøre " +"verden til et bedre sted, ved å skape relasjoner og samfunn rundt arbeidene " +"som ble delt, og genererte inntekter, ikke for ubegrenset vekst, men for å " +"opprettholde driften." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:252 @@ -464,6 +613,11 @@ msgid "" "value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " "Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" +"Ofte likte de ikke å høre, at hva de gjør, ble beskrevet som en åpen " +"forretningsmodell. Deres oppgave var noe mer enn det. Noe annet. Noe som " +"genererer ikke bare økonomisk verdi, men sosiale og kulturelle verdi. Noe " +"som involverer forbindelser mennesker imellom. Å \"Gjøre med Creative " +"Commons\" er ikke \"business as usual.\"" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:260 @@ -475,6 +629,13 @@ msgid "" "who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed " "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" +"Vi måtte revurdere måten vi oppfattet dette prosjektet på. Og det skjedde " +"ikke over natten. Fra høsten av 2015 og hele 2016 dokumenterte vi våre " +"tanker i blogginnlegg på Medium og med regelmessige oppdateringer til våre " +"Kickstarter-støttespillere. Vi delte utkast av enkeltstudier og analyse med " +"våre Kickstarter-samarbeidspartnere, som ga uvurderlige endringer, " +"tilbakemeldinger og råd. Vår tenkning endret seg dramatisk i løpet av " +"halvannet år." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:269 @@ -487,6 +648,13 @@ msgid "" "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" +"Gjennom hele prosessen, har vi to ofte hatt svært ulike måter å forstå og " +"beskrive hva vi lærer. Gjensidig læring har vært en av de store gledene i " +"dette arbeidet, og vi håper, noe som har gjort det endelige produktet mye " +"mer innholdsrikt enn det ville vært hvis én av oss gjennomførte dette " +"prosjektet alene. Våre stemmer er tatt vare på underveis, og du vil kunne " +"finne våre ulike, men utfyllende, tilnærminger når du henholdsvis leser " +"gjennom våre ulike seksjoner." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:273 @@ -494,6 +662,8 @@ msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " "reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." msgstr "" +"Mens vi anbefaler at du leser boken fra start til slutt, kan hver del leses " +"mer eller mindre uavhengig av hverandre. Boken er organisert i to hoveddeler." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:280 @@ -505,6 +675,12 @@ msgid "" "terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing and enlarging the digital " "commons." msgstr "" +"Første del, oversikten, som begynner med det store bildet, er skrevet av " +"Paul. Han gir litt historisk bakgrunn for Digital Commons, som beskriver de " +"tre måtene samfunnet håndterer ressurser og deler inntekter: Allmenninger, " +"markedet og staten. Han er talsmann for tenkning utover næringsvirksomhet og " +"markedsbegreper, og er velformulert om deling og utvidelse av Digital " +"Commons." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:289 @@ -517,6 +693,13 @@ msgid "" "bring in revenue, how they further the public interest and live out their " "values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" +"Oversikten fortsetter med Sarahs kapittel, der hun vurderer hva det betyr å " +"lykkes med Creative Commons. Mens å tjene penger er en del av kaken, er det " +"også et sett av offentlig-baserte verdier og hva slags menneskelige " +"forbindelser som gjør deling virkelig meningsfullt. Denne delen beskriver " +"hvordan skaperne, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi intervjuet, skaffer " +"inntekter, hvordan de videre fremmer allmenne interesser og realiserer sine " +"verdier, og hvordan de bygger forbindelser med folk de deler med." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:295 @@ -526,6 +709,10 @@ msgid "" "restrictive licenses—the ones that are closest to the all-rights-reserved " "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" +"Og for å avslutte første del, har vi et kort avsnitt som forklarer de ulike " +"Creative Commons-lisensene. Vi snakker om misforståelsen om at jo mer " +"restriktiv lisensene - de som er nærmest \"alle rettigheter reservert\"-" +"modellen i tradisjonell opphavsrett, - er den eneste måten å tjene penger på." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:300 @@ -534,6 +721,9 @@ msgid "" "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" +"Del to av boken består av de fire og tyve historiene til aktører, bedrifter " +"og organisasjoner vi intervjuet. Begge deltok i intervjuene, mens vi " +"fordelte skrivingen av profilene." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:304 @@ -542,6 +732,9 @@ msgid "" "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig er vi glade for å gjøre boken tilgjengelig med en Creative " +"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike lisens. Kopier, distribuer, oversett, " +"lokaliser, og bygg gjerne videre på dette arbeidet." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:310 @@ -552,35 +745,34 @@ msgid "" "use Creative Commons and in so doing contribute to the transformation of our " "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" +"Denne boka har endret og inspirert oss. Måten vi nå betrakter og tenker på " +"hva det betyr å \"gjøre med Creative Commons\" er ugjenkallelig forandret. " +"Vi håper denne boken inspirerer deg og ditt foretak til å bruke Creative " +"Commons og dermed bidra til forandringen av vår økonomi og verden til bedre." #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:312 #, no-wrap msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:314 -msgid "# Part 1" -msgstr "" +msgstr "*Paul og Sarah *\n" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:315 msgid "# The Big Picture" -msgstr "" +msgstr "# Det store bildet" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:317 msgid "## The New World of Digital Commons" -msgstr "" +msgstr "## Digital Commons nye verden" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:320 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:319 msgid "Paul Stacey" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Paul Stacey" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:328 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:327 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " "web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " @@ -589,9 +781,15 @@ msgid "" "gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such " "as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe beskriver velformulert allmenningen som \"luften og havene, " +"nettverket av arter, villmark og rennende vann - alle er deler av " +"allmenninger. Så er språk og kunnskap, fortau og torg, historier fra " +"barndommen og demokratiske prosesser. Noen deler av allmenningen er gaver " +"fra naturen, andre er resultat av av menneskelige bestrebelser. Noen er " +"nytt, for eksempel Internett; andre er like gamle som jord og kalligrafi.\"1" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:337 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:336 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " @@ -602,9 +800,17 @@ msgid "" "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" +"I \"Laget med Creative Commons\" fokuserer vi på vår nåværende æra med " +"digitale allmenninger, enn allmenningen med menneskelagede arbeider. Dinne " +"allmenningen går på tvers av en rekke områder, inkludert kulturarv, " +"utdanning, forskning, teknologi, kunst, design, litteratur, underholdning, " +"forretning og data. Menneskelagde arbeider på alle disse områdene er i " +"økende grad digitale. Internett er en slags global, digital allmenning. " +"Personer, organisasjoner og bedrifter i våre referanseløsninger bruker " +"Creative Commons til å dele sine ressurser tilkoblet Internett." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:348 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:347 msgid "" "The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " "social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " @@ -616,23 +822,35 @@ msgid "" "costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " "regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." msgstr "" +"Allmenninger er imidlertid ikke bare om delte ressurser. De er også om " +"sosial praksis og verdiene som styrer dem. En ressurs er et substantiv, men " +"til allmenngjøring - å legge ressursen inn i allmenningen - er et verb.2 " +"Produsenter, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi profilerer er alle engasjert i " +"allmenngjøring. Deres bruk av Creative Commons involverer dem i den sosiale " +"gjennomføring av allmenngjøring, administrere ressurser kollektivt i et " +"brukerfellesskap.3 Allmenngjøring styres av et sett med verdier og normer " +"som balanserer kostnadene og fordelene for foretaket med de til " +"fellesskapet. Særlig vekt er lagt på rettferdig tilgang, bruk og bærekraft." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:350 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:349 msgid "### The Commons, the Market, and the State" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Almenningen, markedet, og staten" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:355 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:354 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " "government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " "today.4" msgstr "" +"Historisk har det vært tre måter å administrere ressurser og fordele rikdom: " +"Allmenninger (håndtert kollektivt) og staten (dvs. regjeringen) markedet - " +"med de siste to som de dominerende former i dag.4" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:363 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:362 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " @@ -642,16 +860,26 @@ msgid "" "financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " "commons with those of the market or state." msgstr "" +"Organisasjoner og bedrifter i våre referanseløsninger er unike i måten de " +"deltar i felleskap mens de fortsatt er engasjert i markedet og/eller i " +"offentlig sektor. Omfanget av engasjement i markedet eller med det " +"offentlige varierer. Noen opererer primært som en allmenning med minimal " +"eller ingen avhengighet av markedet eller det offentlige.5 Andre er for en " +"stor del i markedet eller det offentlige, og avhenger av dem for finansiell " +"bærekraft. Alle fungerer som hybrider, som kombinerer normer fra allemanneie " +"med dem som gjelder for markeder eller det offentlige." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:366 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:365 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" +"Fig.1. skildrer hvordan en bedrift kan ha varierende grad av engasjement med " +"allemannseie , det offentlige og markedet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:375 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:374 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -662,9 +890,17 @@ msgid "" "as being primarily of one type or another affects the balance of norms by " "which they operate." msgstr "" +"Noen av våre referanseløsninger er bare allemannseie og har liten elle ikke " +"noe engasjenet i forhold til offentlig sektor. En beskrivelse av de " +"løsningene ville vise at tilknytningen til offentlig sektor er liten eller " +"til og med fraværende. Andre referanser er primært markedsbaserte med bare " +"et lite engasjement i allemannsseie. Fremstillingen av de referansestudiene " +"viser at markedsfæren er stor og fellesskapsfæren liten. I hvilken grad en " +"bedrift ser seg selv som hovedsakelig av én type eller annen påvirker " +"sammensetningen av de normer de styrer etter." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:383 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:382 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -673,25 +909,38 @@ msgid "" "engagement between the commons and the market requires a deft touch, a " "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" +"Alle våre referanseløsninger genererer penger til livsopphold og bærekraft. " +"Penger kommer hovedsakelig fra markedet. Det er utfordrende å finne måter å " +"generere inntekter på, når man holder seg til kjerneverdiene i allemannseie (" +"vanligvis uttrykt i målformuleringer). Å administrere samhandling og " +"engasjement mellom fellesskapene og markedet krever litt netthendt, en sterk " +"følelse av verdier, og evnen til å kombinere det beste fra begge." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:389 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:388 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " "build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, " "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" +"Staten har en viktig rolle å spille i å fremme aksept og bruk av felleseier. " +"Statlige programmer og finansiering kan bevisst bidra til og bygge " +"allemannseier. Utover bevilgninger, lovgivning og regler om eiendomsrett, " +"kan opphavsrett, forretningsvirksomhet og finansiering, alle være utformet " +"for å fremme allemannseie." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:392 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:391 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " "height=\"3.5417in\"}" msgstr "" +"![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width=\"6.5in\" " +"height=\"3.5417in\"}" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:400 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:399 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -701,14 +950,22 @@ msgid "" "commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy for " "success." msgstr "" +"Det er nyttig for alle å forstå hvordan allemannseie, markedet og offentlig " +"sektor håndterer ressurser på ulike måter, og ikke bare for dem som anser " +"seg selv som hovedsakelig et felleseie. For bedrifter eller offentlige " +"organisasjoner som ønsker å engasjere seg i og bruke allemannseie, vil det å " +"vite hvordan allmenninger fungere være til hjelp for å forstå den beste " +"måten for å gjøre dette på. For å delta i og bruke felleseie på samme måte " +"som man ellers arbeider i markedet eller i staten, er ikke en strategi for " +"suksess." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:402 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:401 msgid "### The Four Aspects of a Resource" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### De fire aspektene ved en ressurs" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:410 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:409 msgid "" "As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " "for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " @@ -718,9 +975,16 @@ msgid "" "generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " "chapter." msgstr "" +"Som en del av hennes Nobel Prize-vinnende arbeid, utviklet Elinor Ostrom et " +"rammeverk for å analysere hvordan naturressurser administreres i en " +"allmenning.6 Hennes rammeverk vurdert ting som biofysiske karakteristikker " +"ved felles ressurser, samfunnets aktører og samhandlingene som foregår " +"mellom dem, uformelle regler-i-bruk, og resultater. Dette rammeverket er " +"forenklet og generalisert for å bruke på felleseie, markedet og staten, det " +"offentlige, for dette kapitlet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:416 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:415 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -728,30 +992,42 @@ msgid "" "rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with " "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" +"Hvis du vil sammenligne og vise kontraster i måter som allemannseie, " +"markedet, og det offentlige arbeider, la oss vurdere fire sider ved " +"ressursadministrasjon: Ressursens karakteristika, de involverte personene og " +"den prosessen de bruker, normer og regler de utvikler for å styre bruken, og " +"til slutt den faktiske ressursbruken sammen med resultatene av denne bruken (" +"se Fig. 2)." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:418 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " "height=\"6.5in\"}" msgstr "" +"![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " +"height=\"6.5in\"}" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:421 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:420 msgid "#### Characteristics" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Karakteristika" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:426 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:425 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " "they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" "significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or digital, " "which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" +"Ressurser har spesielle egenskaper eller attributter som påvirker hvordan de " +"kan brukes. Noen ressurser er naturlige; andre er menneskeskapt. Og - av " +"betydelig for dagens felleseider - ressurser kan være fysiske eller " +"digitale, som påvirker det iboende ressurspotensialet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:435 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:434 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " "and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " @@ -761,9 +1037,16 @@ msgid "" "resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a " "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" +"Fysiske ressurser er begrensede. Hvis jeg har en fysisk ressurs og gi det " +"til deg, har jeg den ikke lenger. Når en ressurs er fjernet og brukt, blir " +"tilbudet knapt eller utarmet. Knapphet kan føre til konkurranse og " +"rivalisering om ressursen. Tiltak laget med Creative Commons er vanligvis " +"digitalt basert, men noen av våre referanseløsninger produserer også " +"ressurser i fysisk form. Kostnadene ved å produsere og distribuere et fysisk " +"gode, krever vanligvis at man benytter markedet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:443 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:442 msgid "" "Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " @@ -773,9 +1056,16 @@ msgid "" "depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an " "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" +"Fysiske ressurser blir uttømt, er eksklusive og de konkurreres om. Digitale " +"ressurser, derimot, er uutømmelige, ikke-eksklusive og gir ikke " +"rivalisering. Hvis jeg deler en digital ressurs med deg, har vi begge " +"ressursen. Å gi den til deg betyr ikke at jeg ikke lenger har den. Digitale " +"ressursene kan lages i det uendelige, kopieres og distribueres uten bli " +"uttømt og til en kostnad på nær null. Overflod i stedet for knapphet er en " +"iboende karakteristisk ved digitale ressurser." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:450 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:449 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " "resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " @@ -783,9 +1073,14 @@ msgid "" "always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " "Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" +"At de digitale ressursene er uuttømmelige, ikke-eksklusive og ikke-" +"revialiserende betyr reglene og normene for å håndtere dem kan (og bør) være " +"forskjellige fra hvordan fysiske ressurser håndteres. Men er ikke alltid " +"tilfelle. Digitale ressurser gjøres ofte kunstig knappe. Å plassere digitale " +"ressurser i allmenninger gjør dem gratis og rikelige." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:459 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:458 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " @@ -795,9 +1090,16 @@ msgid "" "has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" +"Våre referanseprosjekter håndterer ofte hybrid-ressurser, som begynner som " +"digitale med muligheter for å bli omgjort til en fysisk ressurs. Den " +"digitale bokfilen kan trykkes på papir og gjøres til en fysisk bok. Et data-" +"gjengitt design for møbler kan fysisk produseres i tre. Denne konverteringen " +"fra digital til fysisk har alltid kostnader. De digitale ressursene " +"administreres ofte på en fri og åpen måte, men et kreves penger for å " +"konvertere en digital ressurs til en fysisk." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:467 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:466 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " "conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " @@ -807,22 +1109,32 @@ msgid "" "beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " "future generations." msgstr "" +"Utover denne ideen med fysisk versus digital, forstår allmenninger, markedet " +"og staten ressurser forskjellig (se Fig. 3). Markedet ser ressurser som " +"private varer, goder for salg - som gir verdi. Staten ser ressurser som " +"offentlige goder som gir verdi til innbyggerne. Allmenninger ser ressurser " +"som felles goder, som gir en felles rikdom som strekker seg utover landets " +"grenser, og videreformidles uforminsket eller forbedret til fremtidige " +"generasjoner." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:469 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:468 msgid "#### People and processes" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Folk og prosesser" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:473 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:472 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" +"I allemannseie, markedet og staten brukes ulike mennesker og prosesser til å " +"administrere ressurser. De prosesser som brukes definerer både som har " +"innflytelse og hvordan en ressurs skal håndteres." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:481 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:480 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " @@ -831,9 +1143,15 @@ msgid "" "servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " "government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" +"I staten utgår en regjering fra folkevalgte som er ansvarlige for " +"ressurshåndteringen på vegne av folk flest. Innbyggerne som produserer og " +"bruker disse ressursene er ikke direkte involvert; i stedet er ansvaret gitt " +"over til regjeringen. Statlige departementer og avdelinger bemannet med " +"offentlige tjenestemenn setter opp budsjetter, gjennomfører programmer og " +"administrerer ressurser basert på regjeringen prioriteringer og prosedyrer." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:488 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:487 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -842,9 +1160,15 @@ msgid "" "resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to " "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" +"I markedet er de involverte produsenter, kjøpere, selgere og forbrukere. " +"Bedrifter fungere som mellomledd mellom dem som produserer ressurser og dem " +"som konsumerer eller bruke dem. Markedets prosesser søker å trekke ut så mye " +"verdi fra ressurser som mulig. Ressurser håndteres som en handelsvare i " +"markedet, ofte masseprodusert og solgt til forbrukere på grunnlag av en " +"betalingstransaksjon." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:502 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:501 msgid "" "In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " "directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " @@ -859,21 +1183,36 @@ msgid "" "credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " "anonymous and more personal." msgstr "" +"I motsetning til staten og markedet, håndters ressurser i en allmenning mer " +"direkte av dem som er involvert.7 De som lager menneske-produserte ressurser " +"kan legge dem i felleseie ut fra et personlig valg. Det kreves ingen " +"tillatelse fra staten eller markedet. Alle kan delta i allmenninger og selv " +"bestemme seg for hvor mye de vil være involvert, - som en bidragsyter, " +"bruker eller administrator. Involverte inkluderer ikke bare dem som " +"oppretter og bruker ressurser, men også dem som berøres av resultatet av " +"bruk. Hvem du er påvirker hva du har å si, hvilke handlinger du kan utføre, " +"og omfanget av beslutningstaking. I allmenninger, ere de fellesskapet som " +"helhet administrerer ressursene. Ressurser lagt inn i felleseie ved å bruke " +"Creative Commons krever at at brukerne krediterer den opprinnelige skaperen. " +"Å vite personen bak en ressurs gjør fellesskapseie mindre anonymt og mer " +"personlig." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:504 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " "height=\"4.2362in\"}" msgstr "" +"![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " +"height=\"4.2362in\"}" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:507 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:506 msgid "#### Norms and rules" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Normer og regler" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:512 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:511 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " @@ -885,7 +1224,7 @@ msgstr "" "disputter." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:518 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:517 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -893,17 +1232,25 @@ msgid "" "regulations, and laws. The state influences the norms and rules of the " "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" +"Statlig myndighet er underlagt nasjonale regelverk. Normer knyttet til " +"prioriteringer og beslutningsprosesser defineres av folkevalgte og " +"parlamentarisk prosedyrer. Statlige føringer uttrykkes gjennom politiske " +"vedtak, lover og regler. Staten påvirker normer og regler for markedet og " +"allemannseie gjennom de reglene som lages." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:522 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:521 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" +"Markedets normer påvirkes av økonomi og konkurranse om knappe ressurser. " +"Markedsreguleringene omfatter eierforhold, virksomheter og økonomiske lover " +"definert av staten." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:528 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " @@ -911,23 +1258,33 @@ msgid "" "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " "just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" msgstr "" +"Som med markedet, kan et felleseie påvirkes av offentlig politikk, " +"forskrifter og lover. Men normer og regler for et allemannseie er i det " +"store og hele definert av det selv. De veier individuelle kostnader og " +"fordeler - mot kostnader og fordeler for hele felleseiet. Det tas hensyn " +"ikke bare til økonomisk effektivitet, men også tuk egenkapital og " +"bærekraftighet.9" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:531 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:530 msgid "#### Goals" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Mål" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:536 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:535 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " "how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the " "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" +"Kombinasjonen av forhold vi har diskutert så langt, - de innebygde " +"egenskapene, folk, prosesser, normer og regler - utformer hvordan ressursene " +"brukes. Bruken påvirkes også av de ulike målene til stat, marked og " +"allmenninger." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:543 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:542 msgid "" "In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " "we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " @@ -935,9 +1292,14 @@ msgid "" "in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " "growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." msgstr "" +"I markedet er fokus på å maksimere nytten av en ressurs. Hva vi betaler for " +"varene vi forbruker sees på som et objektivt mål på den nytten de gir. Målet " +"blir maksimere totale økonomiske pengeverdien.10 Forbrukte enheter forstås " +"som salg, inntekter, fortjeneste og vekst, og alle disse er måter å måle " +"markedet på." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:550 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:549 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -946,9 +1308,14 @@ msgid "" "resources toward these aims. State goals are reflected in quality of life " "measures." msgstr "" +"Staten skal bruke og administrere ressurser på en måte som balanserer " +"økonomi mot sosiale og kulturelle behov hos sine innbyggere. Helsetjenester, " +"utdanning, jobb, miljø, transport, sikkerhet, arv og rettferdighet er alle " +"fasetter av et sunt samfunn, og staten bruker sine ressurser får å nå disse " +"målene. Statlige mål gjenspeiles i mål på livskvalitet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:557 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:556 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " "participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " @@ -957,23 +1324,33 @@ msgid "" "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" +"I allmenninger er målet å maksimere tilgang, egenkapital, distribusjon, " +"deltakelse, innovasjon og bærekraft. Vi kan måle suksess ved å se på hvor " +"mange personer som har tilgang til, og bruker en ressurs; hvordan brukere er " +"fordelt på kjønn, inntekt og hvor de er; om et fellesskap utvider og " +"forbedrer de ressurser som lages; og om ressursene brukes på innovative " +"måter til fordel for personlige og sosiale goder." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:562 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:561 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " "ability to strategically utilize and balance these different aspects of " "managing resources." msgstr "" +"Som hybrid-kombinasjoner av fellesskapseie og marked eller staten, avhenger " +"suksessen og bærekraften i alle våre referansestudier av tiltakenes evne til " +"å strategisk bruke og balansere disse ulike aspektene ved sin " +"ressurshåndtering." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:564 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:563 msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Commons korte historie" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:571 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:570 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -982,9 +1359,14 @@ msgid "" "from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches " "about the commons." msgstr "" +"Å bruk av felleseie for å håndtere ressurser, er en del av et langt " +"historiske kontinuum. Men i det moderne samfunn dominerer markedet og staten " +"diskusjonen om hvordan ressurser best håndteres. Sjelden er allmenneie " +"engang vurdert som et alternativ. Allmenneie har i stor grad forsvunnet fra " +"bevissthet og omtanke. Det finnes ingen nyheter eller taler om allemenninger." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:577 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:576 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " "around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " @@ -992,9 +1374,13 @@ msgid "" "commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its " "history." msgstr "" +"Men mer enn 1,1 milliarder ressurser er lisensiert med Creative Commons " +"verden over og er indikasjon på en grasrotbevegelse i retning allemannseie. " +"Felleseie blomstrer opp. For å forstå motstandsdyktigheten til slik eie og " +"den pågående fornyelsen, er det nyttig å vite noe om historien." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:586 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:585 msgid "" "For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " "resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " @@ -1004,16 +1390,25 @@ msgid "" "primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " "illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" msgstr "" +"I århundrer, håndterte urfolk og førindustrielle samfunn ressurser, " +"inkludert vann, mat, brensel, vanning, fisk, vilt og mange andre ting, " +"kollektivt som et felleseie.11 Det var intet marked, ingen verdensøkonomi. " +"Staten, i form av herskere, påvirket allmenningene, men kontrollerte dem " +"ikke. Direkte sosial deltakelse i en allmenning var primært måten ressurser " +"ble styrt på og behov møtt. (Fig. 4 illustrerer allemannseie i forhold til " +"stat og marked.)" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:589 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:588 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " "height=\"3.389in\"}" msgstr "" +"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width=\"6.5in\" " +"height=\"3.389in\"}" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:597 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:596 msgid "" "This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " "taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " @@ -1022,9 +1417,15 @@ msgid "" "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" +"Dette etterfølges av en lang historie der staten (monarkiet eller en " +"makthaver) overtar allmenninger til sine egne formål. Dette kalles " +"innkapsling av allemannseie.12 I gamle dager ble \"commoners\" kastet ut fra " +"land, gjerder og hekker reist, lover og sikkerhet konfigurert til å forby " +"adgang.13 Gradvis ble ressursene statens eiendom, og staten ble det primære " +"verktøy for styring av disse ressursene. (Se Fig. 5)." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:609 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:608 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " "political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " @@ -1037,23 +1438,37 @@ msgid "" "living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is " "the primary means by which resources are managed." msgstr "" +"Eierskap tll land, vann og vilt ble distribuert til den herskende familien " +"og politisk utvalgte. Vanlige borgere ble fordrevet fra landområdene og " +"flyttet til byer. Med fremveksten av den industrielle revolusjonen ble " +"landområder og ressurser solgt til bedrifter for å støtte produksjon. " +"Folkevalgte forsamlinger overtok etterhvert fra monarkier. Vanlige borgere " +"ble arbeidere som tjente penger ved å betjene maskiner i industrien. Finans, " +"business og eiendomsrett ble omdannet av regjeringene å støtte markeder, " +"vekst og produktivitet. Over tid ga tilgang til markedsproduserte varer en " +"økende levestandard, bedre helse og utdanning. Fig. 6 viser hvordan markedet " +"i dag er hovedmåten for ressurhåndtering." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:612 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:611 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " "height=\"3.389in\"}" msgstr "" +"![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width=\"6.5in\" " +"height=\"3.389in\"}" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:616 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:615 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" +"Men i dag går verden gjennom turbulente tider. Fordelene med markedet har " +"blitt motvirket av ulik fordeling og rovdrift." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:625 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:624 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " @@ -1063,9 +1478,16 @@ msgid "" "Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" +"Fiskeriressurser var tema for Garrett Hardin innflytelsesrike essay om \"The " +"Tragedy of the Commons,\" publisert i Science i 1968. Hardin hevder at alle " +"i et allmenneie søker å maksimere personlig vinning og vil fortsette å gjøre " +"så selv når allmenningens grenser er nådd. Felleseiet blir så, tragisk nok, " +"utarmet til et punkt hvor det ikke lenger understøtter noen. Hardins essay " +"ble allment akseptert som en økonomisk sannhet og en begrunnelse for privat " +"eiendom og frie markeder." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:642 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:641 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " "Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " @@ -1083,9 +1505,24 @@ msgid "" "commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " "collective action.14" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:652 +"Men det er en alvorlig feil med Hardins \"The Tragedy av the Commons\"- det " +"er fiksjon. Hardin studerer ikke faktisk hvordan virkelige felleseier " +"fungerer. Elinor Ostrom vant Nobelprisen i økonomi i 2009 for sitt arbeid " +"med å med studere allmenneier over hele verden. Ostroms arbeid viser at " +"naturressurs-allmenninger kan behandles med godt resultat av lokalsamfunn " +"uten regulering fra sentrale myndigheter eller uten privatisering. " +"Regjeringen og privatisering er ikke de eneste to valgene. Det er en tredje " +"vei: Styring av mennesker, der de som er direkte påvirket er direkte " +"involvert. Naturressurser er en regional lokalitet. Folk i regionen er mest " +"fortrolig med naturressursene, har den mest direkte relasjonen, og en " +"historie knyttet til dem, og er derfor best plassert til å administrere den. " +"Ostroms tilnærming til styringen av naturressurser brøt med konvensjonen; " +"hun innså betydningen av felleseie som et alternativ til markedet eller " +"staten for løsning av oppgaver med problemløsning som krever felles " +"innsats.14" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:651 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " "model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" @@ -1096,9 +1533,18 @@ msgid "" "while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more " "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" +"Hardin mislyktes å vurdere den faktiske sosiale dynamikken ved felleseie. " +"Hans modell antok at folk i allmenneier halet uavhengig av hveandre, ut fra " +"ren egeninteresse, uten interaksjon eller ta andre i betraktning. Men som " +"Ostrom fant, i virkeligheten, å håndtere felles ressurser sammen, danner et " +"fellesskap og oppfordrer til meningsutveksling. Dette generer naturligvis " +"normer og regler som hjelpe folk til å arbeide sammen og sikre et " +"bærekraftig felleseie. Paradoksalt nok, mens Hardins essay kalles The " +"tragedy of the Commons kanskje det mer nøyaktig burde ha tittelen The " +"Tragedy of the Market." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:662 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:661 msgid "" "Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " "have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " @@ -1109,68 +1555,91 @@ msgid "" "market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " "for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." msgstr "" +"Hardins historie er basert på forutsetningen om begrensede ressurser. " +"Økonomer har fokusert nesten utelukkende, på knapphet-baserte markeder. " +"Svært lite er kjent om virkningene av overflod.15 Fremveksten av " +"informasjonsteknologi og Internett har ført til en eksplosjon i digitale " +"ressurser og nye måter for deling og distribusjon. Digitale ressursene kan " +"aldri bli uttømt. Fravær av en teori eller modell for hvordan overflod " +"fungerer, har ledet markedet til å gjøre digitale ressurser kunstig knappe, " +"og gjøre det mulig å anvende markedets vanlige normer og regler." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:667 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:666 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " "funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to " "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" +"Når det kommer til bruk av statlige bevilgninger til å lage digitale " +"produkter, er det egentlig ingen begrunnelse for kunstig knapphet. Normen " +"for statlig finansierte digitale arbeider skal være at de er fritt og åpent " +"tilgjengelige for allmennheten som betalte for dem." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:669 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " "height=\"3.389in\"}" msgstr "" +"![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width=\"6.5in\" " +"height=\"3.389in\"}" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:672 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:671 msgid "### The Digital Revolution" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Den digitale revolusjonen" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:676 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:675 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" +"I databehandlingens tidlige dager lærte programmerere og utviklere lært fra " +"hverandre ved å dele programvare. På 80-tallet kodifiserte fri programvare-" +"bevegelsen denne delingspraksisen til et sett med prinsipper og friheter:" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:683 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Frihet til å kjøre et program som du ønsker, for ethvert formål." #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:683 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" +"Friheten til å studere hvordan et program fungerer (fordi tilgangen til " +"kildekoden er frigitt), og endre den så den utfører databehandlingen din " +"slik du ønsker." #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:683 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Friheten til å redistribuere kopier." #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:683 msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" msgstr "" +"Friheten til å distribuere kopier av dine modifiserte versjoner til andre.16" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:687 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:686 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" +"Disse prinsippene og friheter utgjør et sett av normer og regler som " +"karakteriserer et digitalt felleseie." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:700 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:699 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1184,9 +1653,20 @@ msgid "" "dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " "a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." msgstr "" +"I 1990, for å gjøre deling av kildekode og samarbeid mer tiltrekkende for " +"selskaper, konverterte åpen-kildekode-programvare- initiativet prinsippene " +"til lisenser og standarder for å håndtere tilgang til og distribusjon av " +"programvare. Fordelene av åpen kildekode - som pålitelighet, skalerbarhet og " +"kvalitet kontrollert av uavhengige fagfellevurderinger, ble anerkjent og " +"akseptert. Kundene likte måten åpen kildekode ga dem kontroll uten blir låst " +"inn i en lukket, proprietær teknologi. Gratis og åpen kildekode-programvare " +"genereres også en nettverk-effekt der verdien av et produkt eller tjeneste " +"øker med antall personer som bruker det.17 Den dramatiske veksten i selve " +"Internettet skyldes mye til det faktum at ingen har en proprietær lås på " +"kjernens Internett-protokoller." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:709 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:708 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " @@ -1197,9 +1677,17 @@ msgid "" "models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " "Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Mens åpen kildekode-programvare fungerer som et felleseie, bygget mange " +"bedrifter og markeder seg rundt det. Forretningsmodeller basert på lisenser " +"og standarder for åpen kilde-kode utviklet seg sammen med organisasjoner som " +"håndterte programvarekode med prinsippene om overflod i stedet for knapphet. " +"Eric Raymonds essay \"The Magic Cauldron\" gjør en stor jobb med å analysere " +"økonomi- og forretningsmodellene forbundet med åpen kildekode.18 Disse " +"modellene kan gi eksempler på bærekraftig tilnærminger for de som er laget " +"med Creative Commons." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:720 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:719 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1212,9 +1700,19 @@ msgid "" "others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s " "permission." msgstr "" +"Det er ikke bare om en rikelig tilgjengelighet av digitale ressurser, men " +"også om en overflod av deltakelse. Veksten i personlige datamaskiner, " +"informasjonsteknologi og Internett gjorde det mulig for massedeltakelse i " +"produksjon av kreative arbeider og distribusjon av dem. Bilder, bøker, " +"musikk og mange andre typer digitalt innhold kan nå lett opprettes og " +"distribueres av nær sagt alle. Til tross for dette overflods-potensialet, er " +"disse digitale arbeidene som standard ikke underlagt lovgivning om " +"opphavsrett. Med opphavsrett, at et digitalt arbeid er eiendommen til den " +"som har laget det, og etter loven, er andre ekskludert fra adgangen til og " +"bruken det uten opphavspersonens tillatelse." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:726 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:725 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " @@ -1222,14 +1720,19 @@ msgid "" "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " "involved with the world.19" msgstr "" +"Men folk liker å dele. En av måtene vi definerer oss selv på er å dele " +"verdifull og underholdende innhold. Dermed vokser og nærer relasjoner, vi " +"søker å endre meninger, oppmuntrer til handing, og informerer andre om hvem " +"vi er og hva vi bryr oss om. Deling lar oss føle oss mer involvert i " +"verden.19" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:728 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:727 msgid "### The Birth of Creative Commons" msgstr "### Creative Commons blir til" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:735 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:734 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1238,9 +1741,16 @@ msgid "" "individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, " "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" +"I 2001, ble Creative Commons opprettet som et nonprofit opplegg for å støtte " +"alle de som ønsket å dele digitalt innhold. En pakke med Creative Commons-" +"lisenser var modellert etter de for programvare med åpen kilde-kode, men for " +"bruk for digitalt innhold i stedet for programvarekode. Lisensene gir alle, " +"fra individuelle skaperne til store selskaper og institusjoner, en " +"standardisert måte for å gi opphavsretts-tillatelser for sitt skapende " +"arbeid." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:749 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:748 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " "each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " @@ -1255,9 +1765,21 @@ msgid "" "and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " "digital content in a commons." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons-lisenser har en tre-lags design. Normer og regler for hver " +"lisens uttrykkes først i fullt ut i det juridiske språket som brukes av " +"advokater. Dette kalles den juridiske lisensteksten. Men siden de fleste " +"bidragsytere og brukere ikke er advokater, lisensene har også en commons " +"avtaletekst, som uttrykker tillatelsene i vanlig språk, som folk flest raskt " +"kan lese og forstå. Det fungerer som et brukervennlig grensesnitt til den " +"juridiske koden som ligger under. Det tredje laget er den maskinlesbare, som " +"gjør det enkelt for Internettet å vite om et arbeid har en Creative Commons-" +"lisens ved å uttrykke tillatelser på en måte som programvaresystemer, " +"søkemotorer og andre typer teknologi kan forstå.20 Sett samlet sikrer disse " +"tre lagene at skaperne, brukere, og selv nettområdet selv forstår normer og " +"regler for digitalt innhold i et allemannseie." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:756 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:755 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " "global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " @@ -1265,9 +1787,14 @@ msgid "" "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" +"I 2015 var det over en milliard arbeider med Creative Common-lisens globalt. " +"Disse arbeidene ble vist på nettet 136 milliard ganger. Folk bruker " +"Creative Commons-lisenser på 34 språk over hele verden. Disse ressursene " +"inkluderer bilder, illustrasjoner, forskningsartikler i tidsskrifter, " +"pedagogiske ressurser, musikk og andre lydspor, og videoer." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:764 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:763 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " @@ -1276,9 +1803,15 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " "case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" msgstr "" +"Individuelle kunstnere, fotografer, musikere og filmskapere bruker Creative " +"Commons, men så også museer, regjeringer, kreative næringer, produsenter og " +"forleggere. Millioner av nettsteder bruker CC-lisenser, inkludert store " +"plattformer som Wikipedia og Flickr, og mindre som blogger.21 Brukere av " +"Creative Commons er mangfoldige og går på tvers av mange ulike sektorer. (" +"Våre referanseløsninger ble valgt for å reflektere det mangfoldet.)" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:773 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " "getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " @@ -1290,9 +1823,18 @@ msgid "" "commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source " "software movement." msgstr "" +"Noen ser Creative Commons som en måte å dele en gave med andre, en måte for " +"å bli kjent, eller en måte å gi en sosial fordel. Andre er bare forpliktet i " +"forhold til normene knyttet til et allemannseie. Og for noen, er deltakelsen " +"ansporet av gratis-kultur-bevegelsen, en sosial bevegelse som fremmer " +"friheten til å distribuere og endre kreative arbeider. Gratis-kultur " +"bevegelsen ser at allemannseie gir viktige fordeler sammenlignet med " +"restriktive lover om opphavsrett. Denne grunnholdning til fri utveksling i " +"en allmenning samstemmer gratis-kultur bevegelsen med den frie og åpen " +"kildekode-programvare-bevegelsen." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:780 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:779 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1300,9 +1842,14 @@ msgid "" "resources at no cost, with legal permissions for anyone to freely access, " "use, and modify." msgstr "" +"Over tid, har Creative Commons avfødt en hel rekke med åpne bevegelser, " +"inkludert åpne pedagogiske ressurser, åpen tilgang, åpen vitenskap og åpne " +"data. Målet har i alle tilfeller vært å demokratisere deltakelse og dele " +"digitale ressurser kostnadsfritt, med juridiske tillatelser for alle for " +"fritt å ha tilgang, bruke, og endre." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:790 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:789 msgid "" "The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " @@ -1314,14 +1861,23 @@ msgid "" "funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid for " "them." msgstr "" +"Staten er i økende grad involvert i å støtte åpne bevegelser. The Open " +"Government Partnership ble lansert i 2011 for å gi en internasjonal " +"plattform for regjeringer til å bli mer åpne, ansvarlige og mottakelige i " +"forhold til innbyggerne. Siden da har det vokst fra åtte deltakerlandene til " +"sytti.22 I alle disse landene, arbeider regjeringen og det sivile samfunnet " +"sammen om å utvikle og implementere ambisiøse åpen-regjering-reformer. " +"Regjeringer adopterer i økende grad Creative Commons for å sikre at arbeid " +"finansiert av skattebetalerne er åpent og gratis for det publikum som " +"betalte for dem." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:792 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:791 msgid "### The Changing Market" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Markedet i forandring" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:804 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:803 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " @@ -1334,9 +1890,19 @@ msgid "" "wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " "environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" msgstr "" +"Dagens marked er i stor grad drevet av global kapitalisme. Lov og økonomiske " +"systemer er strukturert for å støtte inntjening, privatisering og bedriftens " +"vekst. En oppfatning at markedet er mer effektiv enn det offentlige har ført " +"til en kontinuerlig privatisering av mange offentlige ressurser, " +"hjelpemidler, tjenester og infrastruktur.23 Mens dette systemet har vært " +"svært effektiv til å generere forbruk og vekst i bruttonasjonalproduktet, " +"har innvirkningen på menneskets trivsel vært blandet. Motstykket til økende " +"levestandard og forbedringer i helse og utdanning, er stadig økende " +"ulikheter i rikdom, sosial ulikhet, fattigdom, forverring av vårt naturlige " +"miljø, og demokratiske sammenbrudd.24" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:810 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:809 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " @@ -1344,9 +1910,13 @@ msgid "" "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " "community.25" msgstr "" +"I lys av disse utfordringene er det en voksende anerkjennelse av at BNP-" +"veksten ikke bør være et mål i seg selv, at utvikling trenger å være sosialt " +"og økonomisk inkluderende, at miljømessig bærekraft er en forutsetning ikke " +"et alternativ, og at vi trenger å bedre balanse markedet, stat og samfunn.25" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:818 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:817 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " @@ -1356,9 +1926,16 @@ msgid "" "scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " "spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" msgstr "" +"Disse erkjennelser har ført til en fornyet interesse i allemannseie som " +"muliggjør en slik balanse. Byregjeringer, som italienske Bologna, " +"samarbeider med sine innbyggere å få til forskrifter for omsorg for og " +"modernisering av bymessige felleseier.26 Seoul og Amsterdam kaller seg \"" +"delingsbyer,\" når de søker etter å få til bærekraftig og mer effektiv bruk " +"av knappe ressurser. De ser som en måte å forbedre bruken av offentlige rom, " +"mobilitet, sosialt samhold og sikkerhet.27" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:835 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:834 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " @@ -1376,9 +1953,24 @@ msgid "" "the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " "derive value from an asset." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:845 +"Markedet selv har tatt en interesse i delingsøkonomien, med bedrifter som " +"Airbnb som gir et peer-to-peer markedet for kortvarig overnatting og Uber " +"som gir en plattform for deling av bilturer. Mens Airbnb og Uber fortsatt i " +"stor grad opererer med vanlige normer og regler i et marked, noe som gjør " +"dem mindre som en felleseier mo mer som en tradisjonell virksomhet som søker " +"finansiell inntjening. Mye av delingsøkonomien er ikke om allmennger eller å " +"bygge et alternativ til en bedrifts-drevet markedsøkonomi; Det handler om å " +"utvide det deregulerte frie markedet til nye områder i våre lives.28 Mens " +"ingen av de vi intervjuet for våre referanseløsninger ville beskriver seg " +"selv som en del av delingsøkonomien, er det faktisk noen viktige " +"paralleller. Både delingsøkonomi og allmenneie gjøre bedre bruk av " +"eiendelens kapasitet. Delingsøkonomien ser personlig beboere og biler som " +"har en latent ekstra kapasitet med utleieverdi. Rettferdig tilgang på " +"felleseier utvider og diversifiserer antall personer som kan bruke og få " +"verdi ut av en eiendel." + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:844 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " @@ -1389,9 +1981,17 @@ msgid "" "getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " "technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" msgstr "" +"Enveis \"Made with Creative Commons\" referansestudier skiller seg fra " +"delingsøkonomien med sine fokus på digitale ressurser. Digitale ressurser " +"virker under ulike økonomiske regler enn de fysiske. I en verden hvor " +"prisene alltid synes å gå opp, er informasjonsteknologi et avvik. " +"Databehandlingsmakt, lagringsplass og båndbredde er alle raskt økende, men " +"heller enn at kostnadene går opp, går kostnadene ned. Digital teknologi blir " +"raskere, bedre og billigere. Kostnaden for noe som bygger på disse " +"teknologiene vil alltid gå ned til nær null.29" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:856 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:855 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1404,9 +2004,19 @@ msgid "" "people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " "They aim for abundance over scarcity." msgstr "" +"De som lages med Creative Commons søker å utnytte de unike iboende " +"egenskaper til digitale ressurser, inkludert å senke kostnadene. Bruken av " +"digitale rettighetshånterte teknologier i form av låser, passord og " +"kontroller for å hindre at digitale produkter fra å bli brukt, endret, " +"kopiert og distribuert, er minimal eller ikke-eksisterende. I stedet brukes " +"Creative Commons-lisenser til å legge digitalt innhold i felleseier, og ta " +"fordelen ved av den unike økonomi som er knyttet til å være digital. Målet " +"er å oppnå at digitale ressursene brukes så mye og av så mange som mulig. " +"Maksimert tilgang og deltakelse er et felles mål. Deres mål er overflod " +"fremfor knapphet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:863 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:862 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " @@ -1415,18 +2025,28 @@ msgid "" "Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " "devising their own economic models and practice." msgstr "" +"Den trinnvise kostnaden ved lagring, kopiering og distribusjon av digitale " +"produkter er neste til null, og gjør overflod mulig. Men forestille et " +"marked basert mer på overflod enn knapphet er så fremmed for måten vi tenker " +"oss økonomisk teori og praksis, så vi strever imot å gjøre det.30 Det som er " +"laget med Creative Commons er banebrytende i dette nye landskapet, og " +"utformer sine egne økonomiske modeller og praksiser." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:869 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:868 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " "within the existing rules and norms of the market. And still others are " "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" +"Noen ønsker å minimere sin samhandling med markedet og operere så " +"selvstendig som mulig. Andre opererer hovedsakelig som en virksomhet " +"innenfor eksisterende regler og normer for markedet. Og andre igjen, søker " +"etter muligheter til å endre normer og regler som markedet fungerer etter." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:880 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:879 msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " @@ -1438,9 +2058,18 @@ msgid "" "alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these alternative " "market entities are changing the rules and norms of the market.32" msgstr "" +"For et vanlig aksjeselskap, er det vanskelig å få til sosial fordel med som " +"en del av sin virksomhet, så det er lovpålagt å ta avgjørelser til økonomisk " +"fordel aksjonærene. Men nye former for forretningsvirksomhet vokser frem. " +"Det er veldedige sammenslutninger og sosiale foretak, som utvider sine " +"forretningsmål fra å gjøre fortjeneste til å gjøre en positiv innvirkning " +"på samfunnet, arbeidere, lokalsamfunnet og miljøet.31 Felles- og " +"arbeidstaker-eide bedrifter, kooperativer, laug og andre organisasjonsformer " +"er alternativer til tradisjonelle bedrifter. Samlet endrer disse alternative " +"markedsaktørene markedets regler og normer.32" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:887 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:886 msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " @@ -1448,9 +2077,15 @@ msgid "" "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " "countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" msgstr "" +"\"En bok om åpne forretningsmodeller\" er hvordan vi beskrev det i denne " +"bokens Kickstarter-kampanje. Vi brukte en håndbok kalt \"Business Model " +"Generation\" som vår referanse for å definere hva en forretningsmodell er. " +"Utviklet over ni år med en \"åpen prosess\" som involverte 470 medforfattere " +"fra 45 land, er den nyttig som et rammeverk for å omtale " +"forretningsmodeller.33" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:896 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:895 msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " "as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " @@ -1461,9 +2096,18 @@ msgid "" "This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " "start-ups plan their economic model." msgstr "" +"Den inneholder et \"lerret for forretningsmodeller\", som oppfatter at en " +"forretningsmodell har ni byggestener.34 Dette tomme lerretet kan tjene som " +"et verktøy for alle som vil lage sine egen forretningsmodell. Vi remikset " +"dette lerretet for forretningsmodeller til et lerret for en åpen " +"virksomhetsmodell, og la til tre flere byggeklosser passende for " +"fellesskapsbedrifter i et hybrid marked: Sosial nytte, Creative Commons-" +"lisens, og \"type åpent miljø som virksomheten passer i\".35 Dette " +"forbedrede lerret viste seg nyttig når vi analyserte bedrifter, og hjalp " +"grundere å planlegge sin økonomiske modell." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:907 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:906 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " @@ -1475,9 +2119,19 @@ msgid "" "Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " "emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." msgstr "" +"I intervjuene i vår studie, uttrykte mange ubehag over å beskrive seg selv " +"som å ha en åpen forretningsmodell - begrepet forretningsmodell foreslo " +"primært å være plassert i markedet. Hvor du er plassert i spektret, fra " +"felleseie - til marked, påvirker i hvilken grad du ser deg selv som en " +"markedsbedrift. Jo mer sentralt for oppgaven delte ressurs- og allemannseie-" +"verdiene er, jo mindre komfortabelt er det å beskrive seg, eller vise til " +"hva du gjør, som en bedrift. Ikke alle som har oppgaver laget med Creative " +"Commons bruker forretningsspråk; for noen har prosessen heller vært " +"eksperimentell, vokst frem og organisk, enn nøye planlagt ved hjelp av en " +"forhåndsdefinert modell." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:918 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:917 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " @@ -1490,23 +2144,37 @@ msgid "" "than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " "paths to sustainability." msgstr "" +"Bidragsyterne, bedrifter og organisasjoner vi profiler er alle engasjere i " +"markedet for å generere inntekter på ulik måte. Hvordan dette gjøres " +"varierer mye. Donasjoner, Betal hva du kan, Medlemskap, \"Digitalt gratis " +"men fysisk for betaling, \"fellesfinansiering, matchmaking, verdiøkende " +"tjenester, beskyttere ... listen fortsetter og fortsetter. (Første " +"beskrivelse av hvordan å skaffe inntekt fremgår av referansenoten. Om " +"seneste tenkning om det se \"Hvordan bringe inn penger\" i neste seksjon.)36 " +"Det er ingen enkel, magisk kule, og hver oppgave har utviklet måter som " +"passer for den. De fleste gjør bruk av mer enn én måte. Å diversifisere " +"inntektsstrømmer reduserer risikoen og gir flere veier til bærekraft." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:920 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:919 msgid "### Benefits of the Digital Commons" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Fordelene med Digital Commons" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:925 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:924 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " "why the market would engage with the commons. The digital commons offers " "many benefits." msgstr "" +"Mens det kan være klart hvorfor felleseie-baserte organisasjoner ønsker å " +"samhandle og engasjere seg med markedet (de trenger penger for å overleve), " +"kan det være mindre opplagt hvorfor markedet vil engasjere med felleseier. " +"Digitale allmenneier tilbyr mange fordeler." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:932 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:931 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1514,9 +2182,15 @@ msgid "" "to. Those that are Made with Creative Commons have a reduced need for sales " "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" +"Felleseiene setter fart på formidlingen. Fri flyt av ressurser i felleseier " +"tilbyr enorme stordriftsfordeler. Distribusjon er desentralisert, når alle " +"de i felleseiet har myndighet til å dele ressursene de har tilgang til. Det " +"som er laget med Creative Commons har et redusert behov for salg eller " +"markedsføring. Desentralisert distribusjon forsterker leveranse og " +"ekspertise." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:943 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:942 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " "putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " @@ -1528,9 +2202,18 @@ msgid "" "commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " "inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." msgstr "" +"Commons sikrer tilgang for alle. Markedet har tradisjonelt operert ved å " +"sette ressurser bak en betalingsvegg og krever betaling før tilgang. " +"Felleseier åpner ressursene, og gir tilgang med en gang og uten betaling. De " +"som er laget med Creative Commons gjøre lite eller ingen bruk av digital " +"rettighetsadministrasjon (DRM) til å administrere ressurser. Ved ikke å " +"bruke DRM frigjøres kostnadene ved å anskaffe DRM-teknologi og " +"arbeidsressurser til å engasjere seg i straffepraksis knyttet til " +"adgangsbegrensning. Måten fellesskapet gir tilgang til alle, jevner ut " +"spillefeltet og fremmer inkludering, rettferdighet og redelighet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:954 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:953 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " @@ -1542,9 +2225,18 @@ msgid "" "directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " "many other socially beneficial practices." msgstr "" +"Allemannseie maksimerer deltakelse. Ressurser i felleseier kan brukes og er " +"åpen for medvirkning av og fra alle. Å bruke andres ressurser, bidra med " +"ditt eget, og blande ditt med andres for å skape nye arbeider er alle " +"dynamiske skjemaer for deltakelse som er gjort mulig av commons. Å gjøre med " +"Creative Commons betyr at du engasjerer så mange brukere av dine ressursene " +"som mulig. Brukerne godkjenner, redigerer, remikser, heler, lokaliserer, " +"oversetter og distribuerer. Felleseie gjør det mulig for folk direkte å " +"delta i kulturer, kunnskapsbygging, til og med demokrati, og mange andre " +"former for samfunnsnyttige praksis." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:966 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:965 msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " @@ -1557,9 +2249,19 @@ msgid "" "contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " "and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." msgstr "" +"Allmenneie sporer til innovasjon. Ressurser i hånden på flere personer som " +"kan bruke dem, fører til nye ideer. Måten felleseide ressurser kan endres, " +"tilpasses, og bedre resultatene i avledede arbeider som den " +"opprinnelsespersonen aldri hadde forestilt seg. Noen bestrebelser i Creative " +"Commons oppfordrer bevisst brukere til å fornye de delte ressursene. Dermed " +"flyttes forskning og utvikling (R&D) blir utelukkende utføres innenfor " +"organisasjonen til å være i fellesskapet.37 Fellesskap-basert innovasjon vil " +"holde en organisasjon eller virksomhet på tærne. Den må fortsette å bidra " +"med nye ideer, absorbere og bygge videre på toppen av andres innovasjoner og " +"forvaltere ressursene3 og forholdet til fellesskapet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:976 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:975 msgid "" "The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " @@ -1571,9 +2273,18 @@ msgid "" "digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and " "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" +"Allmenneie øker rekkevidde og slagkraft. Digital commons er global. " +"Ressurser kan opprettes for et lokalt eller regionalt behov, men de går vidt " +"og bredt og genererer en global effekt. I den digitale verden er det ingen " +"grenser mellom landene. Når du er i Made with reative Commons, er du ofte " +"lokalt og globalt samtidig: Digital design som globalt distribueres men er " +"laget og produsert lokalt. Digitale bøker eller musikk distribueres globalt, " +"men opplesninger og konserter utført lokalt. Digitale felleseier forstørrer " +"virkningen ved å koble bidragsyterne til dem som bruker og bygger videre på " +"deres arbeid både lokalt og globalt." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:988 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:987 msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1586,9 +2297,19 @@ msgid "" "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" +"Allmenneie er generativt. I stedet for trekke ut verdi, tilfører felleseie " +"verdi. Digitaliserte ressurser blir ikke oppbrukt, men er der fortsatt, - og " +"ved bruk, forbedret, tilpasset og lokalisert. Hvert bruk tilfører verdi. " +"Markedet fokuserer på å generere verdi for virksomheten og kunden. " +"Felleseier genererer verdi for et bredere spekter av mottakere inkludert " +"virksomheten, forbrukeren, innholdsleverandøren, publikum og allmenneiet " +"selv. Allmenneiets generative natur betyr at det er mer kostnadseffektivt og " +"gir en høyere avkastning på investeringen. Verdi er ikke bare målt " +"finansielt. Hver ny ressurs som legges til allmenningen gir verdi til " +"publikum og bidrar til den samlede verdien av felleseiene." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1001 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1000 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " @@ -1603,23 +2324,38 @@ msgid "" "basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " "people." msgstr "" +"Allemannseier fører folk sammen for en felles sak. Allmenneier binder folk " +"sammen om ansvaret for å administrere ressursene som et felles gode. " +"Kostnader og fordeler for den enkelte balanseres med kostnader og fordeler " +"for samfunnet og for fremtidige generasjoner. Ressursene er ikke anonyme " +"eller masseproduserte. Opprinnelse er kjent og anerkjent gjennom " +"henvisninger og andre virkemidler. De som er laget med Creative Commons " +"genererer oppmerksomhet og omdømme basert på deres bidrag til fellesskapet. " +"Innflytelsen og bærekraften til disse bidragene hviler i stor grad på deres " +"evne til å etablere relasjoner og forbindelser med dem som bruker og " +"forbedrer dem. Allemannseie forener folk ved å virke ut fra sitt sosiale " +"engasjement, og ikke bed utveksling av penger." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1006 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1005 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " "enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the " "option of choice." msgstr "" +"Fordelene ved allmenninger mange. Når disse fordelene knyttes sammen med " +"enkeltpersoners mål, samfunn, bedrifter i markedet, eller statlige " +"virksomheter, burde det å administrere ressurser som et felleseie, være det " +"valgte alternativet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1008 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1007 msgid "### Our Case Studies" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Våre referansestudier" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1017 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1016 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " "nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " @@ -1630,9 +2366,18 @@ msgid "" "success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " "and are not just about the financial bottom line." msgstr "" +"I våre referanseløsninger opererer Innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner og " +"bedrifter både som ideelle eller inntektsgivende organisasjoner, og som " +"sosiale foretak. Uansett rettslig status har de alle sosiale oppdrag. Deres " +"viktigste grunn til å være til, er å gjøre verden til et bedre sted, ikke " +"for fortjenesten. Penger er et middel til å nå sosiale mål, og er ikke selv " +"sluttmålet. De produserer en offentlig interesse for beslutninger, atferd og " +"praksis. Transparens og tillit er svært viktig. Virkning og suksess måles " +"mot sosiale målene uttrykt i idégrunnlaget, og gjelder ikke bare den " +"finansielle bunnlinjen." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1023 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1022 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " @@ -1640,9 +2385,14 @@ msgid "" "they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " "being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" +"Referanse-studiene er basert på fortellingene vi ble fortalt av grunnleggere " +"og viktige ansatte. I stedet for utelukkende ha økonomi som mål på suksess " +"og bærekraft, understreket de sin oppgave, praksis og metodene som de måler " +"suksess etter. Beregninger av suksess er en blanding av hvordan sosiale " +"målene er nådd, og hvor bærekraftig organisasjonen er." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1031 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1030 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1652,9 +2402,16 @@ msgid "" "physical resources. Others are born digital but can be made into physical " "resources." msgstr "" +"Våre referansestudier er mangfoldige og spenner fra publisering - til " +"utdanning og produksjon. Alle organisasjoner, bedrifter, og " +"innholdsleverandører i studiene produserer digitale ressurser. Disse " +"ressursene finnes i mange former, inkludert bøker, design, sanger, " +"forskning, data, kulturelle uttrykk, undervisningsmateriell, grafiske ikoner " +"og video. Noen er digitale representasjoner av fysiske ressurser. Andre er " +"opprinnelig digitale men kan gjøres i fysiske ressurser." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1038 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1037 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1662,18 +2419,27 @@ msgid "" "their preservation, curation, distribution, and enhancement. Access and " "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" +"De skaper nye ressurser, eller bruker andres ressurser, eller kombinerer " +"eksisterende ressurser for å lage noe nytt. De, og deres publikum, har alle " +"en direkte, deltakende rolle i å håndtere disse ressursene, inkludert å ta " +"vare på, bevare, distribuere og forbedre. Tilgang og deltakelse er åpen for " +"alle uavhengig av økonomiske midler." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1043 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1042 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " "from nearly every continent in the world. To build and interact within this " "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" +"Som brukere av Creative Commons-lisenser, er de automatisk en del av et " +"globalt samfunn. De nye digitale allmenneiene er globale. De vi har løftet " +"frem kommer fra nesten alle verdens kontinenter. For å bygge og samhandle i " +"dette globale samfunnet leder til suksess." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1054 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1053 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1686,9 +2452,18 @@ msgid "" "don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " "commons." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons-lisenser kan uttrykke juridiske regler rundt bruken av " +"ressurser i en allmenning, men suksess i felleseier krever mer enn å følge " +"lovens bokstav og skaffe økonomiske midler. Igjen og igjen hørte vi i våre " +"intervjuer hvordan suksess og bærekraft er knyttet til et sett av tro, " +"verdier og prinsipper som ligger til grunn for deres handlinger: Gi mer enn " +"du tar. Være åpen og inkluderende. Legge til verdi. Gjør synlig hva du " +"bruker fra felleseier og hva du legger til og hva som er økonomisk. " +"Maksimere overfloden. Henvis. Vis takknemlighet. Utvikle tillit; ikke " +"utnytt. Bygg relasjoner og samfunn. Være transparent. Forsvar allmenneier." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1061 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1060 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " @@ -1697,9 +2472,15 @@ msgid "" "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" +"Nye digitale felleseier er her å bli. Referansestudiene om Made With " +"Creative Commons om hvordan det er mulig å være del av dette felleseie mens " +"en fortsatt er i markedet og i statlig systemer. Allmenneie genererer " +"fordeler verken markedet eller staten kan oppnå på egen hånd. Heller enn at " +"markedet eller staten dominerer som primærinstans for ressursforvaltning, så " +"er et mer balansert alternativ mulig." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1068 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1067 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1708,65 +2489,83 @@ msgid "" "digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing further guidance " "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" +"Bedriftenes bruk av Creative Commons har bare såvidt begynt. Case-studiene i " +"denne boken er bare startpunktet. De er i endring og utvikles over tid. " +"Mange kommer med og finner nye modeller. Denne oversikten har som mål å gi " +"rammeverk og språk for å tenke og snakke om nye digitale felleseier. De " +"påfølgende kapitlene går dypere inn og gir ytterligere veiledning og innsikt " +"i hvordan dette virker." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1070 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1069 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2269 msgid "### Notes" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Merknader" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "" "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Köhler, 2013), 14." #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "" "David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " "the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ibid., 15." #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ibid., 145." #. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ibid., 175." #. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "" "Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " "Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " "York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." msgstr "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” i Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." #. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "" "Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." msgstr "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed bøker, 2014), 93." #. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 msgid "" "Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " "Knowledge Commons, 59." msgstr "" +"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg, Governing " +"Knowledge Commons, 59." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1169 #, no-wrap msgid "" "9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" @@ -1853,19 +2652,108 @@ msgid "" " and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" " Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" msgstr "" +"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" +"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" +" a Post-Carbon Economy,” i Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" +" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" +" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),\n" +" 201–4.\n" +"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; og Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" +" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" +" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" +"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" +"13. Fritjof Capra og Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" +" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" +" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; og Bollier, Think Like a\n" +" Commoner, 88.\n" +"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, og Katherine J.\n" +" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” i Frischmann, Madison,\n" +" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" +"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” i Elliott and\n" +" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" +"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" +" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" +" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" +"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” senes endret i november\n" +" 22, 2016.\n" +"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” i The Cathedral and the\n" +" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" +" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),\n" +" www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" +"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" +" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" +" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" +"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" +" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" +"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" +" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" +"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” senest endret September " +"24, 2016,\n" +" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" +"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" +"24. Ibid., 116.\n" +"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" +" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" +" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" +"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" +" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" +" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" +" City of Bologna, 2014),\n" +" www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-" +"collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-" +"urban-commons1.pdf.\n" +"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" +" Sharing City, gå til www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" +"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" +" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" +"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" +" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint med nytt forord. (New York:\n" +" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" +"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" +" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" +" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" +"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" +" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" +" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" +" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" +"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" +" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" +" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" +"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" +" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). Forhåndslesing av boken er " +"mulig hos strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" +"34. Dette opplegget for forretningsmodell kan lastes ned hos\n" +" strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" +"35. Vi har åpnet “Open Business Model Canvas,” designet av medforfatter Paul " +"Stacey, tilgjengelig på nettet her " +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit." +"\n" +" Du kan også finne det tilhørende Open Business Model Canvas\n" +" Questions på\n" +" " +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit." +"\n" +"36. En mer omfattende liste over inntektsstrømmer er tilgjengelig i denne " +"posten jeg skrev i Medium 6. mars 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" +" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, tilgjengelig herfra:\n" +" medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-" +"how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" +"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" +" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" +" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1171 msgid "## How to Be Made with Creative Commons" msgstr "## Hvordan bli laget med Creative Commons" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1174 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1173 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1188 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1187 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -1880,9 +2768,22 @@ msgid "" "endeavors share their work—whether it’s open data or furniture designs—in a " "way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of it." msgstr "" +"Da vi startet dette prosjektet i August 2015, startet vi for å skrive en bok " +"om forretningsmodeller som i noe omfang involverer Creative Commons-lisenser " +"- det vi kaller Made With Creative Commons. Ved hjelp av våre Kickstarter-" +"støttespillere valgte vi tjuefire arbeidsopplegg fra hele verden laget med " +"Creative Commons. Blandingen er variert, fra en enkelt musiker til en " +"utgiver av lærebøker for universitetet, over til en elektronikkprodusent. " +"Noen lager sitt eget innhold og deler under Creative Commons lisensiering. " +"Andre er plattformer for CC-lisensierte kreative arbeider gjort av andre. " +"Mange sitter et sted imellom både som bruker og som bidragsyter til skapende " +"arbeid som er delt med offentligheten. Som for alle som bruker lisensene, er " +"disse oppleggene for å dele sitt arbeid, - enten det er åpne dataprogrammer " +"eller møbeldesign - på en måte som gjør at offentligheten ikke bare å får " +"tilgang til dem, men også å kan bruke den." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1197 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1196 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -1892,17 +2793,27 @@ msgid "" "Commons. In our interviews, we dug into the motivations, the role of CC " "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" +"Vi analyserte inntektsmodeller, kundesegmenter og forslag til verdier for " +"hver oppgave. Vi søkte etter måter som, ved å sette innholdet under Creative " +"Commons-lisense, hjalp til å øke salget eller øke utbredelsen. Å bruker " +"tradisjonelle tiltak for økonomisk suksess, prøvde vi å kartlegge disse " +"forretningsmodeller slik at de meningsfullt kunne inkluderes i " +"innvirkningen av Creative Commons. I våre intervjuer gikk vi inn i " +"motivasjonen, rollen CC til lisenser, ulike former for inntekter, og " +"definisjoner av suksess." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1201 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1200 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" +"På relativt kort tid skjønte vi boken vi gikk ut for å skrive, var ganske " +"forskjellig fra den som dukket frem i våre intervjuer og forskning." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1209 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1208 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " @@ -1911,9 +2822,16 @@ msgid "" "What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to write a book " "about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business lens." msgstr "" +"Det er ikke at vi tok feil i å tro at du kan tjene penger når du bruker " +"Creative Commons-lisenser. I mange tilfeller hjelpe CC til å tjene mer " +"penger. Heller ikke tok vi feil i at det er forretningsmodeller der ute som " +"andre, som ønsker å bruke CC-lisenser som en del av sitt levebrød eller sin " +"bedrift, kan benytte. Hva vi skjønte var hvor misforstått det ville være å " +"skrive en bok om Made with Creative Commons og bare bruker " +"forretningsvirksomhet som fokus." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1217 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1216 msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " @@ -1923,18 +2841,29 @@ msgid "" "in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " "mean.”" msgstr "" +"Ifølgeden banebrytende håndboken Business Model Generation, en " +"forretingsmodell som \"beskriver begrunnelsen for hvordan en organisasjon " +"skaper, leverer og fanger inn verdi.\"1 Tenking om deling i betydningen å " +"skape og fange inn verdier, føltes alltid uriktig transaksjonsbasert og " +"malplassert, noe vi hørt gang på gang i våre intervjuer. Og som Cory " +"Doctorow fortalt oss i vårt intervju med ham, \"forretningsmodell kan bety " +"alt dere mener det skal bety.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1222 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1221 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " "piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped " "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" +"Til slutt fikk vi det inn. Made with Creative Commons er mer enn en " +"forretningsmodell. Mens vi vil snakke om bestemte inntektsmodeller som en " +"del av vår analyse (og mer detaljert i referansestudiene), skrotet vi det " +"som som vår styrende overskrift for boken." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1230 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1229 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -1944,9 +2873,16 @@ msgid "" "interacted. But there is no formula. You’ll probably have to discard that " "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" +"Riktignok er tok det lang tid for meg å komme dit. Når Paul og jeg delt opp " +"vår skriving etter avsluttet forskning, var mitt ansvar å løfte frem alt vi " +"lært fra referansestudiene og skrive opp praktiske leksjoner og snarveier. " +"Jeg tilbrakte måneder med å prøve å få frem det vi lærte i boksen for " +"forretningsmodell, overbevist om det var en formel for hvordan ting hang " +"sammen. Men det var ingen formel. Du vil sannsynligvis måtte kaste den måten " +"å tenke på før du leser videre." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1240 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1239 msgid "" "In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " @@ -1957,9 +2893,18 @@ msgid "" "revenue model later. This was our first hint that writing a book solely " "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" +"I hver intervju startet vi med de samme enkle spørsmålene. Blant alle " +"variasjonene hos bidragsytere, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi gjennomgikk, " +"det var det en konstant. Made with Creative Commons kan være bra for " +"forretningen, men det er ikke derfor de de gjør det. Å dele arbeidet med " +"Creative Commons, er i bunn og grunn en moralsk beslutning. Kommersielle og " +"andre fordeler i egeninteresse er sekundære. De fleste besluttet å bruke CC " +"lisenser først, og fant en omsetning modell senere. Dette var vårt første " +"hint, at å skrive en bok bare om virkningen av deling i ett " +"forretningspespektiv kan være litt utenfor sporet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1245 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " @@ -1967,9 +2912,14 @@ msgid "" "also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" +"Men vi har også begynt å innse noe om hva det betyr å være Made with " +"Creative Commons. Når folk snakket med oss om hvordan og hvorfor de brukte " +"CC, ble det klart at det betydde noe mer enn å bruke en lisens for " +"opphavsrett. Det representerte og et verdisett. Det er symbolikk bak å bruke " +"CC, og den symbolikken har mange lag." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1257 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1256 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -1982,9 +2932,19 @@ msgid "" "something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They " "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" +"På ett nivå uttrykker Made with Creative Commons en tilknytning til " +"betydningen av Creative Commons. Mens det er mange forskjellige variasjoner " +"av CC lisenser, og nesten uendelige måter for å være Made with Creative " +"Commons, den grunnleggende verdisystemet er forankret i en grunnleggende tro " +"på at kunnskap og kreativitet er byggesteinene i vår kultur, heller enn bare " +"varer som har en markedsverdi som gir inntekt. Disse verdiene gjenspeiler " +"troen på at fellesgodet alltid bør være en del av sammenhengen når vi " +"bestemmer hvordan vi regulerer vår kulturelle produksjon. De gjenspeiler en " +"tro på at alle har noe å bidra med, og at ingen kan eie vår felles kultur. " +"De gjenspeiler en tro på løftet om å dele." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1267 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1266 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " @@ -1996,9 +2956,18 @@ msgid "" "an impersonal market transaction. It leaves open the possibility of " "connection." msgstr "" +"Om publikum gjør bruk av muligheten til å kopiere og tilpasse sitt arbeid, " +"er å dele med en Creative Commons-lisens et symbol på hvordan du skal " +"kommunisere med personer som bruker ditt arbeidet. Når du oppretter noe, er " +"\"alle rettigheter reservert\" med opphavsrett automatisk, så " +"opphavsrettsymbolet (©) på arbeidet formidles ikke nødvendigvis som en " +"markør av mistro eller overdreven proteksjonisme. Men å bruke en CC-lisens " +"kan være et symbol på det motsatte - av at en ønsker en ekte menneskelig " +"relasjon, i stedet for en upersonlig markedstansaksjon. Det etterlater en " +"åpen mulighet for forbindelse." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1273 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1272 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " @@ -2006,9 +2975,14 @@ msgid "" "them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" +"Made with Creative Commons viser ikke bare verdiene med CC og å dele. Det " +"viser også at noe annet enn at profitt driver hva man gjør. I våre " +"intervjuer spurte vi alltid hva suksess var for dem. Det var overraskende " +"hvor sjelden penger ble nevnt. De fleste har en dypere hensikt og et annet " +"syn på suksess." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1284 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1283 msgid "" "The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " @@ -2021,9 +2995,19 @@ msgid "" "something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " "use and meaning.”" msgstr "" +"Motivasjonen varierer avhengig av hva en skal oppnå. For individuelle " +"innholdsleverandører er det oftest en personlig inspirasjon. På noen måter " +"er dette ikke noe nytt. Som Doctorow har skrevet, \"skapere starter " +"vanligvis å gjøre hva de gjør av kjærlighet.\"2 Men når du deler din " +"skapende arbeid under en CC-lisens, er denne dynamikken enda mer uttalt. " +"Tilsvarende for teknologiske innovatører, gjelder det ofte mindre å skape en " +"bestemt ny ting som vil gjøre deg rik men mer om å løse et bestemt problem " +"du har. Skaperne av Arduino fortalte oss at de viktigste spørsmålet når du " +"oppretter noe er \"vil du som lager det, bruke det? Det må ha en personlig " +"bruk og betydning.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1293 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1292 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2033,9 +3017,17 @@ msgid "" "with a straight face if they weren’t willing to show the world that it was " "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" +"Mange som bruker Made with Creative Commons har et uttrykt sosialt formål " +"som underbygger alt de gjør. I mange tilfeller gir å dele med Creative " +"Commons klare fremskritt for dette sosiale formålet, og å bruke lisensene " +"kan være forskjellen mellom legitimitet og hykleri. Medgrunnlegger Edward " +"Boatman i Noun Project fortalte at de ikke kunne ha formulert sitt " +"samfunnsoppdrag med å dele med ansiktet i riktige folder hvis de ikke var " +"villig til å vise verden at det var OK å dele innholdet med en Creative " +"Commons-lisens." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1301 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1300 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2045,17 +3037,27 @@ msgid "" "where profit is not paramount, and producing social good and human " "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" +"Denne dynamikken er nok en grunn til hvorfor det er så mange nonprofit " +"eksempler på Made with Creative Commons. Innholdet er resultatet av en " +"innsats en føler mye for eller et verktøy for å oppnå sosial endring, og " +"penger er som gassen i bilen, noe som du må holde i gang, men ikke er et mål " +"i seg selv. Made with Creative Commons er et annet syn på en bedrift eller " +"et levebrød, der profitt ikke er avgjørende, men å produsere et sosial gode " +"og menneskelig tilknytning er en integrert del for å oppnå suksess." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1305 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1304 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" +"Selv om profitt ikke er sluttmålet, må det bringes penger inn for å være " +"velykket med Made with Creative Commons. Som et absolutt minimum må du tjene " +"nok til å holde lysene påslått." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1315 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1314 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2066,9 +3068,17 @@ msgid "" "the fact that it’s possible to run a business that gets the same amount of " "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" +"Kostnadene for å gjøre forretninger varierer ved bruk av CC, men det er " +"vanligvis en mye lavere terskel for lønnsomhet enn det pleide å være for " +"kreative innsatser. Digital teknologi har gjort det enklere enn noensinne å " +"lage og enklere enn noensinne å distribuere. Som Doctorow skrev i sin bok \"" +"Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free\", \"Hvis analoge dollar har snudd til " +"digitale skillemynt (som kritikere av annonse-støttede media vil ha det til)" +", er det det faktum at det er mulig å drive en forretning som får samme " +"mengde reklame som sine forgjengere til en brøkdel av prisen.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1326 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1325 msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " @@ -2080,9 +3090,18 @@ msgid "" "there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " "creator is paid because it is a labor of love." msgstr "" +"Noen igangsettingskostnader er de samme som de alltid har vært. Det tar like " +"mye tid og penger til å skrive en fagfellevurdert tidsskriftsartikkel eller " +"male et maleri. Teknologi endrer ikke på det. Men andre kostnader er " +"dramatisk redusert med teknologi, særlig i produksjon-tunge områder som " +"filmproduksjon.3 CC-lisensiert innhold og innhold i den offentlige sfæren, " +"samt arbeidet til frivillige samarbeidspartnere, kan også redusere kostnader " +"hvis de brukes som ressurser til å lage noe nytt. Og, selvfølgelig, er det " +"realiteten at noe innhold lages enten den som lager det blir betalt eller " +"ikke, fordi det lages ut fra overbevisning." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1336 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1335 msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " "is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " @@ -2093,9 +3112,17 @@ msgid "" "marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " "money is being made, like touring or custom training." msgstr "" +"Å distribuere innhold er nesten universelt billigere enn noensinne. Når " +"innhold er laget, er kostnadene ved å distribuere kopier digitalt egentlig " +"null.4 Kostnadene til å distribuere fysisk kopier er fortsatt betydelige, " +"men lavere enn de har vært sett historisk. Og det er nå mye enklere å skrive " +"ut og distribuere fysiske kopier på forespørsel, noe som også reduserer " +"kostnadene. Avhengig av oppgaven, det kan være en hel rekke andre utgifter " +"som markedsføring og promotering, og selv utgifter forbundet med ulike måter " +"pengene kommer inn på, som reising eller tilpasset opplæring." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1349 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1348 msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2110,9 +3137,22 @@ msgid "" "creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " "creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." msgstr "" +"Det er viktig å innse at den største effekten av teknologi for kreative " +"oppgaver er at bidragsyterne nå selv kan stå for kostnadene for å utføre " +"oppgaven og distribusjonen. Ofte har folk selv nå en direkte rute til sitt " +"potensielle publikum uten nødvendigvis å trenge mellomledd som " +"plateselskaper og bokutgivere. Doctorow skrev, \"Hvis du er en " +"innholdsleverandør som aldri fikk et klokkeslettet fra en av de store " +"imperialistiske maktene, dette er din tid. Der en gang du ikke hadde noen " +"mulighet til å nå ut til et publikum uten hjelp av industri-dominerte mega-" +"selskaper, nå har hundrevis av måter å gjøre det på uten dem\"5 Tidligere " +"innebar distribusjon av skapende arbeid kostnadene knyttet til å " +"opprettholde en monolittisk enhet, nå kan skaperne gjøre dette arbeidet " +"selv. Det betyr at de finansielle forutsetningene for kreativt innhold kan " +"være mye mer beskjedne." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1360 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1359 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " "enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " @@ -2125,9 +3165,19 @@ msgid "" "grandiose word for it. It is really just about keeping the operation going " "day to day.”" msgstr "" +"Enten det er for en individuell bidragsyter eller en større oppgave, er det " +"vanligvis ikke nok til å gå i balanse om det en ønsker å gjøre, skal bli et " +"levebrød. Du må bygge inn noen støtte til generell drift. Denne ekstra " +"delen ser ulikt ut for alle, men viktigere, i nesten alle tilfeller de som " +"er \"Made with Creative Commons\", er definisjonen av \"nok penger\" mye " +"annerledes enn i verden av risikovillig kapital og aksjeopsjoner. Det er mer " +"om bærekraft og mindre om ubegrenset vekst og fortjeneste. Som SparkFun " +"grunnlegger Nathan Seidle fortalte oss, \"Forretningsmodell er et virkelig " +"store ord for det. Det gjelder egentlig bare å holde operasjonen gående fra " +"dag til dag.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1366 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1365 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2135,22 +3185,30 @@ msgid "" "profile in this book are blazing the trail and adapting in real time as they " "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" +"Denne boken er et testament til ideen om at det er mulig å tjene penger mens " +"du bruker CC-lisenser og CC-lisensiert innhold, men vi er fortsatt svært mye " +"på eksperimentstadiet. Innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner, og bedrifter " +"som vi profilerer i denne boken, blitser opp veien videre i sanntid når de " +"forfølger denne nye måten å operere på." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1370 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1369 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" +"Det er imidlertid mange måter der CC-lisenser kan være bra for forretningen " +"på ganske forutsigbare måter. Først, hvordan hjelper det å løse \"problem " +"null.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1372 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1371 msgid "### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Problem Zero: Å bli oppdaget" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1387 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1386 msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " @@ -2167,9 +3225,22 @@ msgid "" "that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " "the masses." msgstr "" +"Når du oppretter eller samler ditt innhold, er det neste trinnet er å finne " +"brukere, kunder, fans - med andre ord, folk. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, er\"" +"Det må starte med kunsten. Sangene måtte røre folk først, og mene noe, om " +"noe skal virke i det hele tatt.\"6 Det er ikke noe magi å finne dine, og det " +"er absolutt ingen formel. Arbeidet ditt er å få kontakt med folk og tilby " +"dem noe med kunstnerisk og/eller nytteverdi. På noen måter er det enklere " +"enn noensinne. På nettet er vi ikke begrenset av hylleplass, så det er rom " +"for alle tenkelige særinteresser, smak og behov. Dette er hva Chris Anderson " +"kalte den lange halen, hvor forbruket mindre er om bredspekrede \"treff\" og " +"mer om mikromarkeder for hver enkelt nisje. Som Anderson skrev, \"Vi er alle " +"forskjellige, med forskjellige ønsker og behov, og Internett har nå en plass " +"for dem alle på en måte som fysiske markeder ikke gjorde.\"7 Vi er ikke " +"lenger begrenset til hva som appellerer til massene." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1400 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1399 msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " @@ -2183,9 +3254,19 @@ msgid "" "family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " "some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." msgstr "" +"Samtidig som å finne \"dine folk\" på nettet teoretisk er enklere enn i den " +"analoge verden, kan det, som et praktisk spørmål, fortsatt være vanskelig å " +"faktisk bli lagt merke til. Internett er en brannslange med innhold, som " +"bare vokser minutt for minutt. Som innholdleverandør, konkurrerer du også " +"mot kreativitet som er generert utenfor markedet.8 Anderson skrev, \"Den " +"største endringen i det siste tiåret har vært skifte i tiden folk bruker på " +"amatørinnhold i stedet for profesjonelt innhold.\"9 For å toppe det hele, du " +"må konkurrere med resten av deres liv, også - \"venner, familie, " +"musikkspillelister, fotballkamper, og kveld på byen.\"10 På en eller annen " +"måte må du bli lagt merke til av de rette folkene." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1413 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1412 msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " @@ -2200,17 +3281,33 @@ msgid "" "people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " "counterproductive." msgstr "" +"Når du kommer til Internettet med en all-rettigheter-reservert mentalitet " +"når du starter, begrenser du ofte adgangen til innholdet ditt før det engang " +"er blitt noen etterspørsel etter det. I mange tilfeller, er å kreve betaling " +"for innholdet en del av tradisjonelle opphavsrett-systemet. Selv en liten " +"pris har en stor effekt på etterspørselen. Det kalles \"penny gap\": Den " +"store forskjellen i etterspørsel mellom noe som er tilgjengelig til prisen " +"på ett øre mot en pris på null.11 Det betyr ikke at det er galt å ta betalt " +"for innholdet. Det betyr bare du må innse hvilken betydning dette vil ha på " +"etterspørselen. Det samme prinsippet gjelder ved å begrense tilgangen til å " +"kopiere arbeidet. Hvis problemet ditt er å bli oppdaget og finne \"dine " +"folk\", virker å hindre folk fra å kopiere arbeidet ditt og dele det med " +"andre mot sin hensikt." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1417 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1416 msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " "many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig, det er ikke at å bli oppdaget av folk som liker arbeidet ditt " +"vil gjøre deg rik - langt fra det. Men som Cory Doctorow sier, \"" +"anerkjennelse er en av mange nødvendige forutsetninger for kunstnerisk " +"suksess.\"12" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1426 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1425 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2221,9 +3318,16 @@ msgid "" "this decision has generated an immense amount of goodwill within the " "community." msgstr "" +"Å velge å ikke å bruke tid og energi på å begrense tilgangen til ditt arbeid " +"med og forfølge overtredelser bygger også goodwill. Lumen Learning, et for-" +"fortjeneste selskap som utgir læremidler på nett, tok en tidlig avgjørelse " +"om ikke å forhindre studentene adgang innholdet, selv i form av en liten " +"betalingsvegg, fordi det negativt ville påvirke student suksess på en måte " +"som ville undergrave samfunnsoppdraget bak det de gjør. De tror denne " +"beslutningen har generert en betydelig mengde goodwill i samfunnet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1433 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1432 msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " @@ -2231,9 +3335,15 @@ msgid "" "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " "imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" msgstr "" +"Det er ikke bare det at begrenset tilgang til innholdet ditt undergraver " +"ditt sosiale oppdrag. Det kan også fremmedgjøre folk som mest verdsetter din " +"kreative innsats. Hvis folk liker ditt arbeid, blir deres naturlig instinkt " +"å dele det med andre. Men som David Bollier skrev, \"vår naturlige " +"menneskelige impulser til å imitere og dele - essensen av hva kultur er - " +"har blitt kriminalisert.\"13" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1441 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1440 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " @@ -2242,9 +3352,16 @@ msgid "" "stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " "a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" +"Det faktum at kopiering kan innebære straffeansvar forhindrer utvilsomt " +"kopiering, men kopiering ved å klikke på en knapp er for enkelt og praktisk " +"til noensinne å få en fullstendig stopp for det. Forsøk som opphavsretts--" +"industrien å overbevise oss om det motsatte, å kopierer et åndsprodukt føles " +"ikke som å stjele et brød. Og, selvfølgelig, det er fordi det ikke gjør " +"det. Å dele skapende arbeid har ingen innvirkning på noen annens mulighet " +"til å gjøre bruk av det." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1455 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1454 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " @@ -2259,9 +3376,20 @@ msgid "" "selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " "of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." msgstr "" +"Tar du for gitt endel kopiering og deling av arbeidet ditt, kan du investere " +"tid og ressurser andre steder enn å kaste dem bort på å leke katt og mus med " +"folk som vil kopiere og dele ditt innhold. Lizzy Jongma fra Rijksmuseum sa, " +"\"vi kan bruke mye penger på å prøve å beskytte verkene, men folk kommer til " +"å gjøre det likevel. Og de vil bruke gjengivelser med dårlig kvalitet.\" I " +"stedet startet de med å utgi høyoppløselige digitale kopier fra sine " +"samlinger i det offentlige rom og gjøre dem tilgjengelige gratis fra sin " +"hjemmeside. For dem var deling en form for kvalitetskontroll av kopiene som " +"uunngåelig ville blitt delt på nettet. Å gjør dette betydde å gi avkall " +"inntektene de tidligere fikk fra salg av digitale bilder. Men Lizzy sier det " +"var en liten pris å betale for alle mulighetene som deling låste opp for dem." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1463 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1462 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " @@ -2270,9 +3398,15 @@ msgid "" "capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " "Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" msgstr "" +"Å ha brukt Made with Creative Commons betyr du slutter å tenke på måter å " +"kunstig gjøre innholdet til et knapphetsgode, og i stedet utnytte det som " +"den potensielt rikelige ressursen det er.14 Når du ser informasjonsoverflod " +"som en funksjon, ikke en feil, begynner du å tenke på måter å bruke denne " +"tomgangskapasiteten til din fordel. Som min venn og kollega Eric Steuer " +"engang sa, \"å bruke CC-lisenser viser du har taket på Internettet.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1472 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1471 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " "work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " @@ -2283,21 +3417,31 @@ msgid "" "community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " "they never could have done otherwise." msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow sier det koster ham ingenting når andre mennesker lager kopier " +"av hans arbeid, når det åpner muligheten for at han kan få noe i tilbake.15 " +"På samme måte, skaperne av Arduino Boards visste det var umulig å stoppe " +"folk fra å kopiere maskinvaren deres, så de besluttet ikke å selv engang å " +"prøve på det, og i stedet se etter fordelene ved å være åpne. For dem er " +"resultatet en av de mest utbredte datakort i verden, med et blomstrende " +"nettsamfunn (community) av tenkere og innovatører som har bidratt med ting " +"som de selv aldri kunne ha gjort på noen annen måte." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1475 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1474 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" +"Det er alle slags måte å utnytte kraften i å dele og remikse til din fordel. " +"Her er noen." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1477 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1476 msgid "#### Use CC to grow a larger audience" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Bruke CC for å finne et større publikum" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1487 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1486 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2308,9 +3452,17 @@ msgid "" "content has a sign that says Share and the other says Don’t Share (which is " "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" +"Å gi en Creative Commons-lisens til innholdet ditt, vil ikke automatisk " +"gjøre at det går viralt, men å eliminere juridiske hindringer for å " +"kopiering vil bsolutt ikke svekke sjansene for at arbeidet deles. CC-lisens " +"symboliserer at deling er velkommen. Den kan fungere som et lite trykk på " +"skulderen til de som kommer over arbeidet – et lite dytt til å kopiere " +"arbeidet om de fornemmer det. Hvis alt er likt, hvis ett stykke innhold har " +"et skilt som sier Del og det andre sier Ikke del (som er hva \"©\" betyr), " +"hvilket tror du det er sannsynlig at folk deler?" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1494 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1493 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " "academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" @@ -2318,9 +3470,14 @@ msgid "" "proliferating effect, which they track, is a central part of the value to " "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" +"The Conversation er et nyhetsnettsted med dyptgående artikler skrevet av " +"akademikere som er eksperter på spesifikke emner. Alle artiklene er CC-" +"lisensierte, og de kopieres og deles videre til andre bestemte områder. " +"Denne voksende effekten, som spores, er en sentral del av verdien for de " +"akademiske forfattere som ønsker å nå så mange lesere som mulig." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1506 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1505 msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " "strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " @@ -2333,9 +3490,19 @@ msgid "" "free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " "accessible and likely to spread." msgstr "" +"Ideen om at flere øyne faller sammen med mer suksess, er en form for " +"maksimumstrategi, adoptert av Google og andre teknologiselskaper. Ifølge " +"Eric Schmidt i Google er ideen enkel: \"Uansett hva du gjør, gjør det med " +"maksimum distribusjon. Den andre måten å si dette på er at når de marginale " +"distribusjonskostnadene er gratis, kan du også legge ut ting overalt.\"16 " +"Denne strategien motiverer ofte selskaper til å gjøre sine produkter og " +"tjenester gratis (dvs. til ingen kostnad), men den samme logikken gjelder " +"for å dele innhold fritt. Fordi CC-lisensiert innhold er gratis (i kostnad) " +"og fritt kan deles, gjør CC lisensiering innholdet enda mer tilgjengelig og " +"sannsynligvis til å bli spredt." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1514 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1513 msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " "consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " @@ -2344,14 +3511,20 @@ msgid "" "have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because a large " "following is at least a partial indicator of quality or usefulness.18" msgstr "" +"Hvis du lykkes i å nå flere brukere, lesere, lyttere eller andre brukere av " +"arbeidet, kan du starte med å benytte deg av bandwagon-effekten. Det enkle " +"faktum er at andre folk som bruker eller følger ditt arbeide sporer andre " +"til å gjøre same.17 Dette er delvis fordi vi ganske enkelt har en tendens " +"til å engasjere seg oss i flokkatferd, men det er også fordi en stor " +"følgeskare delvis er indikator på kvalitet eller nytteverdi.18" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1516 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1515 msgid "#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Å bruke CC for å få henvisninger og navnegjenkjenning" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1531 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1530 msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " "and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " @@ -2367,9 +3540,22 @@ msgid "" "for something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " "fairness as providing credit." msgstr "" +"Hver Creative Commons-lisens krever at forfatteren gis referanse, og at " +"gjenbrukere gir en lenke tilbake til den opprinnelige kilden for materialet. " +"CC0, er ikke en lisens, men et verktøy som brukes til å legge arbeider ut i " +"den offentlige sfæren, gjør ikke henvisning juridisk påkrevd, men mange " +"fellesskap gir fortsatt henvisninger i tråd med beste praksis og sosiale " +"normer. Faktisk er det sosiale normer, heller enn trusselen om juridiske " +"håndhevelse, som oftest uansett motiverer folk til å henvise og ellers " +"overholde lisensvilkårene i CC. Dette er særkjennet på et velfungerende " +"fellesskap, både i markedet og samfunnet i stort.19 CC-lisenser gjenspeiler " +"et sett av ønsker fra bidragsyterne, og i de aller fleste tilfelle, er folk " +"naturligvis tilbøyelige til å følge de ønskene. Dette er spesielt tilfelle " +"for noe så rett frem og samsvarende med grunnleggende forestillinger om " +"rimelighet som å gi henvisning." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1542 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1541 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " @@ -2382,9 +3568,19 @@ msgid "" "most important currency for academics. Sharing with CC is a way of having " "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" +"Det faktum at navnet på innholdsleverandøren følger med i et CC-lisensiert " +"arbeid, gjør lisensene til et viktig middel for å utvikle et omdømme, eller " +"i bedriftenes språk, en merkevare. Drivkraften bak å knytte ditt navn til " +"ditt arbeid er ikke bare basert på en kommersiell motivasjon, det er " +"grunnleggende i forfatterskapet. Åpent - er en ideell egenskap som bidrar " +"til å subsidiere produksjonen av CC-lisensierte akademiske tekster ved " +"samling og deling av bidrag fra biblioteker rundt i USA. Direktøren, Frances " +"Pinter, sier at Creative Commons-lisensen på verker har en stor verdi for " +"forfattere fordi omdømme er den viktigste valutaen for akademikere. Deling " +"med CC er en måte for å få flest til å se og sitere ditt arbeide." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1554 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1553 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " @@ -2397,9 +3593,19 @@ msgid "" "transform the design into something tangible is part of the power of their " "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" +"Å bli navngitt kan være om mer enn bare å motta godskriving. Det kan også " +"være om å etablere kilden. Naturligvis ønsker folk å vite hvor innholdet kom " +"fra - kilden til et arbeid er noen ganger like interessant som selve " +"arbeidet. Opendesk er en plattform for møbeldesignere til å dele sine " +"design. Forbrukere som liker disse designene kan deretter bli koblet med " +"lokale produsenter som omsetter tegninger til virkelige møbler. Det faktum " +"at jeg sitter i USA, kan plukke ut en design laget av designer i Tokyo og " +"deretter bruke en produsent i min eget lokalsamfunn til å forvandle designet " +"til noe håndfast, inngår i kraft av denne plattform. Opphavet til designet " +"blir en spesiell del av produktet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1562 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1561 msgid "" "Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " "Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " @@ -2408,14 +3614,21 @@ msgid "" "discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted information source " "is more valuable than ever." msgstr "" +"Å vite hvor arbeidet kommer fra er også avgjørende for å sørge for " +"troverdigheten. Akkurat som et varemerke er utformet for å gi forbrukerne " +"mulighet til å identifisere kilden og kvaliteten til et bestemt gode og en " +"tjeneste, gir det å kjenne til forfatteren av et arbeid publikum en mulighet " +"til å vurdere arbeidets troverdighet. I en tid når nettdiskusjon er plaget " +"med feilinformasjon, er det å være en pålitelig informasjonskilde mer " +"verdifullt enn noensinne." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1564 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1563 msgid "#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Å bruke CC-lisensiert innhold som markedsføringsverktøy" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1571 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1570 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2424,9 +3637,15 @@ msgid "" "performance of the CC content. In all cases, the CC content can attract " "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" +"Som vi vil dekke mer detaljert senere, mange arbeider som er \"Made with " +"Creative Commons\" tjener penger ved å tilby et annet produkt eller en " +"tjeneste enn det CC-lisensierte arbeidet. Noen ganger er det andre produktet " +"eller tjenesten ikke relatert til CC-innholdet. Andre ganger er det en " +"fysisk utgave eller liveopptreden med CC-innholdet. I alle tilfeller kan CC-" +"innholdet trekke folk til dine andre produkter eller tjenester." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1584 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1583 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2440,9 +3659,21 @@ msgid "" "music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " "bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." msgstr "" +"Knowlegde Unlatched's Pinter fortalte oss at hun igjen og igjen har sett " +"hvordan det å tilby CC-lisensierte innhold - som er digitalt gratis - " +"faktisk øker salg av de trykte varene fordi det fungerer som et " +"markedsføringsverktøy. Vi ser dette fenomenet regelmessig med kjente " +"kunstverk. Mona Lisa er trolig den mest gjenkjennelige maleriet på planeten. " +"Denne allestedsnærværselen utløser interessen for å ville se maleriet selv, " +"og eie fysiske goder med avbildningen. Rikelig med kopier av innholdet, " +"lokker ofte til mer etterspørsel, ikke til redusert. Et annet eksempel er " +"når radioen kom. Selv om musikkbransjen ikke så det komme (og kjempet mot " +"den!), fungerte gratis musikk på radio som reklame for den betalte versjonen " +"folk kjøpte i musikkforretninger.20 Gratis kan være en form for " +"markedsføring." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1598 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1597 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2457,23 +3688,39 @@ msgid "" "and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1600 +"I noen tilfeller trenger arbeid utført med Creative Commons ikke engang egne " +"markedsførings-team eller -budsjetter. Cards Against Humanity er et CC-" +"lisensiert kortspill tilgjengelig som en gratis nedlasting. Og på grunn av " +"det (takk til CC-lisensen på spillet) sier de som laget det at det en av de " +"best markedsførte spillene i verden, og de har aldri brukt en krone på " +"markedsføring. Lærebokutgiveren OpenStax har også sluppet å ansette et " +"markedsføringsteam. Deres produkter er gratis, eller billigere å kjøpe som " +"fysiske kopier, noe som gjør dem mye mer attraktive for studenter, som " +"deretter krever dem fra sine universiteter. De samarbeider også med " +"tjenesteleverandører som bygger videre oppå det CC-lisensierte innholdet og, " +"igjen, bruker penger og ressurser på å markedsføring disse tjenestene (og " +"dermed OpenStax lærebøker)." + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1599 msgid "#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Bruke CC til å aktivere hands-on engasjement fra med arbeidet ditt" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1605 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1604 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " "technology. The Internet opened up a whole new world of possibilities for " "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" +"Den store lovnaden med Creative Commons-lisensiering er at den omfavner en " +"remiksings-kultur. Dette er faktisk det store løftet med digital teknologi. " +"Internettet åpnet opp en helt ny verden av muligheter for offentlig " +"deltakelse i skapende arbeid." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1615 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1614 msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " @@ -2485,9 +3732,18 @@ msgid "" "is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the ability to " "adapt a photo is less important." msgstr "" +"Fire av de seks CC-lisensene åpner for gjenbruk å bygge på, eller på andre " +"måter tilpasse arbeidet. Avhengig av sammenhengen, kan tilpasning bety vidt " +"forskjellige ting, - oversettelse, oppdatering, lokalisering, forbedring, " +"transformering. De gjør det mulig for et arbeid å bli tilpasset til " +"spesielle behov, bruk, mennesker og samfunn, som er en annen distinkt verdi " +"å tilby til offentligheten.21 Tilpasning er mer en endring av spillereglene " +"i noen sammenhenger enn i andre. Med læremidler er muligheten til å tilpasse " +"og oppdatere innholdet kritisk viktig for nytteverdien. For fotografi er " +"muligheten til å tilpasse et bilde mindre viktig." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1627 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1626 msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " @@ -2500,9 +3756,18 @@ msgid "" "quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " "replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" msgstr "" +"Dette er en måte å motvirke mulige ulemper i overfloden av gratis og åpent " +"innhold beskrevet ovenfor. Som Anderson skrev i Free, \"Folk bryr seg ofte " +"så mye om ting de ikke betaler for, og som et resultat de tenker ikke så mye " +"om hvordan de bruker dem..\" 22 Hvis selv en så liten viljekraft som å " +"betale én penny for noe, endrer vår oppfatning av den tingen, så vil sikkert " +"å remikse det forbedre vår oppfatning ekspotensielt.23 Vi vet at folk vil " +"betale mer for produkter de hadde en del i å lage.24 Og vi vet at å skape " +"noe, uansett hvilken kvalitet, bringer med seg en slags kreativ tilfredshet " +"som kan aldri bli erstattet av å bruke noe som er laget av noen andre.25" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1635 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1634 msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" @@ -2512,14 +3777,21 @@ msgid "" "event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied " "to your work." msgstr "" +"Å aktivt engasjere seg i innholdet hjelper oss til å unngå et planløst " +"forbruk som alle som åndsfraværende har rullet igjennom det som kommer inn i " +"ens sosiale medier en times tid, vet alt for godt. I sin bok, Cognitive " +"Surplus, sier Clay Shirky, \"Å delta er å handle som om din tilstedeværelse " +"betyr noe, som om, når du ser noe eller høre noe, er ditt svar en del av " +"hendelsen.\" 26 Å åpne døren til ditt innhold kan få folk dypere knyttet til " +"arbeidet ditt." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1637 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1636 msgid "#### Use CC to differentiate yourself" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Bruke CC for å skille deg ut" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1649 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1648 msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " @@ -2532,14 +3804,25 @@ msgid "" "traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " "incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" msgstr "" +"Å opererer under et tradisjonelt opphavsrettsregime betyr vanligvis å " +"operere under reglene til etablerte aktører i media. Forretningsstrategier " +"som er innebygd i den tradisjonelle opphavsrettsystemet, som bruker digital " +"rettinghetshåndtering (DRM), og signere eksklusivitetskontrakter, kan binde " +"hendene til innholdsleverandører, ofte på bekostning av leverandørens beste " +"interesse.27 Made with Creative Commons betyr du kan fungere uten disse " +"barrierene, og i mange tilfeller bruke økt åpenhet som et " +"konkurransefortrinn. David Harris fra OpenStax sa de spesielt forfulgte " +"strategier de vet at tradisjonelle utgivere ikke kan. \"Ikke gå inn i et " +"marked og spille etter de gjeldende reglene,\" sa David. \"Reglene for " +"engasjement må endres.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1651 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1650 msgid "### Making Money" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Å tjene penger" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1666 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1665 msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " "have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " @@ -2554,9 +3837,20 @@ msgid "" "exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the " "recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" +"Som ethvert foretagende som tjener penger , må det som lages med Creative " +"Commons bidra noen slags nytteverdi for sitt publikum eller forbrukere. Noen " +"ganger blir verdien subsidiert av bidragsytere som ikke direkte nyter godt " +"av den direkte. Bidragsytere, enten veldedige institusjoner, myndigheter, " +"eller folk som bryr seg, gir penger til organisasjonen av egen vilje. Det er " +"måten vanlig veldedig finansiering virker på. I mange fall er pengestrømmen " +"som genereres med arbeid Made with Creative Commons direkte knyttet verdien " +"det genererer, der mottakere betaler for verdien de mottar, som i enhver " +"annen standard markedstransaksjon. I mange andre tilfelle, snarere enn i en " +"noe for noe-utveksling av penger for verdi, som typisk for " +"markedstransaksjoner, gir mottakeren penger i forståelse av gjensidighet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1674 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1673 msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " @@ -2565,9 +3859,16 @@ msgid "" "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " "are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" msgstr "" +"Det meste som er laget med Creative Commons bruker en rekke ulike metoder " +"for å bringe inn omsetning, noen markedsbaserte og andre ikke. En vanlig " +"strategi å bruke eksterne bevilgninger til innhold når forsknings- og " +"utviklingskostnader er spesielt høye, og deretter finne en annen " +"inntektsstrøm (eller strømmer) til påløpende utgifter. Som Shirky skrev, er " +"\"trikset å vite når markedene er en optimal måte å organisere interaksjoner " +"på og når de ikke er det.\" 29" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1681 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1680 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " @@ -2576,14 +3877,20 @@ msgid "" "learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" +"Våre referansestudier gjennomgår nærmere de ulike veiene til å skaffe " +"inntekter til innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi " +"intervjuet. Det er nyanser skjult i de spesifikke måtene hver og en av dem " +"tjener penger på, så det er litt farlig å generalisere for mye fra hva vi " +"fant. Likevel, å ta et skritt tilbake og vise ting fra et høyere " +"abstraksjonsnivå, kan være lærerikt." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1683 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1682 msgid "#### Market-based revenue streams" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Markedsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1690 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1689 msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " "is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " @@ -2592,9 +3899,16 @@ msgid "" "possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " "on some added value you provide.31" msgstr "" +"I markedet er det sentrale spørsmålet, når vi bestemmer hvordan vi skal få " +"inntekter, hvor mye folk er villige til å betale.30 Per definisjon, hvis du " +"bruker Made with Creative Commons, er innholdet du gir tilgjengelig gratis " +"og ikke en markedsvare. I den allestedsnærværende freemium modellen (som " +"kombinerer \"free\" og \"premium”-utgaver av et produkt eller en tjeneste, " +"der inntjeningen ligger i premium-utgaven), må enhver markedstransaksjon med " +"en forbruker av innholdet være basert en verdiøkning du tilbyr.31" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1704 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1703 msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2609,9 +3923,21 @@ msgid "" "protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " "holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" msgstr "" +"På mange måter er dette veien fremover for alle innholds-drevne " +"bestrebelser. I markedet ligger verdien i ting som er mangelvare. Med " +"Internetter som et gratis tilgjengelig univers av innhold for oss, er det " +"vanskelig å få folk til å betale for innhold på nettet. Den kjempende " +"avisbransjen er et uttrykk for dette faktum. Dette er forverret av det " +"faktum at i det minste er noe kopiering trolig uunngåelig. Det betyr at du " +"kan ende opp med å konkurrere med gratis versjoner av ditt eget innhold, " +"enten du ser gjennom fingrene med det eller ikke.32 Hvis folk kan lett finne " +"innholdet gratis, vil det være vanskelig å få folk til å kjøpe det, spesielt " +"i en kontekst der tilgang til innhold er viktigere enn å eie den. I Free " +"skrev Anderson: \"Opphavsrettigheter, enten regelfestet i lov eller i " +"programvaren, er i enkelhet å holde en pris opp imot tyngdekraften.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1713 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1712 msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " @@ -2622,9 +3948,17 @@ msgid "" "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " "different from the free version.”33" msgstr "" +"Dette betyr selvfølgelig at innholds-drevne bestrebelser ikke har noen " +"fremtid på den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. I Free forklarer Anderson at " +"når et produkt eller en tjeneste blir gratis, som informasjon og innhold i " +"stor grad blir i den digitale tidsalderen, blir andre ting mer verdifulle. " +"\"Hver overflod skaper en ny knapphet,\" skrev han. Du må bare finne en måte " +"annet enn enn innholdet for å gi verdi til brukere eller kunder. Som " +"Anderson sier, \"det er lett å konkurrere med Free: Bare tilby noe bedre " +"eller i det minste ulik gratisversjonen.\"33" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1720 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1719 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2633,30 +3967,43 @@ msgid "" "also benefit from the goodwill that stems from the values behind being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"I lys av denne virkeligheten, er det på noen måter slik innhold Made with " +"Creative Commons er på samme bane som alle innholdsbaserte produkter i den " +"digitale tidsalderen. Faktisk, de kan selv ha en fordel fordi de kan bruke " +"overfloden av innhold til å få inntekter fra noen knappe ressurser. De kan " +"også nyttiggjøre seg velviljen som stammer fra verdiene bak å være Made with " +"Creative Commons." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1725 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " "lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content " "functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" +"For innholdskapere og distributører er det nesten uendelige måter å gi verdi " +"til forbrukerne av deres arbeid, over og utover verdien av det som er " +"innenfor ditt gratis digitale innhold. Ofte fungerer det CC-lisensierte " +"innholdet som et markedsføringsverktøy for de betalte produkter eller " +"tjenester." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1728 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1727 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Her er de vanligste høy-nivå kategoriene." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1730 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1729 msgid "" "#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work * \\[MARKET-BASED" "\\]*" msgstr "" +"#### Å tilby en tilpasset tjeneste til brukere av ditt arbeid * \\[MARKET-" +"BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1739 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1738 msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " @@ -2666,14 +4013,21 @@ msgid "" "This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " "provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgstr "" +"I denne informasjonsalderens overflod mangler vi ikke innhold. Trikset er å " +"finne innhold som samsvarer med våre behov og ønsker, så tilpassede " +"tjenester er spesielt verdifulle. Som Anderson skrev, \"Vareinformasjon (" +"alle får den samme versjonen) ønsker å være fri. Tilpasset informasjon (du " +"får noe unikt og meningsfullt for deg) ønsker å være dyr.\"34 Dette kan være " +"alt fra kunstneriske og kulturelle rådgivingstjenester som tilbys av Ártica " +"til det skreddersydde sangtilbudet fra Jonathan \"Song-A-Day\" Mann." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1741 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1740 msgid "#### Charging for the physical copy * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Å belaste for den den fysisk kopien * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1762 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1761 msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " @@ -2695,14 +4049,33 @@ msgid "" "providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional " "business principles." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1764 +"I sin bok om \"maker culture\", karakteriserer Anderson denne modellen ved " +"at den gir bort biter og selger atomene (der biter refererer til digitalt " +"innhold og atomer refererer til et fysisk objekt).35 Dette er særlig " +"vellykket i domener der den digitale versjonen av innholdet er ikke så " +"verdifull som den analoge versjonen, som i bokpublisering der en stor " +"undergruppe fortsatt foretrekker å lese noe de kan holde i hendene. Eller i " +"domener der innholdet er nyttig til det er i fysisk form, som møbeldesign. I " +"slike situasjoner er vil en betydelig del av forbrukerne betale for nytten " +"av å ha noen andre til å sette sammen den fysiske versjonen for dem. Noen " +"bidragsytere klemmer enda mer ut av denne inntektsstrømmen ved hjelp av en " +"Creative Commons-lisens som bare tillater ikke-kommersiell bruk, noe som " +"betyr at ingen andre kan selger fysiske kopier av arbeidet i konkurranse med " +"dem. Denne strategien for å reservere kommersielle rettigheter kan være " +"spesielt viktig for varer som bøker, der hver utskrift av det samme arbeidet " +"sannsynligvis har samme kvalitet, så det er vanskeligere å skille en " +"publiseringstjeneste fra en annen. På den annen side, for varer som møbler " +"eller elektronikk, kan leverandøren av de fysiske varene konkurrere med " +"andre leverandører av de samme varene basert på kvalitet, tjeneste eller " +"andre tradisjonelle forretningsprinsipper." + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1763 msgid "#### Charging for the in-person version * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Å ta betalt for en personlig versjon * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1772 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1771 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " @@ -2711,23 +4084,34 @@ msgid "" "person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view " "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" +"Som alle som noensinne har gått til en konsert vil fortelle deg, å oppleve " +"kreativitet personlig en helt annen opplevelse i forhold til å oppleve en " +"digital kopi på egenhånd. Langt fra å være en erstatning for å samhandle " +"ansikt til ansikt, kan CC-lisensiert innholdet faktisk skape etterspørsel " +"etter å oppleve dette som en personlig erfaring. Du kan se denne effekten " +"når folk går for å se original kunst personlig eller betaler for å delta på " +"et tale- eller opplæringskurs." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1773 msgid "#### Selling merchandise * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Å selge handelsvarer * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1779 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1778 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " "to the power of a good concert T-shirt. This can also be an important " "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" +"I mange tilfeller, vil folk som liker ditt arbeide betale for produkter som " +"viser en forbindelse til ditt arbeide. Som barn i 1980, kan jeg personlig " +"bekrefte kraften i en t-skjorte fra en god konsert. Dette kan også bli være " +"viktig inntektskilde for museer og gallerier." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1790 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1789 msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " "value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " @@ -2740,14 +4124,24 @@ msgid "" "Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—" "there are other services you can provide as well." msgstr "" +"Noen ganger kan en finne en markedsbaserte inntektsstrøm ved å gi verdi til " +"andre enn dem som bruker ditt CC-lisensierte innhold. I disse " +"inntektstrømmene, bli gratis innhold subsidiert av en helt annen kategori " +"personer eller bedrifter. Ofte betaler disse personene eller bedriftene for " +"tilgang til din viktigste målgruppe. Det faktum at innholdet er gratis øker " +"størrelsen på publikumet, som igjen gjør tilbudet mer verdifull for de " +"betalende kundene. Dette er en variant av en tradisjonell forretningsmodell " +"bygget på frie såkalte flersidige-plattformer.36 Tilgang til ditt publikum " +"er ikke det eneste folk er villige til å betale for, du kan også levere " +"andre andre tjenester." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1792 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1791 msgid "#### Charging advertisers or sponsors * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Å belaste annonsører og sponsorer * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1802 msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " @@ -2760,14 +4154,24 @@ msgid "" "an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " "endeavor." msgstr "" +"Den tradisjonelle modellen for å subsidiere gratis innhold er reklame. I " +"denne versjonen av flersidige plattformer, betaler annonsørene for " +"muligheten til kontakt til rekken av øyne i innholdleverandørenes " +"publikum.37 Internett har gjort denne modellen vanskeligere fordi antallet " +"tilgjengelige, mulige kanaler for å nå de aktuelle øynene er i bunn og grunn " +"blitt uendelige.38 Likevel, det fortsatt en livskraftig inntektskilde for " +"mange innholdskapere, inkludert dem som bruker Made with Creative Commons. " +"Ofte, i stedet for å betaling for å vise reklame, betaler annonsøren for å " +"være en offisiell sponsor av et bestemt innhold, prosjekter eller oppgaven " +"som sådan." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1805 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1804 msgid "#### Charging your content creators * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Betaling fra dine innholdsleverandører * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1814 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " "pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " @@ -2779,14 +4183,23 @@ msgid "" "their faculties participate as writers of the content on the Conversation " "website." msgstr "" +"En annen type flersidig plattform er der de som lager innholdet selv betaler " +"å bli omtalt på plattformen. Selvfølgelig er denne inntektsstrømmen bare " +"tilgjengelig for dem som stoler på det arbeidet som er laget, i all fall " +"delvis, av andre. Den mest kjente versjonen av denne modellen er \"" +"forfatteravgift\" i tidsskrifter med åpen tilgang som de som er publisert av " +"Public Library of Science, men det finnes også andre varianter. The " +"Conversation primært finansiert med en universitetetsmedlemskaps-modell, der " +"universiteter betaler for at fakultetene kan ha forfattere som leverer " +"innhold til Conversations nettside." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1817 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1816 msgid "#### Charging a transaction fee * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Transaksjonsgebyr * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1826 msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " "transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " @@ -2797,14 +4210,24 @@ msgid "" "example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker " "to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." msgstr "" +"Dette er en versjon av en tradisjonell modell basert på å megle " +"transaksjoner mellom deltakere.39 Utvalg og organisering er et viktig " +"element i denne modellen. Plattformer som Noun Project tilfører verdi ved å " +"vade gjennom CC-lisensiert innhold for å velge ut et høykvalitets utvalg og " +"så utlede inntekt når innholdsleverandørene gjør transaksjoner med kunder. " +"Andre plattformer tjener penger når tjenesteleverandører gjør transaksjoner " +"med kundene deres; for eksempel tjener Opendesk penger hver gang noen på " +"deres nettsted betaler en håndverker for å lage møbler basert på ett av " +"designene på plattformen." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1829 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1828 msgid "#### Providing a service to your creators* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" msgstr "" +"#### Å levere en tjeneste til dine innholdsleverandører * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1836 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1835 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2813,14 +4236,20 @@ msgid "" "providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to " "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" +"Som nevnt ovenfor, kan et innhold gi fortjeneste ved at det leveres " +"tilpassede tjenester til brukerne. Plattformer kan gi en variant av denne " +"tjenestemodellen rettet mot innholdsleverandører som legger inn et innhold " +"de får omtalt. Dataplattformene Figure.NZ og Figshare utnytter denne " +"modellen ved å tilby betalte verktøy for å hjelpe sine brukerne å gjøre " +"dataene de bidrar med til plattformen mer synlige og gjenbrukbare." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1838 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1837 msgid "#### Licensing a trademark* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Lisensiere et varemerke* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1847 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1846 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2831,23 +4260,35 @@ msgid "" "deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the " "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" +"Endelig tjener noen som er Made with Creative Commons penger på å selge " +"bruken av sitt varemerker. Kjente merker som forbrukerne forbinder med " +"kvalitet, troverdighet, eller selv en holdning kan lisensiere varemerket til " +"selskaper som ønsker å dra nytte av dets goodwill. Per definisjon er " +"varemerker knappe fordi de representerer et bestemt opphav for et gode eller " +"en tjeneste. Å ta betalt for muligheten til å bruke det varemerket er en " +"måte å skaffe inntekt fra noe det er knapphet på, og samtidig utnytte " +"fordelen av overfloden av CC-innhold." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1849 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1848 msgid "#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Gjensidighets-baserte inntektsstrømmer" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1854 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1853 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " "endeavors we analyzed were making money. It was not simply about monetizing " "scarcity." msgstr "" +"Selv om vi setter til side velgjørenhetsfinansiering, fant vi at " +"tradisjonelle økonomiske rammen for å forstå markedet ikke fullt ut fanger " +"måtene den innsatsen vi analyserte for å tjene penger. Det var ikke bare om " +"å tjene penger på knapphet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1864 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1863 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -2859,9 +4300,18 @@ msgid "" "Like a Commoner, “There is no self-serving calculation of whether the value " "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" +"I stedet for å utarbeide en plan for å få folk til å betale penger for noe " +"som har en direkte verdi levert til dem, handlet mange av inntektsstrømmene " +"mer om å gi verdi, bygge forhold, og så eventuelt finne noen penger som " +"strømmer tilbake fra en forståelse av gjensidighet. Mens noe ser ut som " +"tradisjonelle veldedige finansieringsmodeller, er de ikke det. Innsatsen " +"utveksler verdier mellom mennesker, ikke nødvendigvis synkront eller på en " +"måte som krever at disse verdiene er like. Som David Bollier skrev i Think " +"Like a Commoner, \"Det er ingen iboende kalkyle i om verdien som er gitt og " +"mottatt er helt lik.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1870 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1869 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -2869,23 +4319,31 @@ msgid "" "identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the " "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" +"Dette skulle være en kjent dynamikk - det er måten du behandler dine venner " +"og familie. Vi gir uten hensyn til hva vi får, og når vi får tilbake. David " +"Bollier skrev, \"Gjensidig sosial utveksling ligger i hjertet av menneskets " +"identitet, samfunn og kultur. Det er en viktig hjernefunksjon som hjelper " +"menneskeheten i sin overlevelse og utvikling.\"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1875 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1874 msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " "that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " "relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " "value.41" msgstr "" +"Det er sjeldent å innlemme slike forhold i en innsats som også er i favner " +"markedet.40 Vi kan nesten ikke unngå å tenke på markedsrelasjoner som " +"sentrert, uten gjensidig utveksling av verdi.41" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1877 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1876 msgid "#### Memberships and individual donations *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Medlemskap og individuelle donasjoner * \\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1888 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -2898,14 +4356,25 @@ msgid "" "that the content is a public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering " "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" +"Medlemskap og donasjoner er tradisjonelle veldedige finansieringsmodeller, i " +"Made with Creative Commons-sammenheng, er de direkte knyttet til det " +"gjensidige forholdet dyrket med de som nyter godt av arbeidet. Jo større " +"mengde som mottar verdi fra innholdet, jo mer sannsynlig er det at denne " +"strategien vil fungere, gitt at bare en liten prosentandel av brukerne " +"sannsynligvis vil bidra. Siden det å bruke CC-lisenser kan smøre hjulene for " +"at innhold skal å nå flere mennesker, kan denne strategien være mer effektiv " +"for innsatser utført med laget med Creative Commons. Jo viktigere argumentet " +"er for at innholdet er et kollektivt gode, eller at hele innsatsen skal " +"fremme en sosial oppgave, jo mer sannsynlig er det at denne strategien " +"lykkes." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1891 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1890 msgid "#### The pay-what-you-want model *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Betal-hva-du-vil-modellen * \\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1901 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1900 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " @@ -2916,14 +4385,22 @@ msgid "" "inclined to give money for things we value in the marketplace, even in " "situations where we could find a way to get it for free." msgstr "" +"I betal-hva-du-vil-modellen blir mottakere av Creative Commons-innhold " +"invitert til å gi et beløp de synes de kan gi og føler er nødvendig, basert " +"på den offentlige og personlige verdi de føler er frembrakt av det åpne " +"innholdet. Kritisk sett er ikke disse modellene myntet på å \"kjøpe\" noe " +"gratis. De likner en skål til drikkepenger. Folk gir et økonomiske bidrag " +"som en takk. Disse modellene kapitaliserer det faktum at vi er naturlig " +"tilbøyelige til å gi penger for tingene vi setter pris på i markedet, selv i " +"situasjoner der vi ellers kan finne en måte å få det gratis." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1903 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1902 msgid "#### Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Folkefinansiering * \\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1918 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1917 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " @@ -2939,9 +4416,22 @@ msgid "" "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" +"Folkefinansiering er modeller basert på å tjene inn igjen kostnadene til å " +"lage og distribuere innhold når innholdet er opprettet. Hvis arbeidet er " +"Made with Creative Commons, kunne de som ønsker det aktuelle arbeidet " +"aktuelle bare vente til det er opprettet og deretter tilgang til det gratis. " +"Det betyr, for å få denne modellen til å virke, at folk må bry seg mer enn å " +"bare motta arbeidet. De må ønske at du lykkes. Amanda Palmer tillegger " +"suksessen med folkefinansiering av Kickstarter og Patreon til årene hun " +"brukte til bygge opp sitt fellesskap utvikle koblingen med tilhengerne sine. " +"Hun skrev i The Art og Asking, \"God kunst er laget, god kunst deles, hjelp " +"tilbys, ører spisset, følelser utvekslets, kompost av ekte og dyp " +"forbindelse er spredt over åkrene. Så en dag, trapper kunstneren opp og ber " +"om noe. Og hvis bakken er gjødslet nok, sier publikum, uten å nøle: " +"Selvfølgelig. \"" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1925 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1924 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " "particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." @@ -2950,14 +4440,20 @@ msgid "" "tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library community and " "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" +"Andre typer folkefinansiering bygger på en ansvarsfølelse som et bestemt " +"fellesskap kan ha. Knowledge Unlatched samler opp midler fra store " +"amerikanske biblioteker for å støtte CC-lisensiert akademisk arbeid som vil " +"bli, per definisjon, tilgjengelig gratis for alle. Biblioteker med større " +"budsjetter tenderer til å gi mer av en følelse av forpliktelse til " +"biblioteksamfunnet og ideen om åpen tilgang generelt." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1927 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1926 msgid "### Making Human Connections" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Å bygge menneskelige forbindelser" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1940 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1939 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -2972,9 +4468,21 @@ msgid "" "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Uansett hvordan de tjente penger, i våre intervjuer, hørte vi gjentatte " +"ganger ord som \"å overtale folk til å kjøpe\" og \"inviterer folk til å " +"betale\". Vi hørte det selv i forbindelse med inntektsstrømmer som er helt " +"og holdent i markedet. Cory Doctorow fortalte oss, \"Jeg må overbevise mine " +"lesere om at det riktige å gjøre er å betale meg.\" Grunnleggerne av for " +"profitt selskapet Lumen Learning, viste oss brevet de sender til dem som " +"velger ikke å betale for tjenestene de leverer med sitt CC-lisensierte " +"utdanningsinnhold. Det er ikke et stanse og avslå brev; Det er en invitasjon " +"til å betale fordi det er den riktige tingen å gjøre. Denne typen atferd " +"overfor hva som kan anses som ikke betalende kunder, er hovedsakelig uhørt " +"på den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. Men det synes å være en del av " +"oppbyggingen av å være Made with Creative Commons." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1947 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1946 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " @@ -2982,25 +4490,35 @@ msgid "" "than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " "personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" +"Nesten alle forsøk vi undersøkte støtte seg, minst delvis, på folk er " +"innsatt i hva de gjør. Jo nærmere Creative Commons-innhold er i å være \"" +"produktet\", jo mer uttalt må denne dynamikken være. I stedet for bare å " +"selge et produkt eller en service, gjør de ideologiske, personlige og " +"kreative forbindelser med folk som verdsetter det de gjør." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1951 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1950 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" +"Det tok meg lang tid å se hvordan dette å unngå å tenke på hva de gjør i " +"rene markedstermer, var sterkt knyttet til Made with Creative Commons." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1955 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1954 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" +"Jeg kom til prosjektet med forhåndsoppfatningen om hva Creative Commons er " +"og hva det betyr å være laget med Creative Commons. Det viste seg at jeg tok " +"feil på så mange punkter." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1964 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1963 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " @@ -3011,9 +4529,17 @@ msgid "" "the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of what comes " "with sharing. You have to widen the lens." msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig er Made with Creative Commons å bruke Creative Commons-" +"lisenser. Så mye visste jeg. Men i våre intervjuer, snakket folk om så mye " +"mer enn opphavsrettigheter når de forklarte hvordan deling passer inn i hva " +"de gjør. Jeg tenkte for smalt på deling, og resultatet var jeg hadde store " +"sprekker i meningen som er pakket inn i Creative Commons. Snarere enn å " +"analysere den spesifikke og smale rollen til opphavsretten i sammenhengen, " +"er det viktig ikke å skille ut resten av det som følger med deling. Du må " +"utvide synsfeltet." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1976 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1975 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3026,23 +4552,37 @@ msgid "" "with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, " "with each other." msgstr "" +"Made with Creative Commons er ikke bare om den enkle handlingen å lisensiere " +"et åndsprodukt med et sett standardiserte vilkår, men også om fellesskap, " +"sosial nytte, å bidra med ideer, uttrykke et verdisystem, samarbeide. Det er " +"vanskelig å kultivere delingskomponentene hvis du tenker på hva du gjør med " +"ren markedstenkning. Anstendig sosial atferd er ikke like intuitivt når vi " +"gjør noe med en monetær utveksling. Det kreves en bevisst innsats for å " +"fremme en kontekst med ekte deling, ikke bare basert på upersonlige " +"utveksling i markedet, men på forbindelsene med folk som du deler med - " +"forbindelsene til deg, med arbeidet ditt, med dine verdier, med hverandre." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1981 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1980 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " "humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" +"I resten av denne seksjonen vil vi gjennomgå noen av de vanlige strategiene " +"som innholdsleverandører, selskaper og organisasjoner bruker for å minne oss " +"på at det finnes mennesker bak ethvert kreativt arbeid. For å minne oss om " +"at vi forpliktelser overfor hverandre. Å minne oss om hvordan deling " +"virkelig ser ut." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1983 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1982 msgid "#### Be human" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Vær menneskelig" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1990 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1989 msgid "" "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " "each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " @@ -3051,9 +4591,15 @@ msgid "" "knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " "forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" +"Mennesker er sosiale dyr, noe som betyr at vi naturlig er tilbøyelig til å " +"behandle hverandre godt.42 Men jo fjernere vi er fra personen som vi " +"samhandler med, jo mindre omsorgsfull vil vår atferd være. Mens Internett " +"har demokratisert kulturell produksjon, har økt tilgangen til kunnskap, og " +"koblet oss sammen på ekstraordinære måter, kan det også gjøre det lett å " +"glemme at vi arbeider med et annet menneske." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2002 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2001 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3066,9 +4612,20 @@ msgid "" "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " "understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" msgstr "" +"For å motvirke anonyme og upersonlige tendenser i hvordan vi opererer på " +"nettet, arbeider individuelle leverandører og selskaper, som bruker Creative " +"Commons lisenser, med å demonstrere sin menneskelighet. For noen, betyr " +"dette å legge ut sine liv på nettsiden. For andre betyr dette å vise sin " +"kreative prosess, gir et innblikk i hvordan de gjør det de gjør. Som " +"forfatter skrev Austin Kleon, \"vårt arbeid ikke snakke for seg selv. " +"Mennesker ønsker å vite hvor ting kom fra, hvor de ble gjort, og som gjorde " +"dem. Historiene du fortelle om arbeidet du gjør, har stor innvirkning på " +"hvordan folk føler, hva de forstår om arbeidet ditt, hvordan folk føler og " +"hva de forstår om hvordan arbeidet ditt påvirker hvordan de verdsetter det.\"" +"43" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2012 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2011 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " @@ -3080,9 +4637,18 @@ msgid "" "glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " "way." msgstr "" +"En kritisk komponent for å gjøre dette effektivt er å ikke bekymre seg om å " +"være en \"merkevare\". Det betyr å ikke å være redd for å være sårbar. " +"Amanda Palmer sier, \"når du er redd for noens dom, må du ikke koble deg " +"sammen med dem. Du blir for opptatt med oppgaven å imponere dem.\" Det " +"passer ikke for alle å leve livet som en åpen bok, som Palmer, og det er OK. " +"Det er mange måter å være menneske. Trikset er bare unngå å late som og " +"fristelsen til å lage et kunstig bilde. Folk ønsker ikke bare den skinnende " +"versjonen av deg. De kan ikke forholder seg til det, i hvert fall ikke på en " +"meningsfull måte." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2021 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2020 msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " @@ -3092,14 +4658,21 @@ msgid "" "speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But " "it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." msgstr "" +"Dette rådet er sannsynligvis enda viktigere for bedrifter og organisasjoner " +"fordi vi instinktivt tenke på dem som ikke menneskelige (men i USA, er " +"selskaper mennesker!). Når bedrifter og organisasjoner gjør menneskene bak " +"dem mer tydelige, minner det folk at de har å gjøre med noe annet enn en " +"anonym enhet i en bedrift. I forretningsspråket handler dette om å \"" +"menneskeliggjøre sine samhandlinger\" med offentligheten.44 Men det kan ikke " +"være en gimmick. Du kan ikke forfalske å være menneske." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2023 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2022 msgid "#### Be open and accountable" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Være åpen og ansvarlig" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2033 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2032 msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " @@ -3110,9 +4683,18 @@ msgid "" "sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " "and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" msgstr "" +"Åpenhet hjelper folk å forstå hvem du er og hvorfor du gjør det du gjør, men " +"det inspirerer også til tillit. Som Max Temkin i Cards Against Humanity " +"fortalte oss, \"En av de mest overraskende tingene du kan gjøre i " +"kapitalismen, er bare være ærlig med folk.\" Det betyr at å dele det gode og " +"dårlige. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, kan \"du fikse nesten alt med autentisk " +"kommunikasjon.\"45 Det handler ikke om å prøve å tilfredsstille alle eller " +"prøver å glatte over feil eller dårlige nyheter, men i stedet forklare om " +"din begrunnelsen, og så være forberedt på å forsvare den når folk er " +"kritiske.46" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2046 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2045 msgid "" "Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " "Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" @@ -3126,14 +4708,25 @@ msgid "" "endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested " "in what you do." msgstr "" +"Å være ansvarlige betyr ikke å operere med konsensus. Ifølge James " +"Surowiecki, tenderer konsensus-drevne grupper til å ty til løsninger med " +"laveste fellesnevner, og unngå en oppriktig utveksling av ideer som fremmer " +"sunt samarbeid.47 Isteden, det kan være så enkelt som å be om innspill og " +"deretter gi sammenheng og forklaring på beslutninger du tar, selv om å be om " +"tilbakemelding og innby til meningsutveksling er tidkrevende. Hvis du ikke " +"leverer innsatsen å svare på innspillene du får, kan det være verre enn å " +"ikke invitere til innspill i første omgang.48 Men når du får det riktig til, " +"kan det garantere den typen mangfold i tenkingen som hjelper til slik at " +"innsatsen utmerker seg. Og det er en annen måte å få folk involvert og " +"innsatt i hva du gjør." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2048 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2047 msgid "#### Design for the good actors" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Design for de gode skuespillerne" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2061 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2060 msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " "own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " @@ -3148,9 +4741,22 @@ msgid "" "purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "design for the good actors." msgstr "" +"Tradisjonell økonomi forutsetter at folk tar avgjørelser basert utelukkende " +"ut fra sin økonomiske egeninteresse.49 Noe relativt selvanalyserende " +"mennesker vet er en fiksjon - vi er mye mer kompliserte vesener med en hel " +"rekke behov, følelser og motivasjoner. Faktisk er vi fastkoblet å samarbeide " +"og sikre rettferdighet.50 Made with Creative Commons forutsetter en " +"oppfatning om at folk i stor grad vil handle ut fra disse sosiale " +"motivasjonene, motivasjoner som ville bli betraktet som \"irrasjonelle\" i " +"en økonomisk forstand. Som Pinter i Knowlegde Unlatched fortalte oss, er \"" +"det best å ignorere mennesker som prøver å skremme deg med gratisturer. Den " +"frykten er basert på et svært grunt syn på hva som motiverer menneskelig " +"atferd.\" Det vil alltid være folk som vil handle på rent egoistiske måter, " +"men oppgaver som er laget Made with Creative Commons-design er for de gode " +"aktørene." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2070 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2069 msgid "" "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " @@ -3161,9 +4767,16 @@ msgid "" "we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " "instincts." msgstr "" +"Antagelsen om at folk i stor grad vil gjøre rette kan være en " +"selvoppfyllende profeti. Shirky skrev i Cognitive Surplus: \"Systemer som " +"antar folk vil opptre på måter som skaper offentlige goder og som gir dem " +"mulighetene og belønningene for å gjøre det, lar dem ofte arbeide sammen " +"bedre enn neoklassisk økonomi vil forutse.\" 51 Når vi erkjenner at folk " +"ofte er motivert av noe annet enn finansiell egeninteresse, designer vi våre " +"bestrebelser på måter som stimulerer og fremhever vår sosiale instinkter." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2080 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2079 msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3175,14 +4788,23 @@ msgid "" "mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most often, " "they do." msgstr "" +"Snarere enn å prøve å utøve kontroll over menneskers atferd, krever denne " +"arbeidsmåten en viss grad av tillit. Vi innser det kanskje, men våre " +"dagligliv er allerede bygget på tillit. Som Surowiecki skrev i The visdom of " +"Crowds; \"det er umulig for et samfunn å stole på loven alene for å sikre at " +"borgere opptrer ærlig og ansvarlig. Og det er umulig for noen organisasjon å " +"stole på kontrakter alene for å sørge for at dens ledere og arbeidere lever " +"opp til sine forpliktelser.\" I stedet stoler vi i stor grad på at folk - " +"for det meste fremmede - vil gjøre det som er forventet av dem.52 Og oftest, " +"de gjør de." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2082 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2081 msgid "#### Treat humans like, well, humans" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Å behandle mennesker som, vel, mennesker" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2091 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2090 msgid "" "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " "As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even if you " @@ -3192,17 +4814,29 @@ msgid "" "Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate " "with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she talks.54" msgstr "" +"For innholdsleverandører betyr å behandle folk som mennesker ikke å behandle " +"dem som fans. Som Kleon sier, \"Hvis du vil ha fans, må du først være en fan." +"\"53 Selv om du tilfeldigvis blir en av de få som når en kjendisberømmelse, " +"er det bedre om du husker at folk som følger arbeidet ditt også er " +"menneskelige. Cory Doctorow gjør et poeng å svare på hver enkelt e-post noen " +"sender ham. Amanda Palmer bruker store deler av tiden på nettet til å " +"kommunisere med sitt publikum, og gjør et poeng av å lytte like mye som hun " +"snakker.54" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2096 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2095 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" +"Den samme ideen gjelder for bedrifter og organisasjoner. I stedet for å " +"automatisere sin kundeservice, gjør musikkplattformen Tribe of Noise et " +"poeng av å sikre at deres ansatte har en personlig, en til en interaksjon " +"med brukere." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2107 msgid "" "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " @@ -3215,14 +4849,25 @@ msgid "" "into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " "in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" msgstr "" +"Når vi behandler folk som mennesker, vil de vanligvis returnere gaven på " +"samme måte. Det kalles karma. Men sosiale relasjoner er skjøre. Det er " +"altfor lett å ødelegge dem hvis du gjør feilen å behandle folk som anonyme " +"kunder eller gratisarbeidere.55 Plattformer som bruker innhold fra " +"bidragsytere er spesielt i fare for å skape en dynamikk som utnytter. Det " +"er viktig å finne måter å anerkjenne og betale tilbake verdien bidragsytere " +"genererer. Det betyr ikke at du kan løse dette problemet bare ved å i " +"enkelhet betale bidragsytere for deres tid eller bidrag. Så snart vi " +"introduserer penger inn i et forhold, - i det minste når får formen av å " +"betale en pengeverdi i bytte for en annen verdi - kan det dramatisk endre " +"dynamikken.56" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2110 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2109 msgid "#### State your principles and stick to them" -msgstr "" +msgstr "#### Legg frem dine prinsipper og hold deg til dem" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2120 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2119 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3233,9 +4878,17 @@ msgid "" "akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel " "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" +"Når du bruker Made with Creative Commons fastslår du hvem du er og hva du " +"gjør. Symbolikken er kraftig. Med Creative Commons-lisenser demonstrerer du " +"tilslutning til en bestemt trossystem, som genererer goodwill og knytter " +"likesinnede til arbeidet ditt. Noen ganger trekkes folk til innhold som er " +"Made with Creative Commons som en måte å demonstrere sin egen forpliktelse " +"overfor verdisystemet til Creative Commons, som en politisk erklæring. Andre " +"ganger vil folk vil identifisere seg med og føle seg knyttet til innholdets " +"separate sosiale oppgave. Ofte begge." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2129 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2128 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " @@ -3246,23 +4899,34 @@ msgid "" "credibility in the OER (open educational resources) community in which they " "operate." msgstr "" +"Uttrykket for dine verdier trenger ikke å være implisitt. Faktisk, mange av " +"menneskene vi intervjuet snakket om hvor viktig det er å angi dine førende " +"prinsipper opp front. Lumen Learning tillegger mye av sin suksess at de har " +"vært frittalende om de grunnleggende verdiene som leder hva de gjør. Som et " +"for fortjeneste-selskap, mener de at deres uttrykte forpliktelse overfor " +"lavinntekt-studenter og åpen lisensiering har vært avgjørende for til deres " +"troverdighet i OER-(åpne pedagogiske ressurser)-samfunnet der de arbeider." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2135 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2134 msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " "you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " "attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" +"Når målet ikke er og lage fortjeneste, stoler folk på at du ikke bare prøver " +"bruke verdien til din egen vinning. Folk merker når du har en hensikt som " +"går utover din egeninteresse.57 Det tiltrekker engasjerte ansatte, motiverte " +"bidragsytere og bygger tillit." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2137 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2136 msgid "#### Build a community" -msgstr "" +msgstr "### Å bygge et fellesskap" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2147 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2146 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " @@ -3273,9 +4937,16 @@ msgid "" "minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using " "CC." msgstr "" +"Innhold laget med Made with Creative Commons blomstrer når allmenneier er " +"bygget rundt det de gjør. Dette kan bety at et fellesskap samarbeider om å " +"skape noe nytt, eller det kan være en samling av likesinnede som bli kjent " +"hverandre og samles rundt felles interesser eller oppfatninger.58 Til en " +"viss grad bringer Made with Creative Commons automatisk med seg elementer av " +"fellesskap, med hjelp til å koble deg til likesinnede som gjenkjenner og " +"trekkes til verdiene som symboliseres ved å bruke CC." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2159 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2158 msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " @@ -3290,7 +4961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2171 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2170 msgid "" "Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " "wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " @@ -3305,19 +4976,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2175 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2174 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2177 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2176 msgid "#### Give more to the commons than you take" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2188 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2187 msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3332,7 +5003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2200 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2199 msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " @@ -3348,7 +5019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2208 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2207 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3360,12 +5031,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2210 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2209 msgid "#### Involve people in what you do" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2222 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2221 msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " "around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " @@ -3379,7 +5050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2231 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2230 msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3391,7 +5062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2248 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2247 msgid "" "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " @@ -3411,7 +5082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2259 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2258 msgid "" "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " "the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " @@ -3425,7 +5096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2267 msgid "" "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " "way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " @@ -3437,13 +5108,8 @@ msgid "" "active participants.75" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2270 -msgid "#### Notes" -msgstr "" - #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "" "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " "John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " @@ -3451,19 +5117,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "Ibid., 55." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "" "Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " @@ -3471,33 +5137,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "" "Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "" "Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " "2012), 64." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 msgid "" "David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " "the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2370 #, no-wrap msgid "" "9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" @@ -3587,12 +5253,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2373 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2372 msgid "## The Creative Commons Licenses" msgstr "## Creative Commons-lisensene" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2386 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2385 msgid "" "All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " "minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " @@ -3607,19 +5273,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2388 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2387 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2390 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width=\"4.198in\" " "height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2397 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2396 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " @@ -3628,14 +5294,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2400 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2399 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width=\"4.198in\" " "height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2407 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2406 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3646,14 +5312,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2410 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2409 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width=\"4.198in\" " "height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2414 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2413 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " @@ -3661,14 +5327,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2417 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2416 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width=\"4.198in\" " "height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2422 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2421 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " @@ -3677,14 +5343,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2425 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2424 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width=\"4.198in\" " "height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2429 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2428 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " @@ -3692,14 +5358,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2432 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2431 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width=\"4.198in\" " "height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2437 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2436 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " @@ -3708,7 +5374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2442 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2441 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " @@ -3716,35 +5382,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2445 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2444 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width=\"4.1665in" "\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2448 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2447 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2451 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2450 msgid "" "![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width=\"4.1665in" "\" height=\"1.4689in\"}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2455 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2454 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2464 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2463 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " "several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" @@ -3757,7 +5423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2476 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2475 msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " @@ -3772,7 +5438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2488 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2487 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " @@ -3787,7 +5453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2493 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2492 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " @@ -3796,7 +5462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2503 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2502 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3810,12 +5476,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2504 msgid "Note" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2509 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2508 msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " @@ -3823,22 +5489,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2511 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2510 msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2513 -msgid "# Part 2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2515 msgid "# The Case Studies" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2523 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2521 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " @@ -3850,7 +5511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2527 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " "based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " @@ -3860,24 +5521,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2531 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2529 msgid "## Arduino" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2534 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2532 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2536 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2534 msgid "www.arduino.cc" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2540 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2538 msgid "" "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " "shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " @@ -3885,36 +5546,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2542 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3225 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2540 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3223 msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2544 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2542 msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2546 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3229 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3584 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3789 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4029 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4266 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4676 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4888 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5353 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5788 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6421 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7065 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2544 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3227 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3582 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3787 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4027 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4264 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4672 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4884 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5111 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5349 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5784 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6028 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6417 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7061 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2558 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2556 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -3930,7 +5591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2566 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2564 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -3941,7 +5602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2573 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2571 msgid "" "“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " @@ -3952,7 +5613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2582 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2580 msgid "" "For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " "He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " @@ -3963,7 +5624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2589 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2587 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " @@ -3974,7 +5635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2596 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2594 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -3984,7 +5645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2608 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2606 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " @@ -3999,7 +5660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2621 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2619 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -4015,7 +5676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2628 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2626 msgid "" "Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " "businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " @@ -4026,7 +5687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2634 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2632 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " @@ -4036,7 +5697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2644 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2642 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4050,7 +5711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2654 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2652 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4063,7 +5724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2663 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2661 msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " @@ -4076,7 +5737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2674 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2672 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " @@ -4090,7 +5751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2682 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4104,7 +5765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2692 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2690 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " "United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " @@ -4116,7 +5777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2699 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2697 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4127,7 +5788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2712 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2710 msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " @@ -4143,7 +5804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2718 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2716 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " @@ -4153,7 +5814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2724 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2722 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4163,7 +5824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2728 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2726 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " @@ -4171,38 +5832,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2730 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3768 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4008 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4245 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4867 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5092 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5331 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5578 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6011 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6238 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6679 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2728 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3766 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4006 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4243 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4863 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5088 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5327 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5574 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6007 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6234 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6675 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7242 msgid "Web links" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2733 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2731 msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2733 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2731 msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2735 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2733 msgid "## Ártica" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2739 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " @@ -4210,41 +5871,41 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2741 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2739 msgid "www.articaonline.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2743 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2741 msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2745 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2743 msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2747 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2745 msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2749 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2899 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3054 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3395 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4507 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5595 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6262 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6699 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6877 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7265 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2747 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2897 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3052 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3393 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4503 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5591 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6258 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6695 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6873 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7261 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2754 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2752 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " @@ -4253,12 +5914,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2756 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2754 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2766 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2764 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " "to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " @@ -4271,7 +5932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2777 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2775 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4286,7 +5947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2786 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2784 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4298,7 +5959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2793 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2791 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " @@ -4309,7 +5970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2799 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2797 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4324,7 +5985,7 @@ msgstr "" "mindre prosjekter på oppdrag fra enkeltartister." #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2805 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2803 msgid "" "Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " @@ -4334,7 +5995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2819 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2817 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4351,7 +6012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2825 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2823 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4361,7 +6022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2834 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2832 msgid "" "This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" "in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " @@ -4373,7 +6034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2842 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2840 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4384,7 +6045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2848 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2846 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " @@ -4394,7 +6055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2852 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2850 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " @@ -4402,7 +6063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2863 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2861 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4417,7 +6078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2871 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2869 msgid "" "Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " "Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " @@ -4428,7 +6089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2877 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2875 msgid "" "“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " @@ -4438,7 +6099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2883 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2881 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4448,41 +6109,41 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2885 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2883 msgid "## Blender Institute" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2888 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2886 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2890 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2888 msgid "www.blender.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2893 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2891 msgid "" "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " "copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2895 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2893 msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2897 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2895 msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2908 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2906 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4495,7 +6156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2917 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2915 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4507,7 +6168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2923 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2921 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " "culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " @@ -4516,7 +6177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2933 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2931 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " @@ -4529,7 +6190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2943 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2941 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4543,7 +6204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2950 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2948 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4553,7 +6214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2959 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2957 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " @@ -4565,7 +6226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2966 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2964 msgid "" "They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " @@ -4576,7 +6237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2972 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2970 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4586,7 +6247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2983 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2981 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " @@ -4600,7 +6261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2991 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2989 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " "years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " @@ -4611,7 +6272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2998 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2996 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " @@ -4621,7 +6282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3012 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3010 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " @@ -4638,7 +6299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3017 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3015 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " @@ -4647,7 +6308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3024 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3022 msgid "" "Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " @@ -4658,7 +6319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3029 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3027 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " @@ -4667,7 +6328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3037 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3035 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4679,44 +6340,44 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3039 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3037 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3039 msgid "## Cards Against Humanity" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3044 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3042 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3046 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3044 msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3048 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3046 msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3050 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3048 msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3052 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3050 msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3059 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3057 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " @@ -4724,7 +6385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3067 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3065 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " "the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" @@ -4736,7 +6397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3073 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3071 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4746,7 +6407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3078 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3076 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " @@ -4755,7 +6416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3084 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3082 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4765,7 +6426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3089 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3087 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " "download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " @@ -4773,7 +6434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3100 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3098 msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4788,7 +6449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3104 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3102 msgid "" "The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " "Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " @@ -4796,7 +6457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3109 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3107 msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " "game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " @@ -4805,7 +6466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3121 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3119 msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " @@ -4821,7 +6482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3125 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3123 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " "going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " @@ -4829,7 +6490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3130 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3128 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " @@ -4838,7 +6499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3137 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3135 msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " @@ -4849,7 +6510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3148 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3146 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " @@ -4864,7 +6525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3155 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3153 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " "but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " @@ -4874,7 +6535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3160 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3158 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " @@ -4883,7 +6544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3171 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3169 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " @@ -4898,7 +6559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3179 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3177 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " "business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " @@ -4910,7 +6571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3188 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3186 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " @@ -4923,7 +6584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3194 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3192 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -4933,7 +6594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3201 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3199 msgid "" "In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " "and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " @@ -4944,7 +6605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3207 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3205 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -4954,7 +6615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3212 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3210 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " @@ -4963,12 +6624,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3214 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3212 msgid "## The Conversation" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3218 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3216 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " "and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " @@ -4976,24 +6637,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3218 msgid "theconversation.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3221 msgid "" "Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " "to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3227 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3225 msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3237 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3235 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " @@ -5004,7 +6665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3243 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3241 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -5014,7 +6675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3261 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3259 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " @@ -5035,7 +6696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3272 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3270 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " @@ -5050,7 +6711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3283 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3281 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5064,7 +6725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3292 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3290 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " "democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " @@ -5076,7 +6737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3305 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3303 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " @@ -5092,7 +6753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3316 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3314 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " "Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " @@ -5106,7 +6767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3323 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3321 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " "and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " @@ -5116,7 +6777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3331 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3329 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5127,7 +6788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3340 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3338 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5139,7 +6800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3347 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3345 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5150,7 +6811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3353 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3351 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5160,7 +6821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3361 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3359 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " "from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " @@ -5172,7 +6833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3367 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3365 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5182,7 +6843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3369 msgid "" "These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " @@ -5190,7 +6851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3377 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3375 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5200,49 +6861,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3379 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4488 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5769 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7414 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3377 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4486 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5765 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7410 msgid "Web link" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3381 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3379 msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3383 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3381 msgid "## Cory Doctorow" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3386 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3384 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3386 msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3391 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3389 msgid "" "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " "selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3393 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3391 msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3402 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3400 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " @@ -5253,7 +6914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3406 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3404 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " @@ -5261,7 +6922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3415 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3413 msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5273,7 +6934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3419 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3417 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " @@ -5281,7 +6942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3434 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3432 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5299,7 +6960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3445 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3443 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " @@ -5314,7 +6975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3453 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3451 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5326,7 +6987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3461 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3459 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5338,7 +6999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3472 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3470 msgid "" "Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " @@ -5352,7 +7013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3478 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3476 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5362,7 +7023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3485 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3483 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " @@ -5372,7 +7033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3498 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3496 msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5388,7 +7049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3511 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3509 msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " "license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " @@ -5404,7 +7065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3523 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3521 msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5420,7 +7081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3532 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3530 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " "more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" @@ -5432,7 +7093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3541 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3539 msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " @@ -5445,7 +7106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3550 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3548 msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5458,7 +7119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3559 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3557 msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " @@ -5471,7 +7132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3565 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3563 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5481,17 +7142,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3567 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3565 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3569 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3567 msgid "## Figshare" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3574 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3572 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " @@ -5499,27 +7160,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3576 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3574 msgid "figshare.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3578 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3576 msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3580 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3578 msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3582 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3580 msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3593 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3591 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " @@ -5532,7 +7193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3597 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3595 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " @@ -5540,7 +7201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3605 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3603 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5551,7 +7212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3611 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3609 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " @@ -5560,7 +7221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3615 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3613 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " @@ -5568,7 +7229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3622 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3620 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5579,7 +7240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3628 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3626 msgid "" "As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" "science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " @@ -5589,7 +7250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3633 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3631 msgid "" "So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " "had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " @@ -5598,7 +7259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3640 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3638 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " "if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " @@ -5608,7 +7269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3644 msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " @@ -5617,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3656 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3654 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5630,7 +7291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3664 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3662 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5642,7 +7303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3676 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3674 msgid "" "Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " "Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " @@ -5658,7 +7319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3682 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " @@ -5670,7 +7331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3692 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3690 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " @@ -5682,7 +7343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3703 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3701 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " @@ -5696,7 +7357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3711 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3709 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5708,7 +7369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3718 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3716 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5719,7 +7380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3727 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3725 msgid "" "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " @@ -5732,7 +7393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3737 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3735 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " @@ -5745,7 +7406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3747 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3745 msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " @@ -5758,7 +7419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3754 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3752 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5768,7 +7429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3766 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3764 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " @@ -5783,60 +7444,60 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3772 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3770 msgid "" "figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK" "\\_universities/1186832" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3772 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3770 msgid "" "retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?" "year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3772 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3770 msgid "figshare.com/features" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3772 msgid "## Figure.NZ" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3778 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3776 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " "to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New Zealand." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3778 msgid "figure.nz" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3783 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3781 msgid "" "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " "sponsorships" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3785 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3783 msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3787 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3785 msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3806 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3804 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " @@ -5856,7 +7517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3813 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5869,7 +7530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3827 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3825 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " "could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " @@ -5884,7 +7545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3842 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3840 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -5902,7 +7563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3856 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3854 msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " "naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " @@ -5919,7 +7580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3867 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3865 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " @@ -5934,7 +7595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3884 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3882 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " @@ -5954,7 +7615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3889 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3887 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " "collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " @@ -5963,7 +7624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3902 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3900 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -5980,7 +7641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3913 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3911 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -5995,7 +7656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3919 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3917 msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " @@ -6005,7 +7666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3923 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3921 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " "directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those areas. " @@ -6013,7 +7674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3928 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3926 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " @@ -6022,7 +7683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3938 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3936 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -6036,7 +7697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3947 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3945 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " @@ -6048,7 +7709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3959 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3957 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6063,7 +7724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3967 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3965 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6074,7 +7735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3971 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3969 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " @@ -6082,7 +7743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3975 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3973 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " @@ -6090,7 +7751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3985 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3983 msgid "" "“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " @@ -6103,7 +7764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3991 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3989 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " @@ -6112,7 +7773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3999 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3997 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " @@ -6123,7 +7784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4006 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4004 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " @@ -6133,35 +7794,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4013 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011 msgid "" "www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4013 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011 msgid "" "www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-" "government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4013 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011 msgid "figure.nz/business/" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4013 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011 msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4013 msgid "## Knowledge Unlatched" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4019 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4017 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " "brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " @@ -6169,27 +7830,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4021 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4019 msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4023 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4021 msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4025 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4023 msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4027 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4025 msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4043 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4041 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " @@ -6206,7 +7867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4048 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4046 msgid "" "Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " @@ -6215,7 +7876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4053 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4051 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " @@ -6224,7 +7885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4067 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4065 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " @@ -6242,7 +7903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4074 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4072 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " "1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " @@ -6253,7 +7914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4081 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4079 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " @@ -6264,7 +7925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4088 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4086 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " "journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " @@ -6274,7 +7935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4097 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4095 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6287,7 +7948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4100 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4098 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" @@ -6296,14 +7957,14 @@ msgstr "" "Unlatched: Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4118 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4116 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4118 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4116 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." @@ -6312,14 +7973,14 @@ msgstr "" "som samlinger (slik de gjør fra bibliotektsleverandører i dag)." #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4118 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4116 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4118 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4116 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " @@ -6328,7 +7989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4118 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4116 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " @@ -6336,7 +7997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4118 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4116 msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " @@ -6344,7 +8005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4126 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4124 msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " @@ -6356,7 +8017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4135 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4133 msgid "" "The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " "still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " @@ -6369,7 +8030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4145 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4143 msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " @@ -6382,7 +8043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4158 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4156 msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " @@ -6398,7 +8059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4163 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4161 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " @@ -6406,7 +8067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4171 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4169 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6418,7 +8079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4175 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4173 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " @@ -6426,7 +8087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4179 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4177 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " @@ -6434,7 +8095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4187 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4185 msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " "\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 range. " @@ -6446,7 +8107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4196 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4194 msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " "range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " @@ -6458,7 +8119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4205 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4203 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6470,7 +8131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4212 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4210 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " "of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " @@ -6480,7 +8141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4220 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6494,14 +8155,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4225 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4223 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4234 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4232 msgid "" "In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " "In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " @@ -6514,7 +8175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4243 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4241 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " @@ -6527,64 +8188,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4249 msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4249 msgid "www.oapen.org" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4249 msgid "www.hathitrust.org" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4249 msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4249 msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4251 msgid "## Lumen Learning" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4256 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4254 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4258 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4256 msgid "lumenlearning.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4260 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4258 msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4262 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4260 msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4264 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4262 msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4286 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4284 msgid "" "Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" "technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " @@ -6607,7 +8268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4295 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4293 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " "for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " @@ -6619,7 +8280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4303 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4301 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6630,7 +8291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4309 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4307 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6640,7 +8301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4321 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4319 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " @@ -6655,33 +8316,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4330 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4328 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4330 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4328 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4330 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4328 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4330 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4328 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4336 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4334 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6691,7 +8352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4342 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4340 msgid "" "Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " @@ -6701,7 +8362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4348 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4346 msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " @@ -6710,7 +8371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4355 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4353 msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " @@ -6721,7 +8382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4370 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4368 msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6739,7 +8400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4379 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4377 msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6752,7 +8413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4389 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4387 msgid "" "Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " "The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " @@ -6765,7 +8426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4395 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4393 msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6775,7 +8436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4404 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4402 msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " @@ -6788,7 +8449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4412 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4410 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " @@ -6798,7 +8459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4423 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4421 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " @@ -6812,7 +8473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4431 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4429 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6824,7 +8485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4440 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4438 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " @@ -6836,7 +8497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4447 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4445 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " @@ -6847,7 +8508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4456 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4454 msgid "" "Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " @@ -6860,7 +8521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4463 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4461 msgid "" "Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " @@ -6871,7 +8532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4468 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4466 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " @@ -6880,7 +8541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4478 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4476 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " "working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" @@ -6893,7 +8554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4486 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4484 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -6905,34 +8566,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4490 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4488 msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4492 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4490 msgid "## Jonathan Mann" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4493 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4497 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and" +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4495 +msgid "jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4499 -msgid "jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4503 msgid "" "Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " "(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " @@ -6940,12 +8596,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4505 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4501 msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4517 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4513 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -6958,7 +8614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4526 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4522 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -6971,7 +8627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4531 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4527 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " @@ -6980,7 +8636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4539 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4535 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " @@ -6992,7 +8648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4553 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4549 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " "to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " @@ -7009,7 +8665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4560 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4556 msgid "" "Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " @@ -7020,7 +8676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4567 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4563 msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " @@ -7031,7 +8687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4574 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4570 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " @@ -7041,7 +8697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4582 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4578 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " @@ -7053,7 +8709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4588 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4584 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7063,7 +8719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4596 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4592 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " @@ -7075,7 +8731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4606 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4602 msgid "" "Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " "Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " @@ -7088,7 +8744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4620 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4616 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " @@ -7104,7 +8760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4626 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4622 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " "he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " @@ -7113,7 +8769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4636 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4632 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7127,7 +8783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4643 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4639 msgid "" "Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " "Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " @@ -7138,7 +8794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4649 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4645 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7148,7 +8804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4656 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4652 msgid "" "Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " "is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " @@ -7158,7 +8814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4660 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4656 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " @@ -7166,12 +8822,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4662 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4658 msgid "## Noun Project" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4666 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4662 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " @@ -7179,27 +8835,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4668 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4664 msgid "thenounproject.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4670 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4666 msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4672 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4668 msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4674 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4670 msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4680 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4676 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " @@ -7207,7 +8863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4687 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4683 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " @@ -7218,7 +8874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4693 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4689 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7228,7 +8884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4700 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4696 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " @@ -7238,7 +8894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4708 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4704 msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " @@ -7250,7 +8906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4714 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4710 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7260,7 +8916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4722 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4718 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " "the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" @@ -7271,7 +8927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4727 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4723 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " @@ -7280,7 +8936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4739 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4735 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7295,7 +8951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4748 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4744 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " @@ -7307,7 +8963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4754 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4750 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " "receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " @@ -7317,7 +8973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4766 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4762 msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " "attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " @@ -7333,7 +8989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4777 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4773 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " @@ -7348,7 +9004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4781 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4777 msgid "" "The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" "off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " @@ -7356,7 +9012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4790 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4786 msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " @@ -7369,7 +9025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4795 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4791 msgid "" "The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " "structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " @@ -7377,7 +9033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4801 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4797 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " @@ -7386,7 +9042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4813 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4809 msgid "" "Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " "Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " @@ -7401,7 +9057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4819 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4815 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7411,7 +9067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4824 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4820 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " @@ -7419,7 +9075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4831 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4827 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " "Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " @@ -7430,7 +9086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4836 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4832 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " @@ -7439,7 +9095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4844 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4840 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7451,7 +9107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4849 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4845 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " @@ -7460,7 +9116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4857 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4853 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " "icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " @@ -7472,7 +9128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4865 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4861 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7484,29 +9140,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4871 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4867 msgid "" "www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-" "visual-sy/description" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4871 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4867 msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4871 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4867 msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4869 msgid "## Open Data Institute" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4877 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " "and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " @@ -7514,29 +9170,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4879 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4875 msgid "theodi.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4882 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4878 msgid "" "Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " "donations" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4884 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4880 msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4886 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4882 msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4896 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4892 msgid "" "Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" "based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " @@ -7548,7 +9204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4906 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4902 msgid "" "Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " "Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " @@ -7562,7 +9218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4912 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4908 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7572,29 +9228,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4919 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4915 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4919 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4915 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4919 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4915 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4919 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4915 msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4927 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4923 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7605,7 +9261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4933 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4929 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " @@ -7615,7 +9271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4939 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " "UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " @@ -7625,7 +9281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4946 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4942 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7635,14 +9291,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4949 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4945 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4960 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4956 msgid "" "You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " "membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " @@ -7657,7 +9313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4972 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4968 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7672,7 +9328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4980 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4976 msgid "" "ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " "Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " @@ -7683,7 +9339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4987 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4983 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7693,7 +9349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4994 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4990 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7704,13 +9360,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4997 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4993 msgid "" "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5012 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5008 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " @@ -7718,7 +9374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5012 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5008 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7728,7 +9384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5012 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5008 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7737,7 +9393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5020 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5016 msgid "" "During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " "But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " @@ -7748,7 +9404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5030 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5026 msgid "" "Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " @@ -7761,7 +9417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5034 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5030 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " @@ -7769,7 +9425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5042 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5038 msgid "" "A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " @@ -7780,7 +9436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5048 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5044 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " @@ -7790,7 +9446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5053 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5049 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7799,7 +9455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5058 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5054 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7808,7 +9464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5074 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5070 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " @@ -7827,7 +9483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5078 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5074 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " "investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " @@ -7835,7 +9491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5086 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7844,68 +9500,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5086 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5086 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5086 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5086 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5086 msgid "" "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5099 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5095 msgid "" "e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-" "business-plan-may-release.pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5099 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5095 msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5099 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5095 msgid "" "theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5099 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5095 msgid "certificates.theodi.org" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5099 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5095 msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5097 msgid "## OpenDesk" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5105 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5101 msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " @@ -7913,28 +9569,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5107 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5103 msgid "www.opendesk.cc" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5109 -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7059 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5105 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7055 msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5111 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5107 msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5113 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5109 msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5120 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5116 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -7943,7 +9599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5135 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5131 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " @@ -7961,7 +9617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5141 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5137 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -7970,7 +9626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5151 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5147 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " @@ -7983,7 +9639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5157 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5153 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -7993,7 +9649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5161 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5157 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " @@ -8001,7 +9657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5163 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -8011,7 +9667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5172 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5168 msgid "" "For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " @@ -8020,7 +9676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5177 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5173 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -8029,7 +9685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5186 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5182 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " "noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " @@ -8041,7 +9697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5194 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5190 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -8053,7 +9709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5198 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5194 msgid "" "The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " @@ -8061,14 +9717,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5201 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5197 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " @@ -8076,14 +9732,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " @@ -8091,7 +9747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " "moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" @@ -8100,14 +9756,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8116,17 +9772,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5223 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5219 msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5225 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5221 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5234 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5230 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " @@ -8139,34 +9795,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5238 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5238 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5238 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5238 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5242 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5238 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5247 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5243 msgid "" "Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " "and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " @@ -8174,7 +9830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5254 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5250 msgid "" "The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " @@ -8184,7 +9840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5262 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " @@ -8195,7 +9851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5268 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5264 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8205,7 +9861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5274 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5270 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8215,7 +9871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5282 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5278 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " @@ -8227,7 +9883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5288 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5284 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8237,29 +9893,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5291 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5287 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5293 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5289 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5296 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5292 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5296 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5292 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5300 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5296 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " @@ -8267,28 +9923,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5309 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5305 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5309 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5305 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5309 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5305 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5318 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5314 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8300,7 +9956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5324 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5320 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " "the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " @@ -8310,7 +9966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5329 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " @@ -8318,32 +9974,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5336 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5332 msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5336 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5332 msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5336 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5332 msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5336 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5332 msgid "openmaking.is" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5338 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5334 msgid "## OpenStax" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5342 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5338 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " "high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " @@ -8351,29 +10007,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5344 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5340 msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5347 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5343 msgid "" "Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " "physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5349 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5345 msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5351 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5347 msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5364 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5360 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " @@ -8387,7 +10043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5373 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5369 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " @@ -8400,7 +10056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5383 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5379 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8414,7 +10070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5392 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5388 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " @@ -8426,7 +10082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5400 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5396 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8437,7 +10093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5407 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5403 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8447,7 +10103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5412 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5408 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8456,7 +10112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5417 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5413 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " @@ -8465,7 +10121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5422 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5418 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8474,7 +10130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5431 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5427 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " "expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " @@ -8487,7 +10143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5440 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5436 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8499,7 +10155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5448 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5444 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " @@ -8511,7 +10167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5458 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5454 msgid "" "In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " "OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " @@ -8524,7 +10180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5464 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5460 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8534,7 +10190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5473 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5469 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " @@ -8546,7 +10202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5484 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5480 msgid "" "Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " @@ -8561,7 +10217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5491 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5487 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " @@ -8572,7 +10228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5502 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5498 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8586,7 +10242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5517 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5513 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " @@ -8605,7 +10261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5526 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5522 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " "volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" @@ -8617,7 +10273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5534 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5530 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " @@ -8628,7 +10284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5543 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5539 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " @@ -8640,34 +10296,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5546 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5542 msgid "" "As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5551 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5551 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5551 msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5551 msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5555 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5551 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8676,7 +10332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5560 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5556 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8685,7 +10341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5566 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5562 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8695,7 +10351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5572 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8708,33 +10364,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5581 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5577 msgid "" "news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5581 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5577 msgid "openstax.org/adopters" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5583 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5579 msgid "## Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5585 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5581 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5587 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5583 msgid "amandapalmer.net" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5591 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5587 msgid "" "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " "charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " @@ -8742,12 +10398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5593 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5589 msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5599 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5595 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " @@ -8755,7 +10411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5605 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5601 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " "she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " @@ -8764,7 +10420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5612 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5608 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " @@ -8775,7 +10431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5624 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5620 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8790,7 +10446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5633 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5629 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8802,7 +10458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5643 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5639 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " @@ -8815,7 +10471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5653 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5649 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8828,7 +10484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5668 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5664 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8847,7 +10503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5675 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5671 msgid "" "Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " @@ -8857,7 +10513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5683 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5679 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8868,7 +10524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5693 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5689 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -8881,7 +10537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5702 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5698 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " @@ -8893,7 +10549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5709 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5705 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " @@ -8904,7 +10560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5717 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5713 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -8916,7 +10572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5725 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5721 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -8928,7 +10584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5732 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5728 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -8938,7 +10594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5740 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5736 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " @@ -8950,7 +10606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5751 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5747 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -8965,7 +10621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5759 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5755 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -8976,7 +10632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5767 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5763 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " @@ -8988,7 +10644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5771 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5767 msgid "" "http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-" "uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/" @@ -8996,12 +10652,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5773 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5769 msgid "## PLOS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5777 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5773 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " "academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." @@ -9009,29 +10665,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5779 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5775 msgid "plos.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5782 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5778 msgid "" "Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " "featured in the journal" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5784 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5780 msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5786 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5782 msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5800 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5796 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -9047,7 +10703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5810 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5806 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " @@ -9061,7 +10717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5820 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5816 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9075,7 +10731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5830 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5826 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " @@ -9089,7 +10745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5841 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5837 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " @@ -9103,7 +10759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5849 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5845 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " @@ -9115,7 +10771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5854 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5850 msgid "" "PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " @@ -9123,7 +10779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5869 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5865 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " @@ -9141,7 +10797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5876 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5872 msgid "" "For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " "This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " @@ -9152,7 +10808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5880 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5876 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " @@ -9160,7 +10816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5888 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5884 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9171,7 +10827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5893 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5889 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9180,7 +10836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5901 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5897 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9191,7 +10847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5908 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5904 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9201,7 +10857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5929 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5925 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9225,7 +10881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5933 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5929 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " @@ -9233,7 +10889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5938 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5934 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " "journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " @@ -9242,7 +10898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5948 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5944 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9256,7 +10912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5953 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5949 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9265,7 +10921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5968 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5964 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9284,7 +10940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5976 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5972 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " "article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " @@ -9296,7 +10952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5988 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5984 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " @@ -9311,7 +10967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5997 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5993 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " @@ -9323,7 +10979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6005 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6001 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " @@ -9335,7 +10991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6009 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6005 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " @@ -9343,53 +10999,53 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6010 msgid "collections.plos.org" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6014 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6010 msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6016 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6012 msgid "## Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6019 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6015 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6021 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6017 msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6025 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6021 msgid "" "Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version " "(museum admission), selling merchandise" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6023 msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6030 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6026 msgid "" "Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " "department" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6046 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6042 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9406,7 +11062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6058 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6054 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " "staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " @@ -9422,7 +11078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6066 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6062 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9433,7 +11089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6078 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6074 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " "library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " @@ -9449,7 +11105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6089 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6085 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9463,7 +11119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6101 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6097 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9478,7 +11134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6111 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6107 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " "licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " @@ -9491,7 +11147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6124 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6120 msgid "" "Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" "quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " @@ -9507,7 +11163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6131 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6127 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " @@ -9518,7 +11174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6143 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6139 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9533,7 +11189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6150 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6146 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " @@ -9544,7 +11200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6159 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6155 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " "digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " @@ -9557,7 +11213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6164 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6160 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9566,7 +11222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6174 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6170 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " "contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " @@ -9579,7 +11235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6184 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6180 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " "line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " @@ -9592,7 +11248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6197 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6193 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " "competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " @@ -9609,7 +11265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6201 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6197 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " @@ -9617,7 +11273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6208 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6204 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9628,7 +11284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6219 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6215 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " @@ -9643,7 +11299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6236 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6232 msgid "" "For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " "with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " @@ -9663,22 +11319,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6242 msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6242 msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6242 msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6242 msgid "" "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/" "en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" @@ -9686,47 +11342,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6246 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6242 msgid "" "www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/" "creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6248 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6244 msgid "## Shareable" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6247 msgid "" "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6253 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6249 msgid "www.shareable.net" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6256 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6252 msgid "" "Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " "sponsorships" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6258 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6254 msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6260 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6256 msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6271 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6267 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9739,7 +11395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6281 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6277 msgid "" "As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " @@ -9752,7 +11408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6288 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6284 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9763,7 +11419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6297 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6293 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " @@ -9776,7 +11432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6307 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6303 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " "furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " @@ -9789,7 +11445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6316 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6312 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " @@ -9802,7 +11458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6328 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6324 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " @@ -9818,7 +11474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6340 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6336 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9833,7 +11489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6344 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9845,7 +11501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6353 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6349 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " @@ -9854,7 +11510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6361 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6357 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " @@ -9866,7 +11522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6367 msgid "" "For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " "is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " @@ -9880,7 +11536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6380 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6376 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " @@ -9892,7 +11548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6386 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6382 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " @@ -9902,7 +11558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6396 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -9920,7 +11576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6405 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6401 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " "encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-size-" @@ -9929,12 +11585,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6407 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6403 msgid "## Siyavula" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6411 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6407 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " @@ -9942,27 +11598,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6413 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6409 msgid "www.siyavula.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6415 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6411 msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6417 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6413 msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6419 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6415 msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6423 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " @@ -9972,7 +11628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6432 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6428 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -9981,7 +11637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6439 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6435 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -9991,7 +11647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6447 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6443 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " @@ -10002,7 +11658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6454 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6450 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " "textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " @@ -10012,7 +11668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6459 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6455 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -10021,7 +11677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6467 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6463 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " "open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " @@ -10032,7 +11688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6474 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6470 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -10042,7 +11698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6487 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6483 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " "communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " @@ -10058,7 +11714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6491 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " @@ -10069,7 +11725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6501 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6497 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10078,7 +11734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6508 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6504 msgid "" "Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " "creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " @@ -10089,7 +11745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6515 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6511 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " @@ -10099,7 +11755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6523 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6519 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10110,7 +11766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6534 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6530 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " @@ -10124,7 +11780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6539 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6535 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10133,7 +11789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6547 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6543 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " "an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " @@ -10144,7 +11800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6555 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6551 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " @@ -10155,7 +11811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6562 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6558 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " @@ -10166,7 +11822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6567 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6563 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10175,7 +11831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6574 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6570 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10186,7 +11842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6584 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6580 msgid "" "Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " "They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " @@ -10199,7 +11855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6592 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6588 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10210,7 +11866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6598 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6594 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " @@ -10220,7 +11876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6604 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6600 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " @@ -10230,7 +11886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6612 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6608 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " @@ -10242,7 +11898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6619 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6615 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10253,7 +11909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6628 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6624 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " @@ -10266,7 +11922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6636 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6632 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " @@ -10278,7 +11934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6643 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6639 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " @@ -10288,7 +11944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6652 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6648 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10301,7 +11957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6657 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6653 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " "Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" @@ -10310,7 +11966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6664 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6660 msgid "" "Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " "These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " @@ -10320,7 +11976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6677 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6673 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " @@ -10336,59 +11992,59 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6680 msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6680 msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6680 msgid "cnx.org" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6680 msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6686 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6682 msgid "## Sparkfun" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6689 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6685 msgid "" "SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " "Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6691 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6687 msgid "www.sparkfun.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6693 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6689 msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6695 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6691 msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6697 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6693 msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6701 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10398,7 +12054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6710 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6706 msgid "" "“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " "“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " @@ -10407,7 +12063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6718 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6714 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10418,7 +12074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6726 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6722 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10429,7 +12085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6730 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6726 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " "with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " @@ -10437,7 +12093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6738 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6734 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10449,7 +12105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6746 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6742 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " @@ -10461,7 +12117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6755 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6751 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " @@ -10474,7 +12130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6762 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6758 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " "and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " @@ -10485,7 +12141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6769 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6765 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " "employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " @@ -10496,7 +12152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6776 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6772 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " "curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " @@ -10506,7 +12162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6780 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6776 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " @@ -10514,7 +12170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6789 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6785 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " @@ -10527,7 +12183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6798 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6794 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10539,7 +12195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6809 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6805 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10554,7 +12210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6817 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6813 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " @@ -10566,7 +12222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6823 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6819 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10576,7 +12232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6833 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6829 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " @@ -10589,7 +12245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6841 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6837 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " "people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " @@ -10601,7 +12257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6849 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6845 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10612,7 +12268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6861 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6857 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10627,39 +12283,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6863 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6859 msgid "## TeachAIDS" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6867 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6863 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " "teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6869 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6865 msgid "teachaids.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6871 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6867 msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6873 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6869 msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6875 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6871 msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6882 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6878 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " "model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " @@ -10668,7 +12324,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6893 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6889 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10683,7 +12339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6911 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6907 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " @@ -10704,7 +12360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6921 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6917 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10718,7 +12374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6925 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6921 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " @@ -10726,7 +12382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6938 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6934 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " @@ -10742,7 +12398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6945 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6941 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " @@ -10753,7 +12409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6952 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6948 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10764,7 +12420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6965 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6961 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10780,7 +12436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6979 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6975 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10797,7 +12453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6996 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6992 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " @@ -10817,7 +12473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7007 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7003 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " @@ -10832,7 +12488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7016 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7012 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10845,7 +12501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7024 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7020 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " @@ -10857,7 +12513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7035 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7031 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " "country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " @@ -10872,7 +12528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7042 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7038 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -10883,7 +12539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7049 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7045 msgid "" "The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" "—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " @@ -10894,12 +12550,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7051 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7047 msgid "## Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7055 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7051 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " @@ -10907,22 +12563,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7057 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7053 msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7061 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7057 msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7063 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7059 msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7073 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7069 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " @@ -10933,7 +12589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7081 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7077 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " @@ -10945,7 +12601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7089 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7085 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -10957,7 +12613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7095 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7091 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -10967,7 +12623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7102 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7098 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " @@ -10977,7 +12633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7110 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7106 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " @@ -10989,7 +12645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7128 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7124 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " "that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " @@ -11010,7 +12666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7139 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7135 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " @@ -11025,7 +12681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7146 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7142 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " @@ -11035,7 +12691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7155 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7151 msgid "" "A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " "are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " @@ -11048,7 +12704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7164 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7160 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " @@ -11060,7 +12716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7173 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7169 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11073,7 +12729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7180 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7176 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " @@ -11083,7 +12739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7185 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7181 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11092,7 +12748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7192 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7188 msgid "" "Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " "With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " @@ -11102,7 +12758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7201 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7197 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11115,7 +12771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7209 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7205 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " @@ -11126,7 +12782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7220 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7216 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " "many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " @@ -11140,7 +12796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7235 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7231 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11158,7 +12814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7244 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7240 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " @@ -11171,56 +12827,56 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7245 msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7249 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7245 msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7251 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7247 msgid "## Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7254 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7250 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7256 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7252 msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7258 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7254 msgid "Revenue model: donations" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7260 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7256 msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7263 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7259 msgid "" "Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " "Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7267 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7263 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7273 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7269 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " "created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " @@ -11230,7 +12886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7277 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7273 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " "295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" @@ -11238,7 +12894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7285 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " @@ -11254,7 +12910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7294 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7290 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11263,7 +12919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7301 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7297 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " "unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " @@ -11274,7 +12930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7311 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7307 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11288,7 +12944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7331 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7327 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " @@ -11311,7 +12967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7344 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7340 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " @@ -11327,7 +12983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7355 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7351 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " "sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " @@ -11341,7 +12997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7371 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7367 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11360,7 +13016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7379 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7375 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " @@ -11372,7 +13028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7388 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7384 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " @@ -11384,7 +13040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7396 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7392 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " "human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " @@ -11396,7 +13052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7397 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11405,7 +13061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7406 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7402 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11414,7 +13070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7412 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7408 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11423,17 +13079,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7416 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7412 msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7414 msgid "## Bibliography" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7423 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7419 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " @@ -11441,33 +13097,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7427 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7423 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7429 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7425 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7432 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7428 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7435 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7431 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7436 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " "Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. www.benkler." @@ -11475,7 +13131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7441 msgid "" "Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " "Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-" @@ -11483,7 +13139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7450 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7446 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " @@ -11492,14 +13148,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7453 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7449 msgid "" "———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " "Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7461 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7457 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " "Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" @@ -11510,54 +13166,54 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7464 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7460 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7463 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7470 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7466 msgid "" "Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7472 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7468 msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7476 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7472 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7475 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7482 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7478 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7488 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7484 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " @@ -11568,7 +13224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7492 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7488 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " @@ -11576,21 +13232,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7495 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7491 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " "Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7498 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7494 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7502 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7498 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " "at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. hbr.org/2015/01/the-" @@ -11598,7 +13254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7507 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7503 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " "Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " @@ -11607,21 +13263,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7510 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7506 msgid "" "Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " "New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7513 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7509 msgid "" "Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" "Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7517 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7513 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " "Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. ssir.org/" @@ -11629,21 +13285,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7520 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7516 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " "New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7524 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7520 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " "Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7528 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7524 msgid "" "Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " @@ -11651,124 +13307,124 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7531 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7527 msgid "" "Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7534 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7530 msgid "" "Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " "Viking, 2013." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7537 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7533 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7541 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7537 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7544 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7540 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7547 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7543 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7550 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7546 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7549 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7552 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7558 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7554 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7561 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7557 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7564 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7560 msgid "" "———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " "New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7567 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7563 msgid "" "Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7570 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7566 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " "BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7573 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7569 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7576 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7572 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7579 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7575 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7583 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7579 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " "People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " @@ -11776,7 +13432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7587 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7583 msgid "" "Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " "John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at strategyzer." @@ -11784,7 +13440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7591 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7587 msgid "" "Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " @@ -11792,14 +13448,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7594 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7590 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7600 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7596 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " @@ -11809,7 +13465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7601 msgid "" "Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " "Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. www.academia.edu/27143172/The" @@ -11817,7 +13473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7610 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7606 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " @@ -11826,7 +13482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7614 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7610 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " @@ -11834,7 +13490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7618 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7614 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " "Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " @@ -11842,74 +13498,74 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7620 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7616 msgid "" "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7623 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7619 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7626 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7622 msgid "" "Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7629 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7625 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7632 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7628 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7635 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7631 msgid "" "Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " "New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7638 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7634 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7641 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7637 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7644 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7640 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7642 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7650 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7646 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " "Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " @@ -11917,21 +13573,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7653 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7649 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7656 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7652 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7662 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7658 msgid "" "Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " @@ -11941,7 +13597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7666 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7662 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " "3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. society30.com/" @@ -11949,26 +13605,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7669 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7665 msgid "" "Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. web." "mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7672 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7668 msgid "" "Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " "Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7674 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7670 msgid "## Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7680 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7676 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -11978,7 +13634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7684 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7680 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " "sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " @@ -11986,7 +13642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7690 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7686 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -11996,7 +13652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7695 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7691 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " "backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" @@ -12005,7 +13661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7742 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7738 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -12054,7 +13710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8095 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8091 msgid "" "All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham "