X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/blobdiff_plain/6675adf45cc1169b3120d7bebf61b0b53e0b4076..a4ac9913db09e97632fa6a3090cd00cdf73573c0:/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md diff --git a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md index 20385a3..27943f5 100644 --- a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md +++ b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ -Made with Creative Commons - -Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson +% Made with Creative Commons +% Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Made With Creative Commons @@ -57,16 +56,16 @@ Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com platform. -“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction -journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of -what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody -reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention -and think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than -most of us have a chance to in our daily lives.” - - - -- David Foster Wallace +> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . +> The way that I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do +> is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably +> bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at +> far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have +> a chance to in our daily lives.” +> +> +> +> — *David Foster Wallace* ## Foreword @@ -310,7 +309,6 @@ of our economy and world for the better. *Paul and Sarah * -# Part 1 # The Big Picture @@ -387,6 +385,9 @@ contribute to and build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons. +![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width="6.5in" +height="3.5417in"} + It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who @@ -411,6 +412,9 @@ characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms and rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2). +![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width="6.5in" +height="6.5in"} + #### Characteristics Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the @@ -494,6 +498,9 @@ Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal. +![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width="6.5in" +height="4.2362in"} + #### Norms and rules The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the @@ -575,6 +582,9 @@ commons was the primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.) +![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width="6.5in" +height="3.389in"} + This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, @@ -595,6 +605,9 @@ goods resulted in a rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is the primary means by which resources are managed. +![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width="6.5in" +height="3.389in"} + However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation. @@ -650,6 +663,9 @@ there is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to the public that paid for them. +![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width="6.5in" +height="3.389in"} + ### The Digital Revolution In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from @@ -1070,8 +1086,8 @@ further guidance and insights on how it works. 10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and - Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, - 2015), 201–4. + Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015), + 201–4. 11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43. @@ -1092,8 +1108,8 @@ further guidance and insights on how it works. 22, 2016. 18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental - Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, - 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/. + Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), + www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/. 19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf. @@ -1102,8 +1118,8 @@ further guidance and insights on how it works. 21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/. 22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified - September 24, - 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership. + September 24, 2016, + en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership. 23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114. 24. Ibid., 116. 25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm @@ -1112,8 +1128,8 @@ further guidance and insights on how it works. 26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: - City of Bologna, - 2014), www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf. + City of Bologna, 2014), + www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf. 27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/. 28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New @@ -1134,18 +1150,18 @@ further guidance and insights on how it works. 33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation. -34. This business model canvas is available to download - at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas. +34. This business model canvas is available to download at + strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas. 35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the - coauthor Paul Stacey, available online - at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit. + coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at + docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit. You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas - Questions - at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit. + Questions at + docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit. 36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business - Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available - at medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15. + Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at + medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15. 37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–44. @@ -1575,7 +1591,6 @@ buy in the case of physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then demand them from their universities. They also partner with service providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money and - resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax textbooks). @@ -1643,7 +1658,6 @@ streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other - cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a sense of reciprocity. @@ -1706,12 +1720,11 @@ For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or - service. Here are the most common high-level categories. -#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\[MARKET-BASED\]* In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized @@ -1722,7 +1735,7 @@ wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann. -#### Charging for the physical copy * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Charging for the physical copy *\[MARKET-BASED\]* In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital @@ -1745,7 +1758,7 @@ furniture or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional business principles. -#### Charging for the in-person version * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Charging for the in-person version *\[MARKET-BASED\]* As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming @@ -1755,7 +1768,7 @@ for the in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course. -#### Selling merchandise * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Selling merchandise *\[MARKET-BASED\]* In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can @@ -1773,7 +1786,7 @@ a traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well. -#### Charging advertisers or sponsors * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\[MARKET-BASED\]* The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the @@ -1786,7 +1799,7 @@ those who are Made with Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall endeavor. -#### Charging your content creators * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Charging your content creators *\[MARKET-BASED\]* Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue @@ -1798,7 +1811,7 @@ Conversation is primarily funded by a university-membership model, where universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers of the content on the Conversation website. -#### Charging a transaction fee * \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Charging a transaction fee *\[MARKET-BASED\]* This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this @@ -1810,7 +1823,7 @@ customers; for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform. -#### Providing a service to your creators* \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Providing a service to your creators *\[MARKET-BASED\]* As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this @@ -1819,7 +1832,7 @@ feature. The data platforms Figure.NZ and Figshare both capitalize on this model by providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to the platform more discoverable and reusable. -#### Licensing a trademark* \[MARKET-BASED\]* +#### Licensing a trademark *\[MARKET-BASED\]* Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with @@ -2019,7 +2032,6 @@ critical.46 Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-denominator solutions and - avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if @@ -2204,7 +2216,6 @@ online collaborate best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple improvements without a particularly heavy time - commitment.68 As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia @@ -2253,7 +2264,7 @@ what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition them into active participants.75 -#### Notes +### Notes 1. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book @@ -2341,8 +2352,8 @@ transition them into active participants.75 64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012). 65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the - Internet,” BBC News, March 3, - 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680. + Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016, + www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680. 66. Anderson, Makers, 148. 67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164. 68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization. @@ -2373,12 +2384,18 @@ trademarks. Here are the six licenses: +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width="4.198in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width="4.198in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under identical terms. This @@ -2386,19 +2403,31 @@ license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width="4.198in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with credit to you. +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width="4.198in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width="4.198in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the same terms. +![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width="4.198in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but @@ -2409,9 +2438,15 @@ public-domain tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired: +![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width="4.1665in" +height="1.4689in"} + CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”). +![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width="4.1665in" +height="1.4689in"} + The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. @@ -2472,7 +2507,6 @@ work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called creativecommons.org/share-your-work/. -# Part 2 # The Case Studies @@ -4456,9 +4490,7 @@ Web link Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S. -jonathanmann.net and - -jonathanmann.bandcamp.com +jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version @@ -4960,13 +4992,13 @@ resonate: - Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more - effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own - data too. Big data is a hot topic. + effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own data + too. Big data is a hot topic. - Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t - innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up - their data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems - and challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while - still maintaining organizational autonomy. + innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their + data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and + challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while still + maintaining organizational autonomy. - Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a business is just thinking about open data as @@ -5196,8 +5228,8 @@ quote at the time of sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost and are typically apportioned as follows: - manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as - set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or - on-site assembly) + set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site + assembly) - design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost - platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost - channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost @@ -5984,7 +6016,6 @@ www.rijksmuseum.nl Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version - (museum admission), selling merchandise Interview date: December 11, 2015 @@ -6646,7 +6677,7 @@ Web links 3. cnx.org 4. www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html -## Sparkfun +## SparkFun SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.