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[text-madewithcc.git] / MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md

diff --git a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md
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--- a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md
+++ b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md
@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-Made
-
-with
-
-Creative
-
-Commons
+Made with Creative Commons

 
 Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
 
 
 Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
 


@@ -63,18 +57,18 @@ Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of
 Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the
 Kickstarter.com platform.
 
 Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the
 Kickstarter.com platform.
 

-“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction
-journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of
-what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody
-reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention
-and think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than
-most of us have a chance to in our daily lives.”
+“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . .
+The way that I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do
+is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably
+bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at
+far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have
+a chance to in our daily lives.”

 
 
 
 - David Foster Wallace
 
 
 
 
 - David Foster Wallace
 

-Foreword
+## Foreword

 
 Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I
 met with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As
 
 Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I
 met with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As


@@ -219,7 +213,7 @@ That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons.
 
 *CEO, Creative Commons*
 
 
 *CEO, Creative Commons*
 

-Introduction
+## Introduction

 
 This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with
 a twist.
 
 This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with
 a twist.


@@ -316,17 +310,10 @@ of our economy and world for the better.
 
 *Paul and Sarah *
 
 
 *Paul and Sarah *
 

-Part 1
-
-The Big Picture
-
-The New

 
 

-World of
+# The Big Picture

 
 

-Digital
-
-Commons
+## The New World of Digital Commons

 
 Paul Stacey
 
 
 Paul Stacey
 


@@ -358,7 +345,7 @@ that balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the
 community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and
 sustainability.
 
 community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and
 sustainability.
 

-The Commons, the Market, and the State
+### The Commons, the Market, and the State

 
 Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share
 wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the
 
 Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share
 wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the


@@ -399,6 +386,9 @@ contribute to and build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations
 regarding property, copyright, business, and finance can all be designed
 to foster the commons.
 
 regarding property, copyright, business, and finance can all be designed
 to foster the commons.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png){width="6.5in"
+height="3.5417in"}
+

 It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage
 resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves
 primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who
 It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage
 resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves
 primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who


@@ -407,7 +397,7 @@ will help them understand how best to do so. Participating in and using
 the commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy
 for success.
 
 the commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy
 for success.
 

-The Four Aspects of a Resource
+### The Four Aspects of a Resource

 
 As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a
 framework for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6
 
 As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a
 framework for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6


@@ -423,7 +413,10 @@ characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms
 and rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use
 along with outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2).
 
 and rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use
 along with outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2).
 

-Characteristics
+![](Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png){width="6.5in"
+height="6.5in"}
+
+#### Characteristics

 
 Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the
 way they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human
 
 Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the
 way they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human


@@ -471,7 +464,7 @@ to state citizens. The commons sees resources as common goods, providing
 a common wealth extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in
 undiminished or enhanced form to future generations.
 
 a common wealth extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in
 undiminished or enhanced form to future generations.
 

-People and processes
+#### People and processes

 
 In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and
 processes are used to manage resources. The processes used define both
 
 In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and
 processes are used to manage resources. The processes used define both


@@ -506,7 +499,10 @@ Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the
 person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more
 personal.
 
 person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more
 personal.
 

-Norms and rules
+![](Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png){width="6.5in"
+height="4.2362in"}
+
+#### Norms and rules

 
 The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the
 state, market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms
 
 The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the
 state, market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms


@@ -530,7 +526,7 @@ against the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is
 given not just to economic efficiency but also to equity and
 sustainability.9
 
 given not just to economic efficiency but also to equity and
 sustainability.9
 

-Goals
+#### Goals

 
 The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s
 inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and
 
 The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s
 inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and


@@ -563,7 +559,7 @@ success and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on
 their ability to strategically utilize and balance these different
 aspects of managing resources.
 
 their ability to strategically utilize and balance these different
 aspects of managing resources.
 

-A Short History of the Commons
+### A Short History of the Commons

 
 Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical
 continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state
 
 Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical
 continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state


@@ -587,6 +583,9 @@ commons was the primary way in which resources were managed and needs
 met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the
 market.)
 
 met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the
 market.)
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png){width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+

 This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler)
 taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure
 of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land,
 This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler)
 taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure
 of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land,


@@ -607,6 +606,9 @@ goods resulted in a rising standard of living, improved health, and
 education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is the primary means by
 which resources are managed.
 
 education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is the primary means by
 which resources are managed.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png){width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+

 However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits
 of the market have been offset by unequal distribution and
 overexploitation.
 However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits
 of the market have been offset by unequal distribution and
 overexploitation.


@@ -662,7 +664,10 @@ there is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for
 state funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly
 available to the public that paid for them.
 
 state funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly
 available to the public that paid for them.
 

-The Digital Revolution
+![](Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png){width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
+### The Digital Revolution

 
 In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from
 each other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement
 
 In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from
 each other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement


@@ -718,7 +723,7 @@ relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs
 others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel
 more involved with the world.19
 
 others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel
 more involved with the world.19
 

-The Birth of Creative Commons
+### The Birth of Creative Commons

 
 In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all
 those who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons
 
 In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all
 those who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons


@@ -782,7 +787,7 @@ ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting
 Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open
 and free to the public that paid for them.
 
 Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open
 and free to the public that paid for them.
 

-The Changing Market
+### The Changing Market

 
 Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial
 systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and
 
 Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial
 systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and


@@ -910,7 +915,7 @@ single magic bullet, and each endeavor has devised ways that work for
 them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying revenue streams
 lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability.
 
 them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying revenue streams
 lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability.
 

-Benefits of the Digital Commons
+### Benefits of the Digital Commons

 
 While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact
 and engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less
 
 While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact
 and engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less


@@ -998,7 +1003,7 @@ goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state
 enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the
 option of choice.
 
 enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the
 option of choice.
 

-Our Case Studies
+### Our Case Studies

 
 The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate
 as nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal
 
 The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate
 as nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal


@@ -1060,7 +1065,7 @@ aims to provide a framework and language for thinking and talking about
 the new digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing
 further guidance and insights on how it works.
 
 the new digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing
 further guidance and insights on how it works.
 

-Notes
+### Notes

 
 1.  Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler,
     2013), 14.
 
 1.  Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler,
     2013), 14.


@@ -1082,8 +1087,8 @@ Notes
 10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in
     a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the
     Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and
 10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in
     a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the
     Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and

-    Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,
-    2015), 201–4.
+    Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),
+    201–4.

 11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the
     Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola
     Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.
 11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the
     Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola
     Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.


@@ -1104,8 +1109,8 @@ Notes
     22, 2016.
 18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the
     Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental
     22, 2016.
 18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the
     Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental

-    Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,
-    2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.
+    Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),
+    www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.

 19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:
     Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer
     Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.
 19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:
     Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer
     Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.


@@ -1114,8 +1119,8 @@ Notes
 21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:
     Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.
 22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified
 21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:
     Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.
 22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified

-    September 24,
-    2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership.
+    September 24, 2016,
+    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership.

 23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.
 24. Ibid., 116.
 25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm
 23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.
 24. Ibid., 116.
 25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm


@@ -1124,8 +1129,8 @@ Notes
 26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and
     the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.
     LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:
 26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and
     the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.
     LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:

-    City of Bologna,
-    2014), www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.
+    City of Bologna, 2014),
+    www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.

 27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam
     Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.
 28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New
 27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam
     Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.
 28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New


@@ -1146,31 +1151,23 @@ Notes
 33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
     (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is
     available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.
 33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
     (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is
     available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.

-34. This business model canvas is available to download
-    at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.
+34. This business model canvas is available to download at
+    strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.

 35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the
 35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the

-    coauthor Paul Stacey, available online
-    at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.
+    coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at
+    docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.

     You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas
     You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas

-    Questions
-    at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.
+    Questions at
+    docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.

 36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this
     post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business
 36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this
     post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business

-    Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available
-    at medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.
+    Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at
+    medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.

 37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating
     and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review
     Press, 2006), 31–44.
 
 37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating
     and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review
     Press, 2006), 31–44.
 

-How
-
-to Be
-
-Made with
-
-Creative
-
-Commons
+## How to Be Made with Creative Commons

 
 Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
 
 
 Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
 


@@ -1370,7 +1367,7 @@ There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for
 business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve
 “problem zero.”
 
 business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve
 “problem zero.”
 

-Problem Zero: Getting Discovered
+### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered

 
 Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users,
 customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It
 
 Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users,
 customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It


@@ -1475,7 +1472,7 @@ have done things with their work they never could have done otherwise.
 There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to
 your benefit. Here are a few.
 
 There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to
 your benefit. Here are a few.
 

-Use CC to grow a larger audience
+#### Use CC to grow a larger audience

 
 Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it
 automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the
 
 Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it
 automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the


@@ -1514,8 +1511,7 @@ in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior,
 but it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator
 of quality or usefulness.18
 
 but it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator
 of quality or usefulness.18
 

-Use CC to get attribution and name
-recognition
+#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition

 
 Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the
 author, and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of
 
 Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the
 author, and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of


@@ -1563,7 +1559,7 @@ credibility. In a time when online discourse is plagued with
 misinformation, being a trusted information source is more valuable than
 ever.
 
 misinformation, being a trusted information source is more valuable than
 ever.
 

-Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool
+#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool

 
 As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with
 Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than
 
 As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with
 Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than


@@ -1596,12 +1592,10 @@ buy in the case of physical copies, which makes them much more
 attractive to students who then demand them from their universities.
 They also partner with service providers who build atop the CC-licensed
 content and, in turn, spend money and
 attractive to students who then demand them from their universities.
 They also partner with service providers who build atop the CC-licensed
 content and, in turn, spend money and

-

 resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax
 textbooks).
 
 resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax
 textbooks).
 

-Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with
-your work
+#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work

 
 The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an
 embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital
 
 The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an
 embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital


@@ -1638,7 +1632,7 @@ your presence matters, as if, when you see something or hear something,
 your response is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content
 can get people more deeply tied to your work.
 
 your response is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content
 can get people more deeply tied to your work.
 

-Use CC to differentiate yourself
+#### Use CC to differentiate yourself

 
 Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating
 under the rules of establishment players in the media. Business
 
 Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating
 under the rules of establishment players in the media. Business


@@ -1652,7 +1646,7 @@ specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers
 cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David
 said. “Change the rules of engagement.”
 
 cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David
 said. “Change the rules of engagement.”
 

-Making Money
+### Making Money

 
 Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons
 have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers.
 
 Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons
 have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers.


@@ -1665,7 +1659,6 @@ streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are
 directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying
 for the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In
 still other
 directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying
 for the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In
 still other

-

 cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that
 typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a
 sense of reciprocity.
 cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that
 typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a
 sense of reciprocity.


@@ -1685,7 +1678,7 @@ them makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about
 what we learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a
 higher level of abstraction can be instructive.
 
 what we learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a
 higher level of abstraction can be instructive.
 

-Market-based revenue streams
+#### Market-based revenue streams

 
 In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in
 revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if
 
 In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in
 revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if


@@ -1728,13 +1721,11 @@ For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to
 provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value
 that lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed
 content functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or
 provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value
 that lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed
 content functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or

-

 service.
 
 Here are the most common high-level categories.
 
 service.
 
 Here are the most common high-level categories.
 

-Providing a custom service to consumers of
-your work * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The
 trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized
 
 In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The
 trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized


@@ -1745,8 +1736,7 @@ wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and
 cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song
 business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann.
 
 cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song
 business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann.
 

-Charging for the physical copy *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging for the physical copy * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as
 giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital
 
 In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as
 giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital


@@ -1769,8 +1759,7 @@ furniture or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete
 with other providers of the same works based on quality, service, or
 other traditional business principles.
 
 with other providers of the same works based on quality, service, or
 other traditional business principles.
 

-Charging for the in-person version *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging for the in-person version * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing
 creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming
 
 As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing
 creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming


@@ -1780,7 +1769,7 @@ for the in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when
 people go view original art in person or pay to attend a talk or
 training course.
 
 people go view original art in person or pay to attend a talk or
 training course.
 

-Selling merchandise * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Selling merchandise * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products
 demonstrating a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can
 
 In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products
 demonstrating a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can


@@ -1798,8 +1787,7 @@ a traditional business model built on free called multi-sided
 platforms.36 Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are
 willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well.
 
 platforms.36 Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are
 willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well.
 

-Charging advertisers or sponsors *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging advertisers or sponsors * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In
 this version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the
 
 The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In
 this version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the


@@ -1812,8 +1800,7 @@ those who are Made with Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to
 display advertising, the advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of
 particular content or projects, or of the overall endeavor.
 
 display advertising, the advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of
 particular content or projects, or of the overall endeavor.
 

-Charging your content creators *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging your content creators * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators
 themselves pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue
 
 Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators
 themselves pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue


@@ -1825,8 +1812,7 @@ Conversation is primarily funded by a university-membership model, where
 universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers of the
 content on the Conversation website.
 
 universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers of the
 content on the Conversation website.
 

-Charging a transaction fee *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging a transaction fee * \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering
 transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this
 
 This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering
 transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this


@@ -1838,8 +1824,7 @@ customers; for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their
 site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the
 platform.
 
 site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the
 platform.
 

-Providing a service to your creators*
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Providing a service to your creators* \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized
 services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this
 
 As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized
 services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this


@@ -1848,7 +1833,7 @@ feature. The data platforms Figure.NZ and Figshare both capitalize on
 this model by providing paid tools to help their users make the data
 they contribute to the platform more discoverable and reusable.
 
 this model by providing paid tools to help their users make the data
 they contribute to the platform more discoverable and reusable.
 

-Licensing a trademark* \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Licensing a trademark* \[MARKET-BASED\]*

 
 Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling
 use of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with
 
 Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling
 use of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with


@@ -1859,7 +1844,7 @@ good or service. Charging for the ability to use that trademark is a way
 of deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the
 abundance of CC content.
 
 of deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the
 abundance of CC content.
 

-Reciprocity-based revenue streams
+#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams

 
 Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional
 economic framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture
 
 Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional
 economic framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture


@@ -1887,8 +1872,7 @@ endeavor that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but
 think of relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven
 exchange of value.41
 
 think of relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven
 exchange of value.41
 

-Memberships and individual donations
-*\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
+#### Memberships and individual donations *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*

 
 While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding
 models, in the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly
 
 While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding
 models, in the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly


@@ -1902,8 +1886,7 @@ with Creative Commons. The greater the argument that the content is a
 public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering a social mission,
 the more likely this strategy is to succeed.
 
 public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering a social mission,
 the more likely this strategy is to succeed.
 

-The pay-what-you-want model
-*\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
+#### The pay-what-you-want model *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*

 
 In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons
 content is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is
 
 In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons
 content is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is


@@ -1915,7 +1898,7 @@ on the fact that we are naturally inclined to give money for things we
 value in the marketplace, even in situations where we could find a way
 to get it for free.
 
 value in the marketplace, even in situations where we could find a way
 to get it for free.
 

-Crowdfunding *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
+#### Crowdfunding *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*

 
 Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and
 distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is
 
 Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and
 distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is


@@ -1939,7 +1922,7 @@ be, by definition, available to everyone for free. Libraries with bigger
 budgets tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library
 community and to the idea of open access generally.
 
 budgets tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library
 community and to the idea of open access generally.
 

-Making Human Connections
+### Making Human Connections

 
 Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly
 heard language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to
 
 Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly
 heard language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to


@@ -1995,7 +1978,7 @@ creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are
 humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations
 to each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like.
 
 humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations
 to each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like.
 

-Be human
+#### Be human

 
 Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to
 treat each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person
 
 Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to
 treat each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person


@@ -2035,7 +2018,7 @@ than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-speak, this is about
 “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But it can’t be a
 gimmick. You can’t fake being human.
 
 “humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But it can’t be a
 gimmick. You can’t fake being human.
 

-Be open and accountable
+#### Be open and accountable

 
 Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you
 do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity
 
 Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you
 do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity


@@ -2050,7 +2033,6 @@ critical.46
 Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to
 James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to
 lowest-common-denominator solutions and
 Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to
 James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to
 lowest-common-denominator solutions and

-

 avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy
 collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and
 then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if
 avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy
 collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and
 then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if


@@ -2061,7 +2043,7 @@ But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of
 thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people
 involved and invested in what you do.
 
 thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people
 involved and invested in what you do.
 

-Design for the good actors
+#### Design for the good actors

 
 Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on
 their own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human
 
 Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on
 their own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human


@@ -2095,7 +2077,7 @@ that its managers and workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we
 largely trust that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are
 supposed to do.52 And most often, they do.
 
 largely trust that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are
 supposed to do.52 And most often, they do.
 

-Treat humans like, well, humans
+#### Treat humans like, well, humans

 
 For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like
 fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53
 
 For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like
 fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53


@@ -2123,7 +2105,7 @@ we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of
 paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically
 change the dynamic.56
 
 paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically
 change the dynamic.56
 

-State your principles and stick to them
+#### State your principles and stick to them

 
 Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and
 what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses
 
 Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and
 what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses


@@ -2150,7 +2132,7 @@ when you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own
 self-interest.57 It attracts committed employees, motivates
 contributors, and builds trust.
 
 self-interest.57 It attracts committed employees, motivates
 contributors, and builds trust.
 

-Build a community
+#### Build a community

 
 Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is
 built around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating
 
 Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is
 built around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating


@@ -2160,7 +2142,6 @@ interests or beliefs.58 To a certain extent, simply being Made with
 Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community,
 by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn
 to the values symbolized by
 Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community,
 by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn
 to the values symbolized by

-

 using CC.
 
 To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People
 using CC.
 
 To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People


@@ -2173,7 +2154,6 @@ For organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common
 beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open
 Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building
 the kinds of participative communities that drive open
 beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open
 Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building
 the kinds of participative communities that drive open

-

 organizations.”60
 
 Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning.
 organizations.”60
 
 Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning.


@@ -2192,7 +2172,7 @@ Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being
 connected around common interests or values, is in many ways what
 sharing is about.
 
 connected around common interests or values, is in many ways what
 sharing is about.
 

-Give more to the commons than you take
+#### Give more to the commons than you take

 
 Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try
 to extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially
 
 Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try
 to extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially


@@ -2225,7 +2205,7 @@ that also means apportioning financial compensation in a way that
 reflects the value contributed by others, providing more to contributors
 when the value they add outweighs the value provided by you.
 
 reflects the value contributed by others, providing more to contributors
 when the value they add outweighs the value provided by you.
 

-Involve people in what you do
+#### Involve people in what you do

 
 Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of
 people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of
 
 Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of
 people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of


@@ -2237,7 +2217,6 @@ online collaborate best when people can work independently and
 asynchronously, and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when
 contributors can make simple improvements without a particularly heavy
 time
 asynchronously, and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when
 contributors can make simple improvements without a particularly heavy
 time

-

 commitment.68
 
 As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia
 commitment.68
 
 As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia


@@ -2286,7 +2265,7 @@ what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away
 from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and
 transition them into active participants.75
 
 from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and
 transition them into active participants.75
 

-Notes
+### Notes

 
 1.  Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
     (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book
 
 1.  Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
     (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book


@@ -2374,8 +2353,8 @@ Notes
 64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,
     reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).
 65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the
 64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,
     reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).
 65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the

-    Internet,” BBC News, March 3,
-    2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.
+    Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,
+    www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.

 66. Anderson, Makers, 148.
 67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.
 68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.
 66. Anderson, Makers, 148.
 67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.
 68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.


@@ -2389,13 +2368,7 @@ Notes
 75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of
     Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.
 
 75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of
     Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.
 

-The
-
-Creative
-
-Commons
-
-Licenses
+## The Creative Commons Licenses

 
 All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions.
 At a minimum, a CC-
 
 All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions.
 At a minimum, a CC-


@@ -2412,12 +2385,18 @@ trademarks.
 
 Here are the six licenses:
 
 
 Here are the six licenses:
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png){width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak,
 and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you
 for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses
 offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed
 materials.
 
 The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak,
 and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you
 for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses
 offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed
 materials.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png){width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak,
 and build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they
 credit you and license their new creations under identical terms. This
 The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak,
 and build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they
 credit you and license their new creations under identical terms. This


@@ -2425,19 +2404,31 @@ license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software
 licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so
 any derivatives will also allow commercial use.
 
 licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so
 any derivatives will also allow commercial use.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png){width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution,
 commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged
 with credit to you.
 
 The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution,
 commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged
 with credit to you.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png){width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix,
 tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new
 works must also acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their
 derivative works on the same terms.
 
 The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix,
 tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new
 works must also acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their
 derivative works on the same terms.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png){width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets
 others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long
 as they credit you and license their new creations under the same terms.
 
 The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets
 others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long
 as they credit you and license their new creations under the same terms.
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png){width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most
 restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download
 your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but
 The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most
 restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download
 your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but


@@ -2448,9 +2439,15 @@ public-domain tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage
 collections of existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have
 expired:
 
 collections of existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have
 expired:
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png){width="4.1665in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the
 worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”).
 
 CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the
 worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”).
 

+![](Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png){width="4.1665in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+

 The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and
 discovery of works that are already free of known copyright
 restrictions.
 The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and
 discovery of works that are already free of known copyright
 restrictions.


@@ -2511,9 +2508,8 @@ work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called
 
 creativecommons.org/share-your-work/.
 
 
 creativecommons.org/share-your-work/.
 

-Part 2

 
 

-The Case Studies
+# The Case Studies

 
 The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds
 of nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons
 
 The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds
 of nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons


@@ -2529,7 +2525,7 @@ for each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role
 sharing plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by
 those we interviewed.
 
 sharing plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by
 those we interviewed.
 

-Arduino
+## Arduino

 
 Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer
 hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy.
 
 Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer
 hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy.


@@ -2733,7 +2729,7 @@ Web links
 1.  www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products
 2.  blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/
 
 1.  www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products
 2.  blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/
 

-Ártica
+## Ártica

 
 Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to
 use digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in
 
 Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to
 use digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in


@@ -2883,7 +2879,7 @@ we get from the media. “If they seek only the traditional type of
 success, they will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them
 another image of what it looks like.”
 
 success, they will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them
 another image of what it looks like.”
 

-Blender Institute
+## Blender Institute

 
 The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films
 using Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands.
 
 The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films
 using Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands.


@@ -3039,7 +3035,7 @@ budget to reproduce what you did,” Ton said.
 
 For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing.
 
 
 For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing.
 

-Cards Against Humanity
+## Cards Against Humanity

 
 Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a
 popular party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S.
 
 Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a
 popular party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S.


@@ -3212,7 +3208,7 @@ Max said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not
 best strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your
 values, and who you are and why you’re making things.”
 
 best strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your
 values, and who you are and why you’re making things.”
 

-The Conversation
+## The Conversation

 
 The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the
 academic and research community and delivered direct to the public over
 
 The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the
 academic and research community and delivered direct to the public over


@@ -3381,7 +3377,7 @@ Web link
 
 1.  theconversation.com/us/charter
 
 
 1.  theconversation.com/us/charter
 

-Cory Doctorow
+## Cory Doctorow

 
 Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and
 journalist. Based in the U.S.
 
 Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and
 journalist. Based in the U.S.


@@ -3567,7 +3563,7 @@ and to get them into other people’s hands and minds.”
 
 It has never been easier to think like a dandelion.
 
 
 It has never been easier to think like a dandelion.
 

-Figshare
+## Figshare

 
 Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where
 researchers can preserve and share the output of their research,
 
 Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where
 researchers can preserve and share the output of their research,


@@ -3772,7 +3768,7 @@ Web links
 2.  retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136
 3.  figshare.com/features
 
 2.  retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136
 3.  figshare.com/features
 

-Figure.NZ
+## Figure.NZ

 
 Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform
 designed to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012
 
 Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform
 designed to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012


@@ -4013,7 +4009,7 @@ Web links
 3.  figure.nz/business/
 4.  figure.nz/patrons/
 
 3.  figure.nz/business/
 4.  figure.nz/patrons/
 

-Knowledge Unlatched
+## Knowledge Unlatched

 
 Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that
 brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books.
 
 Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that
 brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books.


@@ -4251,7 +4247,7 @@ Web links
 4.  collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/
 5.  www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/
 
 4.  collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/
 5.  www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/
 

-Lumen Learning
+## Lumen Learning

 
 Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions
 use open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S.
 
 Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions
 use open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S.


@@ -4490,14 +4486,12 @@ Web link
 
 1.  lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/
 
 
 1.  lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/
 

-Jonathan Mann
+## Jonathan Mann

 
 Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the
 “Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S.
 
 
 Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the
 “Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S.
 

-jonathanmann.net and
-
-jonathanmann.bandcamp.com
+jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com

 
 Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want,
 crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version
 
 Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want,
 crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version


@@ -4660,7 +4654,7 @@ successful.
 creative person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because
 then so much of what drives you would be gone.”
 
 creative person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because
 then so much of what drives you would be gone.”
 

-Noun Project
+## Noun Project

 
 The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to
 display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010
 
 The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to
 display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010


@@ -4871,7 +4865,7 @@ Web links
 2.  thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\#getting\_paid
 3.  thenounproject.com/iconathon/
 
 2.  thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\#getting\_paid
 3.  thenounproject.com/iconathon/
 

-Open Data Institute
+## Open Data Institute

 
 The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects,
 equips, and inspires people around the world to innovate with data.
 
 The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects,
 equips, and inspires people around the world to innovate with data.


@@ -4999,13 +4993,13 @@ resonate:
 
 -   Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their
     business to get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more
 
 -   Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their
     business to get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more

-    effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own
-    data too. Big data is a hot topic.
+    effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own data
+    too. Big data is a hot topic.

 -   Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t
 -   Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t

-    innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up
-    their data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems
-    and challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while
-    still maintaining organizational autonomy.
+    innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their
+    data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and
+    challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while still
+    maintaining organizational autonomy.

 -   Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with
     businesses, ODI cautions against having it be the sole reason for
     making data open. If a business is just thinking about open data as
 -   Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with
     businesses, ODI cautions against having it be the sole reason for
     making data open. If a business is just thinking about open data as


@@ -5099,7 +5093,7 @@ Web links
 4.  certificates.theodi.org
 5.  dashboards.theodi.org/company/all
 
 4.  certificates.theodi.org
 5.  dashboards.theodi.org/company/all
 

-OpenDesk
+## OpenDesk

 
 Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that
 connects furniture designers around the world with customers and local
 
 Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that
 connects furniture designers around the world with customers and local


@@ -5235,8 +5229,8 @@ quote at the time of sale. Percentage fees are always based on the
 underlying manufacturing cost and are typically apportioned as follows:
 
 -   manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as
 underlying manufacturing cost and are typically apportioned as follows:
 
 -   manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as

-    set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or
-    on-site assembly)
+    set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site
+    assembly)

 -   design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost
 -   platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost
 -   channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost
 -   design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost
 -   platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost
 -   channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost


@@ -5336,7 +5330,7 @@ Web links
 3.  www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join
 4.  openmaking.is
 
 3.  www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join
 4.  openmaking.is
 

-OpenStax
+## OpenStax

 
 OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks
 for high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement
 
 OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks
 for high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement


@@ -5581,7 +5575,7 @@ Web links
 1.  news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg
 2.  openstax.org/adopters
 
 1.  news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg
 2.  openstax.org/adopters
 

-Amanda Palmer
+## Amanda Palmer

 
 Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S.
 
 
 Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S.
 


@@ -5771,9 +5765,7 @@ Web link
 
 1.  http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\#44e20ce46d67
 
 
 1.  http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\#44e20ce46d67
 

-PLOS
-
-(Public Library of Science)
+## PLOS (Public Library of Science)

 
 PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library
 of academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in
 
 PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library
 of academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in


@@ -6016,7 +6008,7 @@ Web links
 1.  collections.plos.org
 2.  plos.org/article-level-metrics
 
 1.  collections.plos.org
 2.  plos.org/article-level-metrics
 

-Rijksmuseum
+## Rijksmuseum

 
 The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history.
 Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands
 
 The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history.
 Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands


@@ -6025,7 +6017,6 @@ www.rijksmuseum.nl
 
 Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person
 version
 
 Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person
 version

-

 (museum admission), selling merchandise
 
 Interview date: December 11, 2015
 (museum admission), selling merchandise
 
 Interview date: December 11, 2015


@@ -6249,7 +6240,7 @@ Web links
     www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015
 5.  www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4
 
     www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015
 5.  www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4
 

-Shareable
+## Shareable

 
 Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the
 U.S.
 
 Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the
 U.S.


@@ -6408,7 +6399,7 @@ perfectly encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather
 than a one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there
 for people take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities.
 
 than a one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there
 for people take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities.
 

-Siyavula
+## Siyavula

 
 Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates
 textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South
 
 Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates
 textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South


@@ -6687,7 +6678,7 @@ Web links
 3.  cnx.org
 4.  www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html
 
 3.  cnx.org
 4.  www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html
 

-Sparkfun
+## Sparkfun

 
 SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open
 hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.
 
 SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open
 hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.


@@ -6864,7 +6855,7 @@ their products. But in the long run, it makes them a more nimble,
 innovative business. In other words, it makes them the kind of company
 they set out to be.
 
 innovative business. In other words, it makes them the kind of company
 they set out to be.
 

-TeachAIDS
+## TeachAIDS

 
 TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to
 teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the
 
 TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to
 teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the


@@ -7052,7 +7043,7 @@ materials they create furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and
 quickly scale their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license
 has been a game changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said.
 
 quickly scale their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license
 has been a game changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said.
 

-Tribe of Noise
+## Tribe of Noise

 
 Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film,
 TV, video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the
 
 Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film,
 TV, video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the


@@ -7252,7 +7243,7 @@ Web links
 1.  www.instoremusicservice.com
 2.  www.tribeofnoise.com/info\_instoremusic.php
 
 1.  www.instoremusicservice.com
 2.  www.tribeofnoise.com/info\_instoremusic.php
 

-Wikimedia Foundation
+## Wikimedia Foundation

 
 The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts
 Wikipedia and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.
 
 The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts
 Wikipedia and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.


@@ -7419,7 +7410,7 @@ Web link
 
 1.  gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/
 
 
 1.  gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/
 

-Bibliography
+## Bibliography

 
 Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next
 American Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a
 
 Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next
 American Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a


@@ -7675,7 +7666,7 @@ web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND).
 Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and
 Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015.
 
 Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and
 Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015.
 

-Acknowledgments
+## Acknowledgments

 
 We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the
 Creative Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for
 
 We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the
 Creative Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for