-<span id="anchor"></span>Made
-
-<span id="anchor-1"></span>with
-
-<span id="anchor-2"></span>Creative
-
-<span id="anchor-3"></span>Commons
+Made with Creative Commons
Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the
Kickstarter.com platform.
-<span id="anchor-4"></span>“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction
-journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of
-what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody
-reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention
-and think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than
-most of us have a chance to in our daily lives.”
+“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . .
+The way that I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do
+is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably
+bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at
+far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have
+a chance to in our daily lives.”
+
-<span id="anchor-5"></span>
-<span id="anchor-6"></span>- David Foster Wallace
+- David Foster Wallace
-<span id="anchor-7"></span>Foreword
+## Foreword
Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I
met with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As
*CEO, Creative Commons*
-<span id="anchor-8"></span>Introduction
+## Introduction
This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with
a twist.
*Paul and Sarah *
-<span id="anchor-9"></span>Part 1
-<span id="anchor-10"></span>The Big Picture
+# The Big Picture
-<span id="anchor-11"></span>The New
-
-<span id="anchor-12"></span>World of
-
-<span id="anchor-13"></span>Digital
-
-<span id="anchor-14"></span>Commons
+## The New World of Digital Commons
Paul Stacey
community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and
sustainability.
-<span id="anchor-15"></span>The Commons, the Market, and the State
+### The Commons, the Market, and the State
Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share
wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the
regarding property, copyright, business, and finance can all be designed
to foster the commons.
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.5417in"}
+
It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage
resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves
primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who
the commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy
for success.
-<span id="anchor-16"></span>The Four Aspects of a Resource
+### The Four Aspects of a Resource
As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a
framework for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6
and rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use
along with outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2).
-<span id="anchor-17"></span>Characteristics
+{width="6.5in"
+height="6.5in"}
+
+#### Characteristics
Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the
way they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human
a common wealth extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in
undiminished or enhanced form to future generations.
-<span id="anchor-18"></span>People and processes
+#### People and processes
In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and
processes are used to manage resources. The processes used define both
person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more
personal.
-<span id="anchor-19"></span>Norms and rules
+{width="6.5in"
+height="4.2362in"}
+
+#### Norms and rules
The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the
state, market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms
given not just to economic efficiency but also to equity and
sustainability.9
-<span id="anchor-20"></span>Goals
+#### Goals
The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s
inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and
their ability to strategically utilize and balance these different
aspects of managing resources.
-<span id="anchor-21"></span>A Short History of the Commons
+### A Short History of the Commons
Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical
continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state
met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the
market.)
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler)
taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure
of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land,
education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is the primary means by
which resources are managed.
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits
of the market have been offset by unequal distribution and
overexploitation.
state funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly
available to the public that paid for them.
-<span id="anchor-22"></span>The Digital Revolution
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
+### The Digital Revolution
In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from
each other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement
others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel
more involved with the world.19
-<span id="anchor-23"></span>The Birth of Creative Commons
+### The Birth of Creative Commons
In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all
those who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons
Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open
and free to the public that paid for them.
-<span id="anchor-24"></span>The Changing Market
+### The Changing Market
Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial
systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and
them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying revenue streams
lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability.
-<span id="anchor-25"></span>Benefits of the Digital Commons
+### Benefits of the Digital Commons
While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact
and engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less
enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the
option of choice.
-<span id="anchor-26"></span>Our Case Studies
+### Our Case Studies
The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate
as nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal
the new digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing
further guidance and insights on how it works.
-Notes
+### Notes
1. Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler,
2013), 14.
10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in
a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the
Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and
- Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,
- 2015), 201–4.
+ Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),
+ 201–4.
11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the
Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola
Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.
22, 2016.
18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the
Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental
- Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,
- 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.
+ Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),
+ www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.
19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:
Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer
Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.
21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:
Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.
22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified
- September 24,
- 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership.
+ September 24, 2016,
+ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership.
23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.
24. Ibid., 116.
25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm
26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and
the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.
LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:
- City of Bologna,
- 2014), www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.
+ City of Bologna, 2014),
+ www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.
27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam
Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.
28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New
33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is
available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.
-34. This business model canvas is available to download
- at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.
+34. This business model canvas is available to download at
+ strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.
35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the
- coauthor Paul Stacey, available online
- at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.
+ coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at
+ docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.
You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas
- Questions
- at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.
+ Questions at
+ docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.
36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this
post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business
- Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available
- at medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.
+ Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at
+ medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.
37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating
and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review
Press, 2006), 31–44.
-<span id="anchor-27"></span>How
-
-<span id="anchor-28"></span>to Be
-
-<span id="anchor-29"></span>Made with
-
-<span id="anchor-30"></span>Creative
-
-<span id="anchor-31"></span>Commons
+## How to Be Made with Creative Commons
Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve
“problem zero.”
-<span id="anchor-32"></span>Problem Zero: Getting Discovered
+### Problem Zero: Getting Discovered
Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users,
customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It
There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to
your benefit. Here are a few.
-<span id="anchor-33"></span>Use CC to grow a larger audience
+#### Use CC to grow a larger audience
Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it
automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the
but it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator
of quality or usefulness.18
-<span id="anchor-34"></span>Use CC to get attribution and name
-recognition
+#### Use CC to get attribution and name recognition
Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the
author, and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of
misinformation, being a trusted information source is more valuable than
ever.
-<span id="anchor-35"></span>Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool
+#### Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool
As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with
Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than
attractive to students who then demand them from their universities.
They also partner with service providers who build atop the CC-licensed
content and, in turn, spend money and
-
resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax
textbooks).
-<span id="anchor-36"></span>Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with
-your work
+#### Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work
The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an
embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital
your response is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content
can get people more deeply tied to your work.
-<span id="anchor-37"></span>Use CC to differentiate yourself
+#### Use CC to differentiate yourself
Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating
under the rules of establishment players in the media. Business
cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David
said. “Change the rules of engagement.”
-<span id="anchor-38"></span>Making Money
+### Making Money
Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons
have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers.
directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying
for the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In
still other
-
cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that
typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a
sense of reciprocity.
what we learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a
higher level of abstraction can be instructive.
-<span id="anchor-39"></span>Market-based revenue streams
+#### Market-based revenue streams
In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in
revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if
provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value
that lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed
content functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or
-
service.
Here are the most common high-level categories.
-<span id="anchor-40"></span>Providing a custom service to consumers of
-your work * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The
trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized
cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song
business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann.
-<span id="anchor-41"></span>Charging for the physical copy *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging for the physical copy * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as
giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital
with other providers of the same works based on quality, service, or
other traditional business principles.
-<span id="anchor-42"></span>Charging for the in-person version *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging for the in-person version * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing
creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming
people go view original art in person or pay to attend a talk or
training course.
-<span id="anchor-43"></span>Selling merchandise * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Selling merchandise * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products
demonstrating a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can
platforms.36 Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are
willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well.
-<span id="anchor-44"></span>Charging advertisers or sponsors *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging advertisers or sponsors * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In
this version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the
display advertising, the advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of
particular content or projects, or of the overall endeavor.
-<span id="anchor-45"></span>Charging your content creators *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging your content creators * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators
themselves pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue
universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers of the
content on the Conversation website.
-<span id="anchor-46"></span>Charging a transaction fee *
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging a transaction fee * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering
transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this
site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the
platform.
-<span id="anchor-47"></span>Providing a service to your creators*
-\[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Providing a service to your creators* \[MARKET-BASED\]*
As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized
services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this
this model by providing paid tools to help their users make the data
they contribute to the platform more discoverable and reusable.
-<span id="anchor-48"></span>Licensing a trademark* \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Licensing a trademark* \[MARKET-BASED\]*
Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling
use of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with
of deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the
abundance of CC content.
-<span id="anchor-49"></span>Reciprocity-based revenue streams
+#### Reciprocity-based revenue streams
Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional
economic framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture
think of relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven
exchange of value.41
-<span id="anchor-50"></span>Memberships and individual donations
-*\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
+#### Memberships and individual donations *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding
models, in the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly
public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering a social mission,
the more likely this strategy is to succeed.
-<span id="anchor-51"></span>The pay-what-you-want model
-*\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
+#### The pay-what-you-want model *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons
content is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is
value in the marketplace, even in situations where we could find a way
to get it for free.
-<span id="anchor-52"></span>Crowdfunding *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
+#### Crowdfunding *\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\]*
Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and
distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is
budgets tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library
community and to the idea of open access generally.
-<span id="anchor-53"></span>Making Human Connections
+### Making Human Connections
Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly
heard language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to
humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations
to each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like.
-<span id="anchor-54"></span>Be human
+#### Be human
Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to
treat each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person
“humanizing your interactions” with the public.44 But it can’t be a
gimmick. You can’t fake being human.
-<span id="anchor-55"></span>Be open and accountable
+#### Be open and accountable
Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you
do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity
Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to
James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to
lowest-common-denominator solutions and
-
avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy
collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and
then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if
thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people
involved and invested in what you do.
-<span id="anchor-56"></span>Design for the good actors
+#### Design for the good actors
Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on
their own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human
largely trust that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are
supposed to do.52 And most often, they do.
-<span id="anchor-57"></span>Treat humans like, well, humans
+#### Treat humans like, well, humans
For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like
fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53
paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically
change the dynamic.56
-<span id="anchor-58"></span>State your principles and stick to them
+#### State your principles and stick to them
Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and
what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses
self-interest.57 It attracts committed employees, motivates
contributors, and builds trust.
-<span id="anchor-59"></span>Build a community
+#### Build a community
Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is
built around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating
Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community,
by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn
to the values symbolized by
-
using CC.
To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People
beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open
Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building
the kinds of participative communities that drive open
-
organizations.”60
Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning.
connected around common interests or values, is in many ways what
sharing is about.
-<span id="anchor-60"></span>Give more to the commons than you take
+#### Give more to the commons than you take
Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try
to extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially
reflects the value contributed by others, providing more to contributors
when the value they add outweighs the value provided by you.
-<span id="anchor-61"></span>Involve people in what you do
+#### Involve people in what you do
Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of
people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of
asynchronously, and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when
contributors can make simple improvements without a particularly heavy
time
-
commitment.68
As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia
from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and
transition them into active participants.75
-Notes
+### Notes
1. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book
64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,
reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).
65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the
- Internet,” BBC News, March 3,
- 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.
+ Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,
+ www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.
66. Anderson, Makers, 148.
67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.
68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.
75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of
Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.
-<span id="anchor-62"></span>The
-
-<span id="anchor-63"></span>Creative
-
-<span id="anchor-64"></span>Commons
-
-<span id="anchor-65"></span>Licenses
+## The Creative Commons Licenses
All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions.
At a minimum, a CC-
-
licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form for
noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator.
There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic
Here are the six licenses:
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak,
and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you
for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses
offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed
materials.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak,
and build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they
credit you and license their new creations under identical terms. This
licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so
any derivatives will also allow commercial use.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution,
commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged
with credit to you.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix,
tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new
works must also acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their
derivative works on the same terms.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets
others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long
as they credit you and license their new creations under the same terms.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most
restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download
your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but
collections of existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have
expired:
+{width="4.1665in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the
worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”).
+{width="4.1665in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and
discovery of works that are already free of known copyright
restrictions.
the way in which shared resources were used. The CC licenses are an
attempt to standardize norms across all domains.
-<span id="anchor-66"></span>Note
+Note
For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your
work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called
creativecommons.org/share-your-work/.
-<span id="anchor-67"></span>Part 2
-<span id="anchor-68"></span>The Case Studies
+# The Case Studies
The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds
of nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons
sharing plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by
those we interviewed.
-<span id="anchor-69"></span>Arduino
+## Arduino
Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer
hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy.
likes about open source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down,
an open-source product lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it
easier to trust a
-
product.”
With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders
1. www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products
2. blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/
-<span id="anchor-70"></span>Ártica
+## Ártica
Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to
use digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in
success, they will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them
another image of what it looks like.”
-<span id="anchor-71"></span>Blender Institute
+## Blender Institute
The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films
using Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands.
For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing.
-<span id="anchor-72"></span>Cards Against Humanity
+## Cards Against Humanity
Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a
popular party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S.
All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the
free download, the
-
openness to fans remixing the game—give
-
the game a massive cult following.
Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against
best strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your
values, and who you are and why you’re making things.”
-<span id="anchor-73"></span>The Conversation
+## The Conversation
The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the
academic and research community and delivered direct to the public over
Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the
Attribution-
-
NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for others to
republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the content is
not edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites have
1. theconversation.com/us/charter
-<span id="anchor-74"></span>Cory Doctorow
+## Cory Doctorow
Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and
journalist. Based in the U.S.
It has never been easier to think like a dandelion.
-<span id="anchor-75"></span>Figshare
+## Figshare
Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where
researchers can preserve and share the output of their research,
infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the
article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to
both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides
-
research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including
Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and
has convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data.
2. retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136
3. figshare.com/features
-<span id="anchor-76"></span>Figure.NZ
+## Figure.NZ
Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform
designed to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012
Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now,
their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to
get the “network effect”—
-
users dramatically increasing value for themselves and for others
through use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making the
network effect possible.
3. figure.nz/business/
4. figure.nz/patrons/
-<span id="anchor-77"></span>Knowledge Unlatched
+## Knowledge Unlatched
Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that
brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books.
innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She
founded the UK-based Knowledge Unlatched with a mission to enable open
access to scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly-
-
book-publishing system is not working for anyone, and especially not for
monographs in the humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is
committed to changing this and has been working with libraries to create
4. collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/
5. www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/
-<span id="anchor-78"></span>Lumen Learning
+## Lumen Learning
Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions
use open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S.
David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or
for-
-
profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the
education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking
grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be
increase the visibility of Lumen through presentations, word of mouth,
and referrals. Sometimes the number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s
sales
-
capacity.
To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is
diverse education community makes in OER is not exploited? Lumen thinks
we all need to be clear about how we are benefiting from and
contributing to the open
-
community.
In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even
1. lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/
-<span id="anchor-79"></span>Jonathan Mann
+## Jonathan Mann
Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the
“Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S.
-jonathanmann.net and
-
-jonathanmann.bandcamp.com
+jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com
Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want,
crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version
final product of his work is a song rather than news. “There is
something about being challenged and forced to take information that
doesn’t seem like it should be sung about
-
or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that
creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that
process.”
music he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write.
But his business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a
songwriter, and he has found a way to keep it interesting for
-
himself.
Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but
creative person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because
then so much of what drives you would be gone.”
-<span id="anchor-80"></span>Noun Project
+## Noun Project
The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to
display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010
The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty
structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because
building trust is the top
-
priority.
For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time
2. thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\#getting\_paid
3. thenounproject.com/iconathon/
-<span id="anchor-81"></span>Open Data Institute
+## Open Data Institute
The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects,
equips, and inspires people around the world to innovate with data.
- Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their
business to get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more
- effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own
- data too. Big data is a hot topic.
+ effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own data
+ too. Big data is a hot topic.
- Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t
- innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up
- their data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems
- and challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while
- still maintaining organizational autonomy.
+ innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their
+ data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and
+ challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while still
+ maintaining organizational autonomy.
- Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with
businesses, ODI cautions against having it be the sole reason for
making data open. If a business is just thinking about open data as
4. certificates.theodi.org
5. dashboards.theodi.org/company/all
-<span id="anchor-82"></span>OpenDesk
+## OpenDesk
Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that
connects furniture designers around the world with customers and local
underlying manufacturing cost and are typically apportioned as follows:
- manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as
- set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or
- on-site assembly)
+ set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site
+ assembly)
- design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost
- platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost
- channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost
3. www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join
4. openmaking.is
-<span id="anchor-83"></span>OpenStax
+## OpenStax
OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks
for high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement
1. news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg
2. openstax.org/adopters
-<span id="anchor-84"></span>Amanda Palmer
+## Amanda Palmer
Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S.
1. http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\#44e20ce46d67
-<span id="anchor-85"></span>PLOS
-
-<span id="anchor-86"></span>(Public Library of Science)
+## PLOS (Public Library of Science)
PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library
of academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in
1. collections.plos.org
2. plos.org/article-level-metrics
-<span id="anchor-87"></span>Rijksmuseum
+## Rijksmuseum
The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history.
Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands
Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person
version
-
(museum admission), selling merchandise
Interview date: December 11, 2015
bound by copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists
to use a Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA
license
-
(Attribution-ShareAlike), or a CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial) if
they want to preclude commercial use. That way, their works can be made
available to the public, but within limits the artists have specified.
www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015
5. www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4
-<span id="anchor-88"></span>Shareable
+## Shareable
Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the
U.S.
than a one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there
for people take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities.
-<span id="anchor-89"></span>Siyavula
+## Siyavula
Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates
textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South
after the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial
criticisms of the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the
authors and Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this
-
accomplishment.
But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted
3. cnx.org
4. www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html
-<span id="anchor-90"></span>Sparkfun
+## Sparkfun
SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open
hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.
innovative business. In other words, it makes them the kind of company
they set out to be.
-<span id="anchor-91"></span>TeachAIDS
+## TeachAIDS
TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to
teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the
quickly scale their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license
has been a game changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said.
-<span id="anchor-92"></span>Tribe of Noise
+## Tribe of Noise
Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film,
TV, video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the
some of the control. Still a small but growing group of Tribe members
are pursuing a hybrid model by licensing some of their songs under CC
BY-SA and opting in others with collecting societies like
-
ASCAP or BMI.
It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels,
1. www.instoremusicservice.com
2. www.tribeofnoise.com/info\_instoremusic.php
-<span id="anchor-93"></span>Wikimedia Foundation
+## Wikimedia Foundation
The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts
Wikipedia and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.
1. gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/
-<span id="anchor-94"></span>Bibliography
+## Bibliography
Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next
American Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a
Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and
Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015.
-<span id="anchor-95"></span>Acknowledgments
+## Acknowledgments
We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the
Creative Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for
Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie
Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper,
Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile,
-
@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler,
Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S.
Tritt, Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle
Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug
Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr.
Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan
-
Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon Caddigan,
Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo
Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder,
Elar Haljas, Elena Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie Calhoun,
Elizabeth Holloway, Ellen Buecher, Ellen Kaye-
-
Cheveldayoff, Elli Verhulst, Elroy Fernandes, Emery Hurst Mikel, Emily
Catedral, Enrique Mandujano R., Eric Astor, Eric Axelrod, Eric Celeste,
Eric Finkenbiner, Eric Hellman, Eric Steuer, Erica Fletcher, Erik
Harold van Ingen, Harold Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry Kaczka, Harry
Torque, Hayden Glass, Hayley Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen Crisp,
Helen
-
Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach Latorre
Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser,
Hermann Paar, Hillary Miller, Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne,
Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis and Joshua de Haan, ZeMarmot Open
Movie
-
projects / text-madewithcc.git / blobdiff