From b4fd4f320c7ecc407dae31c37db79d064a1a2669 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 12 Sep 2015 17:01:34 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Generated. --- freeculture.pot | 3646 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 1828 insertions(+), 1818 deletions(-) diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 707c87d..41b7955 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-12 10:38+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-12 17:00+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15811 +#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15814 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " @@ -344,12 +344,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13832 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13835 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13833 +#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13836 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14861 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14864 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4654 freeculture.xml:13735 freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4655 freeculture.xml:13737 freeculture.xml:14865 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14865 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9581 freeculture.xml:13151 freeculture.xml:13936 +#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:13152 freeculture.xml:13939 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:13152 freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9583 freeculture.xml:13153 freeculture.xml:13940 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4543 freeculture.xml:5145 freeculture.xml:8894 freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4544 freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:8895 freeculture.xml:14251 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9589 freeculture.xml:10287 +#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -657,12 +657,12 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:3355 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:8610 freeculture.xml:10191 freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:3355 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:8611 freeculture.xml:10192 freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6826 +#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6827 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" @@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:14000 +#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6830 freeculture.xml:14003 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" @@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6825 +#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6826 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2358 freeculture.xml:2442 freeculture.xml:2476 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:6709 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:10190 freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:14031 freeculture.xml:14032 freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2358 freeculture.xml:2442 freeculture.xml:2476 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:6710 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7635 freeculture.xml:10191 freeculture.xml:13468 freeculture.xml:14034 freeculture.xml:14035 freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:14031 +#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13468 freeculture.xml:14034 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:2849 freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:2877 freeculture.xml:2878 freeculture.xml:7797 freeculture.xml:9648 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:9969 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:2849 freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:2877 freeculture.xml:2878 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:9970 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" @@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:5252 freeculture.xml:6480 freeculture.xml:14071 +#: freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:5253 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10174 +#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10175 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1158,12 +1158,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7521 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7522 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7521 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7522 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1212,32 +1212,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6861 freeculture.xml:6974 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7021 freeculture.xml:7609 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:11180 freeculture.xml:11471 freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8893 freeculture.xml:11181 freeculture.xml:11472 freeculture.xml:12118 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6861 freeculture.xml:7609 freeculture.xml:8892 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8893 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709 freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:5296 freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:7008 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7324 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7389 freeculture.xml:7503 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:7703 freeculture.xml:7717 freeculture.xml:7776 freeculture.xml:7777 freeculture.xml:7875 freeculture.xml:9810 freeculture.xml:10163 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11165 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709 freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6929 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7325 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7604 freeculture.xml:7704 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7777 freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:7876 freeculture.xml:9811 freeculture.xml:10164 freeculture.xml:11121 freeculture.xml:11166 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7008 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7009 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8893 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8894 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15260 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:13383 freeculture.xml:13466 freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:13384 freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1443,12 +1443,12 @@ msgid "Piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4695 +#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4696 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5105 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5106 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" @@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:6710 freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:11169 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1578,7 +1578,7 @@ msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7522 +#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" @@ -1602,7 +1602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1167 freeculture.xml:7458 +#: freeculture.xml:1167 freeculture.xml:7459 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7389 freeculture.xml:7703 +#: freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7704 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" @@ -1762,7 +1762,7 @@ msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1258 freeculture.xml:5300 freeculture.xml:5334 freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:6093 +#: freeculture.xml:1258 freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094 msgid "films" msgstr "" @@ -1777,7 +1777,7 @@ msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:7483 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:7484 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" @@ -1793,7 +1793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1268 freeculture.xml:1485 freeculture.xml:1539 freeculture.xml:1680 freeculture.xml:1926 freeculture.xml:4530 freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:7482 freeculture.xml:11061 freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:1268 freeculture.xml:1485 freeculture.xml:1539 freeculture.xml:1680 freeculture.xml:1926 freeculture.xml:4531 freeculture.xml:6226 freeculture.xml:7483 freeculture.xml:11062 freeculture.xml:11475 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -1901,22 +1901,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7672 freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7673 freeculture.xml:7719 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:3004 freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:15326 +#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:3004 freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:15329 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 +#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" @@ -1955,7 +1955,7 @@ msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7775 +#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7776 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" @@ -1984,7 +1984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1386 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:11062 +#: freeculture.xml:1386 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2041,17 +2041,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4814 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:4954 freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:6677 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:7050 freeculture.xml:7076 freeculture.xml:7115 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:7285 freeculture.xml:7322 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:7796 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11472 freeculture.xml:11473 freeculture.xml:13979 freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7116 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7626 freeculture.xml:7797 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11473 freeculture.xml:11474 freeculture.xml:13982 freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:7076 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11474 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:8088 freeculture.xml:11053 freeculture.xml:13471 freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:8089 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:13472 freeculture.xml:14268 freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2362,7 +2362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1667 freeculture.xml:3022 freeculture.xml:4760 freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:7906 freeculture.xml:9037 +#: freeculture.xml:1667 freeculture.xml:3022 freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:7907 freeculture.xml:9038 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2444,7 +2444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1735 freeculture.xml:4700 freeculture.xml:4832 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:5199 +#: freeculture.xml:1735 freeculture.xml:4701 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:4870 freeculture.xml:5200 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" @@ -2511,7 +2511,7 @@ msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1996 freeculture.xml:6788 +#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1996 freeculture.xml:6789 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" @@ -2571,7 +2571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1823 freeculture.xml:1978 freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:1823 freeculture.xml:1978 freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2742,7 +2742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:9736 +#: freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:9737 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -2813,7 +2813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:3807 freeculture.xml:3829 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:5779 freeculture.xml:9977 +#: freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:5780 freeculture.xml:9978 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -2851,7 +2851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:6789 +#: freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:6790 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2949,22 +2949,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2072 freeculture.xml:2622 freeculture.xml:6785 freeculture.xml:7756 freeculture.xml:8859 freeculture.xml:8913 +#: freeculture.xml:2072 freeculture.xml:2622 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:8860 freeculture.xml:8914 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8860 +#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8861 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:8861 freeculture.xml:8895 freeculture.xml:15324 +#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8862 freeculture.xml:8896 freeculture.xml:15327 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:8861 +#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8862 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" @@ -3116,7 +3116,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:4074 freeculture.xml:5247 freeculture.xml:8748 +#: freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:4075 freeculture.xml:5248 freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -3234,7 +3234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2285 freeculture.xml:2344 freeculture.xml:6078 +#: freeculture.xml:2285 freeculture.xml:2344 freeculture.xml:6079 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" @@ -3244,7 +3244,7 @@ msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:5998 +#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:5999 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" @@ -3274,7 +3274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2308 freeculture.xml:8687 freeculture.xml:8907 +#: freeculture.xml:2308 freeculture.xml:8688 freeculture.xml:8908 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3621,7 +3621,7 @@ msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2528 freeculture.xml:2577 freeculture.xml:5942 +#: freeculture.xml:2528 freeculture.xml:2577 freeculture.xml:5943 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" @@ -3732,7 +3732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2621 freeculture.xml:6776 +#: freeculture.xml:2621 freeculture.xml:6777 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" @@ -3904,7 +3904,7 @@ msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2746 freeculture.xml:2789 freeculture.xml:9651 +#: freeculture.xml:2746 freeculture.xml:2789 freeculture.xml:9652 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" @@ -3991,7 +3991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2790 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3711 freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:5531 freeculture.xml:8217 freeculture.xml:13570 freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:2790 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:8218 freeculture.xml:13571 freeculture.xml:13640 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4069,7 +4069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:9927 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" @@ -4079,22 +4079,22 @@ msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:10341 freeculture.xml:10342 freeculture.xml:10343 freeculture.xml:10499 +#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:10342 freeculture.xml:10343 freeculture.xml:10344 freeculture.xml:10500 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:10344 freeculture.xml:10345 freeculture.xml:10497 +#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:9929 freeculture.xml:10345 freeculture.xml:10346 freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9928 +#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" @@ -4125,7 +4125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:9648 freeculture.xml:9925 +#: freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" @@ -4251,22 +4251,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4278 freeculture.xml:5540 freeculture.xml:5589 freeculture.xml:10236 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10498 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:15225 freeculture.xml:15290 +#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:5590 freeculture.xml:10237 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10499 freeculture.xml:10522 freeculture.xml:15228 freeculture.xml:15293 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4278 freeculture.xml:10236 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10498 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:15225 freeculture.xml:15290 +#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10237 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10499 freeculture.xml:10522 freeculture.xml:15228 freeculture.xml:15293 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10341 freeculture.xml:10499 +#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10342 freeculture.xml:10500 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:10345 +#: freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:10346 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" @@ -4407,12 +4407,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3052 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:10387 +#: freeculture.xml:3052 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10388 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4511 freeculture.xml:10104 freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:10105 freeculture.xml:10218 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -4488,7 +4488,7 @@ msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:4282 +#: freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:4283 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" @@ -4636,22 +4636,22 @@ msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4364 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:6988 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7191 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10340 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:11179 freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:6989 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10340 freeculture.xml:10341 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11180 freeculture.xml:12117 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:4364 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7191 freeculture.xml:10338 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:10339 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:10340 +#: freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:10341 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:10163 +#: freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:10164 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" @@ -4722,7 +4722,7 @@ msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3244 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:10162 +#: freeculture.xml:3244 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10163 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" @@ -4738,7 +4738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:14921 +#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:14924 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4823,12 +4823,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4476 +#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4477 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:10342 +#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:10343 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" @@ -4871,12 +4871,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3355 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:3355 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:9405 freeculture.xml:9880 freeculture.xml:12965 +#: freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:9406 freeculture.xml:9881 freeculture.xml:12966 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4907,7 +4907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3379 freeculture.xml:3892 freeculture.xml:6499 freeculture.xml:6515 +#: freeculture.xml:3379 freeculture.xml:3893 freeculture.xml:6500 freeculture.xml:6516 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" @@ -4944,12 +4944,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3410 freeculture.xml:4482 +#: freeculture.xml:3410 freeculture.xml:4483 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3411 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:8582 freeculture.xml:8622 freeculture.xml:15323 +#: freeculture.xml:3411 freeculture.xml:4303 freeculture.xml:8583 freeculture.xml:8623 freeculture.xml:15326 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5193,12 +5193,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3574 freeculture.xml:3654 freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:15325 +#: freeculture.xml:3574 freeculture.xml:3654 freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:15328 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:4027 freeculture.xml:9881 freeculture.xml:10739 freeculture.xml:14716 freeculture.xml:15307 +#: freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:4028 freeculture.xml:9882 freeculture.xml:10740 freeculture.xml:14719 freeculture.xml:15310 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5280,7 +5280,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3648 freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13748 freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:3648 freeculture.xml:13258 freeculture.xml:13750 freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5317,7 +5317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:3948 freeculture.xml:15473 +#: freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:3949 freeculture.xml:15476 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5380,47 +5380,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:15326 +#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:15329 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3706 +msgid "open-source software" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:13568 freeculture.xml:14158 +#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:13569 freeculture.xml:14161 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:12048 freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14214 +#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:3738 freeculture.xml:12049 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:3738 freeculture.xml:12050 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14215 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12051 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:14218 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3709 +#: freeculture.xml:3710 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3710 +#: freeculture.xml:3711 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3711 +#: freeculture.xml:3712 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3712 +#: freeculture.xml:3713 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3714 +#: freeculture.xml:3715 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5436,17 +5441,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:4769 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6559 freeculture.xml:6694 freeculture.xml:7106 freeculture.xml:14246 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:14246 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3728 +#: freeculture.xml:3729 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5457,17 +5462,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3735 +#: freeculture.xml:3736 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3736 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3740 +#: freeculture.xml:3741 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5483,7 +5488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3754 +#: freeculture.xml:3755 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5495,7 +5500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3764 +#: freeculture.xml:3765 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all piracy " @@ -5508,7 +5513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3773 +#: freeculture.xml:3774 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5517,7 +5522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3779 +#: freeculture.xml:3780 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5526,20 +5531,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3785 +#: freeculture.xml:3786 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3791 +#: freeculture.xml:3792 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3796 +#: freeculture.xml:3797 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5547,7 +5552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3793 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5557,22 +5562,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3805 +#: freeculture.xml:3806 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3806 freeculture.xml:3813 freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:3807 freeculture.xml:3814 freeculture.xml:9812 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3823 freeculture.xml:8817 +#: freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:8818 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3813 +#: freeculture.xml:3814 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5587,7 +5592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3805 +#: freeculture.xml:3806 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing " @@ -5599,23 +5604,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3828 +#: freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3829 +#: freeculture.xml:3830 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3830 +#: freeculture.xml:3831 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3836 +#: freeculture.xml:3837 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5629,7 +5634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3828 +#: freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5647,7 +5652,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3859 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5658,14 +5663,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3868 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3853 +#: freeculture.xml:3854 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5681,7 +5686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3877 +#: freeculture.xml:3878 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5693,7 +5698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3887 +#: freeculture.xml:3888 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5701,7 +5706,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3895 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5714,7 +5719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3905 +#: freeculture.xml:3906 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5727,7 +5732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3916 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5746,26 +5751,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3933 +#: freeculture.xml:3934 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3939 +#: freeculture.xml:3940 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3947 +#: freeculture.xml:3948 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3942 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5779,7 +5784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3958 +#: freeculture.xml:3959 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5790,17 +5795,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3965 freeculture.xml:3974 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8377 freeculture.xml:8406 freeculture.xml:10160 freeculture.xml:15033 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8407 freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:15036 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3965 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8377 freeculture.xml:8406 freeculture.xml:10160 freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:15033 freeculture.xml:15034 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8407 freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:10162 freeculture.xml:15036 freeculture.xml:15037 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3974 +#: freeculture.xml:3975 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5817,7 +5822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3967 +#: freeculture.xml:3968 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5832,18 +5837,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3992 +#: freeculture.xml:3993 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4002 +#: freeculture.xml:4003 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3994 +#: freeculture.xml:3995 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5855,7 +5860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4007 +#: freeculture.xml:4008 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5868,7 +5873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4017 +#: freeculture.xml:4018 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5880,12 +5885,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#: freeculture.xml:4028 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4029 +#: freeculture.xml:4030 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5894,7 +5899,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4038 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5912,12 +5917,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4065 +#: freeculture.xml:4066 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4062 +#: freeculture.xml:4063 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5926,7 +5931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4034 +#: freeculture.xml:4035 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5947,7 +5952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4080 +#: freeculture.xml:4081 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5958,7 +5963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4088 +#: freeculture.xml:4089 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5976,7 +5981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4104 +#: freeculture.xml:4105 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5985,7 +5990,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4116 +#: freeculture.xml:4117 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5996,7 +6001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4110 +#: freeculture.xml:4111 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6010,17 +6015,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:6153 freeculture.xml:6158 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:7564 freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7921 freeculture.xml:14418 freeculture.xml:15145 freeculture.xml:15146 +#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:6211 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7922 freeculture.xml:14421 freeculture.xml:15148 freeculture.xml:15149 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:15146 +#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:15149 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4137 +#: freeculture.xml:4138 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6034,7 +6039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4131 +#: freeculture.xml:4132 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6049,22 +6054,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:6153 freeculture.xml:6158 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:15145 +#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15148 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4159 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:7634 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7635 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4162 +#: freeculture.xml:4163 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6080,7 +6085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4175 +#: freeculture.xml:4176 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6091,23 +6096,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:14418 +#: freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:14421 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4183 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 +#: freeculture.xml:4185 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 +#: freeculture.xml:4187 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6125,7 +6130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4204 +#: freeculture.xml:4205 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6134,7 +6139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4210 +#: freeculture.xml:4211 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6144,7 +6149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4218 +#: freeculture.xml:4219 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6160,7 +6165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4232 +#: freeculture.xml:4233 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -6168,7 +6173,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4248 +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6179,7 +6184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4236 +#: freeculture.xml:4237 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6192,7 +6197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4259 +#: freeculture.xml:4260 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6206,7 +6211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4270 +#: freeculture.xml:4271 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6218,22 +6223,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4279 +#: freeculture.xml:4280 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4286 +#: freeculture.xml:4287 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4289 +#: freeculture.xml:4290 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4291 +#: freeculture.xml:4292 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6247,7 +6252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4304 +#: freeculture.xml:4305 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6258,7 +6263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4315 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6276,12 +6281,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4333 +#: freeculture.xml:4334 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4336 +#: freeculture.xml:4337 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6298,7 +6303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4350 +#: freeculture.xml:4351 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6314,13 +6319,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4365 +#: freeculture.xml:4366 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4374 +#: freeculture.xml:4375 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6330,13 +6335,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4386 +#: freeculture.xml:4387 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4391 +#: freeculture.xml:4392 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6344,14 +6349,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4402 +#: freeculture.xml:4403 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4367 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6378,19 +6383,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4420 +#: freeculture.xml:4421 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4423 +#: freeculture.xml:4424 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4408 +#: freeculture.xml:4409 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6407,7 +6412,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4426 +#: freeculture.xml:4427 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6416,14 +6421,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4445 +#: freeculture.xml:4446 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4435 +#: freeculture.xml:4436 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6434,7 +6439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4451 +#: freeculture.xml:4452 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6444,77 +6449,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4462 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4464 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4464 +#: freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4465 +#: freeculture.xml:4466 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4470 +#: freeculture.xml:4471 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4471 +#: freeculture.xml:4472 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 freeculture.xml:4484 freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4473 freeculture.xml:4485 freeculture.xml:4491 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4473 freeculture.xml:4485 +#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4477 +#: freeculture.xml:4478 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4479 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4479 freeculture.xml:4491 +#: freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:4492 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4483 +#: freeculture.xml:4484 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4488 +#: freeculture.xml:4489 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4489 +#: freeculture.xml:4490 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4501 +#: freeculture.xml:4502 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -6531,7 +6536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4498 +#: freeculture.xml:4499 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6541,7 +6546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4519 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6555,7 +6560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4532 +#: freeculture.xml:4533 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6568,20 +6573,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4543 +#: freeculture.xml:4544 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4550 +#: freeculture.xml:4551 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4545 +#: freeculture.xml:4546 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6595,7 +6600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4561 +#: freeculture.xml:4562 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6612,7 +6617,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4585 +#: freeculture.xml:4586 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6620,7 +6625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4577 +#: freeculture.xml:4578 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6632,7 +6637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4590 +#: freeculture.xml:4591 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6646,7 +6651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4602 +#: freeculture.xml:4603 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6654,13 +6659,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4611 +#: freeculture.xml:4612 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4616 +#: freeculture.xml:4617 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6670,7 +6675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4623 +#: freeculture.xml:4624 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6684,13 +6689,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4634 freeculture.xml:6444 freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:4635 freeculture.xml:6445 freeculture.xml:14408 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4649 +#: freeculture.xml:4650 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6698,7 +6703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4636 +#: freeculture.xml:4637 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6714,12 +6719,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4654 +#: freeculture.xml:4655 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4656 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6729,7 +6734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4669 +#: freeculture.xml:4670 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6741,7 +6746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4664 +#: freeculture.xml:4665 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6751,7 +6756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4679 +#: freeculture.xml:4680 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6764,47 +6769,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4692 +#: freeculture.xml:4693 msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4693 +#: freeculture.xml:4694 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4696 +#: freeculture.xml:4697 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:4698 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:4868 +#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4699 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4701 freeculture.xml:4833 +#: freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 +#: freeculture.xml:4704 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6818,27 +6823,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4714 freeculture.xml:4798 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:5040 +#: freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5041 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4715 +#: freeculture.xml:4716 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4721 +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4722 +#: freeculture.xml:4723 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4721 +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6853,7 +6858,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6862,7 +6867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4718 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6878,22 +6883,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4746 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4939 freeculture.xml:5120 freeculture.xml:5276 +#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4940 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5277 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:7116 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:4845 freeculture.xml:4952 freeculture.xml:5039 freeculture.xml:7105 +#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4846 freeculture.xml:4953 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:7106 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4760 +#: freeculture.xml:4761 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6901,7 +6906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4751 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6916,22 +6921,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4769 freeculture.xml:4993 +#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 +#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4771 +#: freeculture.xml:4772 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4773 +#: freeculture.xml:4774 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6944,12 +6949,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:4992 freeculture.xml:5063 freeculture.xml:5163 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5164 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4786 +#: freeculture.xml:4787 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6964,13 +6969,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5137 freeculture.xml:5215 +#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5138 freeculture.xml:5216 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4803 +#: freeculture.xml:4804 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6982,12 +6987,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4814 +#: freeculture.xml:4815 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4816 +#: freeculture.xml:4817 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6998,7 +7003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4826 +#: freeculture.xml:4827 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7007,7 +7012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4835 +#: freeculture.xml:4836 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7021,7 +7026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4847 +#: freeculture.xml:4848 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7030,13 +7035,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:7796 +#: freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:7626 freeculture.xml:7797 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4854 +#: freeculture.xml:4855 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7052,7 +7057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4871 +#: freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7065,22 +7070,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4880 +#: freeculture.xml:4881 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4881 +#: freeculture.xml:4882 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4884 +#: freeculture.xml:4885 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7095,7 +7100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4897 +#: freeculture.xml:4898 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7107,25 +7112,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:5198 +#: freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:5199 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4906 +#: freeculture.xml:4907 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4925 +#: freeculture.xml:4926 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4910 +#: freeculture.xml:4911 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7141,17 +7146,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4929 +#: freeculture.xml:4930 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4930 +#: freeculture.xml:4931 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4932 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7161,7 +7166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4941 +#: freeculture.xml:4942 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7175,12 +7180,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4954 freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4956 +#: freeculture.xml:4957 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7192,7 +7197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4965 +#: freeculture.xml:4966 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7200,7 +7205,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4980 +#: freeculture.xml:4981 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7212,7 +7217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4970 +#: freeculture.xml:4971 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7224,7 +7229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4996 +#: freeculture.xml:4997 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7241,12 +7246,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5071 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5072 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7255,7 +7260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5012 +#: freeculture.xml:5013 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7267,20 +7272,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5027 freeculture.xml:5136 +#: freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5137 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5035 +#: freeculture.xml:5036 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5031 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7288,22 +7293,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5041 +#: freeculture.xml:5042 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 +#: freeculture.xml:5043 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5051 freeculture.xml:15570 +#: freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:15573 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5049 +#: freeculture.xml:5050 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7311,12 +7316,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5060 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5044 +#: freeculture.xml:5045 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7330,7 +7335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5071 +#: freeculture.xml:5072 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7338,7 +7343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5065 +#: freeculture.xml:5066 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7350,12 +7355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5081 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5083 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7364,23 +7369,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5088 freeculture.xml:5142 +#: freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5143 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 +#: freeculture.xml:5091 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5091 +#: freeculture.xml:5092 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5100 +#: freeculture.xml:5101 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7388,7 +7393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5093 +#: freeculture.xml:5094 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7400,7 +7405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5107 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7415,7 +7420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5122 +#: freeculture.xml:5123 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7430,35 +7435,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5139 +#: freeculture.xml:5140 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5143 +#: freeculture.xml:5144 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5251 +#: freeculture.xml:5145 freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5151 +#: freeculture.xml:5152 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5147 +#: freeculture.xml:5148 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7472,12 +7477,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5162 +#: freeculture.xml:5163 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5165 +#: freeculture.xml:5166 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7490,7 +7495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5176 +#: freeculture.xml:5177 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7500,13 +7505,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:5252 +#: freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:5253 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5186 +#: freeculture.xml:5187 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7518,22 +7523,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5195 +#: freeculture.xml:5196 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5196 +#: freeculture.xml:5197 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5197 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7547,12 +7552,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5227 +#: freeculture.xml:5228 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5217 +#: freeculture.xml:5218 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7567,7 +7572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5232 +#: freeculture.xml:5233 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7575,7 +7580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5238 +#: freeculture.xml:5239 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7589,7 +7594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5255 +#: freeculture.xml:5256 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7612,7 +7617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5278 +#: freeculture.xml:5279 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7620,42 +7625,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5295 +#: freeculture.xml:5296 msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5296 freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:7717 freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:7604 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7777 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5297 +#: freeculture.xml:5298 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 +#: freeculture.xml:5299 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5299 freeculture.xml:5446 freeculture.xml:7602 freeculture.xml:7635 freeculture.xml:7716 freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:5300 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:7636 freeculture.xml:7717 freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5299 +#: freeculture.xml:5300 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5301 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5302 +#: freeculture.xml:5303 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7665,24 +7670,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5309 +#: freeculture.xml:5310 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5313 freeculture.xml:5379 +#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5380 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5393 +#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5394 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5316 +#: freeculture.xml:5317 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7692,13 +7697,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5323 +#: freeculture.xml:5324 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5325 +#: freeculture.xml:5326 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7709,12 +7714,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5336 +#: freeculture.xml:5337 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7725,17 +7730,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5343 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5343 freeculture.xml:5404 freeculture.xml:5468 +#: freeculture.xml:5344 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5345 +#: freeculture.xml:5346 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7745,12 +7750,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:5403 freeculture.xml:5467 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5404 freeculture.xml:5468 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5353 +#: freeculture.xml:5354 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7760,7 +7765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5361 +#: freeculture.xml:5362 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7771,12 +7776,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5370 +#: freeculture.xml:5371 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5372 +#: freeculture.xml:5373 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7788,7 +7793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5381 +#: freeculture.xml:5382 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7800,12 +7805,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5395 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5396 +#: freeculture.xml:5397 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7816,7 +7821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5406 +#: freeculture.xml:5407 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7830,7 +7835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5417 +#: freeculture.xml:5418 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7843,7 +7848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5429 +#: freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7853,7 +7858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5426 +#: freeculture.xml:5427 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7865,19 +7870,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5443 +#: freeculture.xml:5444 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5446 freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5448 +#: freeculture.xml:5449 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7888,13 +7893,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5457 +#: freeculture.xml:5458 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5460 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7904,18 +7909,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5469 +#: freeculture.xml:5470 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5470 +#: freeculture.xml:5471 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5473 +#: freeculture.xml:5474 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7931,7 +7936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5485 +#: freeculture.xml:5486 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7942,14 +7947,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5497 +#: freeculture.xml:5498 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5505 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7960,7 +7965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5513 +#: freeculture.xml:5514 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7969,22 +7974,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5528 +#: freeculture.xml:5529 msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5529 +#: freeculture.xml:5530 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5530 freeculture.xml:5590 freeculture.xml:5775 freeculture.xml:10496 freeculture.xml:14936 +#: freeculture.xml:5531 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:5776 freeculture.xml:10497 freeculture.xml:14939 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5533 +#: freeculture.xml:5534 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -7994,17 +7999,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 +#: freeculture.xml:5541 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5541 +#: freeculture.xml:5542 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5544 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8016,7 +8021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5553 +#: freeculture.xml:5554 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8026,7 +8031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5560 +#: freeculture.xml:5561 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8036,7 +8041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5567 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8047,19 +8052,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5575 +#: freeculture.xml:5576 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5589 +#: freeculture.xml:5590 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5585 +#: freeculture.xml:5586 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8069,7 +8074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5579 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8078,7 +8083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5594 +#: freeculture.xml:5595 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8088,7 +8093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5601 +#: freeculture.xml:5602 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8096,7 +8101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5607 +#: freeculture.xml:5608 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8108,7 +8113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5616 +#: freeculture.xml:5617 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8121,12 +8126,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5627 +#: freeculture.xml:5628 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5629 +#: freeculture.xml:5630 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8139,14 +8144,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5640 +#: freeculture.xml:5641 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5644 +#: freeculture.xml:5645 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8154,7 +8159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5650 +#: freeculture.xml:5651 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8167,20 +8172,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5662 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5665 +#: freeculture.xml:5666 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5673 +#: freeculture.xml:5674 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8189,7 +8194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5667 +#: freeculture.xml:5668 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8200,7 +8205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5681 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8210,7 +8215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5689 +#: freeculture.xml:5690 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8219,7 +8224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5697 +#: freeculture.xml:5698 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8232,7 +8237,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5708 +#: freeculture.xml:5709 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8253,7 +8258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5728 +#: freeculture.xml:5729 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8263,7 +8268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5737 +#: freeculture.xml:5738 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8278,7 +8283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5750 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8289,7 +8294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5760 +#: freeculture.xml:5761 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8298,12 +8303,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5765 +#: freeculture.xml:5766 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5767 +#: freeculture.xml:5768 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8314,27 +8319,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5776 +#: freeculture.xml:5777 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5777 +#: freeculture.xml:5778 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5777 +#: freeculture.xml:5778 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5778 +#: freeculture.xml:5779 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5775 +#: freeculture.xml:5776 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8354,7 +8359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5795 +#: freeculture.xml:5796 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8364,13 +8369,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5801 +#: freeculture.xml:5802 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5803 +#: freeculture.xml:5804 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8383,7 +8388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5814 +#: freeculture.xml:5815 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8393,7 +8398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5821 +#: freeculture.xml:5822 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8410,7 +8415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5836 +#: freeculture.xml:5837 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8420,7 +8425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5842 +#: freeculture.xml:5843 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8434,7 +8439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5855 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8446,7 +8451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5864 +#: freeculture.xml:5865 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8459,7 +8464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5874 +#: freeculture.xml:5875 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8475,22 +8480,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5889 +#: freeculture.xml:5890 msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5890 freeculture.xml:9235 freeculture.xml:11561 freeculture.xml:11806 +#: freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:9236 freeculture.xml:11562 freeculture.xml:11807 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:8520 +#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:8521 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8503,12 +8508,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5903 freeculture.xml:5934 freeculture.xml:5996 +#: freeculture.xml:5904 freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:5997 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 +#: freeculture.xml:5906 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8519,12 +8524,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5912 +#: freeculture.xml:5913 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 +#: freeculture.xml:5915 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8534,7 +8539,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5922 +#: freeculture.xml:5923 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8542,7 +8547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5927 +#: freeculture.xml:5928 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8552,12 +8557,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5943 +#: freeculture.xml:5944 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5942 +#: freeculture.xml:5943 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " @@ -8568,7 +8573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5936 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8578,12 +8583,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5951 +#: freeculture.xml:5952 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5953 +#: freeculture.xml:5954 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8596,7 +8601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5964 +#: freeculture.xml:5965 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8609,7 +8614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5973 +#: freeculture.xml:5974 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8621,7 +8626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5984 +#: freeculture.xml:5985 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8634,32 +8639,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5993 freeculture.xml:6048 freeculture.xml:10481 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:10482 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5994 +#: freeculture.xml:5995 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5995 +#: freeculture.xml:5996 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5997 freeculture.xml:11052 freeculture.xml:14117 freeculture.xml:14247 freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 freeculture.xml:11053 freeculture.xml:14120 freeculture.xml:14250 freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5997 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6000 +#: freeculture.xml:6001 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8679,18 +8684,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6017 +#: freeculture.xml:6018 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6018 +#: freeculture.xml:6019 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6020 +#: freeculture.xml:6021 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8702,17 +8707,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6031 +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6031 +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6033 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8723,7 +8728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6041 +#: freeculture.xml:6042 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8733,13 +8738,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:6093 +#: freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6060 +#: freeculture.xml:6061 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8749,7 +8754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6051 +#: freeculture.xml:6052 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8762,7 +8767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6069 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8777,7 +8782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6080 +#: freeculture.xml:6081 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8789,37 +8794,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6090 +#: freeculture.xml:6091 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6091 +#: freeculture.xml:6092 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6091 freeculture.xml:6094 +#: freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6095 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6095 +#: freeculture.xml:6096 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6096 +#: freeculture.xml:6097 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6098 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6099 +#: freeculture.xml:6100 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8839,7 +8844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6117 +#: freeculture.xml:6118 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8849,7 +8854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6125 +#: freeculture.xml:6126 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8860,7 +8865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6133 +#: freeculture.xml:6134 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8872,7 +8877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6145 +#: freeculture.xml:6146 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8883,7 +8888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6158 +#: freeculture.xml:6159 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8895,7 +8900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6155 +#: freeculture.xml:6156 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8907,7 +8912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6173 +#: freeculture.xml:6174 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8921,7 +8926,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6184 +#: freeculture.xml:6185 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8934,7 +8939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6196 +#: freeculture.xml:6197 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8945,7 +8950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6204 +#: freeculture.xml:6205 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8954,12 +8959,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6210 +#: freeculture.xml:6211 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6212 +#: freeculture.xml:6213 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8976,7 +8981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6227 +#: freeculture.xml:6228 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8992,7 +8997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6242 +#: freeculture.xml:6243 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9004,22 +9009,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6253 +#: freeculture.xml:6254 msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6254 +#: freeculture.xml:6255 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6255 freeculture.xml:10237 +#: freeculture.xml:6256 freeculture.xml:10238 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6257 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9031,37 +9036,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6267 +#: freeculture.xml:6268 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6268 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 +#: freeculture.xml:6270 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6270 +#: freeculture.xml:6271 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6272 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6272 freeculture.xml:7887 freeculture.xml:8059 +#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:7888 freeculture.xml:8060 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6274 +#: freeculture.xml:6275 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9076,7 +9081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6287 +#: freeculture.xml:6288 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9090,7 +9095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6299 +#: freeculture.xml:6300 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9102,13 +9107,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6308 +#: freeculture.xml:6309 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6322 +#: freeculture.xml:6323 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9118,7 +9123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6313 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9132,7 +9137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6332 +#: freeculture.xml:6333 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9144,7 +9149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6343 +#: freeculture.xml:6344 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9160,7 +9165,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6358 +#: freeculture.xml:6359 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9173,7 +9178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6355 +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9186,7 +9191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6373 +#: freeculture.xml:6374 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9197,7 +9202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6381 +#: freeculture.xml:6382 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9211,7 +9216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6396 +#: freeculture.xml:6397 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9223,7 +9228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6405 +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9231,7 +9236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6410 +#: freeculture.xml:6411 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9246,7 +9251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6421 +#: freeculture.xml:6422 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9263,7 +9268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6436 +#: freeculture.xml:6437 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9274,7 +9279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6446 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9288,7 +9293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6458 +#: freeculture.xml:6459 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9298,7 +9303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6468 +#: freeculture.xml:6469 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9313,33 +9318,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6480 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:6740 freeculture.xml:9812 freeculture.xml:9929 +#: freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9813 freeculture.xml:9930 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:6482 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6482 +#: freeculture.xml:6483 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6559 freeculture.xml:6694 +#: freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6487 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9351,14 +9356,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6497 freeculture.xml:6690 freeculture.xml:7060 +#: freeculture.xml:6498 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6501 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9375,12 +9380,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6517 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6695 +#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6696 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6519 +#: freeculture.xml:6520 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9393,12 +9398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6671 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:9821 freeculture.xml:10055 +#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:9822 freeculture.xml:10056 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6531 +#: freeculture.xml:6532 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9410,12 +9415,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6540 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6629 freeculture.xml:6670 freeculture.xml:6693 +#: freeculture.xml:6541 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6671 freeculture.xml:6694 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6542 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9434,7 +9439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6563 +#: freeculture.xml:6564 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9442,7 +9447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6569 +#: freeculture.xml:6570 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9454,17 +9459,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6580 +#: freeculture.xml:6581 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6581 +#: freeculture.xml:6582 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6583 +#: freeculture.xml:6584 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9481,7 +9486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6601 +#: freeculture.xml:6602 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9495,7 +9500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6597 +#: freeculture.xml:6598 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9512,24 +9517,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6626 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6668 +#: freeculture.xml:6669 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6669 +#: freeculture.xml:6670 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6639 +#: freeculture.xml:6640 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9564,7 +9569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6631 +#: freeculture.xml:6632 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9575,17 +9580,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6676 +#: freeculture.xml:6677 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6677 freeculture.xml:7050 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:7051 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6679 +#: freeculture.xml:6680 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9594,13 +9599,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6685 +#: freeculture.xml:6686 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6698 +#: freeculture.xml:6699 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9614,22 +9619,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6709 +#: freeculture.xml:6710 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6710 +#: freeculture.xml:6711 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6712 +#: freeculture.xml:6713 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6714 +#: freeculture.xml:6715 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9640,18 +9645,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6723 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7876 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6723 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6725 +#: freeculture.xml:6726 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9662,24 +9667,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:6737 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6739 +#: freeculture.xml:6740 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6740 freeculture.xml:9812 +#: freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9813 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6742 +#: freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9693,18 +9698,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6755 freeculture.xml:6895 +#: freeculture.xml:6756 freeculture.xml:6896 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6756 +#: freeculture.xml:6757 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6758 +#: freeculture.xml:6759 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9721,7 +9726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6778 +#: freeculture.xml:6779 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9732,18 +9737,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6791 +#: freeculture.xml:6792 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6792 +#: freeculture.xml:6793 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6802 +#: freeculture.xml:6803 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9755,7 +9760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6794 +#: freeculture.xml:6795 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9777,35 +9782,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6823 +#: freeculture.xml:6824 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:15512 +#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:15515 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:7841 +#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:7842 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6841 +#: freeculture.xml:6842 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6831 +#: freeculture.xml:6832 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9823,7 +9828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6852 +#: freeculture.xml:6853 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9835,17 +9840,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6863 +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6863 +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6865 +#: freeculture.xml:6866 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9862,7 +9867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6881 +#: freeculture.xml:6882 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9873,27 +9878,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6890 +#: freeculture.xml:6891 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6893 +#: freeculture.xml:6894 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6894 +#: freeculture.xml:6895 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6897 +#: freeculture.xml:6898 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9903,7 +9908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6904 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9911,22 +9916,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6908 +#: freeculture.xml:6909 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6909 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6910 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:6913 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9935,7 +9940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6918 +#: freeculture.xml:6919 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9947,18 +9952,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6927 +#: freeculture.xml:6928 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6928 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6934 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9967,7 +9972,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6930 +#: freeculture.xml:6931 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -9985,7 +9990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6952 +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -9999,49 +10004,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6964 +#: freeculture.xml:6965 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6973 +#: freeculture.xml:6974 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6974 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:11471 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:11472 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:11180 +#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11181 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11473 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6979 +#: freeculture.xml:6980 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:11181 +#: freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6983 +#: freeculture.xml:6984 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10050,12 +10055,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6988 +#: freeculture.xml:6989 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6990 +#: freeculture.xml:6991 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10064,7 +10069,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6995 +#: freeculture.xml:6996 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10078,12 +10083,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7009 +#: freeculture.xml:7010 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7011 +#: freeculture.xml:7012 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10096,22 +10101,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7020 +#: freeculture.xml:7021 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7021 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7022 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7024 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10128,7 +10133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7041 +#: freeculture.xml:7042 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10139,7 +10144,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7052 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10147,12 +10152,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7063 +#: freeculture.xml:7064 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7067 +#: freeculture.xml:7068 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -10160,37 +10165,37 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7070 +#: freeculture.xml:7071 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:7076 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7370 +#: freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7371 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7079 +#: freeculture.xml:7080 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7080 +#: freeculture.xml:7081 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7096 +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7090 +#: freeculture.xml:7091 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -10201,7 +10206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7082 +#: freeculture.xml:7083 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10217,12 +10222,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7106 +#: freeculture.xml:7107 msgid "federal vs. state" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7108 +#: freeculture.xml:7109 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10233,7 +10238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7117 +#: freeculture.xml:7118 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10244,7 +10249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7133 +#: freeculture.xml:7134 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10263,7 +10268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7125 +#: freeculture.xml:7126 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10276,7 +10281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7151 +#: freeculture.xml:7152 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10287,7 +10292,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7166 +#: freeculture.xml:7167 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10301,7 +10306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7160 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10312,12 +10317,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7184 +#: freeculture.xml:7185 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#: freeculture.xml:7181 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10330,17 +10335,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:11119 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:11120 +#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11121 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7195 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10351,17 +10356,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:7237 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:15430 +#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:11124 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:11125 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7205 +#: freeculture.xml:7206 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10374,18 +10379,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 freeculture.xml:11123 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:13212 freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13213 freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 freeculture.xml:11123 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7216 +#: freeculture.xml:7217 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10397,7 +10402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7228 +#: freeculture.xml:7229 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10409,22 +10414,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7238 +#: freeculture.xml:7239 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "copyright terms for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10436,7 +10441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7251 +#: freeculture.xml:7252 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10448,7 +10453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7271 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10457,7 +10462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7262 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10469,17 +10474,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7284 +#: freeculture.xml:7285 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7285 freeculture.xml:7504 +#: freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7505 msgid "scope of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7287 +#: freeculture.xml:7288 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10488,12 +10493,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7294 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10509,7 +10514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7308 +#: freeculture.xml:7309 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10526,23 +10531,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7322 +#: freeculture.xml:7323 msgid "marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7323 +#: freeculture.xml:7324 msgid "formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7325 msgid "registration requirement of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7327 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10557,7 +10562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 +#: freeculture.xml:7342 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10573,12 +10578,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7354 +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "European" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7356 +#: freeculture.xml:7357 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10589,13 +10594,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7367 +#: freeculture.xml:7368 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7379 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10605,7 +10610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7373 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10619,7 +10624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7394 +#: freeculture.xml:7395 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10630,7 +10635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7404 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10641,7 +10646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7413 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10649,7 +10654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7418 +#: freeculture.xml:7419 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10664,7 +10669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7433 +#: freeculture.xml:7434 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10676,7 +10681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7455 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10685,7 +10690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7445 +#: freeculture.xml:7446 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10700,12 +10705,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7477 +#: freeculture.xml:7478 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7470 +#: freeculture.xml:7471 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10717,7 +10722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7465 +#: freeculture.xml:7466 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10727,7 +10732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:7486 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10737,7 +10742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7493 +#: freeculture.xml:7494 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10746,18 +10751,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7502 +#: freeculture.xml:7503 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7503 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7777 +#: freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7511 +#: freeculture.xml:7512 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10771,7 +10776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7506 +#: freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10781,13 +10786,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7522 +#: freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "other property rights vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7525 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10803,7 +10808,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7544 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10812,7 +10817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:7540 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10824,37 +10829,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7557 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7562 +#: freeculture.xml:7563 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7564 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7566 +#: freeculture.xml:7567 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7567 +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7572 +#: freeculture.xml:7573 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10869,14 +10874,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7586 +#: freeculture.xml:7587 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7589 +#: freeculture.xml:7590 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10887,21 +10892,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7600 +#: freeculture.xml:7601 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7605 +#: freeculture.xml:7606 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7612 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10914,7 +10919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7623 +#: freeculture.xml:7624 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" @@ -10922,7 +10927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7629 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -10931,18 +10936,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7921 freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7922 freeculture.xml:10192 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7635 freeculture.xml:7716 +#: freeculture.xml:7636 freeculture.xml:7717 msgid "Internet burdens on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7640 +#: freeculture.xml:7641 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -10952,7 +10957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7637 +#: freeculture.xml:7638 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -10969,7 +10974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -10982,17 +10987,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7671 +#: freeculture.xml:7672 msgid "e-books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7673 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7674 +#: freeculture.xml:7675 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -11006,14 +11011,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7687 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7690 +#: freeculture.xml:7691 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -11022,7 +11027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7696 +#: freeculture.xml:7697 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -11033,7 +11038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7705 +#: freeculture.xml:7706 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -11047,13 +11052,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:7719 msgid "fair use vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7720 +#: freeculture.xml:7721 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -11067,7 +11072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7739 +#: freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -11079,22 +11084,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7755 +#: freeculture.xml:7756 msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:15327 +#: freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:15330 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7757 +#: freeculture.xml:7758 msgid "trailer advertisements of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:7760 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -11104,12 +11109,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7765 freeculture.xml:7840 freeculture.xml:14072 +#: freeculture.xml:7766 freeculture.xml:7841 freeculture.xml:14075 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7767 +#: freeculture.xml:7768 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -11122,7 +11127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7780 +#: freeculture.xml:7781 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -11138,17 +11143,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7797 +#: freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "willful infringement findings in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7798 +#: freeculture.xml:7799 msgid "willful infringement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7800 +#: freeculture.xml:7801 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -11161,7 +11166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7810 +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -11173,12 +11178,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7818 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 msgid "first-sale doctrine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7820 +#: freeculture.xml:7821 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -11194,13 +11199,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7839 +#: freeculture.xml:7840 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7844 +#: freeculture.xml:7845 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -11217,7 +11222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#: freeculture.xml:7860 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -11228,12 +11233,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7868 +#: freeculture.xml:7869 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7870 +#: freeculture.xml:7871 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -11242,17 +11247,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7875 +#: freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7876 +#: freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7878 +#: freeculture.xml:7879 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -11262,18 +11267,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7885 +#: freeculture.xml:7886 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7886 freeculture.xml:8058 +#: freeculture.xml:7887 freeculture.xml:8059 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7897 +#: freeculture.xml:7898 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -11281,7 +11286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7889 +#: freeculture.xml:7890 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -11292,14 +11297,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7906 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7902 +#: freeculture.xml:7903 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -11311,7 +11316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7916 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -11320,7 +11325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7923 +#: freeculture.xml:7924 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11332,17 +11337,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7935 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7937 +#: freeculture.xml:7938 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7940 +#: freeculture.xml:7941 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11351,14 +11356,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7948 +#: freeculture.xml:7949 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7951 +#: freeculture.xml:7952 msgid "" "In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version " @@ -11367,7 +11372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7956 +#: freeculture.xml:7957 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11380,14 +11385,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7969 +#: freeculture.xml:7970 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7974 +#: freeculture.xml:7975 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -11395,7 +11400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7978 +#: freeculture.xml:7979 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11406,75 +11411,75 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7985 +#: freeculture.xml:7986 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7986 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7988 +#: freeculture.xml:7989 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7993 +#: freeculture.xml:7994 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7996 +#: freeculture.xml:7997 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8002 +#: freeculture.xml:8003 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8004 freeculture.xml:9862 +#: freeculture.xml:8005 freeculture.xml:9863 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 freeculture.xml:9863 freeculture.xml:11182 freeculture.xml:11228 freeculture.xml:13522 +#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9864 freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11229 freeculture.xml:13523 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 +#: freeculture.xml:8008 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8014 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8017 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8027 +#: freeculture.xml:8028 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11485,7 +11490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8020 +#: freeculture.xml:8021 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11500,7 +11505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8042 +#: freeculture.xml:8043 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11520,7 +11525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8062 +#: freeculture.xml:8063 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11529,7 +11534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8068 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11541,7 +11546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8077 +#: freeculture.xml:8078 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11551,24 +11556,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8084 +#: freeculture.xml:8085 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8087 +#: freeculture.xml:8088 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8088 +#: freeculture.xml:8089 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8090 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11578,14 +11583,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8099 +#: freeculture.xml:8100 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8103 +#: freeculture.xml:8104 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11594,7 +11599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8108 +#: freeculture.xml:8109 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11605,7 +11610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8117 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11620,7 +11625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8131 +#: freeculture.xml:8132 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11630,34 +11635,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8141 +#: freeculture.xml:8142 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:8289 freeculture.xml:8354 freeculture.xml:8466 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:8289 freeculture.xml:8354 freeculture.xml:8466 +#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8467 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8468 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8467 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8468 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8148 +#: freeculture.xml:8149 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11666,7 +11671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8153 +#: freeculture.xml:8154 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11677,7 +11682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8162 +#: freeculture.xml:8163 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11688,12 +11693,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8169 +#: freeculture.xml:8170 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8171 +#: freeculture.xml:8172 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11709,7 +11714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8185 +#: freeculture.xml:8186 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11719,7 +11724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8192 +#: freeculture.xml:8193 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11730,7 +11735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8202 +#: freeculture.xml:8203 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11745,12 +11750,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8217 +#: freeculture.xml:8218 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8219 +#: freeculture.xml:8220 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11764,12 +11769,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8242 freeculture.xml:10820 +#: freeculture.xml:8243 freeculture.xml:10821 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8232 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11788,7 +11793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8230 +#: freeculture.xml:8231 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11798,7 +11803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8250 +#: freeculture.xml:8251 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11810,7 +11815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8260 +#: freeculture.xml:8261 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11820,7 +11825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8267 +#: freeculture.xml:8268 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11829,7 +11834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8273 +#: freeculture.xml:8274 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11840,7 +11845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8281 +#: freeculture.xml:8282 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11850,7 +11855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8292 +#: freeculture.xml:8293 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11858,7 +11863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8299 +#: freeculture.xml:8300 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11866,7 +11871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8308 +#: freeculture.xml:8309 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11875,7 +11880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8314 +#: freeculture.xml:8315 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11884,7 +11889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8322 +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11892,7 +11897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8327 +#: freeculture.xml:8328 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -11905,7 +11910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8338 +#: freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -11915,7 +11920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8345 +#: freeculture.xml:8346 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -11927,7 +11932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8357 +#: freeculture.xml:8358 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -11941,7 +11946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8369 +#: freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -11952,17 +11957,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8376 freeculture.xml:8411 +#: freeculture.xml:8377 freeculture.xml:8412 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8387 freeculture.xml:8426 freeculture.xml:8454 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8455 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8379 +#: freeculture.xml:8380 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -11975,7 +11980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8406 +#: freeculture.xml:8407 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -11986,7 +11991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8391 +#: freeculture.xml:8392 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -12006,7 +12011,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8418 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -12014,7 +12019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8422 +#: freeculture.xml:8423 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref " "xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, " @@ -12022,26 +12027,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8429 +#: freeculture.xml:8430 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8432 +#: freeculture.xml:8433 msgid "" "— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers " "be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8435 +#: freeculture.xml:8436 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"65%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8438 +#: freeculture.xml:8439 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -12052,13 +12057,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 +#: freeculture.xml:8446 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8447 +#: freeculture.xml:8448 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -12067,7 +12072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8456 +#: freeculture.xml:8457 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -12078,7 +12083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8469 +#: freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -12089,7 +12094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8477 +#: freeculture.xml:8478 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -12103,7 +12108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8489 +#: freeculture.xml:8490 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -12118,7 +12123,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8508 +#: freeculture.xml:8509 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -12127,7 +12132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8502 +#: freeculture.xml:8503 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -12137,7 +12142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8514 +#: freeculture.xml:8515 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -12147,7 +12152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8522 +#: freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -12160,7 +12165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8532 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -12171,13 +12176,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8541 +#: freeculture.xml:8542 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8543 +#: freeculture.xml:8544 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -12195,7 +12200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8561 +#: freeculture.xml:8562 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -12205,7 +12210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8568 +#: freeculture.xml:8569 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -12218,38 +12223,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8579 +#: freeculture.xml:8580 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8583 +#: freeculture.xml:8584 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8584 freeculture.xml:9972 +#: freeculture.xml:8585 freeculture.xml:9973 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8585 +#: freeculture.xml:8586 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8586 freeculture.xml:9979 +#: freeculture.xml:8587 freeculture.xml:9980 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 +#: freeculture.xml:8588 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8593 +#: freeculture.xml:8594 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -12258,7 +12263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8600 +#: freeculture.xml:8601 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -12266,14 +12271,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8606 +#: freeculture.xml:8607 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8589 +#: freeculture.xml:8590 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -12287,13 +12292,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8610 +#: freeculture.xml:8611 msgid "ownership consolidation in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8612 +#: freeculture.xml:8613 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -12306,7 +12311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8624 +#: freeculture.xml:8625 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -12320,12 +12325,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8634 freeculture.xml:8655 +#: freeculture.xml:8635 freeculture.xml:8656 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8636 +#: freeculture.xml:8637 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -12333,7 +12338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8653 +#: freeculture.xml:8654 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -12341,7 +12346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8642 +#: freeculture.xml:8643 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -12356,7 +12361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8661 +#: freeculture.xml:8662 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -12365,7 +12370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8668 +#: freeculture.xml:8669 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" " "align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>" @@ -12373,7 +12378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8672 +#: freeculture.xml:8673 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -12381,7 +12386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8677 +#: freeculture.xml:8678 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -12390,24 +12395,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8683 +#: freeculture.xml:8684 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8686 +#: freeculture.xml:8687 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8688 freeculture.xml:8751 +#: freeculture.xml:8689 freeculture.xml:8752 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8690 +#: freeculture.xml:8691 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -12418,7 +12423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8702 +#: freeculture.xml:8703 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -12429,7 +12434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8697 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -12439,7 +12444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8713 +#: freeculture.xml:8714 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -12451,7 +12456,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8732 +#: freeculture.xml:8733 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -12463,7 +12468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8722 +#: freeculture.xml:8723 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -12482,7 +12487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8753 +#: freeculture.xml:8754 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -12491,17 +12496,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#: freeculture.xml:8759 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8759 +#: freeculture.xml:8760 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8761 +#: freeculture.xml:8762 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -12510,7 +12515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8776 +#: freeculture.xml:8777 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -12518,7 +12523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8767 +#: freeculture.xml:8768 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -12529,7 +12534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8783 +#: freeculture.xml:8784 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -12543,13 +12548,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8794 +#: freeculture.xml:8795 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8803 +#: freeculture.xml:8804 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -12565,7 +12570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8796 +#: freeculture.xml:8797 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -12580,7 +12585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8820 +#: freeculture.xml:8821 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12588,14 +12593,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8826 +#: freeculture.xml:8827 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8830 +#: freeculture.xml:8831 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -12604,7 +12609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8835 +#: freeculture.xml:8836 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -12622,7 +12627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8854 +#: freeculture.xml:8855 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12630,12 +12635,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8862 +#: freeculture.xml:8863 msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8864 +#: freeculture.xml:8865 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -12650,14 +12655,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8876 +#: freeculture.xml:8877 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8880 +#: freeculture.xml:8881 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -12667,7 +12672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8886 +#: freeculture.xml:8887 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -12676,42 +12681,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8894 +#: freeculture.xml:8895 msgid "on television advertising bans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8895 +#: freeculture.xml:8896 msgid "controversy avoided by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8908 +#: freeculture.xml:8909 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8909 +#: freeculture.xml:8910 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8910 +#: freeculture.xml:8911 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8911 +#: freeculture.xml:8912 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8912 +#: freeculture.xml:8913 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8907 +#: freeculture.xml:8908 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -12745,7 +12750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8897 +#: freeculture.xml:8898 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -12759,7 +12764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8946 +#: freeculture.xml:8947 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -12772,12 +12777,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8959 +#: freeculture.xml:8960 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8961 +#: freeculture.xml:8962 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -12787,7 +12792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8967 +#: freeculture.xml:8968 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -12802,7 +12807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8983 +#: freeculture.xml:8984 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12811,7 +12816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8989 +#: freeculture.xml:8990 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12825,7 +12830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9001 +#: freeculture.xml:9002 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -12840,7 +12845,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 +#: freeculture.xml:9014 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12851,7 +12856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9037 +#: freeculture.xml:9038 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -12859,7 +12864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9022 +#: freeculture.xml:9023 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -12877,14 +12882,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9043 +#: freeculture.xml:9044 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9047 +#: freeculture.xml:9048 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -12894,38 +12899,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9059 freeculture.xml:9096 +#: freeculture.xml:9060 freeculture.xml:9097 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9060 freeculture.xml:9097 freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9167 +#: freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9168 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9065 freeculture.xml:9102 freeculture.xml:9140 freeculture.xml:9172 +#: freeculture.xml:9066 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9173 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9066 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9142 freeculture.xml:9173 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9178 freeculture.xml:9179 +#: freeculture.xml:9067 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9105 freeculture.xml:9142 freeculture.xml:9143 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9175 freeculture.xml:9179 freeculture.xml:9180 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9067 freeculture.xml:9071 freeculture.xml:9072 freeculture.xml:9108 freeculture.xml:9109 freeculture.xml:9147 +#: freeculture.xml:9068 freeculture.xml:9072 freeculture.xml:9073 freeculture.xml:9109 freeculture.xml:9110 freeculture.xml:9148 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9070 freeculture.xml:9107 freeculture.xml:9145 freeculture.xml:9177 +#: freeculture.xml:9071 freeculture.xml:9108 freeculture.xml:9146 freeculture.xml:9178 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9079 +#: freeculture.xml:9080 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -12935,12 +12940,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9088 +#: freeculture.xml:9089 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9116 +#: freeculture.xml:9117 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -12949,7 +12954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9122 +#: freeculture.xml:9123 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -12959,17 +12964,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9134 freeculture.xml:9166 +#: freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9167 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9146 +#: freeculture.xml:9147 msgid "© / Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9154 +#: freeculture.xml:9155 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -12980,7 +12985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9186 +#: freeculture.xml:9187 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -12989,7 +12994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9194 +#: freeculture.xml:9195 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -12998,7 +13003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9200 +#: freeculture.xml:9201 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -13012,12 +13017,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9218 +#: freeculture.xml:9219 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9218 +#: freeculture.xml:9219 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important " "contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property " @@ -13028,7 +13033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9212 +#: freeculture.xml:9213 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -13046,7 +13051,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9237 +#: freeculture.xml:9238 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -13070,7 +13075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9260 +#: freeculture.xml:9261 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -13085,33 +13090,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9277 +#: freeculture.xml:9278 msgid "Puzzles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9281 +#: freeculture.xml:9282 msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9282 +#: freeculture.xml:9283 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9283 +#: freeculture.xml:9284 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9285 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9292 +#: freeculture.xml:9293 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -13120,7 +13125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9287 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -13135,7 +13140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9304 +#: freeculture.xml:9305 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -13150,7 +13155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9316 +#: freeculture.xml:9317 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -13164,7 +13169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9327 +#: freeculture.xml:9328 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -13174,14 +13179,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9333 +#: freeculture.xml:9334 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9337 +#: freeculture.xml:9338 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -13189,7 +13194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9342 +#: freeculture.xml:9343 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -13198,7 +13203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9348 +#: freeculture.xml:9349 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -13208,7 +13213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9354 +#: freeculture.xml:9355 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -13220,7 +13225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9368 +#: freeculture.xml:9369 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -13231,7 +13236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9376 +#: freeculture.xml:9377 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -13248,7 +13253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9390 +#: freeculture.xml:9391 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -13261,7 +13266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9399 +#: freeculture.xml:9400 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -13273,7 +13278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9410 +#: freeculture.xml:9411 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -13285,7 +13290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9420 +#: freeculture.xml:9421 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -13295,22 +13300,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9436 freeculture.xml:9723 freeculture.xml:10821 +#: freeculture.xml:9437 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:10822 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9467 +#: freeculture.xml:9468 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9468 freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:9469 freeculture.xml:10216 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9436 +#: freeculture.xml:9437 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -13346,7 +13351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9427 +#: freeculture.xml:9428 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -13359,7 +13364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9474 +#: freeculture.xml:9475 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13369,7 +13374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9481 +#: freeculture.xml:9482 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13383,7 +13388,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9493 +#: freeculture.xml:9494 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13394,7 +13399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9501 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -13408,14 +13413,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9514 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9519 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13426,7 +13431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9535 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13437,7 +13442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9525 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -13450,12 +13455,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9549 freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 freeculture.xml:9924 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9546 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -13463,7 +13468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9552 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13471,12 +13476,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9560 +#: freeculture.xml:9561 msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9563 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -13487,7 +13492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9571 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -13496,7 +13501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9577 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13505,7 +13510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9584 +#: freeculture.xml:9585 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -13515,7 +13520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9593 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13525,12 +13530,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9599 +#: freeculture.xml:9600 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9601 +#: freeculture.xml:9602 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -13547,7 +13552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9616 +#: freeculture.xml:9617 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -13562,7 +13567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9627 +#: freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13572,7 +13577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9637 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13586,17 +13591,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9647 freeculture.xml:9671 +#: freeculture.xml:9648 freeculture.xml:9672 msgid "WorldCom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9650 +#: freeculture.xml:9651 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9666 +#: freeculture.xml:9667 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13607,12 +13612,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9687 +#: freeculture.xml:9688 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9678 +#: freeculture.xml:9679 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13626,7 +13631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9653 +#: freeculture.xml:9654 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -13648,13 +13653,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9693 +#: freeculture.xml:9694 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9714 +#: freeculture.xml:9715 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13664,7 +13669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9695 +#: freeculture.xml:9696 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13684,7 +13689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9725 +#: freeculture.xml:9726 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13698,7 +13703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9738 +#: freeculture.xml:9739 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13712,7 +13717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9749 +#: freeculture.xml:9750 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13723,7 +13728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9760 +#: freeculture.xml:9761 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13736,7 +13741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9770 +#: freeculture.xml:9771 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13749,7 +13754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9781 +#: freeculture.xml:9782 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13762,13 +13767,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:9793 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9796 +#: freeculture.xml:9797 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13781,22 +13786,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9809 +#: freeculture.xml:9810 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9810 +#: freeculture.xml:9811 msgid "innovation hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:9812 msgid "industry establishment opposed to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9814 +#: freeculture.xml:9815 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13807,7 +13812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9823 +#: freeculture.xml:9824 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13820,7 +13825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9834 +#: freeculture.xml:9835 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13835,18 +13840,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9847 freeculture.xml:9968 freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:9969 freeculture.xml:9975 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:9980 +#: freeculture.xml:9849 freeculture.xml:9981 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9850 +#: freeculture.xml:9851 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13861,7 +13866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9865 +#: freeculture.xml:9866 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13869,22 +13874,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9869 +#: freeculture.xml:9870 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9870 +#: freeculture.xml:9871 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9871 +#: freeculture.xml:9872 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9873 +#: freeculture.xml:9874 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13895,12 +13900,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9881 +#: freeculture.xml:9882 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9883 +#: freeculture.xml:9884 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13910,7 +13915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9890 +#: freeculture.xml:9891 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -13925,7 +13930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9902 +#: freeculture.xml:9903 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13935,7 +13940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:9913 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13949,17 +13954,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:9969 +#: freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:9970 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9929 +#: freeculture.xml:9930 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9931 +#: freeculture.xml:9932 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -13971,12 +13976,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9941 +#: freeculture.xml:9942 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9944 +#: freeculture.xml:9945 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -13989,7 +13994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9955 +#: freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -14001,43 +14006,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:9971 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9971 +#: freeculture.xml:9972 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9973 +#: freeculture.xml:9974 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9975 +#: freeculture.xml:9976 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9976 +#: freeculture.xml:9977 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9977 +#: freeculture.xml:9978 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9978 freeculture.xml:10024 +#: freeculture.xml:9979 freeculture.xml:10025 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9988 +#: freeculture.xml:9989 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -14050,7 +14055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9982 +#: freeculture.xml:9983 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -14070,7 +14075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10020 +#: freeculture.xml:10021 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -14080,7 +14085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10011 +#: freeculture.xml:10012 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -14092,7 +14097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10032 +#: freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -14104,7 +14109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10042 +#: freeculture.xml:10043 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -14120,7 +14125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10057 +#: freeculture.xml:10058 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14135,7 +14140,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10069 +#: freeculture.xml:10070 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14154,7 +14159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14164,7 +14169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10095 +#: freeculture.xml:10096 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14178,7 +14183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10110 +#: freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14188,12 +14193,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10123 +#: freeculture.xml:10124 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10106 +#: freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14211,7 +14216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10127 +#: freeculture.xml:10128 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14221,20 +14226,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10136 freeculture.xml:12049 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10142 +#: freeculture.xml:10143 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10139 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14244,7 +14249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10150 +#: freeculture.xml:10151 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14252,7 +14257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10155 +#: freeculture.xml:10156 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14261,12 +14266,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10173 +#: freeculture.xml:10174 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10171 +#: freeculture.xml:10172 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -14274,7 +14279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10165 +#: freeculture.xml:10166 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14289,7 +14294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10184 +#: freeculture.xml:10185 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14299,17 +14304,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10190 +#: freeculture.xml:10191 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10195 +#: freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10195 +#: freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14328,17 +14333,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10214 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10214 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -14358,7 +14363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10193 +#: freeculture.xml:10194 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14369,13 +14374,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:10239 msgid "Monroe, Marilyn" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:10244 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14389,7 +14394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10254 +#: freeculture.xml:10255 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14402,7 +14407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10266 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14413,7 +14418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10275 +#: freeculture.xml:10276 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14429,7 +14434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10291 +#: freeculture.xml:10292 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14441,12 +14446,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10315 +#: freeculture.xml:10316 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10301 +#: freeculture.xml:10302 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14464,12 +14469,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10325 +#: freeculture.xml:10326 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10320 +#: freeculture.xml:10321 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14479,7 +14484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10330 +#: freeculture.xml:10331 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14489,23 +14494,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10339 +#: freeculture.xml:10340 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10343 +#: freeculture.xml:10344 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10344 freeculture.xml:10497 +#: freeculture.xml:10345 freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:10348 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14520,12 +14525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10386 +#: freeculture.xml:10387 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10369 +#: freeculture.xml:10370 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14547,7 +14552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:10363 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14558,7 +14563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10398 +#: freeculture.xml:10399 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14567,57 +14572,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:10407 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10409 +#: freeculture.xml:10410 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10412 +#: freeculture.xml:10413 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10415 +#: freeculture.xml:10416 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10418 +#: freeculture.xml:10419 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10421 +#: freeculture.xml:10422 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10424 +#: freeculture.xml:10425 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10427 +#: freeculture.xml:10428 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10430 +#: freeculture.xml:10431 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10433 +#: freeculture.xml:10434 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10436 +#: freeculture.xml:10437 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14625,77 +14630,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10442 +#: freeculture.xml:10443 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10446 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10448 +#: freeculture.xml:10449 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10451 +#: freeculture.xml:10452 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10454 +#: freeculture.xml:10455 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10457 +#: freeculture.xml:10458 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10460 +#: freeculture.xml:10461 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10463 +#: freeculture.xml:10464 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10466 +#: freeculture.xml:10467 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10469 +#: freeculture.xml:10470 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10472 +#: freeculture.xml:10473 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10475 +#: freeculture.xml:10476 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10478 +#: freeculture.xml:10479 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10483 +#: freeculture.xml:10484 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14706,7 +14711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14714,12 +14719,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10495 freeculture.xml:15306 +#: freeculture.xml:10496 freeculture.xml:15309 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10501 +#: freeculture.xml:10502 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14728,7 +14733,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10507 +#: freeculture.xml:10508 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14742,7 +14747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10523 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14751,7 +14756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10535 +#: freeculture.xml:10536 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14762,12 +14767,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10551 +#: freeculture.xml:10552 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10553 +#: freeculture.xml:10554 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14775,7 +14780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10559 +#: freeculture.xml:10560 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14784,7 +14789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10568 +#: freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14795,7 +14800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10564 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14813,7 +14818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10602 +#: freeculture.xml:10603 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14821,7 +14826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10589 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14843,13 +14848,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10613 +#: freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10625 +#: freeculture.xml:10626 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14858,7 +14863,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10633 +#: freeculture.xml:10634 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14867,7 +14872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10643 +#: freeculture.xml:10644 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14875,7 +14880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10615 +#: freeculture.xml:10616 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -14898,12 +14903,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10651 +#: freeculture.xml:10652 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10653 +#: freeculture.xml:10654 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14922,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10670 +#: freeculture.xml:10671 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14936,7 +14941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10683 +#: freeculture.xml:10684 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14946,7 +14951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#: freeculture.xml:10691 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -14963,7 +14968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10704 +#: freeculture.xml:10705 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -14977,13 +14982,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10717 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10719 +#: freeculture.xml:10720 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -14994,7 +14999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10730 +#: freeculture.xml:10731 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -15006,17 +15011,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10738 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10739 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10741 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15030,7 +15035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10752 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15043,7 +15048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10762 +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15057,7 +15062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10777 +#: freeculture.xml:10778 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15069,7 +15074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10786 +#: freeculture.xml:10787 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15082,7 +15087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10797 +#: freeculture.xml:10798 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15094,7 +15099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10806 +#: freeculture.xml:10807 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15104,7 +15109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10812 +#: freeculture.xml:10813 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15113,7 +15118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10823 +#: freeculture.xml:10824 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15125,19 +15130,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10831 freeculture.xml:10931 +#: freeculture.xml:10832 freeculture.xml:10932 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10833 +#: freeculture.xml:10834 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#: freeculture.xml:10839 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15151,7 +15156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:10851 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15159,7 +15164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10855 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15171,7 +15176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10873 +#: freeculture.xml:10874 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15188,7 +15193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10864 +#: freeculture.xml:10865 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15202,7 +15207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10891 +#: freeculture.xml:10892 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15210,7 +15215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10887 +#: freeculture.xml:10888 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15222,7 +15227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10912 +#: freeculture.xml:10913 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15245,7 +15250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10900 +#: freeculture.xml:10901 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15263,7 +15268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10933 +#: freeculture.xml:10934 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15277,7 +15282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10948 +#: freeculture.xml:10949 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15298,7 +15303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10968 +#: freeculture.xml:10969 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15309,12 +15314,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10981 +#: freeculture.xml:10982 msgid "Balances" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10986 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15324,7 +15329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10993 +#: freeculture.xml:10994 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15334,7 +15339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11001 +#: freeculture.xml:11002 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15347,7 +15352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11011 +#: freeculture.xml:11012 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15357,7 +15362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11019 +#: freeculture.xml:11020 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15365,7 +15370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11024 +#: freeculture.xml:11025 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15374,7 +15379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11030 +#: freeculture.xml:11031 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15383,22 +15388,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11040 +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11041 +#: freeculture.xml:11042 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11042 +#: freeculture.xml:11043 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11044 +#: freeculture.xml:11045 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15410,17 +15415,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11052 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11053 +#: freeculture.xml:11054 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11055 +#: freeculture.xml:11056 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15430,7 +15435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15442,12 +15447,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11074 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15463,12 +15468,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11101 freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:11102 freeculture.xml:12149 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11101 +#: freeculture.xml:11102 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15487,7 +15492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15502,17 +15507,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11123 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11126 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15528,17 +15533,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11153 +#: freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11154 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11154 +#: freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11155 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11153 +#: freeculture.xml:11154 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15551,7 +15556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11148 +#: freeculture.xml:11149 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15560,27 +15565,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11165 +#: freeculture.xml:11166 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11166 +#: freeculture.xml:11167 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11167 +#: freeculture.xml:11168 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11169 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11171 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15591,17 +15596,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11179 freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:11180 freeculture.xml:12117 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11182 freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11184 +#: freeculture.xml:11185 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15611,7 +15616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11195 +#: freeculture.xml:11196 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15619,7 +15624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11202 +#: freeculture.xml:11203 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15633,13 +15638,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:12710 +#: freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:12711 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11216 +#: freeculture.xml:11217 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15652,7 +15657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11230 +#: freeculture.xml:11231 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15665,7 +15670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11241 +#: freeculture.xml:11242 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15677,7 +15682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11250 +#: freeculture.xml:11251 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15689,7 +15694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11260 +#: freeculture.xml:11261 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15699,7 +15704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11267 +#: freeculture.xml:11268 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15708,7 +15713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11276 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15717,14 +15722,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11281 +#: freeculture.xml:11282 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11285 +#: freeculture.xml:11286 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15732,7 +15737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11290 +#: freeculture.xml:11291 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15741,7 +15746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11296 +#: freeculture.xml:11297 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15750,14 +15755,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11302 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11307 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15765,7 +15770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11312 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15774,7 +15779,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11318 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15786,7 +15791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11329 +#: freeculture.xml:11330 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15795,7 +15800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11341 +#: freeculture.xml:11342 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15804,7 +15809,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11348 +#: freeculture.xml:11349 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15813,7 +15818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11356 +#: freeculture.xml:11357 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15821,7 +15826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11334 +#: freeculture.xml:11335 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15836,7 +15841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11363 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15851,7 +15856,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11378 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15863,7 +15868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 +#: freeculture.xml:11392 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15873,7 +15878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11401 +#: freeculture.xml:11402 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15883,12 +15888,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 freeculture.xml:12197 +#: freeculture.xml:11408 freeculture.xml:12198 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11409 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -15904,7 +15909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11424 +#: freeculture.xml:11425 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15912,14 +15917,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11432 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11422 +#: freeculture.xml:11423 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15932,7 +15937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11438 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15947,7 +15952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11435 +#: freeculture.xml:11436 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15961,7 +15966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11459 +#: freeculture.xml:11460 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -15977,7 +15982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11476 +#: freeculture.xml:11477 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -15997,13 +16002,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11493 +#: freeculture.xml:11494 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:11502 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -16012,7 +16017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11495 +#: freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16024,7 +16029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11511 +#: freeculture.xml:11512 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16036,7 +16041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11523 +#: freeculture.xml:11524 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16051,7 +16056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11541 +#: freeculture.xml:11542 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16061,7 +16066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11535 +#: freeculture.xml:11536 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16073,7 +16078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16084,7 +16089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11563 +#: freeculture.xml:11564 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16095,14 +16100,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11571 +#: freeculture.xml:11572 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11575 +#: freeculture.xml:11576 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16110,7 +16115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11582 +#: freeculture.xml:11583 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16120,7 +16125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11591 +#: freeculture.xml:11592 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16128,7 +16133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11597 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16140,7 +16145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11605 +#: freeculture.xml:11606 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16154,7 +16159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11620 +#: freeculture.xml:11621 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16168,7 +16173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11632 +#: freeculture.xml:11633 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16176,28 +16181,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11637 +#: freeculture.xml:11638 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11638 freeculture.xml:12073 +#: freeculture.xml:11639 freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11639 +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11641 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:11654 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16207,7 +16212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11642 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16222,7 +16227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11660 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16232,7 +16237,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11666 +#: freeculture.xml:11667 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16244,7 +16249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11684 +#: freeculture.xml:11685 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16256,7 +16261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11677 +#: freeculture.xml:11678 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16267,7 +16272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11694 +#: freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16277,7 +16282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11702 +#: freeculture.xml:11703 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16288,7 +16293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11710 +#: freeculture.xml:11711 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16303,7 +16308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11722 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16313,7 +16318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11732 +#: freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16322,7 +16327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11740 +#: freeculture.xml:11741 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16333,7 +16338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11748 +#: freeculture.xml:11749 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16344,7 +16349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11758 +#: freeculture.xml:11759 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16358,7 +16363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11771 +#: freeculture.xml:11772 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16366,7 +16371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11778 +#: freeculture.xml:11779 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16379,7 +16384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11789 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16390,7 +16395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11798 +#: freeculture.xml:11799 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16399,12 +16404,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11804 +#: freeculture.xml:11805 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11808 +#: freeculture.xml:11809 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16419,7 +16424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11821 +#: freeculture.xml:11822 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16432,7 +16437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11831 +#: freeculture.xml:11832 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16446,7 +16451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11843 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16455,7 +16460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11848 +#: freeculture.xml:11849 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16470,7 +16475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11872 +#: freeculture.xml:11873 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16478,7 +16483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11860 +#: freeculture.xml:11861 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16492,7 +16497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11879 +#: freeculture.xml:11880 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16504,7 +16509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11888 +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16514,7 +16519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11895 +#: freeculture.xml:11896 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16528,7 +16533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11906 +#: freeculture.xml:11907 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16537,13 +16542,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11911 +#: freeculture.xml:11912 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11913 +#: freeculture.xml:11914 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16553,7 +16558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11922 +#: freeculture.xml:11923 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16563,7 +16568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11929 +#: freeculture.xml:11930 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16571,7 +16576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#: freeculture.xml:11936 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16584,7 +16589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11946 +#: freeculture.xml:11947 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16592,13 +16597,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11951 freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 freeculture.xml:11966 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11953 +#: freeculture.xml:11954 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16610,17 +16615,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11963 freeculture.xml:12326 freeculture.xml:12342 freeculture.xml:12439 freeculture.xml:12659 freeculture.xml:12690 freeculture.xml:12789 +#: freeculture.xml:11964 freeculture.xml:12327 freeculture.xml:12343 freeculture.xml:12440 freeculture.xml:12660 freeculture.xml:12691 freeculture.xml:12790 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11964 +#: freeculture.xml:11965 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11967 +#: freeculture.xml:11968 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16633,7 +16638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11977 +#: freeculture.xml:11978 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16655,7 +16660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11998 +#: freeculture.xml:11999 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16666,7 +16671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#: freeculture.xml:12007 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16685,17 +16690,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12024 freeculture.xml:12051 +#: freeculture.xml:12025 freeculture.xml:12052 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:12026 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12027 +#: freeculture.xml:12028 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16712,7 +16717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12041 +#: freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16723,7 +16728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12053 +#: freeculture.xml:12054 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16736,17 +16741,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12065 +#: freeculture.xml:12066 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12066 +#: freeculture.xml:12067 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12068 +#: freeculture.xml:12069 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16755,7 +16760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12075 +#: freeculture.xml:12076 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16764,32 +16769,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12081 +#: freeculture.xml:12082 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12082 +#: freeculture.xml:12083 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12083 +#: freeculture.xml:12084 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12085 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12086 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12087 +#: freeculture.xml:12088 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16803,28 +16808,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12097 freeculture.xml:12115 freeculture.xml:12328 freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:12098 freeculture.xml:12116 freeculture.xml:12329 freeculture.xml:12692 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12099 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12100 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12100 freeculture.xml:12327 freeculture.xml:13477 +#: freeculture.xml:12101 freeculture.xml:12328 freeculture.xml:13478 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16838,12 +16843,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:12118 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12119 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16857,7 +16862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12131 +#: freeculture.xml:12132 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16867,7 +16872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16878,18 +16883,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12146 +#: freeculture.xml:12147 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12147 +#: freeculture.xml:12148 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12158 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16897,7 +16902,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12165 +#: freeculture.xml:12166 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -16906,7 +16911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12150 +#: freeculture.xml:12151 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16923,7 +16928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12174 +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16938,7 +16943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12186 +#: freeculture.xml:12187 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16948,7 +16953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12193 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -16956,12 +16961,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12198 freeculture.xml:12384 +#: freeculture.xml:12199 freeculture.xml:12385 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12200 +#: freeculture.xml:12201 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -16974,18 +16979,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12234 freeculture.xml:12586 freeculture.xml:12598 +#: freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12235 freeculture.xml:12587 freeculture.xml:12599 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12550 +#: freeculture.xml:12211 freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12212 +#: freeculture.xml:12213 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -16998,7 +17003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12224 +#: freeculture.xml:12225 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17011,7 +17016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12236 +#: freeculture.xml:12237 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17021,7 +17026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12245 +#: freeculture.xml:12246 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17032,7 +17037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12253 +#: freeculture.xml:12254 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17045,7 +17050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12263 +#: freeculture.xml:12264 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17060,7 +17065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12277 +#: freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17070,7 +17075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12285 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17079,7 +17084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17094,7 +17099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12307 +#: freeculture.xml:12308 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17104,7 +17109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12317 +#: freeculture.xml:12318 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17115,7 +17120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12330 +#: freeculture.xml:12331 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17124,7 +17129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12336 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17134,7 +17139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12344 +#: freeculture.xml:12345 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17148,7 +17153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12354 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17158,7 +17163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:12365 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17174,7 +17179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12379 +#: freeculture.xml:12380 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17183,14 +17188,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12386 +#: freeculture.xml:12387 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12391 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17199,7 +17204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12398 +#: freeculture.xml:12399 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17208,7 +17213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12404 +#: freeculture.xml:12405 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17216,14 +17221,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12413 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12418 +#: freeculture.xml:12419 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17233,14 +17238,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12426 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12432 +#: freeculture.xml:12433 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17250,7 +17255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12441 +#: freeculture.xml:12442 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17260,7 +17265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12448 +#: freeculture.xml:12449 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17269,21 +17274,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12453 +#: freeculture.xml:12454 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12460 +#: freeculture.xml:12461 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12464 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17292,12 +17297,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12472 +#: freeculture.xml:12473 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12475 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17305,7 +17310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12480 +#: freeculture.xml:12481 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17314,7 +17319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:12489 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17330,7 +17335,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12501 +#: freeculture.xml:12502 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17339,7 +17344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17356,7 +17361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12525 +#: freeculture.xml:12526 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17367,7 +17372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12533 +#: freeculture.xml:12534 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17375,7 +17380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12539 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17383,7 +17388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12544 +#: freeculture.xml:12545 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17394,7 +17399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12554 +#: freeculture.xml:12555 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17402,7 +17407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12559 +#: freeculture.xml:12560 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17411,7 +17416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12565 +#: freeculture.xml:12566 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17425,7 +17430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12576 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17438,7 +17443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12588 +#: freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17453,7 +17458,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:12602 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17467,7 +17472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12612 +#: freeculture.xml:12613 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17478,7 +17483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12619 +#: freeculture.xml:12620 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17486,12 +17491,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12624 +#: freeculture.xml:12625 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12626 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17509,7 +17514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12639 +#: freeculture.xml:12640 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17524,7 +17529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12654 +#: freeculture.xml:12655 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17532,7 +17537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12661 +#: freeculture.xml:12662 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17547,7 +17552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12672 +#: freeculture.xml:12673 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17566,7 +17571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12693 +#: freeculture.xml:12694 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17574,7 +17579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:12699 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17583,7 +17588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12704 +#: freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17593,7 +17598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12713 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17603,7 +17608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12719 +#: freeculture.xml:12720 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17616,7 +17621,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12728 +#: freeculture.xml:12729 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17630,7 +17635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12743 +#: freeculture.xml:12744 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17641,12 +17646,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12758 freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12759 freeculture.xml:12764 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12752 +#: freeculture.xml:12753 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17657,14 +17662,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12762 +#: freeculture.xml:12763 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12766 +#: freeculture.xml:12767 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17677,12 +17682,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12778 msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12779 +#: freeculture.xml:12780 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17695,7 +17700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12791 +#: freeculture.xml:12792 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17709,7 +17714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12801 +#: freeculture.xml:12802 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17719,7 +17724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12810 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17727,7 +17732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12814 +#: freeculture.xml:12815 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17739,12 +17744,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12822 freeculture.xml:13023 +#: freeculture.xml:12823 freeculture.xml:13024 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12824 +#: freeculture.xml:12825 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17758,7 +17763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12837 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17771,22 +17776,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12846 +#: freeculture.xml:12847 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12847 freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:12848 freeculture.xml:12889 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12855 +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12855 +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17809,7 +17814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12850 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17824,7 +17829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12882 +#: freeculture.xml:12883 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17834,7 +17839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12891 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17847,7 +17852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12900 +#: freeculture.xml:12901 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17858,7 +17863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12908 +#: freeculture.xml:12909 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17869,7 +17874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12916 +#: freeculture.xml:12917 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17881,7 +17886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12928 +#: freeculture.xml:12929 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17892,7 +17897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17910,7 +17915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12953 +#: freeculture.xml:12954 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17925,7 +17930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12969 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17938,7 +17943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12978 +#: freeculture.xml:12979 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -17950,7 +17955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:12988 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -17960,7 +17965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12994 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -17970,7 +17975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13001 +#: freeculture.xml:13002 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -17979,7 +17984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13007 +#: freeculture.xml:13008 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -17997,7 +18002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#: freeculture.xml:13026 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18007,12 +18012,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 +#: freeculture.xml:13032 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13033 +#: freeculture.xml:13034 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18023,7 +18028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13042 +#: freeculture.xml:13043 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18035,7 +18040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13050 +#: freeculture.xml:13051 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18057,7 +18062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13071 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18068,7 +18073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13080 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18081,7 +18086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13089 +#: freeculture.xml:13090 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18091,7 +18096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13098 +#: freeculture.xml:13099 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18105,12 +18110,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13108 +#: freeculture.xml:13109 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13110 +#: freeculture.xml:13111 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18123,12 +18128,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13121 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13123 +#: freeculture.xml:13124 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18141,7 +18146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13134 +#: freeculture.xml:13135 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18152,7 +18157,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:13143 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18163,7 +18168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13155 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18173,7 +18178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18185,47 +18190,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13173 +#: freeculture.xml:13174 msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13174 +#: freeculture.xml:13175 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13176 +#: freeculture.xml:13177 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13177 +#: freeculture.xml:13178 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 +#: freeculture.xml:13180 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13181 +#: freeculture.xml:13182 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18235,7 +18240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13188 +#: freeculture.xml:13189 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18246,7 +18251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13203 +#: freeculture.xml:13204 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18257,7 +18262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13196 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18269,18 +18274,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13212 freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13213 freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13213 +#: freeculture.xml:13214 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13216 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18291,7 +18296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13224 +#: freeculture.xml:13225 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18304,7 +18309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13235 +#: freeculture.xml:13236 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18314,27 +18319,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13241 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13242 +#: freeculture.xml:13243 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13243 +#: freeculture.xml:13244 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13751 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13254 +#: freeculture.xml:13255 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18343,7 +18348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 +#: freeculture.xml:13246 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18355,13 +18360,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13260 +#: freeculture.xml:13261 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13269 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18376,7 +18381,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13295 +#: freeculture.xml:13296 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18385,7 +18390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13262 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18408,7 +18413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13302 +#: freeculture.xml:13303 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18420,7 +18425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13312 +#: freeculture.xml:13313 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18431,7 +18436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13320 +#: freeculture.xml:13321 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18445,7 +18450,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:13336 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18463,7 +18468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13329 +#: freeculture.xml:13330 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18475,7 +18480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13357 +#: freeculture.xml:13358 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18488,12 +18493,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13368 +#: freeculture.xml:13369 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18504,7 +18509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13376 +#: freeculture.xml:13377 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18515,13 +18520,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13383 +#: freeculture.xml:13384 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13385 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18538,7 +18543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13407 +#: freeculture.xml:13408 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18546,7 +18551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13413 +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18560,7 +18565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13428 +#: freeculture.xml:13429 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18572,7 +18577,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13437 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18587,7 +18592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13451 +#: freeculture.xml:13452 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18604,68 +18609,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14238 +#: freeculture.xml:13465 freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13465 freeculture.xml:13478 +#: freeculture.xml:13466 freeculture.xml:13479 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13466 freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13468 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:14157 +#: freeculture.xml:13469 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14160 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13469 freeculture.xml:14304 +#: freeculture.xml:13470 freeculture.xml:14307 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13470 freeculture.xml:14305 +#: freeculture.xml:13471 freeculture.xml:14308 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13472 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13473 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13473 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13474 freeculture.xml:13637 +#: freeculture.xml:13475 freeculture.xml:13638 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13475 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13476 +#: freeculture.xml:13477 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13483 +#: freeculture.xml:13484 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18681,7 +18686,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13480 +#: freeculture.xml:13481 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18706,7 +18711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13516 +#: freeculture.xml:13517 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18716,20 +18721,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13522 +#: freeculture.xml:13523 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13525 +#: freeculture.xml:13526 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13524 +#: freeculture.xml:13525 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18740,13 +18745,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13534 freeculture.xml:13690 +#: freeculture.xml:13535 freeculture.xml:13692 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13536 +#: freeculture.xml:13537 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18770,7 +18775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13560 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18779,17 +18784,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13569 freeculture.xml:15304 +#: freeculture.xml:13570 freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13570 +#: freeculture.xml:13571 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13572 +#: freeculture.xml:13573 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18803,13 +18808,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13582 +#: freeculture.xml:13583 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18830,7 +18835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13587 +#: freeculture.xml:13588 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18845,18 +18850,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13616 +#: freeculture.xml:13617 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13617 +#: freeculture.xml:13618 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13619 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18874,25 +18879,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13639 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:13640 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13649 +#: freeculture.xml:13650 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13641 +#: freeculture.xml:13642 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18905,7 +18910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13656 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18915,12 +18920,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13663 freeculture.xml:13721 +#: freeculture.xml:13664 freeculture.xml:13723 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> #: freeculture.xml:13665 +msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13667 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18932,12 +18942,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13676 +#: freeculture.xml:13678 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:13683 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18950,12 +18960,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13694 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18971,7 +18981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18987,7 +18997,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13725 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19001,17 +19011,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13734 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13735 +#: freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13737 +#: freeculture.xml:13739 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19025,14 +19035,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13754 +#: freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13751 +#: freeculture.xml:13753 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19043,7 +19053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13765 +#: freeculture.xml:13767 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19053,7 +19063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13774 +#: freeculture.xml:13776 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19066,7 +19076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13786 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19079,7 +19089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13797 +#: freeculture.xml:13799 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19091,7 +19101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13805 +#: freeculture.xml:13807 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19099,7 +19109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13813 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19114,7 +19124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:13824 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19124,17 +19134,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13830 +#: freeculture.xml:13833 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#: freeculture.xml:13837 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13836 +#: freeculture.xml:13839 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19148,7 +19158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13847 +#: freeculture.xml:13850 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19158,7 +19168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19168,7 +19178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13862 +#: freeculture.xml:13865 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19180,7 +19190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19190,7 +19200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13879 +#: freeculture.xml:13882 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19201,20 +19211,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13887 +#: freeculture.xml:13890 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13890 +#: freeculture.xml:13893 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13896 +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19233,7 +19243,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13914 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19243,7 +19253,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13921 +#: freeculture.xml:13924 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19251,7 +19261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13892 +#: freeculture.xml:13895 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19271,33 +19281,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13938 +#: freeculture.xml:13941 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13939 +#: freeculture.xml:13942 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13940 freeculture.xml:14335 +#: freeculture.xml:13943 freeculture.xml:14338 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13941 +#: freeculture.xml:13944 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13947 +#: freeculture.xml:13950 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19306,7 +19316,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19315,7 +19325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13947 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19334,25 +19344,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13970 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13978 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 msgid "Afterword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:13982 freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13983 +#: freeculture.xml:13986 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19360,7 +19370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13988 +#: freeculture.xml:13991 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19369,7 +19379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13994 +#: freeculture.xml:13997 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19378,7 +19388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14006 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19388,12 +19398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14012 +#: freeculture.xml:14015 msgid "Us, now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14015 +#: freeculture.xml:14018 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19403,7 +19413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14022 +#: freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19416,13 +19426,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14032 +#: freeculture.xml:14035 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14034 +#: freeculture.xml:14037 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19434,7 +19444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14046 +#: freeculture.xml:14049 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19451,7 +19461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14062 +#: freeculture.xml:14065 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19462,22 +19472,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14073 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14071 +#: freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14073 +#: freeculture.xml:14076 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14075 +#: freeculture.xml:14078 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19489,12 +19499,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14085 +#: freeculture.xml:14088 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14089 +#: freeculture.xml:14092 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19512,22 +19522,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14104 +#: freeculture.xml:14107 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14105 +#: freeculture.xml:14108 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14108 +#: freeculture.xml:14111 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19540,12 +19550,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14117 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19558,7 +19568,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#: freeculture.xml:14140 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19573,7 +19583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#: freeculture.xml:14134 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19587,12 +19597,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14156 +#: freeculture.xml:14159 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14160 +#: freeculture.xml:14163 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19603,12 +19613,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14167 +#: freeculture.xml:14170 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14169 +#: freeculture.xml:14172 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19618,7 +19628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14177 +#: freeculture.xml:14180 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19632,12 +19642,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14188 +#: freeculture.xml:14191 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14190 +#: freeculture.xml:14193 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19650,7 +19660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14199 +#: freeculture.xml:14202 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19660,12 +19670,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14208 +#: freeculture.xml:14211 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14210 +#: freeculture.xml:14213 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19676,7 +19686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14218 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19689,7 +19699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14232 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19700,12 +19710,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14239 +#: freeculture.xml:14242 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14241 +#: freeculture.xml:14244 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19713,23 +19723,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14245 +#: freeculture.xml:14248 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14247 freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:14250 freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14251 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14250 +#: freeculture.xml:14253 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19746,17 +19756,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:14268 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:14271 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19768,7 +19778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19776,7 +19786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14285 +#: freeculture.xml:14288 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19791,7 +19801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14297 +#: freeculture.xml:14300 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19802,7 +19812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14307 +#: freeculture.xml:14310 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19816,7 +19826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14324 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19827,24 +19837,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14337 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:14340 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14343 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14342 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19858,7 +19868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14353 +#: freeculture.xml:14356 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19877,7 +19887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14371 +#: freeculture.xml:14374 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19891,7 +19901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14382 +#: freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19904,13 +19914,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14395 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14394 +#: freeculture.xml:14397 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19924,7 +19934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14407 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19939,7 +19949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14420 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19949,7 +19959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:14430 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19963,7 +19973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14439 +#: freeculture.xml:14442 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19971,18 +19981,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14444 +#: freeculture.xml:14447 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14445 +#: freeculture.xml:14448 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:14450 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19994,23 +20004,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14458 +#: freeculture.xml:14461 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14461 +#: freeculture.xml:14464 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14478 +#: freeculture.xml:14481 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20019,7 +20029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14463 +#: freeculture.xml:14466 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20039,7 +20049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14487 +#: freeculture.xml:14490 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20054,7 +20064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14499 +#: freeculture.xml:14502 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20065,7 +20075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14509 +#: freeculture.xml:14512 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20076,7 +20086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14517 +#: freeculture.xml:14520 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20087,12 +20097,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14531 +#: freeculture.xml:14534 msgid "Them, soon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14533 +#: freeculture.xml:14536 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20102,7 +20112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14540 +#: freeculture.xml:14543 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20111,12 +20121,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14547 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14549 +#: freeculture.xml:14552 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20126,14 +20136,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14556 +#: freeculture.xml:14559 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14561 +#: freeculture.xml:14564 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20142,12 +20152,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14567 +#: freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14570 +#: freeculture.xml:14573 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20158,7 +20168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14579 +#: freeculture.xml:14582 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20173,7 +20183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14593 +#: freeculture.xml:14596 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20181,7 +20191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14591 +#: freeculture.xml:14594 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20191,7 +20201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14601 +#: freeculture.xml:14604 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20202,12 +20212,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14613 +#: freeculture.xml:14616 msgid "Registration and renewal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14615 +#: freeculture.xml:14618 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20222,7 +20232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14631 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20234,7 +20244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14637 +#: freeculture.xml:14640 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20247,7 +20257,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14647 +#: freeculture.xml:14650 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20261,12 +20271,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14662 +#: freeculture.xml:14665 msgid "Marking" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14664 +#: freeculture.xml:14667 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20278,7 +20288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14674 +#: freeculture.xml:14677 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20286,7 +20296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14680 +#: freeculture.xml:14683 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20300,7 +20310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14697 +#: freeculture.xml:14700 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20309,7 +20319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14690 +#: freeculture.xml:14693 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20325,7 +20335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14710 +#: freeculture.xml:14713 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20335,12 +20345,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14716 +#: freeculture.xml:14719 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14718 +#: freeculture.xml:14721 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20354,7 +20364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14730 +#: freeculture.xml:14733 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20365,7 +20375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14738 +#: freeculture.xml:14741 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20373,7 +20383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14743 +#: freeculture.xml:14746 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20384,12 +20394,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14755 +#: freeculture.xml:14758 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14757 +#: freeculture.xml:14760 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20398,7 +20408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14770 +#: freeculture.xml:14773 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20406,7 +20416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14762 +#: freeculture.xml:14765 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20419,7 +20429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14777 +#: freeculture.xml:14780 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20428,7 +20438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14785 +#: freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20441,7 +20451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14794 +#: freeculture.xml:14797 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20455,13 +20465,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14806 +#: freeculture.xml:14809 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14817 +#: freeculture.xml:14820 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20469,7 +20479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14812 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20484,7 +20494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14828 +#: freeculture.xml:14831 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20501,7 +20511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14844 +#: freeculture.xml:14847 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20509,7 +20519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14850 +#: freeculture.xml:14853 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20519,12 +20529,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14860 +#: freeculture.xml:14863 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14864 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20535,7 +20545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14872 +#: freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20547,20 +20557,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14880 +#: freeculture.xml:14883 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14882 +#: freeculture.xml:14885 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20572,12 +20582,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14899 +#: freeculture.xml:14902 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14895 +#: freeculture.xml:14898 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20586,7 +20596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14904 +#: freeculture.xml:14907 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20596,7 +20606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14911 +#: freeculture.xml:14914 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20608,7 +20618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14924 +#: freeculture.xml:14927 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20623,7 +20633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14938 +#: freeculture.xml:14941 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20633,12 +20643,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14954 +#: freeculture.xml:14957 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14952 +#: freeculture.xml:14955 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20646,7 +20656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14946 +#: freeculture.xml:14949 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20656,7 +20666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14960 +#: freeculture.xml:14963 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20667,7 +20677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14967 +#: freeculture.xml:14970 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20677,12 +20687,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14977 +#: freeculture.xml:14980 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14979 +#: freeculture.xml:14982 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20692,7 +20702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14986 +#: freeculture.xml:14989 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20703,7 +20713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14995 +#: freeculture.xml:14998 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20713,7 +20723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15002 +#: freeculture.xml:15005 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20724,7 +20734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15011 +#: freeculture.xml:15014 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20732,7 +20742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15016 +#: freeculture.xml:15019 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20741,7 +20751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15022 +#: freeculture.xml:15025 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20750,7 +20760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15028 +#: freeculture.xml:15031 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20758,7 +20768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15036 +#: freeculture.xml:15039 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20769,7 +20779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15044 +#: freeculture.xml:15047 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20779,7 +20789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15052 +#: freeculture.xml:15055 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20787,7 +20797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15057 +#: freeculture.xml:15060 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20802,7 +20812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15069 +#: freeculture.xml:15072 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20818,13 +20828,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15083 +#: freeculture.xml:15086 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15103 +#: freeculture.xml:15106 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20832,7 +20842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15085 +#: freeculture.xml:15088 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20854,7 +20864,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15110 +#: freeculture.xml:15113 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20870,7 +20880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15126 +#: freeculture.xml:15129 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20884,7 +20894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15137 +#: freeculture.xml:15140 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20896,7 +20906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15148 +#: freeculture.xml:15151 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20909,7 +20919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15158 +#: freeculture.xml:15161 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20922,7 +20932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15169 +#: freeculture.xml:15172 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20934,7 +20944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15179 +#: freeculture.xml:15182 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20947,7 +20957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15189 +#: freeculture.xml:15192 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20958,14 +20968,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15197 +#: freeculture.xml:15200 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15201 +#: freeculture.xml:15204 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20979,7 +20989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15212 +#: freeculture.xml:15215 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20990,17 +21000,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15219 freeculture.xml:15261 +#: freeculture.xml:15222 freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15259 +#: freeculture.xml:15262 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15225 +#: freeculture.xml:15228 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21042,7 +21052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15221 +#: freeculture.xml:15224 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21057,7 +21067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15275 +#: freeculture.xml:15278 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21075,7 +21085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15292 +#: freeculture.xml:15295 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21088,17 +21098,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15305 +#: freeculture.xml:15308 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15307 +#: freeculture.xml:15310 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15309 +#: freeculture.xml:15312 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21116,17 +21126,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15324 +#: freeculture.xml:15327 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15327 +#: freeculture.xml:15330 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15329 +#: freeculture.xml:15332 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21142,7 +21152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15341 +#: freeculture.xml:15344 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21153,13 +21163,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15350 +#: freeculture.xml:15353 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15355 +#: freeculture.xml:15358 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21168,19 +21178,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15362 +#: freeculture.xml:15365 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15368 +#: freeculture.xml:15371 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15372 +#: freeculture.xml:15375 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21188,14 +21198,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15378 +#: freeculture.xml:15381 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15383 +#: freeculture.xml:15386 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21204,7 +21214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15389 +#: freeculture.xml:15392 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21221,7 +21231,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15403 +#: freeculture.xml:15406 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21231,12 +21241,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15414 +#: freeculture.xml:15417 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15416 +#: freeculture.xml:15419 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21245,7 +21255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15422 +#: freeculture.xml:15425 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21255,18 +21265,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15429 +#: freeculture.xml:15432 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15430 +#: freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15441 +#: freeculture.xml:15444 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21274,7 +21284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15432 +#: freeculture.xml:15435 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21287,7 +21297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15447 +#: freeculture.xml:15450 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21295,7 +21305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15457 +#: freeculture.xml:15460 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21315,7 +21325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15452 +#: freeculture.xml:15455 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21327,7 +21337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15481 +#: freeculture.xml:15484 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21337,7 +21347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15489 +#: freeculture.xml:15492 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21350,7 +21360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15499 +#: freeculture.xml:15502 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21361,7 +21371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15507 +#: freeculture.xml:15510 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21369,7 +21379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15514 +#: freeculture.xml:15517 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21382,7 +21392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15523 +#: freeculture.xml:15526 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21392,7 +21402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15532 +#: freeculture.xml:15535 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21400,12 +21410,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15541 +#: freeculture.xml:15544 msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15543 +#: freeculture.xml:15546 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21419,12 +21429,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15563 +#: freeculture.xml:15566 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15565 +#: freeculture.xml:15568 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21433,7 +21443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15572 +#: freeculture.xml:15575 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21449,7 +21459,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15585 +#: freeculture.xml:15588 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21462,7 +21472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15596 +#: freeculture.xml:15599 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21484,7 +21494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15616 +#: freeculture.xml:15619 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21495,7 +21505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15625 +#: freeculture.xml:15628 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21504,12 +21514,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15635 +#: freeculture.xml:15638 msgid "About this edition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15637 +#: freeculture.xml:15640 msgid "" "This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three " "years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten " @@ -21522,7 +21532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15649 +#: freeculture.xml:15652 msgid "" "Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience " "translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this " @@ -21536,7 +21546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15661 +#: freeculture.xml:15664 msgid "" "Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, " "Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. " @@ -21555,7 +21565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15680 +#: freeculture.xml:15683 msgid "" "At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to " "publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to " @@ -21563,36 +21573,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15687 +#: freeculture.xml:15690 msgid "" "In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my " "family for their patience with me in this project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15692 +#: freeculture.xml:15695 msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15702 +#: freeculture.xml:15705 msgid "" "Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " "and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15706 +#: freeculture.xml:15709 msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15710 +#: freeculture.xml:15713 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15714 +#: freeculture.xml:15717 msgid "" "Published in English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with " "help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson " @@ -21600,12 +21610,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15720 +#: freeculture.xml:15723 msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15724 +#: freeculture.xml:15727 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21614,7 +21624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15730 +#: freeculture.xml:15733 msgid "" "Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright " @@ -21623,7 +21633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15736 +#: freeculture.xml:15739 msgid "" "Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office " @@ -21631,19 +21641,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15742 +#: freeculture.xml:15745 msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15746 +#: freeculture.xml:15749 msgid "" "The quotes on the cover came from <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15751 +#: freeculture.xml:15754 msgid "" "Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " @@ -21652,49 +21662,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15758 +#: freeculture.xml:15761 msgid "Classifications:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15762 +#: freeculture.xml:15765 msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15771 +#: freeculture.xml:15774 msgid "(UDK) 347.78" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15775 +#: freeculture.xml:15778 msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15779 +#: freeculture.xml:15782 msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15783 +#: freeculture.xml:15786 msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15787 +#: freeculture.xml:15790 msgid "" "Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink " "url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15792 +#: freeculture.xml:15795 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15799 +#: freeculture.xml:15802 msgid "" "The Docbook source is available from <ulink " "url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please " @@ -21702,64 +21712,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> -#: freeculture.xml:15806 +#: freeculture.xml:15809 msgid "images/cc.svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15818 +#: freeculture.xml:15821 msgid "" "This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to " "get the latest version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15827 +#: freeculture.xml:15830 msgid "Format / MIME-type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15828 +#: freeculture.xml:15831 msgid "ISBN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15833 +#: freeculture.xml:15836 msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15834 +#: freeculture.xml:15837 msgid "978-82-8067-010-6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15837 +#: freeculture.xml:15840 msgid "application/pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15838 +#: freeculture.xml:15841 msgid "978-82-8067-011-3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15841 +#: freeculture.xml:15844 msgid "application/epub+zip" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15842 +#: freeculture.xml:15845 msgid "978-82-8067-012-0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15845 +#: freeculture.xml:15848 msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15846 +#: freeculture.xml:15849 msgid "978-82-8067-013-7" msgstr "" -- 2.47.2